WO2023138411A1 - 隔热元件、电池及用电装置 - Google Patents

隔热元件、电池及用电装置 Download PDF

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WO2023138411A1
WO2023138411A1 PCT/CN2023/070962 CN2023070962W WO2023138411A1 WO 2023138411 A1 WO2023138411 A1 WO 2023138411A1 CN 2023070962 W CN2023070962 W CN 2023070962W WO 2023138411 A1 WO2023138411 A1 WO 2023138411A1
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Prior art keywords
layer
expandable
expandable layer
battery
spacer
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PCT/CN2023/070962
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
柯剑煌
陈小波
李耀
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宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Publication of WO2023138411A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023138411A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/658—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by thermal insulation or shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a heat insulating element, a battery and an electrical device.
  • a rechargeable battery (referring to a battery that can be activated by charging the active material after the battery is discharged and continues to be used, also known as a secondary battery, referred to herein as a battery) includes a battery box and a plurality of battery cells in the battery box that are combined in series and/or in parallel.
  • a battery cell is the smallest unit that provides an energy source in a battery.
  • the battery cell is, for example, a lithium ion battery cell, which mainly relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode for charging and discharging.
  • the thermal runaway of the battery cell is caused by the fact that the heat generation rate of the battery cell is much higher than the heat dissipation rate, and a large amount of heat is accumulated but not dissipated outside the battery cell in time. Thermal runaway may cause battery explosion, which seriously threatens the safety of people and property. With the development trend of increasing energy density of batteries, how to improve the safety of batteries is a technical problem to be solved urgently by those skilled in the art.
  • the present application provides a heat insulating element, a battery and an electrical device, so as to improve the safety of the battery.
  • a heat insulating element for being arranged between adjacent battery cells of a battery, the heat insulating element includes an expandable layer, the expandable layer has flame retardancy, and can expand along the thickness direction after reaching the expansion initiation temperature to form the expandable layer.
  • the thermal insulation element is applied in the battery.
  • the temperature of the expandable layer of the adjacent thermal insulation element also rises suddenly and reaches the expansion initiation temperature, thereby expanding rapidly along the thickness direction and finally forming an expansion layer with a thickness significantly greater than the initial thickness.
  • the rapid expansion of the expandable layer can trigger a rapid increase in the distance between adjacent battery cells, that is, to increase the heat insulation space of adjacent battery cells, which can significantly slow down the heat transfer between adjacent battery cells, slow down or even block other battery cells from continuing to occur thermal runaway, thereby improving battery safety.
  • the expandable layer includes at least one of an expandable graphite layer and an expandable flame retardant layer.
  • the above materials are flame retardant and have better heat insulation effect after expansion.
  • the insulating element includes a first expandable layer, a second expandable layer, and a spacer layer disposed between the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer, wherein the spacer layer spaces the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer from each other.
  • the spacer layer can serve as a structural support between the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer, so that the two expandable layers are spaced apart from each other and cannot be in contact with each other, further increasing the heat insulation effect of the heat insulation element.
  • the side of the spacer layer facing the first expandable layer has a first groove, and the first expandable layer is embedded in the first groove; and/or, the side of the spacer layer facing the second expandable layer has a second groove, and the second expandable layer is embedded in the second groove.
  • the expansion direction of the first expandable layer can only be along its thickness direction.
  • the expansion direction of the second expandable layer can only be along its thickness direction.
  • This embodiment can form an expansion layer with a thickness as large as possible.
  • the side of the spacer layer facing the first expandable layer has a first groove, the first expandable layer is embedded in the first groove, the depth of the first groove is greater than or equal to the thickness of the first expandable layer; and/or, the side of the spacer layer facing the second expandable layer has a second groove, the second expandable layer is embedded in the second groove, and the depth of the second groove is greater than or equal to the thickness of the second expandable layer.
  • the design of this embodiment can also provide deformation space for the swelling and contraction of the battery cells without significant interference with it, thereby improving the reliability of the battery and prolonging the service life of the battery.
  • At least one of the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer is a coating on the surface of the spacer layer.
  • At least one of the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer is adhesively bonded to the spacer layer.
  • the prepared thickness of the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer is greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 5 mm; alternatively, the prepared thickness of the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer is greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than 3 mm; or, the prepared thickness of the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer is greater than or equal to 1 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm; or, the prepared thickness of the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer is greater than or equal to 2 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm.
  • the thickness of the thermal insulation element is appropriate.
  • the combined size of multiple battery cells can be relatively small, which is conducive to improving the energy density of the battery or reducing the size of the battery.
  • the preparation thickness of the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer can be selected according to the performance parameter requirements of the actual battery product, so that the safety and size design requirements of the battery can be taken into account.
  • the spacer layer is a structural support type spacer layer; or, the spacer layer is a thermal insulation function type spacer layer.
  • the spacer layer is a structurally supported spacer layer, and the structurally supported spacer layer includes at least one of a silicone rubber layer, a mica layer, and a colloid-cured layer; or, the spacer layer is a heat-insulating functional spacer layer, and the heat-insulated functional spacer layer includes an airgel layer.
  • the structural support type spacer layer has a certain structural strength and high temperature resistance, and mainly plays the role of support and spacer between the first expandable layer and the second expandable layer.
  • the heat insulation functional spacer layer can also play a certain role in support and space, in addition, it also has a good heat insulation effect.
  • the insulating element further comprises a support frame within which the peripheral edge of the expandable layer is constrained.
  • the expansion direction of the expandable layer is limited to only along its thickness direction. In this way, the expansion layer with the largest possible thickness can be formed.
  • thermal runaway occurs, the distance between adjacent battery cells is also triggered to reach the maximum, so that the heat insulation effect of the heat insulation element can be fully utilized, and the safety of the battery can be further improved.
  • a battery including: a plurality of battery cells; and a heat insulating element according to any one of the foregoing technical solutions arranged between adjacent battery cells.
  • the design of the thermal insulation element inside the battery can significantly slow down the heat transfer between adjacent battery cells, thereby effectively slowing down or even blocking the thermal runaway from continuing to occur, and significantly improving the safety of the battery.
  • an electrical device including the battery of the aforementioned embodiment.
  • the thermal insulation element separates adjacent battery cells from each other, and its expandable layer has flame retardancy, and can expand along the thickness direction after reaching the expansion initiation temperature and finally form an expansion layer.
  • the design of the thermal insulation element can increase the heat insulation space of adjacent battery cells, thereby significantly slowing down the heat transfer between adjacent battery cells, slowing down or even blocking the thermal runaway of other battery cells, and improving the safety of the battery.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a disassembled structure of a battery in some embodiments of the present application
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a disassembled structure of a battery in some embodiments of the present application
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a disassembled structure of a battery cell in some embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of application of heat insulation elements in some embodiments of the present application to batteries
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of application of thermal insulation elements in some embodiments of the present application to batteries
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of some embodiments of the present application in which thermal insulation elements are applied to batteries
  • Fig. 7A is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a thermal insulation element in some embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 7B is a schematic diagram of a disassembled structure of a thermal insulation element in some embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of some embodiments of the present application in which heat insulation elements are applied to batteries.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • 30-battery module 31-fixed shell; 50-insulation element; 510-expandable layer; 5100-expandable layer;
  • multiple refers to more than two (including two), similarly, “multiple groups” refers to more than two groups (including two), and “multiple pieces” refers to more than two (including two).
  • the thermal runaway of the battery cell is caused by the fact that the heat generation rate of the battery cell is much higher than the heat dissipation rate, and a large amount of heat is accumulated but not dissipated outside the battery cell in time.
