WO2023096636A1 - Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials - Google Patents
Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023096636A1 WO2023096636A1 PCT/US2021/060629 US2021060629W WO2023096636A1 WO 2023096636 A1 WO2023096636 A1 WO 2023096636A1 US 2021060629 W US2021060629 W US 2021060629W WO 2023096636 A1 WO2023096636 A1 WO 2023096636A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- seed
- ensiling
- plant
- enzymes
- seeds
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 49
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title description 15
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 136
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 136
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 152
- 239000003642 reactive oxygen metabolite Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 60
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 57
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N gibberellic acid GA3 Natural products OC(=O)C1C2(C3)CC(=C)C3(O)CCC2C2(C=CC3O)C1C3(C)C(=O)O2 IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- IXORZMNAPKEEDV-OBDJNFEBSA-N gibberellin A3 Chemical compound C([C@@]1(O)C(=C)C[C@@]2(C1)[C@H]1C(O)=O)C[C@H]2[C@]2(C=C[C@@H]3O)[C@H]1[C@]3(C)C(=O)O2 IXORZMNAPKEEDV-OBDJNFEBSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000005980 Gibberellic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-J ATP(4-) Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-J 0.000 claims description 24
- ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenosine triphosphate Natural products C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C1O ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 23
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000021309 simple sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000006353 environmental stress Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 235000021232 nutrient availability Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 161
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 114
- JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N (+)-Abscisic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)/C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@@]1(O)C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N 0.000 description 56
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 36
- FCRACOPGPMPSHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N desoxyabscisic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C(C)C=CC1C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C FCRACOPGPMPSHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 28
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 25
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 22
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 18
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 15
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 15
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000004382 Amylase Substances 0.000 description 13
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 13
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 13
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 13
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000007238 Secale cereale Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 11
- -1 starch and cellulose Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 241000209056 Secale Species 0.000 description 10
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 108090001060 Lipase Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 235000019621 digestibility Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000005213 imbibition Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 230000007226 seed germination Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 108010065511 Amylases Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 102000013142 Amylases Human genes 0.000 description 8
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 102000004882 Lipase Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 235000019418 amylase Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000004367 Lipase Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000001146 hypoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000019421 lipase Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229930027945 nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 230000010627 oxidative phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 230000005068 transpiration Effects 0.000 description 7
- ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N acetyl-CoA Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC(=O)C)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000019784 crude fat Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000034659 glycolysis Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide Chemical compound C1=CCC(C(=O)N)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O2)N2C3=NC=NC(N)=C3N=C2)O)O1 BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000021217 seedling development Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 244000281702 Dioscorea villosa Species 0.000 description 5
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000004098 cellular respiration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000004879 dioscorea Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000001533 ligninolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 5
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000014284 seed dormancy process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 5
- XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N 5'-adenylphosphoric acid Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenosine diphosphate Natural products C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C1O XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000219198 Brassica Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000011331 Brassica Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 244000042295 Vigna mungo Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 108010050181 aleurone Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004464 cereal grain Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003763 chloroplast Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000005059 dormancy Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 210000003470 mitochondria Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 210000002824 peroxisome Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000026731 phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229930195732 phytohormone Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 4
- OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 100676-05-9 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(O)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002498 Beta-glucan Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 3
- 244000178993 Brassica juncea Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 3
- 244000205754 Colocasia esculenta Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000006481 Colocasia esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000005903 Dioscorea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000000504 Dioscorea villosa Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- YPZRHBJKEMOYQH-UYBVJOGSSA-L FADH2(2-) Chemical compound C1=NC2=C(N)N=CN=C2N1[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)O[C@@H]1COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C(NC(=O)NC2=O)=C2NC2=C1C=C(C)C(C)=C2 YPZRHBJKEMOYQH-UYBVJOGSSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229920001503 Glucan Polymers 0.000 description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Maltose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000003992 Peroxidases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phytic acid Natural products OP(O)(=O)OC1C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M Pyruvate Chemical compound CC(=O)C([O-])=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 244000088415 Raphanus sativus Species 0.000 description 3
- 102100037486 Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 244000126298 Trifolium alexandrinum Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000010716 Vigna mungo Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 3
