WO2023134223A1 - 电池包和用电装置 - Google Patents

电池包和用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023134223A1
WO2023134223A1 PCT/CN2022/121770 CN2022121770W WO2023134223A1 WO 2023134223 A1 WO2023134223 A1 WO 2023134223A1 CN 2022121770 W CN2022121770 W CN 2022121770W WO 2023134223 A1 WO2023134223 A1 WO 2023134223A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
battery cell
battery pack
cell
capacity
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PCT/CN2022/121770
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
何建福
刘倩
叶永煌
李全国
徐晓富
金海族
Original Assignee
宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Priority to EP22919857.7A priority Critical patent/EP4376182A1/en
Priority to CN202280028986.6A priority patent/CN117203831A/zh
Publication of WO2023134223A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023134223A1/zh
Priority to US18/604,554 priority patent/US20240258602A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/617—Types of temperature control for achieving uniformity or desired distribution of temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
    • H01M10/625—Vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/64—Heating or cooling; Temperature control characterised by the shape of the cells
    • H01M10/647—Prismatic or flat cells, e.g. pouch cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/651—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by parameters specified by a numeric value or mathematical formula, e.g. ratios, sizes or concentrations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/658—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by thermal insulation or shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/213—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for cells having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/289—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by spacing elements or positioning means within frames, racks or packs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of batteries, in particular to a battery pack capable of improving low-temperature discharge capability and an electrical device including the battery pack.
  • secondary batteries have been widely used in energy storage power systems such as hydraulic, thermal, wind and solar power plants, as well as power tools, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles , military equipment, aerospace and other fields.
  • Lithium-ion batteries are greatly affected by temperature, especially at low temperatures, where the polarization of battery cells is severe, and the discharge process reaches the cut-off voltage ahead of time, which leads to problems such as low discharge energy and poor low-temperature power capability that need to be solved urgently.
  • the difference in temperature rise between the inside and outside of the battery pack will further expand, which will increase the waste of power in the battery pack and affect the consumer experience.
  • the present application is made in view of the above-mentioned technical problems, and its purpose is to provide a battery pack capable of overcoming the short plate effect of the battery pack and improving low-temperature discharge capability and an electric device including the battery pack.
  • the present application can overcome the short plate effect of the battery pack and improve the low-temperature discharge capacity by disposing the first battery cell with high impedance R1 and high capacity C1 at a position where heat exchange with the environment is more likely to occur.
  • the DC resistance R1 of the first battery cell and the DC resistance R2 of the second battery cell satisfy: 1.0 ⁇ R1/R2 ⁇ 1.5. Therefore, the heat generation of the first battery cell during the discharge process is improved by increasing the impedance, and the overall polarization of the single battery cell is reduced, thereby realizing the improvement of the discharge capacity.
  • the capacity C1 of the first battery cell and the capacity C2 of the second battery cell satisfy: when 1.0 ⁇ R1/R2 ⁇ 1.2, 1.00 ⁇ C1/C2 ⁇ 1.15, when 1.2 When ⁇ R1/R2 ⁇ 1.5, 1.15 ⁇ C1/C2 ⁇ 1.30. Therefore, when the capacity ratio and impedance ratio of the first battery cell and the second battery cell are within the above-mentioned ranges, the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • the specific heat capacity ⁇ 1 of the first battery cell and the specific heat capacity ⁇ 2 of the second battery satisfy: 0.10 ⁇ 1/ ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0.99, optionally, 0.3 ⁇ 1/ ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0.95.
  • the specific heat capacity of the first unit cell is low, and it is easy to achieve temperature rise under heat accumulation conditions, which can further improve low-temperature discharge capability.
  • the first battery cell and the second battery cell are connected in series, in parallel or in parallel. Thereby, larger capacity or power can be realized.
  • the first battery cell and the second battery cell are arranged in the battery pack box; the first battery cell and the second battery cell both include electrode terminals, The electrode terminals face the top wall or the bottom wall of the battery pack box; when viewed from above, the first battery cells are arranged around the second battery cells.
  • the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • the first battery cell is disposed close to the side wall of the battery pack case. Thereby, the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • the first battery cell and the second battery cell are arranged in the battery pack box; the first battery cell and the second battery cell both include electrode terminals, The electrode terminals face the side wall of the battery pack case; at least part of the first battery cells are disposed on the bottom wall of the battery pack case.
  • the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • the first battery cell is disposed close to a side wall of the battery pack case. Thereby, the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • the first battery cell and the second battery cell are battery cells of the same chemical system. This makes it possible to easily adjust the DC resistance and capacity of the battery cells.
  • a second aspect of the present application provides an electric device, which includes the battery pack of the first aspect of the present application.
  • the power consumption device can improve the low-temperature discharge capability.
  • the first battery cell with high impedance R1 and high capacity C1 is arranged at a position where heat exchange with the environment is more likely to occur, thereby providing a battery pack and a battery pack that overcomes the short board effect of the battery pack and can improve low-temperature discharge capability.
  • An electrical device including the battery pack.
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded schematic view of the overall structure of a battery pack according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of the battery pack according to one embodiment of the present application shown in FIG. 1 , without the casing.
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded schematic diagram of a battery cell (secondary battery) according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded schematic view of the overall structure of the battery pack according to another embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded schematic view showing the overall structure of a battery pack according to another embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device using a battery pack according to an embodiment of the present application as a power source.
  • ranges disclosed herein are defined in terms of lower and upper limits, and a given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit that define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this manner may be inclusive or exclusive and may be combined arbitrarily, ie any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are contemplated. Also, if the minimum range values 1 and 2 are listed, and the maximum range values 3, 4, and 5 are listed, the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3 , 2-4 and 2-5.
  • the numerical range "a-b” represents an abbreviated representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are both real numbers.
  • the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article, and "0-5" is only an abbreviated representation of the combination of these values.
  • a certain parameter is an integer ⁇ 2
  • the method includes steps (a) and (b), which means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed in sequence, and may also include steps (b) and (a) performed in sequence.
  • steps (c) means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c), also Steps (a), (c) and (b) may be included, and steps (c), (a) and (b) may also be included.
  • the “comprising” and “comprising” mentioned in this application mean open or closed.
  • the “comprising” and “comprising” may mean that other components not listed may be included or included, or only listed components may be included or included.
  • the term "or” is inclusive unless otherwise stated.
  • the phrase "A or B” means “A, B, or both A and B.” More specifically, the condition "A or B” is satisfied by either of the following: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists) ; or both A and B are true (or exist).
  • Power batteries are not only used in energy storage power systems such as hydraulic, thermal, wind and solar power plants, but also widely used in electric vehicles such as electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, as well as military equipment and aerospace and other fields . With the continuous expansion of power battery application fields, its market demand is also constantly expanding.
  • the inventors of the present application have noticed that in a battery pack composed of secondary battery cells, since the same battery cells are closely arranged, in a low temperature environment, the battery cells that are prone to heat exchange with the outside world will reach the peak in advance due to the low temperature.
  • the termination voltage causes the entire battery pack to stop discharging (that is, the short board effect of the battery pack).