  • the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery cell will cause the solid electrolyte interphase film (Solid Electrolyte Interphase, SEI) of the negative electrode to decompose, the active material of the positive electrode to decompose, and the electrolyte to oxidize and decompose due to high temperature during thermal runaway, thereby generating a large amount of gas, which will cause the internal pressure of the battery cell to rise sharply.
  • SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphase
  • a battery in some related technologies, includes a battery box and a plurality of battery cells closely arranged in the battery box.
  • the applicant of the present application noticed that when thermal runaway occurs in one or more battery cells of the battery, the heat will be rapidly transferred to its adjacent battery cells, which may cause thermal runaway in the adjacent battery cells, and the thermal runaway tends to spread rapidly.
  • the applicant provided a heat insulating element, a battery, and an electrical device through in-depth research, so as to improve the safety of the battery.
  • the heat insulation element is used to be arranged between adjacent battery cells of the battery, so as to separate the adjacent battery cells from each other.
  • the heat insulation element includes an expandable layer, the expandable layer has flame retardancy, and can expand along the thickness direction after reaching the expansion initiation temperature and finally form an expansion layer.
  • the temperature of the expandable layer of the adjacent thermal insulation element also rises suddenly and reaches the expansion start temperature, thereby rapidly expanding along the thickness direction and finally forming an expansion layer with a thickness significantly greater than the initial thickness (that is, the thickness before expansion).
  • the design can improve the safety of the battery.
  • the batteries disclosed in the embodiments of the present application may be power batteries or energy storage batteries.
  • the application scenarios of power batteries include but are not limited to vehicles, ships, aircraft, spacecraft, electric tools, electric toys, various mobile terminals and so on.
  • Application scenarios of energy storage batteries include but are not limited to solar power generation systems, hydroelectric power generation systems, wind power generation systems, and so on.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exploded structure of a battery 100 according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery 100 includes a box body 10 and a plurality of battery cells 20 located in the box body 10 and combined in series and/or in parallel, wherein a heat insulating element 50 designed according to the embodiment of the present application is arranged between adjacent battery cells 20 .
  • the box body 10 provides a storage space for the battery cells 20 .
  • the box body 10 may include a first part 11 and a second part 12, the first part 11 and the second part 12 cover each other, and the first part 11 and the second part 12 jointly define a receiving space.
  • the box body 10 can adopt various structures.
  • the second part 12 can be a hollow structure with one side open
  • the first part 11 can be a plate-like structure
  • the first part 11 covers the opening side of the second part 12, so that the first part 11 and the second part 12 jointly define an accommodation space.
  • both the first part 11 and the second part 12 may be hollow structures with one side open, and the open side of the first part 11 is aligned with the open side of the second part 12 .
  • the box body 10 formed by the first part 11 and the second part 12 can be in various shapes, such as a flat body, a rectangular parallelepiped or a cube, and the like.
  • a plurality of battery cells 20 may be connected in series, in parallel or in mixed connection, where the mixed connection means that a plurality of battery cells 20 are connected in both series and parallel.
  • the mixed connection means that a plurality of battery cells 20 are connected in both series and parallel.
  • Each battery cell 20 may be a secondary battery cell or a primary battery cell, may be a lithium-sulfur battery cell, a sodium-ion battery cell or a magnesium-ion battery cell, etc., which is not specifically limited in the present application.
  • the battery cell 20 may be in the shape of a flat body, a cuboid or a cube.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exploded structure of a battery 100 according to other embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery 100 includes a box body 10 and a plurality of battery modules 30 located in the box body 10 and combined in series and/or in parallel.
  • the box body 10 may include a first part 11 and a second part 12, and the first part 11 and the second part 12 jointly define a receiving space.
  • Each battery module 30 includes a fixed case 31, and a plurality of battery cells 20 located in the fixed case 31 and combined in series and/or in parallel, wherein adjacent battery cells 20 are provided with a heat insulating element 50 designed according to the embodiment of the present application.
  • the battery 100 may further include a bus component (not shown in the figure) for realizing electrical connection between multiple battery modules 30 .
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exploded structure of a battery cell 20 in some embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery cell 20 is the smallest unit of a battery, and its structure includes an end cover 21 , a casing 22 , a cell assembly 23 and other functional components.
  • the end cap 21 refers to a component that covers the opening of the casing 22 to isolate the internal environment of the battery cell 20 from the external environment.
  • the end cap 21 can be made of a material with certain hardness and strength (such as aluminum alloy), so that the end cap 21 is not easy to deform when being squeezed and collided, so that the battery cell 20 can have higher structural strength, and the safety performance of the battery cell 20 is also correspondingly improved.
  • Functional components such as electrode terminals 21 a may be provided on the end cap 21 .
  • the electrode terminal 21 a is electrically connected to the cell assembly 23 to output electric energy of the battery cell 20 or input electric energy to the battery cell 20 .
  • the end cap 21 may be provided with a pressure relief mechanism for releasing the internal pressure when the internal pressure or temperature of the battery cell 20 reaches a threshold value.
  • Insulators (not shown in the figure) can be provided on the inner side of the end cover 21 , and the insulators can isolate the electrical components in the housing 22 from the end cover 21 to reduce the risk of short circuit.
  • the insulator can be, for example, plastic, rubber or the like.
  • the housing 22 is a component used to cooperate with the end cap 21 to form the internal environment of the battery cell 20 , wherein the formed internal environment can be used to accommodate the cell assembly 23 , electrolyte and other components.
  • the housing 22 and the end cover 21 can be independent components, and an opening can be provided on the housing 22 , and the internal environment of the battery cell 20 can be formed by making the end cover 21 cover the opening at the opening.
  • the end cover 21 and the housing 22 can also be integrated.
  • the end cover 21 and the housing 22 can form a common connection surface before other components enter the shell.
  • the shape of the casing 22 may be substantially regular, such as a flat body, a cuboid, or a cube.
  • the material of the casing 22 is not limited, for example, it may include at least one of copper, iron, aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, plastic and the like.
  • the battery cell assembly 23 is a component in the battery cell 20 where the electrochemical reaction occurs.
  • One or more cell assemblies 23 may be contained in the casing 22 .
  • the cell assembly 23 is mainly formed by winding or stacking the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet, and usually a separator is provided between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet.
  • the part of the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet provided with the active material constitutes the main body of the cell assembly 23 , and the parts of the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet not provided with the active material respectively constitute the tab 23a.
  • the positive pole tab and the negative pole tab can be located at one end of the main body together, or can be located at both ends of the main body respectively.
  • some embodiments of the present application provide a heat insulation element 50, which is used to be arranged between adjacent battery cells 20 of the battery.
  • the heat insulation element 50 includes an expandable layer 510.
  • the expandable layer 510 has flame retardancy and can expand along the thickness direction 5101 after reaching the expansion initiation temperature, thereby forming the expansion layer 5100.
  • the size of the thermal insulation member 50 may be greater than, equal to, or smaller than the size of the battery cell 20 adjacent thereto.
  • the expandable layer 510 has flame retardancy, that is, the material selected for the expandable layer 510 has the property of obviously delaying flame spread.
  • the expansion direction of the expandable layer 510 is mainly along its thickness direction 5101 , besides, it may also expand to a certain extent along its plane direction (perpendicular to the thickness direction 5101 ), which is not specifically limited in this application.
  • the temperature of the expandable layer 510 of the adjacent thermal insulation element 50 also rises suddenly and reaches the expansion start temperature, thereby expanding rapidly along the thickness direction 5101 and finally forming the expansion layer 5100, the thickness c1 of the expansion layer 5100 is significantly greater than the thickness c0 of the expandable layer 510.