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010047754 beta-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000006995 beta-Glucosidase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000027721 electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004345 fruit ripening Effects 0.000 description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000366 juvenile effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000021073 macronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 210000001672 ovary Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229940085127 phytase Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000002949 phytic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019419 proteases Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940076788 pyruvate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004102 tricarboxylic acid cycle Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001221 xylan Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000004823 xylans Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-LXGGSRJLSA-N 2-cis-abscisic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)/C=C(/C)\C=C\C1(O)C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-LXGGSRJLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010011619 6-Phytase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 244000205574 Acorus calamus Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000291564 Allium cepa Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000002234 Allium sativum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001116389 Aloe Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000007087 Apium graveolens Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000080767 Areca catechu Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000006226 Areca catechu Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000006463 Brassica alba Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011291 Brassica nigra Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000180419 Brassica nigra Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000105627 Cajanus indicus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010773 Cajanus indicus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000004160 Capsicum annuum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000008534 Capsicum annuum var annuum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000302413 Carum copticum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007034 Carum copticum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241001495673 Cenchrus ciliaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010523 Cicer arietinum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000045195 Cicer arietinum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021513 Cinchona Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000157855 Cinchona Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000007154 Coffea arabica Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021508 Coleus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000061182 Coleus blumei Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000008067 Cucumis sativus Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000001980 Cucurbita pepo Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000163122 Curcuma domestica Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920000832 Cutin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 244000166652 Cymbopogon martinii Species 0.000 description 2
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N D-xylopyranose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1COC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000000626 Daucus carota Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000002767 Daucus carota Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241001527564 Dichanthium annulatum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001109856 Digitaria eriantha subsp. pentzii Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000002723 Dioscorea alata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000004868 Dioscorea macrostachya Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000002943 Elettaria cardamomum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 229930191978 Gibberellin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Glycolate Chemical compound OCC([O-])=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000005206 Hibiscus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000007185 Hibiscus lunariifolius Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000284380 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Species 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000003228 Lactuca sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008415 Lactuca sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009797 Lagenaria vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010671 Lathyrus sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000005783 Lathyrus sativus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000014647 Lens culinaris subsp culinaris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 108010054320 Lignin peroxidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000131099 Macrotyloma uniflorum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000012549 Macrotyloma uniflorum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000218922 Magnoliophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000151018 Maranta arundinacea Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010804 Maranta arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009811 Momordica charantia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000008540 Mucuna pruriens var utilis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N NAD zwitterion Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=C[N+]([C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O3)N3C4=NC=NC(N)=C4N=C3)O)O2)O)=C1 BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000136948 Ocimum sanctum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000004072 Ocimum sanctum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000003592 Panicum antidotale Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001268782 Paspalum dilatatum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000003675 Paspalum scrobiculatum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000004928 Paspalum scrobiculatum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000209046 Pennisetum Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000130556 Pennisetum purpureum Species 0.000 description 2
- 108700020962 Peroxidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000219833 Phaseolus Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000008180 Piper betle Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008154 Piper betle Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000008184 Piper nigrum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000203593 Piper nigrum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000011751 Pogostemon cablin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000002505 Pogostemon cablin Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000006140 Raphanus sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000000513 Santalum album Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000008632 Santalum album Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000082988 Secale cereale Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000005498 Setaria italica Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000015503 Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000062793 Sorghum vulgare Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009337 Spinacia oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000300264 Spinacia oleracea Species 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000299461 Theobroma cacao Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000078912 Trichosanthes cucumerina Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000000934 Trichosanthes dioica Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241001604554 Trichosanthes dioica Species 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000005046 Urochloa mutica Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000792914 Valeriana Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010749 Vicia faba Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006677 Vicia faba Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010721 Vigna radiata var radiata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920002000 Xyloglucan Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000016383 Zea mays subsp huehuetenangensis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000006886 Zingiber officinale Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000273928 Zingiber officinale Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000036579 abiotic stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000011399 aloe vera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N arabinose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N beta-maltose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032823 cell division Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940106157 cellulase Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JMFRWRFFLBVWSI-NSCUHMNNSA-N coniferol Chemical compound COC1=CC(\C=C\CO)=CC=C1O JMFRWRFFLBVWSI-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000003373 curcuma longa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001461 cytolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002222 downregulating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002472 endoplasmic reticulum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108010038658 exo-1,4-beta-D-xylosidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000004611 garlic Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003448 gibberellin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000008397 ginger Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002573 hemicellulolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroperoxyl Chemical compound O[O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021374 legumes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004890 malting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 229950006238 nadide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000018343 nutrient deficiency Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000031787 nutrient reservoir activity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000005461 organic phosphorous group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000036542 oxidative stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000005457 pangola grass Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 2