  • the inventors of the present application thought of placing a battery cell with high impedance R1 and high capacity C1 at a position where heat exchange with the environment is more likely to occur, so as to overcome the short plate effect of the battery pack and improve the low-temperature discharge capacity.
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded schematic view of the overall structure of a battery pack according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic top view structure diagram of the battery pack according to one embodiment of the present application shown in Fig. 1 , without the casing.
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded schematic diagram of a battery cell (secondary battery) according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the battery pack 1 of the present application may include a battery pack case 20 and a plurality of battery cells 11 , 12 disposed in the battery pack case 20 .
  • the battery pack case 20 may include an upper case 21 and a lower case 22 , the upper case 21 can cover the lower case 22 and form a closed space for accommodating the battery cells 11 , 12 .
  • the position where heat exchange with the environment is more likely to occur may be, for example, the periphery and the upper and lower bottom surfaces of the battery pack box, or a position with a larger heat exchange area with the environment.
  • the energy density of a battery cell is measured by the following method.
  • the initial discharge capacity of a battery cell is defined as the capacity of discharging from the cut-off upper limit voltage of each battery cell at 0.33C to the cut-off lower limit voltage of each battery cell at 25°C.
  • the battery cell is adjusted to 20% SOC with a 0.33C rate, and it is placed in a constant temperature box at -20°C for 2 hours, and it is discharged with a constant current I for 30 seconds.
  • the inventors of the present application unexpectedly found that the first battery 11 is installed in the position of the battery pack box 20 where heat exchange with the environment is more likely to occur compared with the second battery 12 in the present application.
  • the inventors of the present application speculate that the first battery cell 11 has high impedance, and the temperature rises during the discharge process, which can compensate for the impact of low ambient temperature and reduce the polarization of the entire battery, thereby improving the low-temperature discharge of the first battery cell 11 ability; placing the first battery cell in a position where heat exchange with the environment is easy can solve the problem of the short plate effect of the battery pack, that is, due to the large polarization in the low temperature area, it reaches the cut-off potential ahead of time; on the other hand, the high capacity can solve the problem due to high The problem of low capacity performance caused by impedance improves the overall capacity of the battery pack.
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded schematic diagram of a battery cell (secondary battery) according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the battery cells 11 , 12 may include a casing 31 , an end cap 32 and one or more electrode assemblies 33 disposed in the casing 31 .
  • the casing 31 can be a hollow cylinder, and the casing 31 has an opening so that one or more electrode assemblies 33 can be placed in the casing 31 .
  • the end surface of the housing 31 may be an open surface, that is, the end surface does not have a wall so that the inside and outside of the housing 31 communicate.
  • the end cap 32 covers the opening and is connected with the casing 31 to form a closed cavity for placing the electrode assembly 33 .
  • the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the separator can be formed into an electrode assembly 33 through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the electrode assembly 33 is packaged in the cavity.
  • the casing 31 is filled with an electrolyte, such as an electrolytic solution.
  • the battery cells 11 , 12 may further include two electrode terminals 34 .
  • the two electrode terminals 34 may be disposed on the end cap 32 and protrude from the end cap 32 toward a direction away from the interior of the battery cells 11 , 12 .
  • the number of battery cells 11, 12 can be set to any value.
  • a plurality of battery cells 11, 12 can be connected in series, in parallel or in parallel to achieve greater capacity or power.
  • a plurality of battery cells 11 and 12 are connected in series to constitute a group of battery cells. Multiple groups of battery cells are connected together in parallel.
  • the first battery cell 11 and the second battery cell 12 are arranged in the battery pack case 20 ; the first battery cell 11 and the second battery cell 12 both include electrode terminals 34, and the electrode terminals 34 face the top wall and/or bottom wall of the battery pack case 20.
  • the first battery cell 11 surrounds the periphery of the second battery cell 12 And arranged.
  • the first battery cell 11 is disposed close to the side wall of the battery pack case 20 . As a result, heat exchange between the first battery cell 11 and the environment is easier, and the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • the DC impedance R1 of the first battery cell and the DC impedance R2 of the second battery cell satisfy: 1.0 ⁇ R1/R2 ⁇ 1.5. Therefore, by increasing the impedance to increase the heat generation of the first battery cell during the discharge process, the influence of the low temperature environment can be compensated, and the overall polarization of the single battery is reduced, thereby realizing the improvement of the discharge capacity.
  • the capacity C1 of the first battery cell and the capacity C2 of the second battery cell satisfy: when 1.0 ⁇ R1/R2 ⁇ 1.2, 1.00 ⁇ C1/C2 ⁇ 1.15, when 1.2 When ⁇ R1/R2 ⁇ 1.5, 1.15 ⁇ C1/C2 ⁇ 1.30.
  • the battery pack system works according to the short plate effect.
  • the battery cell that can release the lowest energy in the battery pack determines the discharge energy of all other battery cells. Therefore, the capacity of the first battery cell needs to be guaranteed not to be lower than the capacity of the second battery cell. , so as to increase the overall discharge energy of the battery pack.
  • the capacity of the first battery cell is too high, the surplus energy in the first battery cell is too much, and the overall discharge energy of the battery pack cannot be increased.
  • the inventors of the present application found that the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved when the capacity ratio and impedance ratio of the first battery cell and the second battery cell satisfy the above relationship. The reason is that due to the large impedance of the first battery cell, the capacity of the single battery is reduced.
  • the capacity of the first battery cell needs to be increased (for example, by increasing the coating weight C.W.; increasing the positive and negative electrodes The proportion of the active material of the formula; increase the compaction density of the pole piece, etc.); the greater the impedance of the first battery cell, the more surplus capacity of the first battery cell is required (the difference between the capacity of the first battery cell and the capacity of the second battery value), otherwise the margin can be appropriately reduced; the impedance of the first battery cell should not be too large, otherwise the polarization of the battery cell itself will be too large, and the heat accumulation rate will be lower than the voltage drop, which will deteriorate the low-temperature discharge capacity of the battery pack .
  • the specific heat capacity ⁇ 1 of the first battery cell and the specific heat capacity ⁇ 2 of the second battery satisfy: 0.10 ⁇ 1/ ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0.99, optionally, 0.3 ⁇ 1/ ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0.95.
  • the specific heat capacity of the first unit cell is low, and it is easy to achieve temperature rise under heat accumulation conditions, which can further improve low-temperature discharge capability.
  • the specific heat capacity ⁇ of a battery cell is measured by the following method.
  • the specific heat capacity of a single battery is equal to the cumulative value of the specific heat capacity of each element, including active materials (positive electrode material/negative electrode material) and inactive materials (binder/conductive carbon/current collector/separator film/mechanical parts, etc.)
  • the sample chamber of the DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) is kept empty, and a DSC curve is tested, which is the baseline to obtain the DSC value S0; then the mass is m1, and the specific heat capacity is C1
  • the standard sapphire is placed in the sample chamber, and the DSC curve is measured to obtain the DSC value S1; then the sapphire is taken out and replaced with a sample to be tested with a mass of m2 and an unknown specific heat capacity C2, and the DSC curve is tested to obtain the DSC value S2.