  • the rapid expansion of the expandable layer 510 can trigger a rapid increase in the distance between adjacent battery cells 20, that is, increase the heat insulation space of adjacent battery cells 20, which can significantly slow down the heat transfer between adjacent battery cells 20, and slow down or even block other battery cells from continuing to suffer from thermal runaway. Therefore, the design of the embodiment of the present application can improve the safety of the battery.
  • expandable layer 510 includes at least one of an expandable graphite layer and an expandable flame retardant layer.
  • the expandable layer 510 is an expandable graphite layer; or, the expandable layer 510 is an expandable flame retardant layer; or, the expandable layer 510 adopts a composite layer design, including an expandable graphite layer and an expandable flame retardant layer.
  • Expandable graphite can instantly expand by 150 to 300 times in volume when exposed to high temperatures.
  • the expanded graphite is called expanded graphite or graphite worm. Its microstructure changes from scale-like before expansion to worm-like with low density after expansion, which has better heat insulation effect. Expanded graphite not only has flame retardancy and can effectively insulate heat when it encounters fire, but also has less heat release, less mass loss, and less smoke generated. Therefore, in some embodiments of the present application, the expandable layer 510 is made of an expandable graphite layer, which can achieve good flame-retardant and heat-insulating effects.
  • the main components of expandable flame retardants include acid source, carbon source and gas source.
  • the acid source plays the role of chemical dehydration and promoting carbonization, generally phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, boric acid or phosphoric acid ester.
  • the carbon source provides the source of the carbonized layer of the foam, which is generally a polyhydroxy compound with high carbon content, such as starch, sucrose, ethylene glycol, phenolic resin or various synthetic or artificial resins.
  • the gas source provides gas generation and foaming, and is generally a nitrogen-containing compound, such as uric acid, melamine, polyamide, etc.
  • the initial expansion temperature of the expandable flame retardant is generally around 150°C.
  • the expandable flame retardant After reaching the initial expansion temperature, the interior of the expandable flame retardant begins to react and turn to a molten state.
  • the gas generated during the reaction causes the molten material to expand and foam, and the internal compound is rapidly carbonized, and finally forms a porous carbon foam layer (ie, an expansion layer).
  • the expandable flame retardant forms a carbonaceous foam layer on the surface when it encounters a fire, which can play the role of heat insulation, oxygen insulation, smoke suppression, and anti-drip. It has excellent flame retardancy, and low smoke, low toxicity, and no corrosive gas. Therefore, in some embodiments of the present application, the expandable layer 510 is selected from an expandable flame retardant layer, which can also have good flame retardancy and heat insulation effects.
  • the expandable layer 510 listed in the above embodiments will eventually form a carbon skeleton (ie, the expandable layer 5100 ) with carbon as the main component at high temperature, which can still exist stably even at temperatures above 1000°C.
  • the heat insulation element 50 can be independently formed by the expandable layer 510 , that is, the heat insulation element 50 only includes the expandable layer 510 .
  • the thermal insulation element 50 includes a first expandable layer 511, a second expandable layer 512, and a spacer layer 520 disposed between the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512, wherein the spacer layer 520 separates the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 from each other.
  • the thermal insulation element 50 includes two expandable layers (respectively a first expandable layer 511 and a second expandable layer 512 ) and a spacer layer 520 sandwiched between the two expandable layers.
  • the thermal insulation element 50 may also include three or more aforementioned expandable layers 510 , and one aforementioned spacer layer 520 is disposed between adjacent expandable layers.
  • the insulating element comprises alternately arranged first expandable layers, first spacer layers, second expandable layers, second spacer layers and third expandable layers. Embodiments of similar designs are not listed one by one.
  • the spacer layer 520 is disposed between the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 , and can function as a structural support, so that the two expandable layers are spaced apart from each other and cannot touch each other.
  • the spacer layer 520 is a structural support type spacer layer, which has a certain structural strength and high temperature resistance, and mainly plays the role of support and space between the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 .
  • the structural supporting spacer layer can be, for example, any one of a silicone rubber layer, a mica layer, and a colloid-cured layer.
  • the structural support type spacer layer can also adopt a composite layer design, including at least two of the above material layers.
  • the raw materials of the silicone rubber layer and the mica layer can meet the required structural strength and high temperature resistance requirements.
  • the colloid cured layer is, for example, an epoxy resin adhesive layer or an acrylate adhesive layer, etc., which can meet the requirements of structural strength and high temperature resistance after curing.
  • the spacer layer 520 is a heat-insulation functional spacer layer.
  • the structural strength of the heat-insulation functional spacer layer is not as good as that of the structural support type spacer layer, it can also play a certain role in support and space. In addition, it also has a good heat insulation effect.
  • the insulating functional spacer layer is an airgel layer, which is mainly formed of airgel powder and felt.
  • the material of the airgel powder can be selected from one or more of silica aerogel, alumina aerogel, carbon aerogel, graphene aerogel, polyimide aerogel and cellulose aerogel, and these materials have good thermal insulation properties.
  • Felt is a fibrous fabric with certain structural strength and high temperature resistance, and its material can be selected from one of glass fiber, ceramic fiber and carbon fiber, for example.
  • At least one of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 is a coating provided on the surface of the spacer layer 520 .
  • the spacer layer 520 and the slurry of the expandable material are prepared in advance.
  • the slurry of the expandable material is, for example, a slurry of expandable graphite or a slurry of an expandable flame retardant; then, the slurry is evenly coated on the surface of the spacer layer 520 and dried at a certain temperature to form an expandable layer with a certain thickness.
  • the preparation process of the expandable layer is simple and controllable.
  • At least one of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 may also be bonded to the spacer layer 520 by glue.
  • the material of the colloid is, for example, an adhesive that has flame retardancy, heat insulation, and needs to reach a certain viscosity. When the ambient temperature rises, the viscosity of the colloid increases, making the bonding between the expansion layer and the spacer layer 520 more reliable.
  • the thicknesses of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 are not specifically limited.
  • the first expandable layer 511 its preparation thickness can be understood as the thickness of the first expandable layer 511 after the manufacture of the heat insulation element 50 .
  • the thickness of the first expandable layer 511 is basically the same as its prepared thickness; if the battery undergoes thermal runaway and reaches the initial expansion temperature of the first expandable layer 511, the first expandable layer 511 rapidly expands and finally forms an expansion layer.
  • the thickness of the formed expansion layer is significantly greater than its prepared thickness.
  • the thickness of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 is greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 5 mm. In this way, the thickness of the heat insulation element 50 is appropriate, and on the premise of meeting the heat insulation design requirements, the combined size of the multiple battery cells 20 (that is, the size along the thickness direction 5101 ) can be relatively small, which is conducive to improving the energy density of the battery or reducing the size of the battery.
  • the thickness of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 is greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than 3 mm.
  • the thermal insulation design requirements can be met, and the combined size of multiple battery cells 20 can be made smaller.
  • the design of the preparation thickness of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 also takes into account the maximum thermal runaway temperature of the battery, wherein the maximum thermal runaway temperature of the battery can be understood as the critical temperature for thermal runaway of the battery.
  • the thickness of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 of the thermal insulation element 50 used is greater than 1mm and less than or equal to 3mm.
  • the thickness of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 of the thermal insulation element 50 used is greater than 2 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm.
  • the preparation thicknesses of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 are selected according to the performance parameter requirements of the actual battery product, which can take into account the safety and size design requirements of the battery.
  • the thermal insulation element 50 includes a first expandable layer 511 , a second expandable layer 512 and a spacer layer 520 between the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 .
  • the side of the spacer layer 520 facing the first expandable layer 511 has a first groove 521
  • the first expandable layer 511 is embedded in the first groove 521
  • the side of the spacer layer 520 facing the second expandable layer 512 has a second groove 522
  • the second expandable layer 512 is embedded in the second groove 522.