  • the first battery cell and the second battery cell are battery cells of the same chemical system. This makes it possible to easily adjust the DC resistance and capacity of the battery cells.
  • the first battery cell and the second battery cell may be lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, or potassium-ion batteries.
  • secondary batteries of various chemical systems can be widely used in response to different needs.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded schematic view of the overall structure of a battery pack 1A according to another embodiment of the present application.
  • the first battery cell 11 and the second battery cell 12 are arranged in the battery pack box 20; the first battery cell 11 and the second battery cell 12 both include electrode terminals 34, and the electrode terminals 34 Facing the side wall of the battery pack case 20 ; at least part of the first battery cells 11 are disposed on the bottom wall of the battery pack case 20 .
  • heat exchange between the first battery cells 11 disposed on the bottom wall of the battery pack case and the environment can be easily performed, and the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded schematic view of the overall structure of a battery pack 1B according to another embodiment of the present application.
  • the first battery cell 11 is also arranged close to the side wall of the battery pack case. As a result, heat exchange between the first battery cell 11 and the environment is easier, and the low-temperature discharge capability can be further improved.
  • a secondary battery is provided.
  • a secondary battery typically includes a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece, an electrolyte, and a separator.
  • active ions are intercalated and extracted back and forth between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the electrolyte plays the role of conducting ions between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece.
  • the separator is arranged between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece, which mainly plays the role of preventing the short circuit of the positive and negative poles, and at the same time allows ions to pass through.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode collector, and the positive electrode film layer includes the positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the present application.
  • the positive electrode current collector has two opposing surfaces in its own thickness direction, and the positive electrode film layer is disposed on any one or both of the two opposing surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode current collector can be a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • aluminum foil can be used as the metal foil.
  • the composite current collector may include a polymer material base and a metal layer formed on at least one surface of the polymer material base.
  • the composite current collector can be formed by forming metal materials (aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver and silver alloy, etc.) on a polymer material substrate (such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalic acid It is formed on substrates such as ethylene glycol ester (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), etc.).
  • PP polypropylene
  • PET polyethylene glycol ester
  • PBT polybutylene terephthalate
  • PS polystyrene
  • PE polyethylene
  • the positive electrode active material may be a positive electrode active material known in the art for batteries.
  • the positive active material may include at least one of the following materials: olivine-structured lithium-containing phosphate, lithium transition metal oxide, and their respective modified compounds.
  • the present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventional materials that can be used as positive electrode active materials of batteries can also be used. These positive electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • lithium transition metal oxides may include, but are not limited to, lithium cobalt oxides (such as LiCoO 2 ), lithium nickel oxides (such as LiNiO 2 ), lithium manganese oxides (such as LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 ), lithium Nickel cobalt oxide, lithium manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (such as LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (also referred to as NCM 333 ), LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (also abbreviated as NCM 523 ), LiNi 0.5 Co 0.25 Mn 0.25 O 2 (also abbreviated as NCM 211 ), LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 (also abbreviated as NCM 622 ), LiNi At least one of 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (also referred to as NCM 811 ), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (such as LiNi
  • the olivine structure contains Examples of lithium phosphates may include, but are not limited to, lithium iron phosphate (such as LiFePO 4 (also may be abbreviated as LFP)), composite materials of lithium iron phosphate and carbon, lithium manganese phosphate (such as LiMnPO 4 ), lithium manganese phosphate and carbon At least one of a composite material, lithium manganese iron phosphate, and a composite material of lithium manganese iron phosphate and carbon.
  • lithium iron phosphate such as LiFePO 4 (also may be abbreviated as LFP)
  • composite materials of lithium iron phosphate and carbon such as LiMnPO 4
  • LiMnPO 4 lithium manganese phosphate and carbon
  • the positive electrode film layer may further optionally include a binder.
  • the binder may include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene terpolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene At least one of ethylene terpolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and fluorine-containing acrylate resin.
  • the positive electrode film layer may also optionally include a conductive agent.
  • the conductive agent may include at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanofibers.
  • the positive electrode sheet can be prepared in the following manner: the above-mentioned components used to prepare the positive electrode sheet, such as positive electrode active material, conductive agent, binder and any other components, are dispersed in a solvent (such as N -methylpyrrolidone) to form a positive electrode slurry; the positive electrode slurry is coated on the positive electrode current collector, and after drying, cold pressing and other processes, the positive electrode sheet can be obtained.
  • a solvent such as N -methylpyrrolidone
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode film layer includes a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode current collector has two opposing surfaces in its own thickness direction, and the negative electrode film layer is disposed on any one or both of the two opposing surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector can use a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • copper foil can be used as the metal foil.
  • the composite current collector may include a base layer of polymer material and a metal layer formed on at least one surface of the base material of polymer material.
  • Composite current collectors can be formed by metal materials (copper, copper alloys, nickel, nickel alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, silver and silver alloys, etc.) on polymer material substrates (such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalic acid It is formed on substrates such as ethylene glycol ester (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), etc.).
  • the negative electrode active material can be a negative electrode active material known in the art for batteries.
  • the negative electrode active material may include at least one of the following materials: artificial graphite, natural graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon-based materials, tin-based materials, lithium titanate, and the like.
  • the silicon-based material may be selected from at least one of elemental silicon, silicon-oxygen compounds, silicon-carbon composites, silicon-nitrogen composites, and silicon alloys.
  • the tin-based material may be selected from at least one of simple tin, tin oxide compounds and tin alloys.
  • the present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventional materials that can be used as negative electrode active materials of batteries can also be used. These negative electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the negative electrode film layer may further optionally include a binder.
  • the binder can be selected from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), poly At least one of methacrylic acid (PMAA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS).
  • the negative electrode film layer may also optionally include a conductive agent.
  • the conductive agent can be selected from at least one of superconducting carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon nanofibers.
  • the negative electrode film layer may optionally include other additives, such as thickeners (such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na)) and the like.
  • thickeners such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na)
  • CMC-Na sodium carboxymethylcellulose
  • the negative electrode sheet can be prepared in the following manner: the above-mentioned components used to prepare the negative electrode sheet, such as negative electrode active material, conductive agent, binder and any other components, are dispersed in a solvent (such as deionized water) to form a negative electrode slurry; the negative electrode slurry is coated on the negative electrode current collector, and after drying, cold pressing and other processes, the negative electrode sheet can be obtained.
  • a solvent such as deionized water
  • the electrolyte plays the role of conducting ions between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece.
  • the present application has no specific limitation on the type of electrolyte, which can be selected according to requirements.
  • electrolytes can be liquid, gel or all solid.
  • the electrolyte is an electrolytic solution.
  • the electrolyte solution includes an electrolyte salt and a solvent.
  • the electrolyte salt may be selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl imide, trifluoromethane At least one of lithium sulfonate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithium difluorodifluorooxalatephosphate and lithium tetrafluorooxalatephosphate.
  • the solvent may be selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, Butylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate At least one of ester, 1,4-butyrolactone, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone and diethyl sulfone.
  • the electrolyte may optionally include additives.