  • first expandable layer 511 As an example, which is embedded in the first groove 521 , it can be understood that the first expandable layer 511 is limited inside the closed figure defined by the groove sidewall of the first groove 521 .
  • the expansion direction of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 can only be along the thickness direction 5101 .
  • the initial expansion temperature is generally around 150°C.
  • the interior begins to react and turn to a molten state.
  • the gas generated during the reaction causes the molten material to expand and foam, and the internal compounds are rapidly carbonized, finally forming a porous carbon foam layer (ie, an expansion layer).
  • the molten material can only expand and foam along the thickness direction 5101, but cannot expand along the plane direction, so that an expansion layer with a thickness as large as possible can be formed.
  • thermal runaway occurs, the distance between adjacent battery cells 20 is also triggered to reach the maximum, so that the heat insulation effect of the heat insulation element 50 can be fully exerted, and therefore, the safety of the battery can be further improved.
  • the depth of the first groove 521 is greater than or equal to the thickness of the first expandable layer 511
  • the depth of the second groove 522 is greater than or equal to the thickness of the second expandable layer 512 .
  • the depth direction is consistent with the thickness direction 5101 .
  • the first expandable layer 511 does not protrude from the spacer layer 520 after being embedded in the first groove 521, and it may occupy part or all of the space inside the first groove 521;
  • the thickness of the thermal insulation element 50 is determined by the thickness of the spacer layer 520 .
  • the depths of the first groove 521 and the second groove 522 may be the same or different, and the thicknesses of the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 may be the same or different.
  • the battery cell 20 may swell or shrink to a certain extent as the ambient temperature changes or the charge and discharge times increase.
  • the design of this embodiment can provide deformation space for the swelling and contraction of the battery cell 20 without significant interference with it, thereby improving the reliability of the battery and prolonging the service life of the battery.
  • grooves may also be provided only on the side of the spacer layer 520 facing one of the expandable layers, and one of the expandable layers is embedded in the groove.
  • the thermal insulation element 50 includes: an expandable layer 510 and a support frame 530 , wherein the peripheral edge of the expandable layer 510 is confined within the support frame 530 .
  • the expandable layer 510 can adopt the design scheme of any one of the foregoing embodiments.
  • the support frame 530 is in the shape of a closed frame, which supports and limits the expansion direction of the expandable layer 510 inside it. Similar to the principle of the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 , due to the limitation of the support frame 530 , the expansion direction of the expandable layer 510 is limited to only along its thickness direction 5101 . Similarly, the thickness of the supporting frame 530 may be greater than or equal to the thickness of the expandable layer 510 , which can provide deformation space for the expansion and contraction of the battery cells 20 when the battery does not experience thermal runaway. For the material selection of the supporting frame 530 , reference can be made to the above-mentioned spacer layer 520 , which will not be repeated here.
  • the thermal insulation element 50 provided by some embodiments of the present application includes a first expandable layer 511, a second expandable layer 512, and a spacer layer 520 arranged between the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512, and the spacer layer 520 separates the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 from each other.
  • the side of the spacer layer 520 facing the first expandable layer 511 has a first groove 521
  • the side of the spacer layer 520 facing the second expandable layer 512 has a second groove 522.
  • the first expandable layer 511 is embedded in the first groove 521
  • the second expandable layer 512 is embedded in the second groove 522.
  • the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 can be coatings provided on the surface of the spacer layer 520 respectively, and their thickness is greater than or equal to 0.1mm and less than or equal to 5mm, and the specific thickness can be determined according to the design requirements of the battery product.
  • the first expandable layer 511 and the second expandable layer 512 may be selected from one of an expandable graphite layer and an expandable flame retardant layer.
  • the spacer layer 520 can be a structural supporting spacer layer such as a silicone rubber layer, a mica layer, or a colloid-cured layer, or a heat-insulating functional spacer layer such as an airgel layer.
  • the design of the thermal insulation element 50 can significantly slow down the heat transfer between adjacent battery cells 20 inside the battery, thereby effectively slowing down or even blocking thermal runaway from continuing to occur, thus improving the safety of the battery.
  • a battery 100 is also provided, including a plurality of battery cells 20 , and a heat insulating element 50 such as any one of the foregoing embodiments provided between adjacent battery cells 20 .
  • the battery 100 may be a power battery or an energy storage battery applied to various electric devices.
  • the design of the internal thermal insulation element 50 can significantly slow down the heat transfer between adjacent battery cells 20 , thereby effectively slowing down or even blocking thermal runaway from continuing to occur, so that the safety of the battery 100 is significantly improved.
  • an electric device 2000 is also provided, including the battery 100 of any one of the foregoing embodiments.
  • the electric device 2000 may be any electric device that needs to use the battery 100 . Since the safety of the battery 100 is significantly improved, the safety of the electric device 2000 is correspondingly improved.

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Abstract

本申请公开了一种隔热元件、电池及用电装置。隔热元件用于设置在电池的相邻电池单体之间，包括可膨胀层，可膨胀层具有阻燃性，且能够在达到膨胀起始温度后沿厚度方向产生膨胀而形成膨胀层。本申请实施例技术方案可以提高电池的安全性。

Description

隔热元件、电池及用电装置
交叉引用
本申请引用于2022年1月20日递交的名称为“隔热元件、电池及用电装置”的第202220151222.3号中国专利申请，其通过引用被全部并入本申请。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池技术领域，具体涉及一种隔热元件、电池及用电装置。
背景技术
在相关技术中，充电电池(指在电池放电后可通过充电的方式使活性物质激活而继续使用的电池，又称二次电池，本文简称为电池)包括电池箱以及位于电池箱内的通过串联和/或并联方式组合的多个电池单体。电池单体是电池中提供能量来源的最小单元。电池单体例如为锂离子电池单体，其主要依靠锂离子在正极和负极之间移动来进行充放电。
电池单体的热失控是由于电池单体的生热速率远高于散热速率，且热量大量累积而未及时散发到电池单体外所引起的。热失控可能引起电池爆炸，从而严重威胁到人身和财产的安全。随着电池能量密度越来越大的发展趋势，如何提高电池的安全性，是本领域技术人员亟待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
鉴于上述技术问题，本申请提供一种隔热元件、电池及用电装置，以提高电池的安全性。
第一方面，提供了一种隔热元件，用于设置在电池的相邻电池单体之间，隔热元件包括可膨胀层，可膨胀层具有阻燃性，且能够在达到膨胀起始温度后沿厚度方向产生膨胀而形成膨胀层。
隔热元件应用于电池中，当电池的某个或某些电池单体发生热失控时，与其相邻的隔热元件的可膨胀层的温度也骤然升高并达到膨胀起始温度，从而迅速沿厚度方向膨胀并最终形成厚度显著大于初始厚度的膨胀层。可膨胀层的迅速膨胀可以触发相邻电池单体的间距迅速增大，也就是使相邻电池单体的隔热空间增大，这样可以显著减缓相邻 电池单体之间的热传递，减缓甚至阻断其它电池单体继续发生热失控，从而提高电池的安全性。
在一些实施例中，可膨胀层包括可膨胀石墨层和可膨胀阻燃剂层中的至少之一。
以上这些材料具有阻燃性，而且在膨胀后具有较佳的隔热效果。
在一些实施例中，隔热元件包括第一可膨胀层、第二可膨胀层，以及设于第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层之间的间隔层，其中，间隔层将第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层彼此间隔。
间隔层可以在第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层之间起到结构支撑的作用，从而使得两个可膨胀层彼此间隔而不能相互接触，进一步增加隔热元件的隔热效果。
在一些实施例中，间隔层的朝向第一可膨胀层的一侧具有第一凹槽，第一可膨胀层嵌入第一凹槽内；和/或，间隔层的朝向第二可膨胀层的一侧具有第二凹槽，第二可膨胀层嵌入第二凹槽内。
受第一凹槽的限制，第一可膨胀层产生膨胀的方向只能沿其厚度方向，类似的，受第二凹槽的限制，第二可膨胀层产生膨胀的方向只能沿其厚度方向。该实施例可以形成厚度尽可能大的膨胀层，当发生热失控时，相邻电池单体之间的间距也被触发达到最大，使得隔热元件的隔热效果得到充分发挥，进一步提高电池的安全性。
在一些实施例中，间隔层的朝向第一可膨胀层的一侧具有第一凹槽，第一可膨胀层嵌入第一凹槽内，第一凹槽的深度大于或者等于第一可膨胀层的厚度；和/或，间隔层的朝向第二可膨胀层的一侧具有第二凹槽，第二可膨胀层嵌入第二凹槽内，第二凹槽的深度大于或者等于第二可膨胀层的厚度。
除具有与前述实施例类似的效果外，该实施例设计还能够为电池单体的鼓胀及收缩提供变形空间，不会与其产生明显干涉，从而有利于提高电池的可靠性，延长电池的使用寿命。
在一些实施例中，第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层中的至少一个为设于间隔层表面的涂层。制备工艺简便，可控性好。
在一些实施例中，第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层中的至少一个与间隔层通过胶体粘接。
在一些实施例中，第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于等于0.1mm，且小于等于5mm；或者，第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于等于0.1mm，且小 于3mm；或者，第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于1mm，且小于等于3mm；或者，第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于2mm，且小于等于3mm。
这些实施例中，隔热元件的厚度适当，在满足隔热设计需求的前提下，可以使得多个电池单体在组合后的尺寸也相对较小，有利于提高电池的能量密度或者减小电池的尺寸。可以根据实际电池产品的性能参数需求来选择第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层的制备厚度，这样可以兼顾电池的安全性和尺寸设计需求。
在一些实施例中，间隔层为结构支撑型间隔层；或者，间隔层为隔热功能型间隔层。
在一些实施例中，间隔层为结构支撑型间隔层，结构支撑型间隔层包括硅橡胶层、云母层、胶体固化层中的至少之一；或者，间隔层为隔热功能型间隔层，隔热功能型间隔层包括气凝胶层。
结构支撑型间隔层具有一定的结构强度并且耐高温，主要在第一可膨胀层和第二可膨胀层之间起到支撑、间隔的效果。隔热功能型间隔层也能起到一定的支撑、间隔效果，除此之外，还具有良好的隔热效果。
在一些实施例中，隔热元件还包括支撑框架，可膨胀层的周侧边缘被限制在支撑框架内。
由于支撑框架的限制，可膨胀层产生膨胀的方向被限制为只能沿其厚度方向，这样，可以形成厚度尽可能大的膨胀层，当发生热失控时，相邻电池单体之间的间距也被触发达到最大，使得隔热元件的隔热效果得到充分发挥，进一步提高电池的安全性。
第二方面，提供了一种电池，包括：多个电池单体；以及，在相邻电池单体之间设置的、如前述任一技术方案的隔热元件。
电池内部隔热元件的设计可以显著减缓相邻电池单体之间的热传递，从而有效减缓甚至阻断热失控继续发生，使得电池的安全性显著提高。