  • additives may include negative electrode film-forming additives, positive electrode film-forming additives, and additives that can improve certain performances of the battery, such as additives that improve battery overcharge performance, additives that improve high-temperature or low-temperature performance of batteries, and the like.
  • a separator is further included in the secondary battery.
  • the present application has no particular limitation on the type of the isolation membrane, and any known porous structure isolation membrane with good chemical stability and mechanical stability can be selected.
  • the material of the isolation film can be selected from at least one of glass fiber, non-woven fabric, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the separator can be a single-layer film or a multi-layer composite film, without any particular limitation. When the separator is a multilayer composite film, the materials of each layer may be the same or different, and there is no particular limitation.
  • the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the separator can be made into an electrode assembly through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the secondary battery may include an outer package.
  • the outer package can be used to package the above-mentioned electrode assembly and electrolyte.
  • the outer packaging of the secondary battery may be a hard case, such as a hard plastic case, aluminum case, steel case, and the like.
  • the outer packaging of the secondary battery may also be a soft bag, such as a bag-type soft bag.
  • the material of the soft case may be plastic, and examples of the plastic include polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, and the like.
  • the present application also provides an electric device, which includes at least one of the secondary battery, battery module, or battery pack provided in the present application.
  • the secondary battery, battery module, or battery pack can be used as a power source of the electric device, and can also be used as an energy storage unit of the electric device.
  • the electric devices may include mobile devices (such as mobile phones, notebook computers, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, etc.) , electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc., but not limited thereto.
  • a secondary battery, a battery module or a battery pack can be selected according to its use requirements.
  • FIG. 6 is an example of an electrical device.
  • the electric device is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
  • a battery pack or a battery module may be used.
  • a device may be a cell phone, tablet, laptop, or the like.
  • the device is generally required to be light and thin, and a secondary battery can be used as a power source.
  • the first positive electrode active material LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 as the positive electrode active material, superconducting carbon black SP as the conductive agent, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as the binder in N-formazan as the solvent NMP was mixed uniformly to obtain positive electrode slurry; the positive electrode slurry was evenly coated on the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil, and after drying, cold pressing, slitting, and cutting into pieces, the positive electrode sheet was obtained.
  • the mass ratio of positive electrode active material, conductive carbon black, and binder PVDF is 96:2:2.
  • Polyethylene film was selected as the isolation film.
  • ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a volume ratio of 1:1:1 to obtain an organic solvent, and then dissolve fully dried lithium salt LiPF 6 in the mixing In the final organic solvent, an electrolyte solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L was prepared.
  • the separator is between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece to play an isolation role, and then wind up to obtain the bare cell; put the bare cell in the outer packaging After being dried, the electrolyte solution is injected into the case, and the battery cell A1 is obtained through processes such as vacuum packaging, standing still, chemical formation, and shaping.
  • the battery cells A2 to A12 were obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1.
  • the battery cell A2 is disposed on the outer periphery of the battery pack case as the first battery cell 11