第三方面，提供了一种用电装置，包括前述实施例的电池。
由于电池的安全性得到显著提升，因此用电装置的安全性得到相应提升。
本申请以上实施例中，隔热元件在相邻电池单体之间将相邻电池单体彼此间隔，其可膨胀层具有阻燃性，而且能够在达到膨胀起始温度后沿厚度方向产生膨胀并最终形成膨胀层。当电池的某个或某些电池单体发生热失控时，隔热元件的设计可以使相邻电池单体的隔热空间增大，从而显著减缓相邻电池单体之间的热传递，减缓甚至阻断其它电池单体继续发生热失控，提高电池的安全性。
上述说明仅是本申请技术方案的概述，为了能够更清楚了解本申请的技术手段，而可依照说明书的内容予以实施，并且为了让本申请的上述和其它目的、特征和优点能够更明显易懂，以下特举本申请的具体实施方式。
附图说明
通过阅读对下文优选实施方式的详细描述，各种其它的优点和益处对于本领域普通技术人员将变得清楚明了。附图仅用于示出优选实施方式的目的，而并不认为是对本申请的限制。而且在全部附图中，用相同的附图标号表示相同的部件。为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对本申请实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面所描述的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据附图获得其他的附图。在附图中：
图1为本申请一些实施例的电池的拆分结构示意图；
图2为本申请一些实施例的电池的拆分结构示意图；
图3为本申请一些实施例的电池单体的拆分结构示意图；
图4为本申请一些实施例的隔热元件应用于电池的示意图；
图5为本申请一些实施例的隔热元件应用于电池的示意图；
图6为本申请一些实施例的隔热元件应用于电池的示意图；
图7A为本申请一些实施例的隔热元件的截面结构示意图；
图7B为本申请一些实施例的隔热元件的拆分结构示意图；
图8为本申请一些实施例的隔热元件应用于电池的示意图；以及
图9为本申请一些实施例的用电装置的示意图。
具体实施方式中的附图标号如下：
100-电池；10-箱体；11-第一部分；12-第二部分；20-电池单体；
21-端盖；22-壳体；23-电芯组件；21a-电极端子；23a-极耳；
30-电池模块；31-固定壳；50-隔热元件；510-可膨胀层；5100-膨胀层；
5101-厚度方向；511-第一可膨胀层；512-第二可膨胀层；520-间隔层；
521-第一凹槽；522-第二凹槽；530-支撑框架；2000-用电装置。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本申请技术方案的实施例进行详细的描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本申请的技术方案，因此只作为示例，而不能以此来限制本申请的保护范围。
除非另有定义，本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同；本文中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的，不是旨在于限制本申请；本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“第一”“第二”等仅用于区别不同对象，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量、特定顺序或主次关系。在本申请实施例的描述中，“多个”的含义是两个以上，除非另有明确具体的限定。
在本文中提及“实施例”意味着，结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例，也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。本领域技术人员显式地和隐式地理解的是，本文所描述的实施例可以与其它实施例相结合。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“和/或”仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系，表示可以存在三种关系，例如A和/或B，可以表示：单独存在A，同时存在A和B，单独存在B这三种情况。另外，本文中字符“/”，一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“多个”指的是两个以上(包括两个)，同理，“多组”指的是两组以上(包括两组)，“多片”指的是两片以上(包括两片)。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“中心”“纵向”“横向”“长度”“宽度”“厚度”“上”“下”“前”“后”“左”“右”“竖直”“水平”“顶”“底”“内”“外”“顺时针”“逆时针”“轴向”“径向”“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请实施例和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请实施例的限制。
在本申请实施例的描述中，除非另有明确的规定和限定，技术术语“安装”“相连”“连接”“固定”等术语应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或成一体；也可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过 中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通或两个元件的相互作用关系。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请实施例中的具体含义。
电池单体的热失控是由于电池单体的生热速率远高于散热速率，且热量大量累积而未及时散发到电池单体外所引起的。以电池单体为锂离子电池单体为例，锂离子电池单体在热失控中由于高温会导致负极的固体电解质界面膜(Solid Electrolyte Interphase，SEI)分解、正极的活性物质分解和电解液的氧化分解，从而产生大量气体，使电池单体内部的气压急剧升高，严重时，可引起电池爆炸，进而严重威胁到人身和财产的安全。如今，随着电池能量密度越来越大的发展趋势，如何提高电池的安全性是本领域技术人员亟待解决的技术问题。
在一些相关技术中，电池包括电池箱以及在电池箱内紧贴排布的多个电池单体。本申请的申请人注意到，当电池的其中一个或多个电池单体发生热失控时，热量会迅速传递到其所相邻的电池单体，进而导致其所相邻的电池单体也可能发生热失控，热失控呈快速蔓延趋势。
基于发现的上述技术问题，申请人经过深入研究，提供了一种隔热元件、电池及用电装置，以提高电池的安全性。
在本申请提供的实施例中，隔热元件用于设置在电池的相邻电池单体之间，从而将相邻电池单体彼此间隔，该隔热元件包括可膨胀层，可膨胀层具有阻燃性，而且能够在达到膨胀起始温度后沿厚度方向产生膨胀并最终形成膨胀层。
当电池的某个或某些电池单体发生热失控时，与其相邻的隔热元件的可膨胀层的温度也骤然升高并达到膨胀起始温度，从而迅速沿厚度方向膨胀并最终形成厚度显著大于初始厚度(即膨胀前厚度)的膨胀层，可膨胀层的迅速膨胀可以触发相邻电池单体的间距迅速增大，也就是使相邻电池单体的隔热空间增大，这样可以显著减缓相邻电池单体之间的热传递，减缓甚至阻断其它电池单体继续发生热失控，因此，本申请实施例的设计可以提高电池的安全性。
本申请实施例中公开的电池可以为动力电池或储能电池。其中，动力电池的应用场景包括但不限于车辆、船舶、飞行器、航天器、电动工具、电动玩具，各类移动终端等等。储能电池的应用场景包括但不限于太阳能发电系统、水力发电系统、风力发电系统，等等。
图1所示为本申请一些实施例的电池100的分解结构示意图。
电池100包括箱体10，以及位于箱体10内的、通过串联和/或并联方式组合的多个电池单体20，其中，相邻电池单体20之间设置了采用本申请实施例设计的隔热元件50。
箱体10为电池单体20提供容纳空间。箱体10可以包括第一部分11和第二部分12，第一部分11与第二部分12相互盖合，第一部分11和第二部分12共同限定出容纳空间。箱体10可以采用多种结构。例如，如图1中所示，第二部分12可以为一侧开口的空心结构，第一部分11可以为板状结构，第一部分11盖合于第二部分12的开口侧，以使第一部分11与第二部分12共同限定出容纳空间。又例如，第一部分11和第二部分12可以均为一侧开口的空心结构，第一部分11的开口侧对合于第二部分12的开口侧。第一部分11和第二部分12形成的箱体10可以是多种形状，比如，扁平体、长方体或者正方体等等。
在电池100中，多个电池单体20之间可以串联或并联或混联，其中，混联是指多个电池单体20的连接方式中既有串联又有并联。电池100在组装时，可以先将多个电池单体20以串联或并联或混联的方式连接在一起，在相邻电池单体20之间设置好隔热元件50，然后将多个电池单体20和多个隔热元件50构成的整体置于箱体10内。
每个电池单体20可以为二次电池单体或一次电池单体，可以是锂硫电池单体、钠离子电池单体或镁离子电池单体等，本申请对此不作具体限定。电池单体20可呈扁平体、长方体或正方体等形状。
图2所示为本申请另一些实施例的电池100的分解结构示意图。
电池100包括箱体10，以及位于箱体10内的、通过串联和/或并联方式组合的多个电池模块30。
箱体10可以包括第一部分11和第二部分12，第一部分11和第二部分12共同限定出容纳空间。每个电池模块30包括固定壳31，以及位于固定壳31内的、通过串联和/或并联方式组合的多个电池单体20，其中，相邻电池单体20之间设置了采用本申请实施例设计的隔热元件50。此外，电池100还可以包括汇流部件(图中未示出)，用于实现多个电池模块30之间的电连接。
图3所示为本申请一些实施例中的电池单体20的分解结构示意图。电池单体20作为组成电池的最小单元，其结构包括端盖21、壳体22、电芯组件23以及其它功能性部件。
端盖21是指盖合于壳体22的开口处以将电池单体20的内部环境隔绝于外部环境的部件。端盖21可以由具有一定硬度和强度的材质(如铝合金)制成，这样，端盖21在受挤压碰撞时就不易发生形变，使电池单体20能够具备更高的结构强度，电池单体20的安全性能也相应提高。端盖21上可以设置例如电极端子21a等的功能性部件。电极端子21a与电芯组件23电连接，以输出电池单体20的电能或者向电池单体20输入电能。端盖21可以设置有用于在电池单体20的内部压力或温度达到阈值时泄放内部压力的泄压机构。端盖21的内侧可以设置有绝缘件(图中未示出)，绝缘件可以将壳体22内的电性部件与端盖21隔离，以降低短路的风险。绝缘件例如可以是塑料、橡胶等。