  • the second battery cell A1 is disposed on the inside as the second battery cell 12 to assemble the battery pack.
  • the quantity ratio of the first battery cells 11 to the second battery cells 12 is 7:2.
  • a battery pack was assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, except that different battery cells were used as the first battery cell 11 and the second battery cell as shown in Table 1.
  • the present application is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments.
  • the above-mentioned embodiments are merely examples, and within the scope of the technical solutions of the present application, embodiments that have substantially the same configuration as the technical idea and exert the same effects are included in the technical scope of the present application.
  • various modifications conceivable by those skilled in the art are added to the embodiments, and other forms constructed by combining some components in the embodiments are also included in the scope of the present application. .

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Abstract

本申请提供电池包和用电装置。本申请的电池包，包括电池包箱体；和容纳于电池包箱体中的第一电池单体和第二电池单体，与第二单体相比，第一电池单体设置于电池包箱体的与环境更容易发生热交换的位置，设第一电池单体的容量为C1，直流阻抗为R1，X1＝C1*R1，设第二电池单体的容量为C2，直流阻抗为R2，X2＝C2*R2，X1、X2满足：1.1≤X1/X2≤2.0。由此，能够提高低温放电能力。

Description

电池包和用电装置 技术领域
本申请涉及电池领域，尤其涉及一种能够提高低温放电能力的电池包和包括该电池包的用电装置。
背景技术
近年来，随着锂离子等二次电池技术的不断发展，二次电池被广泛应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统，以及电动工具、电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车、军事装备、航空航天等多个领域。
锂离子电池受温度影响大，特别在低温下，电池单体极化严重，放电过程提前达到终止电压，由此引发了放电能量小以及低温功率能力差等问题亟待解决，随着电池包电量的增加，电池包内部与外部区域的温升差异进一步扩大，使得电池包浪费电量增加，影响消费者使用体验。
现有电池包有通过外加热敏电阻，虽然可以使用低温性能提升，但是成本高，并且占据电池包空间，降低能量密度；也有通过将耐低温的电池置于外围提升整体电池包低温性能，但是通常采用差异化化学体系，导致电池管理系统BMS管控复杂，而且耐低温电池其本身热稳定性往往较差，带来电池包整体碰撞安全性的恶化。
发明内容
本申请是鉴于上述技术问题而做出的，其目的在于，提供一种能够克服电池包短板效应并能够提高低温放电能力的电池包和包括该电池包的用电装置。
为了达到上述目的，本申请的第一方面提供一种电池包，包括：电池包箱体；和容纳于所述电池包箱体中的第一电池单体和第二电池单体，与所述第二单体相比，所述第一电池单体设置于所述电池 包箱体的与环境更容易发生热交换的位置，设所述第一电池单体的容量为C1，直流阻抗为R1，X1＝C1*R1，设所述第二电池单体的容量为C2，直流阻抗为R2，X2＝C2*R2，X1、X2满足：1.1≤X1/X2≤2.0。
由此，本申请通过将高阻抗R1和高容量C1的第一电池单体设置于与环境更容易发生热交换的位置，从而能够克服电池包短板效应并能够提高低温放电能力。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体的直流阻抗R1与所述第二电池单体的直流阻抗R2满足：1.0＜R1/R2≤1.5。由此，通过阻抗增加提高第一电池单体在放电过程的产热，单体电池整体极化降低，从而实现放电能力的提升。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体的容量C1与所述第二电池单体的的容量C2满足：当1.0＜R1/R2≤1.2时，1.00＜C1/C2≤1.15，当1.2＜R1/R2≤1.5时，1.15＜C1/C2≤1.30。由此，通过第一电池单体和第二电池单体的容量比以及阻抗比在上述范围内，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体的比热容β1与所述第二电池的比热容β2满足：0.10≤β1/β2≤0.99，可选地，满足0.3≤β1/β2≤0.95。由此，第一单体电池比热容低，在热积累条件下容易实现温度提升，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体串联、并联或混联的方式连接。由此，能够实现较大的容量或功率。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体设置于所述电池包箱体内；所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体均包括电极端子，所述电极端子朝向所述电池包箱体的顶壁或底壁；在俯视时，所述第一电池单体包围所述第二电池单体的周围排布。由此，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体靠近所述电池包箱体的侧壁设置。由此，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体设 置于所述电池包箱体内；所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体均包括电极端子，所述电极端子朝向所述电池包箱体的侧壁；至少部分所述第一电池单体设置于所述电池包箱体的底壁。由此，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在任意实施方式中，在所述电池包箱体内，所述第一电池单体靠近所述电池包箱体的侧壁设置。由此，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在任意实施方式中，所述第一电池单体和第二电池单体是相同化学体系的电池单体。由此，能够容易调节电池单体的直流阻抗和容量。
本申请的第二方面提供一种用电装置，其包括本申请的第一方面的电池包。
由此，本申请的第二方面的用电装置能够提高低温放电能力。
发明效果
采用本发明，将高阻抗R1和高容量C1的第一电池单体设置于与环境更容易发生热交换的位置，从而能够提供克服了电池包短板效应并能够提高低温放电能力的电池包和包括该电池包的用电装置。
附图说明
图1是本申请一实施方式的电池包整体结构的爆炸示意图。
图2是图1所示的本申请一实施方式的电池包除去箱体后的俯视结构示意图。
图3是本申请一实施方式的电池单体(二次电池)的分解示意图。
图4是本申请另一实施方式的电池包整体结构的爆炸示意图。
图5是表示本申请另一实施方式的电池包整体结构的爆炸示意图。
图6是使用本申请一实施方式的电池包作为电源的用电装置的示意图。
附图标记说明
1电池包；20电池包箱体；21上箱体；22下箱体；11第一电池单体；12第二电池单体；31壳体；32端盖；33电极组件；34电极端子。
具体实施方式
以下，适当地参照附图详细说明具体公开了本申请的电池包和用电装置的实施方式。但是会有省略不必要的详细说明的情况。例如，有省略对已众所周知的事项的详细说明、实际相同结构的重复说明的情况。这是为了避免以下的说明不必要地变得冗长，便于本领域技术人员的理解。此外，附图及以下说明是为了本领域技术人员充分理解本申请而提供的，并不旨在限定权利要求书所记载的主题。
本申请所公开的“范围”以下限和上限的形式来限定，给定范围是通过选定一个下限和一个上限进行限定的，选定的下限和上限限定了特别范围的边界。这种方式进行限定的范围可以是包括端值或不包括端值的，并且可以进行任意地组合，即任何下限可以与任何上限组合形成一个范围。例如，如果针对特定参数列出了60-120和80-110的范围，理解为60-110和80-120的范围也是预料到的。此外，如果列出了最小范围值1和2、并且列出了最大范围值3，4和5，则下面的范围可全部预料到：1-3、1-4、1-5、2-3、2-4和2-5。在本申请中，除非有其他说明，数值范围“a-b”表示a到b之间的任意实数组合的缩略表示，其中a和b都是实数。例如数值范围“0-5”表示本文中已经全部列出了“0-5”之间的全部实数，“0-5”只是这些数值组合的缩略表示。另外，当表述某个参数为≥2的整数，则相当于公开了该参数为例如整数2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12等。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有实施方式以及可选实施方式可以相互组合形成新的技术方案。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有技术特征以及可选技术特征可以相互组合形成新的技术方案。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有步骤可以顺序进行，也可 以随机进行，优选是顺序进行的。例如，所述方法包括步骤(a)和(b)，表示所述方法可包括顺序进行的步骤(a)和(b)，也可以包括顺序进行的步骤(b)和(a)。例如，提到所述方法还可包括步骤(c)，表示步骤(c)可以任意顺序加入到所述方法，例如，所述方法可以包括步骤(a)、(b)和(c)，也可包括步骤(a)、(c)和(b)，也可以包括步骤(c)、(a)和(b)等。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请所提到的“包括”和“包含”表示开放式，也可以是封闭式。例如，所述“包括”和“包含”可以表示还可以包括或包含没有列出的其他组分，也可以仅包括或包含列出的组分。
如果没有特别的说明，在本申请中，术语“或”是包括性的。举例来说，短语“A或B”表示“A，B，或A和B两者”。更具体地，以下任一条件均满足条件“A或B”：A为真(或存在)并且B为假(或不存在)；A为假(或不存在)而B为真(或存在)；或A和B都为真(或存在)。
目前，从市场形式的发展来看，动力电池的应用越加广泛。动力电池不仅被应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统，而且还被广泛应用于电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车等电动交通工具，以及军事装备和航空航天等多个领域。随着动力电池应用领域的不断扩大，其市场的需求量也在不断地扩增。
本申请发明人注意到，由二次电池单体组成的电池包中，由于相同的电池单体被紧密排列，在低温环境下，与外界容易发生热交换位置的电池单体因为低温而提前达到终止电压，致使整个电池包停止放电(即电池包短板效应)。
于是，本申请发明人想到，在与环境更容易发生热交换的位置放置高阻抗R1和高容量C1的电池单体，从而能够克服电池包短板效应并能够提高低温放电能力。
电池包
图1是本申请一实施方式的电池包整体结构的爆炸示意图。图2是图1所示的本申请一实施方式的电池包除去箱体后的俯视结构示 意图。图3是本申请一实施方式的电池单体(二次电池)的分解示意图。
本申请的电池包1，如图1所示，在电池包1中可以包括电池包箱体20和设置于电池包箱体20中的多个电池单体11,12。电池包箱体20可以包括上箱体21和下箱体22，上箱体21能够盖设于下箱体22，并形成用于容纳电池单体11,12的封闭空间。
本申请的一个实施方式中，如图1所示，电池包1，包括：电池包箱体20；和容纳于电池包箱体20中的第一电池单体11和第二电池单体12，与第二单体12相比，第一电池11单体设置于电池包箱体20的与环境更容易发生热交换的位置，设第一电池单体11的容量为C1，直流阻抗为R1，X1＝C1*R1，设第二电池单体12的容量为C2，直流阻抗为R2，X2＝C2*R2，X1、X2满足：1.1≤X1/X2≤2.0。此处，与环境更容易发生热交换的位置例如可以是电池包箱体的四周和上下底面、或与环境热交换面积更大的位置。
在本申请中，电池单体的能量密度采用下述方法测量。
C：单体电池容量
电池单体初始放电容量定义为25℃从每个电池单体的截止上限电压以0.33C放电至每个电池单体的截止下限电压的容量。
R：直流阻抗
电池单体使用0.33C倍率调整至20％SOC，并且在恒温箱中-20℃静置2h，采用恒定电流I放电30s，根据起始电压V1，末尾电压V2，以及放电电流，计算出电池阻抗R＝(V1-V2)/I。
虽然机理尚不明确，但本申请发明人意外地发现：本申请通过第一电池11单体与第二单体12相比设置于电池包箱体20的与环境更容易发生热交换的位置，并且，满足：1.1≤(C1*R1)/(C2*R2)≤2.0，从而能够提高电池包整体的低温放电能力。本申请发明人推测，第一电池单体11为高阻抗，在放电过程温升高，能够补偿环境低温带来的影响，降低整个电池的极化，从而提升第一电池单体11的低温放电能力；将第一电池单体放置于容易和环境发生热交换位置，可以解决电池包的短板效应问题，即由于低温区域极 化大提前到达截止电位；另一方面，高容量可以解决由于高阻抗带来的容量发挥低的问题，提升电池包整体可发挥容量。
如图1所示，第一电池单体11和第二电池单体12竖立设置于箱体内。即，第一电池单体11和第二电池单体12沿X方向和Y方向排列，并且可以在Z方向堆叠。本申请对二次电池的形状没有特别的限制，其可以是圆柱形、方形或其他任意的形状。图3是本申请一实施方式的电池单体(二次电池)的分解示意图。图3是作为一个示例的圆柱形结构的二次电池。电池单体11，12可以包括壳体31、端盖32和设置于壳体31中的一个或多个电极组件33。壳体31可以为中空的圆柱体，且壳体31具有开口以便一个或多个电极组件33可以放置于壳体31内。壳体31的端面可以为开口面，即该端面不具有壁体而使得壳体31内外相通。端盖32覆盖开口并且与壳体31连接，以形成放置电极组件33的封闭的腔体。正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜可经卷绕工艺或叠片工艺形成电极组件33。电极组件33封装于腔体内。壳体31内填充有电解质，例如电解液。电池单体11，12还可以包括两个电极端子34，两个电极端子34可以设置在端盖32上，并可以从端盖32朝向远离电池单体11，12内部的方向突出。
根据不同的电力需求，电池单体11，12的数量可以设置为任意数值。多个电池单体11，12可通过串联、并联或混联的方式连接以实现较大的容量或功率。例如，多个电池单体11，12通过串联构成一组电池单体。多组电池单体通过并联连接在一起。
在一些实施方式中，如图1～3所示，在电池包箱体20内，第一电池单体11和第二电池单体12设置于电池包箱体20内；第一电池单体11和第二电池单体12均包括电极端子34，电极端子34朝向电池包箱体20的顶壁和/或底壁，在俯视时，第一电池单体11包围第二电池单体12的周围而排布。可选地，第一电池单体11靠近电池包箱体20的侧壁设置。由此，第一电池单体11与环境更容易发生热交换，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在一些实施方式中，所述第一电池单体的直流阻抗R1与所述第 二电池单体的直流阻抗R2满足：1.0＜R1/R2≤1.5。由此，通过阻抗增加提高第一电池单体在放电过程的产热，能够补偿环境低温带来的影响，单体电池整体极化降低，从而实现放电能力的提升。
在一些实施方式中，所述第一电池单体的容量C1与所述第二电池单体的的容量C2满足：当1.0＜R1/R2≤1.2时，1.00＜C1/C2≤1.15，当1.2＜R1/R2≤1.5时，1.15＜C1/C2≤1.30。电池包系统依据短板效应工作，以电池包中能够放出能量最低的一个电池单体决定所有其他电池单体的放电能量，因此第一电池单体容量需要确保不低于第二电池单体容量，这样才能提升电池包整体放电能量。而第一电池单体的容量过高时，第一电池单体中富余的能量过多，不能提升电池包整体放电能量。本申请发明人发现，通过第一电池单体和第二电池单体的容量比以及阻抗比满足上述关系，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。其原因在于，第一电池单体由于阻抗大，单体电池容量发挥降低，为了确保电池包保持原有放电能力需要提升第一电池单体容量(例如通过增加涂布重量C.W.；增加正负极配方的活性物质占比；增加极片的压实密度等)；第一电池单体的阻抗越大，需要第一电池单体容量富余越多(第一电池单体容量与第二电池容量差值)，反之可以适当降低富余量；第一电池单体的阻抗也不能过大，否则会使电池单体本身极化过大，热累积速率低于电压降，反而恶化了电池包低温放电能力。
在一些实施方式中，所述第一电池单体的比热容β1与所述第二电池的比热容β2满足：0.10≤β1/β2≤0.99，可选地，满足0.3≤β1/β2≤0.95。由此，第一单体电池比热容低，在热积累条件下容易实现温度提升，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
在本申请中，电池单体的比热容β采用下述方法测量。
1)比热容测试设备：耐驰STA449F3
2)比热容计算方法：单体电池比热容等于各元素比热容的累加值，包括活性物质(正极材料/负极材料)与非活性物质(粘结剂/导电碳/集流体/隔离膜/机械件等)
3)比热容测试方法：
在一定的升温速率和气氛下，DSC(差示扫描量热仪)的样品室保持是空的，测试出一条DSC曲线，即为基线以得到DSC数值S0；然后将质量为m1，比热容为C1的标准蓝宝石放置在样品室，测定DSC曲线得到DSC数值S1；之后将蓝宝石取出，换成质量为m2，比热容C2未知的待测试样，测试DSC曲线得到DSC数值S2。
C2＝[(S2-S0)*m1]/[(S1-S0)*m2]*C1
在一些实施方式中，所述第一电池单体和第二电池单体是相同化学体系的电池单体。由此，能够容易调节电池单体的直流阻抗和容量。
在一些实施方式中，所述第一电池单体和第二电池单体可以是锂离子电池、钠离子电池或钾离子电池。由此，能够应对不同需求广泛应用各种化学体系的二次电池。
图4是本申请另一实施方式的电池包1A整体结构的爆炸示意图。如图4所示，第一电池单体11和第二电池单体12设置于电池包箱体20内；第一电池单体11和第二电池单体12均包括电极端子34，电极端子34朝向电池包箱体20的侧壁；至少部分第一电池单体11设置于电池包箱体20的底壁。由此，设置于电池包箱体的底壁的第一电池单体11与环境容易发生热交换，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
图5是本申请另一实施方式的电池包1B整体结构的爆炸示意图。与图4所示的电池包1A相比，可选地，第一电池单体11还靠近电池包箱体的侧壁设置。由此，第一电池单体11与环境更容易发生热交换，能够进一步提高低温放电能力。
另外，以下适当参照附图对本申请的二次电池、电池包和用电装置进行说明。
本申请的一个实施方式中，提供一种二次电池。