壳体22是用于配合端盖21以形成电池单体20的内部环境的组件，其中，形成的内部环境可以用于容纳电芯组件23、电解液以及其它部件。壳体22和端盖21可以是独立的部件，可以于壳体22上设置开口，通过在开口处使端盖21盖合开口以形成电池单体20的内部环境。不限地，也可以使端盖21和壳体22一体化，例如，端盖21和壳体22可以在其它部件入壳前先形成一个共同的连接面，当需要封装壳体22的内部时，再使端盖21盖合于壳体22。在本申请实施例中，壳体22的形状可以大致呈扁平体、长方体或正方体等规则形状。壳体22的材质不限，例如可以包括铜、铁、铝、不锈钢、铝合金、塑胶等中的至少一种。
电芯组件23是电池单体20中发生电化学反应的部件。壳体22内可以包含一个或更多个电芯组件23。电芯组件23主要由正极片和负极片卷绕或层叠放置形成，并且通常在正极片与负极片之间设有隔膜。正极片和负极片设有活性物质的部分构成电芯组件23的主体部，正极片和负极片未设有活性物质的部分各自构成极耳23a。正极极耳和负极极耳可以共同位于主体部的一端，也可以分别位于主体部的两端。在电池100的充放电过程中，正极活性物质和负极活性物质与电解液发生反应，极耳23a连接电极端子21a以形成电流回路。
如图4所示，本申请一些实施例提供了一种隔热元件50，该隔热元件50用于设置在电池的相邻电池单体20之间，隔热元件50包括可膨胀层510，可膨胀层510具有阻燃性，且能够在达到膨胀起始温度后沿厚度方向5101产生膨胀，从而形成膨胀层5100。
隔热元件50的尺寸可以大于、等于或者小于与其相邻的电池单体20的尺寸。
在本申请实施例中，可膨胀层510具有阻燃性，即可膨胀层510所选用的材料具有明显推迟火焰蔓延的性质。可膨胀层510产生膨胀的方向主要是沿其厚度方向5101， 除此之外，还可以沿其平面方向(垂直于厚度方向5101)产生一定的膨胀，本申请对此不做具体限定。
当电池的某个或某些电池单体20发生热失控时，与其相邻的隔热元件50的可膨胀层510的温度也骤然升高并达到膨胀起始温度，从而迅速沿厚度方向5101膨胀并最终形成膨胀层5100，该膨胀层5100的厚度c1显著大于可膨胀层510的厚度c0。可膨胀层510的迅速膨胀可以触发相邻电池单体20的间距迅速增大，也就是使相邻电池单体20的隔热空间增大，这样可以显著减缓相邻电池单体20之间的热传递，减缓甚至阻断其它电池单体继续发生热失控，因此本申请实施例的设计可以提高电池的安全性。
在一些实施例中，可膨胀层510包括可膨胀石墨层和可膨胀阻燃剂层中的至少之一。例如，可膨胀层510为可膨胀石墨层；或者，可膨胀层510为可膨胀阻燃剂层；或者，可膨胀层510采用复合层设计，同时包括可膨胀石墨层和可膨胀阻燃剂层。
可膨胀石墨遇高温可瞬间体积膨胀150～300倍，膨胀后的石墨称为膨胀石墨或石墨蠕虫，其微观结构由膨胀前的鳞片状变为膨胀后的密度很低的蠕虫状，从而具有较佳的隔热效果。膨胀石墨在遇火时不但具有阻燃性，能够有效隔热，而且热释放少，质量损失少，产生的烟气也较少。因此，在本申请的一些实施例中，可膨胀层510选用可膨胀石墨层，可以起到良好的阻燃和隔热效果。
可膨胀阻燃剂的主要成分包括酸源、碳源和气源。酸源起到化学脱水及促进碳化的作用，一般为磷酸、硫酸、硼酸或磷酸酯等。碳源提供泡沫碳化层的来源，一般是含碳量高的多羟基化合物，如淀粉、蔗糖、乙二醇、酚醛树脂或各类合成或人工树脂等。气源提供产气发泡作用，一般为含氮化合物，如尿酸、三聚氰胺、聚酰胺等。可膨胀阻燃剂的初始膨胀温度一般在150℃左右，在达到初始膨胀温度后，其内部开始发生反应并转向熔融状态，反应过程中所产生的气体使熔融态材料膨胀发泡，同时内部的化合物迅速碳化，最终形成多孔泡沫碳层(即膨胀层)。可膨胀型阻燃剂在遇火时表面生成碳质泡沫层，可以起到隔热、隔氧、抑烟、防滴的功效，具有优良的阻燃性能，且低烟、低毒、无腐蚀性气体产生。因此，在本申请的一些实施例中，可膨胀层510选用可膨胀阻燃剂层，也可以起到良好的阻燃和隔热效果。
以上实施例所列举的可膨胀层510在高温下最终会形成一层以碳为主要构成物的碳骨架(即膨胀层5100)，即使在1000℃以上仍能稳定存在。
在本申请一些实施例中，如图4所示，隔热元件50可以由可膨胀层510独立构成，即隔热元件50只包括可膨胀层510。
如图5所示，在本申请一些实施例中，隔热元件50包括第一可膨胀层511、第二可膨胀层512，以及设于第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512之间的间隔层520，其中，间隔层520将第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512彼此间隔。
在本申请一些实施例中，隔热元件50包括两个可膨胀层(分别为第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512)和一个间隔层520，间隔层520夹在两个可膨胀层之间。
在本申请的另一些实施例中，隔热元件50还可以包括三个或更多数量的前述可膨胀层510，并且相邻可膨胀层之间设置一个前述的间隔层520。例如，隔热元件包括交替设置的第一可膨胀层、第一间隔层、第二可膨胀层、第二间隔层和第三可膨胀层。类似设计的实施例不在一一列举。
如图5所示，间隔层520设置在第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512之间，可以起到结构支撑的作用，从而使得两个可膨胀层彼此间隔而不能相互接触。
在一些实施例中，间隔层520为结构支撑型间隔层，其具有一定的结构强度并且耐高温，主要在第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512之间起到支撑、间隔的效果。
结构支撑型间隔层例如可以为硅橡胶层、云母层、胶体固化层中的任意一种。此外，结构支撑型间隔层也可以采用复合层设计，包括以上这些材料层中的至少两种。硅橡胶层和云母层的原材料本身即能够满足所需的结构强度和耐高温需求。胶体固化层例如为环氧树脂胶层或者丙烯酸酯胶层等，在固化后可以满足结构强度和耐高温需求。
在一些实施例中，间隔层520为隔热功能型间隔层，隔热功能型间隔层的结构强度虽然不及结构支撑型间隔层，但也能起到一定的支撑、间隔效果，除此之外，还具有良好的隔热效果。
在一些实施例中，隔热功能型间隔层为气凝胶层，其主要由气凝胶粉末和毛毡形成。气凝胶粉末的材料例如可以选自氧化硅气凝胶、氧化铝气凝胶、碳气凝胶、石墨烯气凝胶、聚酰亚胺气凝胶及纤维素气凝胶中的一种或多种，这些材料具有良好的隔热性。毛毡是具有一定结构强度并且耐高温的纤维状织物，其材料例如可以选自玻璃纤维、陶瓷纤维、碳纤维中的一种。
在本申请的一些实施例中，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512中的至少一个为设于间隔层520表面的涂层。
隔热元件50在制作时，预先制备好间隔层520和可膨胀材料的浆料，可膨胀材料的浆料例如为可膨胀石墨的浆料或者可膨胀阻燃剂的浆料；然后，将浆料均匀涂布在间 隔层520的表面并在一定温度下烘干，即形成一定制备厚度的可膨胀层。可膨胀层的制备工艺简便，可控性好。
在本申请的一些实施例中，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512中的至少一个还可以与间隔层520通过胶体粘接。胶体的材料例如为具有阻燃性、隔热性并且达到一定粘度需要的粘结剂，当环境温度升高后，胶体的粘性增加，使得膨胀层与间隔层520之间的粘接更加可靠。
在本申请实施例中，对于第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的制备厚度不作具体限定。
以第一可膨胀层511为例，其制备厚度可以理解为，在制作隔热元件50时，第一可膨胀层511制作完成后的厚度。隔热元件50组装于电池后，如果电池未发生热失控，那么第一可膨胀层511的厚度与其制备厚度基本一致；如果电池发生热失控并且达到第一可膨胀层511的初始膨胀温度，则第一可膨胀层511迅速产生膨胀并最终形成膨胀层。显然，所形成膨胀层的厚度明显大于其制备厚度。
可以理解的，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的厚度增加，可以使其膨胀后的体积相应增加，进而使得相邻电池单体20的间距相应增大，能够起到更好的隔热效果。
在本申请的一些实施例中，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的制备厚度大于等于0.1mm，且小于等于5mm。这样，隔热元件50的厚度适当，在满足隔热设计需求的前提下，可以使得多个电池单体20在组合后的尺寸(即沿厚度方向5101的尺寸)也相对较小，有利于提高电池的能量密度或者减小电池的尺寸。
在一些实施例中，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的制备厚度大于等于0.1mm，且小于3mm。可以满足隔热设计需求，而且可以使得多个电池单体20在组合后的尺寸更小。
在一些实施例中，对于第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的制备厚度的设计还考虑到了电池的热失控最高温度，其中，电池的热失控最高温度可以理解为电池发生热失控的临界温度。
例如，在一些实施例中，针对热失控最高温度大于800℃的电池，其所使用隔热元件50的第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的制备厚度大于1mm，且小于等于3mm。
例如，在另一些实施例中，针对热失控最高温度大于1000℃的电池，其所使用隔热元件50的第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的制备厚度大于2mm，且小于等于3mm。
第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的厚度越大，隔热效果越好，阻断热失控蔓延的效果越好。根据实际电池产品的性能参数需求来选择第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的制备厚度，可以兼顾电池的安全性和尺寸设计需求。