通常情况下，二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、电解质和隔离膜。在电池充放电过程中，活性离子在正极极片和负极极片之间往返嵌入和脱出。电解质在正极极片和负极极片之间起到传导离子的作用。隔离膜设置在正极极片和负极极片之间，主要起到防止正 负极短路的作用，同时可以使离子通过。
[正极极片]
正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层，所述正极膜层包括本申请第一方面的正极活性材料。
作为示例，正极集流体具有在其自身厚度方向相对的两个表面，正极膜层设置在正极集流体相对的两个表面的其中任意一者或两者上。
在一些实施方式中，所述正极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。例如，作为金属箔片，可采用铝箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层和形成于高分子材料基层至少一个表面上的金属层。复合集流体可通过将金属材料(铝、铝合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银及银合金等)形成在高分子材料基材(如聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)等的基材)上而形成。
在一些实施方式中，正极活性材料可采用本领域公知的用于电池的正极活性材料。作为示例，正极活性材料可包括以下材料中的至少一种：橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐、锂过渡金属氧化物及其各自的改性化合物。但本申请并不限定于这些材料，还可以使用其他可被用作电池正极活性材料的传统材料。这些正极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种，也可以将两种以上组合使用。其中，锂过渡金属氧化物的示例可包括但不限于锂钴氧化物(如LiCoO 2)、锂镍氧化物(如LiNiO 2)、锂锰氧化物(如LiMnO 2、LiMn 2O 4)、锂镍钴氧化物、锂锰钴氧化物、锂镍锰氧化物、锂镍钴锰氧化物(如LiNi 1/3Co 1/3Mn 1/3O 2(也可以简称为NCM 333)、LiNi 0.5Co 0.2Mn 0.3O 2(也可以简称为NCM 523)、LiNi 0.5Co 0.25Mn 0.25O 2(也可以简称为NCM 211)、LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2(也可以简称为NCM 622)、LiNi 0.8Co 0.1Mn 0.1O 2(也可以简称为NCM 811)、锂镍钴铝氧化物(如LiNi 0.85Co 0.15Al 0.05O 2)及其改性化合物等中的至少一种。橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐的示例可包括但不限于磷酸铁锂(如LiFePO 4(也可以简称为LFP))、磷酸铁锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰锂(如 LiMnPO 4)、磷酸锰锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰铁锂、磷酸锰铁锂与碳的复合材料中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中，正极膜层还可选地包括粘结剂。作为示例，所述粘结剂可以包括聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯-丙烯三元共聚物、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-四氟乙烯三元共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物及含氟丙烯酸酯树脂中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中，正极膜层还可选地包括导电剂。作为示例，所述导电剂可以包括超导碳、乙炔黑、炭黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯及碳纳米纤维中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中，可以通过以下方式制备正极极片：将上述用于制备正极极片的组分，例如正极活性材料、导电剂、粘结剂和任意其他的组分分散于溶剂(例如N-甲基吡咯烷酮)中，形成正极浆料；将正极浆料涂覆在正极集流体上，经烘干、冷压等工序后，即可得到正极极片。
[负极极片]
负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极膜层，所述负极膜层包括负极活性材料。
作为示例，负极集流体具有在其自身厚度方向相对的两个表面，负极膜层设置在负极集流体相对的两个表面中的任意一者或两者上。
在一些实施方式中，所述负极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。例如，作为金属箔片，可以采用铜箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层和形成于高分子材料基材至少一个表面上的金属层。复合集流体可通过将金属材料(铜、铜合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银及银合金等)形成在高分子材料基材(如聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)等的基材)上而形成。
在一些实施方式中，负极活性材料可采用本领域公知的用于电池的负极活性材料。作为示例，负极活性材料可包括以下材料中的 至少一种：人造石墨、天然石墨、软炭、硬炭、硅基材料、锡基材料和钛酸锂等。所述硅基材料可选自单质硅、硅氧化合物、硅碳复合物、硅氮复合物以及硅合金中的至少一种。所述锡基材料可选自单质锡、锡氧化合物以及锡合金中的至少一种。但本申请并不限定于这些材料，还可以使用其他可被用作电池负极活性材料的传统材料。这些负极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种，也可以将两种以上组合使用。
在一些实施方式中，负极膜层还可选地包括粘结剂。所述粘结剂可选自丁苯橡胶(SBR)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)、聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)、聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA)及羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中，负极膜层还可选地包括导电剂。导电剂可选自超导碳、乙炔黑、炭黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯及碳纳米纤维中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中，负极膜层还可选地包括其他助剂，例如增稠剂(如羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na))等。
在一些实施方式中，可以通过以下方式制备负极极片：将上述用于制备负极极片的组分，例如负极活性材料、导电剂、粘结剂和任意其他组分分散于溶剂(例如去离子水)中，形成负极浆料；将负极浆料涂覆在负极集流体上，经烘干、冷压等工序后，即可得到负极极片。
[电解质]
电解质在正极极片和负极极片之间起到传导离子的作用。本申请对电解质的种类没有具体的限制，可根据需求进行选择。例如，电解质可以是液态的、凝胶态的或全固态的。
在一些实施方式中，所述电解质采用电解液。所述电解液包括电解质盐和溶剂。
在一些实施方式中，电解质盐可选自六氟磷酸锂、四氟硼酸锂、 高氯酸锂、六氟砷酸锂、双氟磺酰亚胺锂、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂、三氟甲磺酸锂、二氟磷酸锂、二氟草酸硼酸锂、二草酸硼酸锂、二氟二草酸磷酸锂及四氟草酸磷酸锂中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中，溶剂可选自碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、氟代碳酸亚乙酯、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、1,4-丁内酯、环丁砜、二甲砜、甲乙砜及二乙砜中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中，所述电解液还可选地包括添加剂。例如添加剂可以包括负极成膜添加剂、正极成膜添加剂，还可以包括能够改善电池某些性能的添加剂，例如改善电池过充性能的添加剂、改善电池高温或低温性能的添加剂等。
[隔离膜]
在一些实施方式中，二次电池中还包括隔离膜。本申请对隔离膜的种类没有特别的限制，可以选用任意公知的具有良好的化学稳定性和机械稳定性的多孔结构隔离膜。
在一些实施方式中，隔离膜的材质可选自玻璃纤维、无纺布、聚乙烯、聚丙烯及聚偏二氟乙烯中的至少一种。隔离膜可以是单层薄膜，也可以是多层复合薄膜，没有特别限制。在隔离膜为多层复合薄膜时，各层的材料可以相同或不同，没有特别限制。
在一些实施方式中，正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜可通过卷绕工艺或叠片工艺制成电极组件。
在一些实施方式中，二次电池可包括外包装。该外包装可用于封装上述电极组件及电解质。
在一些实施方式中，二次电池的外包装可以是硬壳，例如硬塑料壳、铝壳、钢壳等。二次电池的外包装也可以是软包，例如袋式软包。软包的材质可以是塑料，作为塑料，可列举出聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯以及聚丁二酸丁二醇酯等。
另外，本申请还提供一种用电装置，所述用电装置包括本申请 提供的二次电池、电池模块、或电池包中的至少一种。所述二次电池、电池模块、或电池包可以用作所述用电装置的电源，也可以用作所述用电装置的能量存储单元。所述用电装置可以包括移动设备(例如手机、笔记本电脑等)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统等，但不限于此。
作为所述用电装置，可以根据其使用需求来选择二次电池、电池模块或电池包。
图6是作为一个示例的用电装置。该用电装置为纯电动车、混合动力电动车、或插电式混合动力电动车等。为了满足该用电装置对二次电池的高功率和高能量密度的需求，可以采用电池包或电池模块。
作为另一个示例的装置可以是手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等。该装置通常要求轻薄化，可以采用二次电池作为电源。
实施例
以下，说明本申请的实施例。下面描述的实施例是示例性的，仅用于解释本申请，而不能理解为对本申请的限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件的，按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
(一)电池单体的制备
[制备例1]
1)正极极片的制备
将作为正极活性物质的第一正极活性物质LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2、作为导电剂的超导电炭黑SP和作为粘结剂的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)分散在作为溶剂的N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中混合均匀，得到正极浆料；将正极浆料均匀涂覆在正极集流体铝箔上，经烘干、冷压、分条、裁片后，得到正极极片。
其中，正极活性物质、导电炭黑、粘结剂PVDF的质量比为96:2:2。
2)负极极片的制备
将负极活性材料石墨、作为导电剂的超导电炭黑SP、作为粘结剂的SBR和作为增稠剂的CMC-Na按照质量比96:1:1:2分散在作为溶剂的去离子水中混合均匀，得到负极浆料；将负极浆料均匀涂覆在负极集流体铜箔上；经烘干、冷压、分条、裁片后，得到负极极片。
3)隔离膜
选用聚乙烯膜作为隔离膜。
4)电解液的制备
将碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)按照体积比1:1:1混合均匀得到有机溶剂，接着将充分干燥的锂盐LiPF 6溶解于混合后的有机溶剂中，配制成浓度为1mol/L的电解液。
5)电池单体的制备
将上述正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序层叠，使隔离膜处于正极极片与负极极片之间起到隔离作用，然后卷绕得到裸电芯；将裸电芯置于外包装壳中，干燥后注入电解液，经过真空封装、静置、化成、整形等工序，获得电池单体A1。
[制备例2至12]
除了调整活性物质和导电剂比例使电池单体的参数满足后述表2所示以外，与制备例1同样地操作，获得电池单体A2至A12。
(二)电池包的组装
[实施例1]
如图2所示的那样，在电池包箱体的外周配置电池单体A2作为第一电池单体11，在内侧配置第二电池单体A1作为第二电池单体12，组装成电池包。第一电池单体11与第二电池单体12的数量比为7比2。
[实施例2至9、对比例1至3]
除了如表1所示使用不同的电池单体作为第1电池单体11和第2电池单体以外，与实施例1同样地操作，组装成电池包。
表1电池包的构成
编号 第一电池单体 第二电池单体
实施例1 电池单体A2 电池单体A1
实施例2 电池单体A3 电池单体A1
实施例3 电池单体A4 电池单体A1
实施例4 电池单体A5 电池单体A1
实施例5 电池单体A6 电池单体A1
实施例6 电池单体A5 电池单体A7
实施例7 电池单体A10 电池单体A1
实施例8 电池单体A11 电池单体A1
实施例9 电池单体A12 电池单体A1
对比例1 电池单体A7 电池单体A7
对比例2 电池单体A8 电池单体A1
对比例3 电池单体A9 电池单体A1
(三)电池单体和电池包的性能测试结果
1、电池单体的性能测试结果
利用上述方法，测量电池单体A1～A12的各项性能参数，将各电池单体的测量和计算结果示于表2。
表2电池单体的性能参数
Figure PCTCN2022121770-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2022121770-appb-000002
2、电池包的性能测试结果
(1)0℃能量保持率
对实施例1～9和对比例1～3的电池包，进行0℃能量保持率评价
其中，其评价步骤如下：
1)电池包额定能量：电池包在满充状态下，并且在恒温箱中25℃静置2h，采用0.33C倍率放电至电池包下限截止电压，记录能量数值E3
2)电池包在0℃能量保持率：电池包在满充状态下，并且在恒温箱中0℃静置2h，采用0.33C倍率放电至电池包下限截止电压，记录能量数值E4，E4/E3记录为电池包0℃能量保持率。
表3实施例1～9和对比例1～3
Figure PCTCN2022121770-appb-000003
(四)各实施例和对比例的测试结果比较
根据上述表3的结果可知，实施例1～9中，X1/X2满足：1.1≤X1/X2≤2.0，电池包在0℃能量保持率均超过75％。而对比例1～3中，X1/X2不在上述范围内，电池包在0℃能量保持率较低。
另外，根据上述表3的结果可知，实施例1～6、8～9中，R1/R2均满足1.0＜R1/R2≤1.5，电池包在0℃能量保持率更高。
另外，根据上述表3的结果可知，实施例1～6中，R1、R2、C1、C2满足：当1.0＜R1/R2≤1.2时，1.00＜C1/C2≤1.15，当1.2＜R1/R2≤1.5时，1.15＜C1/C2≤1.30，电池包在0℃能量保持率更高。而实施例8、9中，R1、R2、C1、C2不满足上述关系，与实施例1～6相比其0℃能量保持率较低。
另外，从表3的实施例4～5与实施例6的比较可知，当X1/X2相同时，通过将β1/β2设置为0.10≤β1/β2≤0.99，能够提高电池包在0℃能量保持率。
需要说明的是，本申请不限定于上述实施方式。上述实施方式 仅为示例，在本申请的技术方案范围内具有与技术思想实质相同的构成、发挥相同作用效果的实施方式均包含在本申请的技术范围内。此外，在不脱离本申请主旨的范围内，对实施方式施加本领域技术人员能够想到的各种变形、将实施方式中的一部分构成要素加以组合而构筑的其它方式也包含在本申请的范围内。

Claims (11)

  1. 一种电池包，包括：
    电池包箱体；和
    容纳于所述电池包箱体中的第一电池单体和第二电池单体，
    与所述第二单体相比，所述第一电池单体设置于所述电池包箱体的与环境更容易发生热交换的位置，
    设所述第一电池单体的容量为C1，直流阻抗为R1，X1＝C1*R1，
    设所述第二电池单体的容量为C2，直流阻抗为R2，X2＝C2*R2，X1、X2满足：1.1≤X1/X2≤2.0。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体的直流阻抗R1与所述第二电池单体的直流阻抗R2满足：1.0＜R1/R2≤1.5。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体的容量C1与所述第二电池单体的的容量C2满足：
    当1.0＜R1/R2≤1.2时，1.00＜C1/C2≤1.15，
    当1.2＜R1/R2≤1.5时，1.15＜C1/C2≤1.30。
  4. 根据权利要求1～3中任一项所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体的比热容β1与所述第二电池的比热容β2满足：0.10≤β1/β2≤0.99，可选地，满足0.3≤β1/β2≤0.95。
  5. 根据权利要求1～4中任一项所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体串联、并联或混联的方式连接。
  6. 根据权利要求1～5中任一项所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体设置于所述电池包箱体内；所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体均包括电极端子，所述电极端子朝向所述电池包箱体的顶壁和/或底壁；
    在俯视时，所述第一电池单体包围所述第二电池单体的周围排布。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体靠近所述电池包箱体的侧壁设置。
  8. 根据权利要求1～5中任一项所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体设置于所述电池包箱体内；所述第一电池单体和所述第二电池单体均包括电极端子，所述电极端子朝向所述电池包箱体的侧壁；
    至少部分所述第一电池单体设置于所述电池包箱体的底壁。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体靠近所述电池包箱体的侧壁设置。
  10. 根据权利要求1～9中任一项所述的电池包，其中，
    所述第一电池单体和第二电池单体是相同化学体系的电池单体。
  11. 一种用电装置，包括权利要求1～10中任一项所述的电池包。
PCT/CN2022/121770 2022-01-14 2022-09-27 电池包和用电装置 WO2023134223A1 (zh)

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CN102903948A (zh) * 2011-07-28 2013-01-30 比亚迪股份有限公司 一种动力电池模组及其制作方法
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