如图6、图7A和图7B所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，隔热元件50包括第一可膨胀层511、第二可膨胀层512以及位于第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512之间的间隔层520。其中，间隔层520的朝向第一可膨胀层511的一侧具有第一凹槽521，第一可膨胀层511嵌入第一凹槽521内，间隔层520的朝向第二可膨胀层512的一侧具有第二凹槽522，第二可膨胀层512嵌入第二凹槽522内。
以第一可膨胀层511为例，其嵌入第一凹槽521内，可以理解为，第一可膨胀层511被限制在由第一凹槽521的槽侧壁所限定的封闭图形的内侧。
在本申请实施例中，由于第一凹槽521和第二凹槽522的限制，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512产生膨胀的方向只能沿其厚度方向5101。
例如，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512为可膨胀阻燃剂层时，其初始膨胀温度一般在150℃左右，在达到初始膨胀温度后，其内部开始发生反应并转向熔融状态，反应过程中所产生的气体使熔融态材料膨胀发泡，同时内部的化合物迅速碳化，最终形成多孔泡沫碳层(即膨胀层)。受第一凹槽521和第二凹槽522的侧壁的阻挡，熔融态材料只能沿厚度方向5101膨胀发泡，而不能沿平面方向膨胀，这样可以形成厚度尽可能大的膨胀层，当发生热失控时，相邻电池单体20之间的间距也被触发达到最大，使得隔热元件50的隔热效果得到充分发挥，因此，可以进一步提高电池的安全性。
在本申请的一些实施例中，第一凹槽521的深度大于或者等于第一可膨胀层511的厚度，第二凹槽522的深度大于或者等于第二可膨胀层512的厚度。其中，深度的方向与厚度方向5101一致。
也即，第一可膨胀层511在嵌入第一凹槽521后并未凸出于间隔层520，其可以占据第一凹槽521内部的部分空间或者全部空间；类似的，第二可膨胀层512在嵌入第二凹槽522后并未凸出于间隔层520，其可以占据第二凹槽522内部的部分空间或者全部空间。第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512在未开始膨胀时，隔热元件50的厚度是由间隔层520的厚度决定。
在本申请实施例中，第一凹槽521和第二凹槽522的深度可以相同或不同，第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512的厚度可以相同或不同。
电池单体20可能随环境温度的变化或者充放电次数的增加而产生一定程度的鼓胀或收缩。电池在未发生热失控的正常状态下，该实施例设计能够为电池单体20的鼓胀及收缩提供变形空间，不会与其产生明显干涉，从而有利于提高电池的可靠性，延长电池的使用寿命。
在本申请的一些实施例中，也可以只在间隔层520的朝向其中一个可膨胀层的一侧设置凹槽，该其中一个可膨胀层嵌入凹槽内。
如图8所示，在本申请的一些实施例中，隔热元件50包括：可膨胀层510和支撑框架530，其中，可膨胀层510的周侧边缘被限制在支撑框架530内。可膨胀层510可以采用前述任一种实施例的设计方案。
如图中所示，支撑框架530呈封闭框形，对于其内侧的可膨胀层510起到支撑和限制其膨胀方向的作用。与图6所示实施例的原理类似，由于支撑框架530的限制，可膨胀层510产生膨胀的方向被限制为只能沿其厚度方向5101。类似的，支撑框架530的厚度可以大于或等于可膨胀层510的厚度，当电池未发生热失控时，可以为电池单体20的鼓胀及收缩提供变形空间。支撑框架530在材料选择上可以参考前述间隔层520，在此不再重复赘述。
如图6、图7A和图7B所示，本申请一些实施例提供的隔热元件50，包括第一可膨胀层511、第二可膨胀层512，以及设于第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512之间的间隔层520，间隔层520将第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512彼此间隔。间隔层520的朝向第一可膨胀层511的一侧具有第一凹槽521，间隔层520的朝向第二可膨胀层512的一侧具有第二凹槽522，第一可膨胀层511嵌入第一凹槽521内，第二可膨胀层512嵌入第二凹槽522内，其中，第一凹槽521的深度大于或者等于第一可膨胀层511的厚度，第二凹槽522的深度大于或者等于第二可膨胀层512的厚度。
第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512可以分别为设于间隔层520表面的涂层，其制备厚度大于等于0.1mm，且小于等于5mm，具体制备厚度可以根据电池产品的设计需求来确定。
第一可膨胀层511和第二可膨胀层512可以选自可膨胀石墨层和可膨胀阻燃剂层中的其中一种。间隔层520可以为硅橡胶层、云母层或者胶体固化层等结构支撑型间隔层，也可以为气凝胶层等隔热功能型间隔层。
该隔热元件50的设计可以显著减缓电池内部相邻电池单体20之间的热传递，从而有效减缓甚至阻断热失控继续发生，因此可以提高电池的安全性。
如图1和图2所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，还提供一种电池100，包括多个电池单体20，以及在相邻电池单体20之间设置的例如前述任一实施例的隔热元件50。
该电池100可以为应用于各类用电装置的动力电池或者储能电池。其内部隔热元件50的设计可以显著减缓相邻电池单体20之间的热传递，从而有效减缓甚至阻断热失控继续发生，使得电池100的安全性显著提高。
如图9所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，还提供了一种用电装置2000，包括前述任一实施例的电池100。
用电装置2000可以是任意一种需要使用到电池100的用电装置。由于电池100的安全性得到显著提升，因此用电装置2000的安全性得到相应提升。
最后应说明的是：以上各实施例仅用以说明本申请的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述各实施例对本申请进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本申请各实施例技术方案的范围，其均应涵盖在本申请的权利要求和说明书的范围当中。尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本申请并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种隔热元件，用于设置在电池的相邻电池单体之间，其中，
    所述隔热元件包括可膨胀层，所述可膨胀层具有阻燃性，且能够在达到膨胀起始温度后沿厚度方向产生膨胀而形成膨胀层。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述可膨胀层包括可膨胀石墨层和可膨胀阻燃剂层中的至少之一。
  3. 如权利要求1或2所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述隔热元件包括第一可膨胀层、第二可膨胀层，以及设于所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层之间的间隔层，其中，所述间隔层将所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层彼此间隔。
  4. 如权利要求3所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述间隔层的朝向所述第一可膨胀层的一侧具有第一凹槽，所述第一可膨胀层嵌入所述第一凹槽内；和/或
    所述间隔层的朝向所述第二可膨胀层的一侧具有第二凹槽，所述第二可膨胀层嵌入所述第二凹槽内。
  5. 如权利要求3所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述间隔层的朝向所述第一可膨胀层的一侧具有第一凹槽，所述第一可膨胀层嵌入所述第一凹槽内，所述第一凹槽的深度大于或者等于所述第一可膨胀层的厚度；和/或
    所述间隔层的朝向所述第二可膨胀层的一侧具有第二凹槽，所述第二可膨胀层嵌入所述第二凹槽内，所述第二凹槽的深度大于或者等于所述第二可膨胀层的厚度。
  6. 如权利要求3至5中任一项所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层中的至少一个为设于所述间隔层表面的涂层。
  7. 如权利要求3至6中任一项所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层中的至少一个与所述间隔层通过胶体粘接。
  8. 如权利要求3至7中任一项所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于等于0.1mm，且小于等于5mm；或者
    所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于等于0.1mm，且小于3mm；或者
    所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于1mm，且小于等于3mm；或者
    所述第一可膨胀层和所述第二可膨胀层的制备厚度大于2mm，且小于等于3mm。
  9. 如权利要求3至8中任一项所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述间隔层为结构支撑型间隔层；或者
    所述间隔层为隔热功能型间隔层。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述间隔层为结构支撑型间隔层，所述结构支撑型间隔层包括硅橡胶层、云母层、胶体固化层中的至少之一；或者
    所述间隔层为隔热功能型间隔层，所述隔热功能型间隔层包括气凝胶层。
  11. 如权利要求1至10中任一项所述的隔热元件，其中，
    所述隔热元件还包括支撑框架，所述可膨胀层的周侧边缘被限制在所述支撑框架内。
  12. 一种电池，包括：
    多个电池单体；以及
    在相邻所述电池单体之间设置的、如权利要求1至11中任一项所述的隔热元件。
  13. 一种用电装置，包括如权利要求12所述的电池。
PCT/CN2023/070962 2022-01-20 2023-01-06 隔热元件、电池及用电装置 WO2023138411A1 (zh)

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