- 230000005097 photorespiration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005080 plant death Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008121 plant development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001863 plant nutrition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002706 plastid Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 2
- ODLMAHJVESYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylbenzene Chemical compound CCCC1=CC=CC=C1 ODLMAHJVESYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001243 protein synthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021251 pulses Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001850 reproductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011012 sanitization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035040 seed growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical class [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- LZFOPEXOUVTGJS-ONEGZZNKSA-N trans-sinapyl alcohol Chemical compound COC1=CC(\C=C\CO)=CC(OC)=C1O LZFOPEXOUVTGJS-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001148471 unidentified anaerobic bacterium Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000017468 valeriana Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZFTFOHBYVDOAMH-XNOIKFDKSA-N (2r,3s,4s,5r)-5-[[(2r,3s,4s,5r)-5-[[(2r,3s,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3,4-triol Chemical class O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@](CO)(OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@](O)(CO)O2)O)O1 ZFTFOHBYVDOAMH-XNOIKFDKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGQKSQQRKHFMLI-SJYYZXOBSA-N (2s,3r,4s,5r)-2-[(3r,4r,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)OC1 LGQKSQQRKHFMLI-SJYYZXOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-WFYNLLPOSA-N (2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[(2r,4r,5r,6s)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2r,3s,4r,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-WFYNLLPOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIIUUSVHCHPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzenesulfonamide Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ZIIUUSVHCHPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,4-Hexadienoic acid, potassium salt (1:1), (2E,4E)- Chemical compound [K+].CC=CC=CC([O-])=O CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YHEWWEXPVKCVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-propylphenol Chemical compound CCCC1=CC(OC)=C(O)C(OC)=C1 YHEWWEXPVKCVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100038837 2-Hydroxyacid oxidase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- OBMBUODDCOAJQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-4-phenylquinoline Chemical compound C=12C=CC=CC2=NC(Cl)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 OBMBUODDCOAJQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HWKRAUXFMLQKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-oxidanylidenepropanoic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)=O.CC(=O)C(O)=O HWKRAUXFMLQKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMUXSMXIQBNMGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dihydrocoumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(=O)CCC2=C1 VMUXSMXIQBNMGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010080981 3-phytase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LGQKSQQRKHFMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-xylopyranose Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)COC1OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)OC1 LGQKSQQRKHFMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLSLBUSXWBJMEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Propylphenol Chemical compound CCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KLSLBUSXWBJMEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COBRSSFPARGBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-b:1',2'-e]pyrazine-5,8-diium;1-methyl-4-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)pyridin-1-ium Chemical compound C1=C[N+](C)=CC=C1C1=CC=[N+](C)C=C1.C1=CC=[N+]2CC[N+]3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 COBRSSFPARGBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002407 ATP formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000003934 Abelmoschus esculentus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004507 Abelmoschus esculentus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000005475 Abelmoschus moschatus Species 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000006480 Acorus calamus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007237 Aegopodium podagraria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005255 Allium cepa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002732 Allium cepa var. cepa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 101710199313 Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000005750 Ammi majus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004643 Amorphophallus campanulatus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004904 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000945 Amylopectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000856 Amylose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000002764 Apium graveolens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015849 Apium graveolens Dulce Group Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010591 Appio Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003911 Arachis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 101001065065 Aspergillus awamori Feruloyl esterase A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001106067 Atropa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001465356 Atropa belladonna Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000832 Ayote Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000036905 Benincasa cerifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011274 Benincasa cerifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021533 Beta vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219310 Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710204694 Beta-xylosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001416152 Bos frontalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011371 Brassica hirta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011332 Brassica juncea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014698 Brassica juncea var multisecta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014700 Brassica juncea var napiformis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011293 Brassica napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007124 Brassica oleracea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003899 Brassica oleracea var acephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011299 Brassica oleracea var botrytis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011301 Brassica oleracea var capitata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001169 Brassica oleracea var oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000003259 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008100 Brassica rapa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000540 Brassica rapa subsp rapa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005039 Brassica rapa var. dichotoma Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011996 Calamus deerratus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108090000312 Calcium Channels Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003922 Calcium Channels Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 240000001548 Camellia japonica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007862 Capsicum baccatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008574 Capsicum frutescens Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000005367 Carboxypeptidases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010006303 Carboxypeptidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WLYGSPLCNKYESI-RSUQVHIMSA-N Carthamin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1[C@@]1(O)C(O)=C(C(=O)\C=C\C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)C(\C=C\2C([C@](O)([C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O)C(O)=C(C(=O)\C=C\C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C/2=O)=O)=C1O WLYGSPLCNKYESI-RSUQVHIMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000208809 Carthamus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003255 Carthamus tinctorius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000020518 Carthamus tinctorius Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025596 Cassia laevigata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006693 Cassia laevigata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000700198 Cavia Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002299 Cellodextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010008885 Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000209121 Cenchrus setiger Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000411952 Centrosema Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001098036 Centrosema pubescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001145897 Cephaelis Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091006146 Channels Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000037364 Cinnamomum aromaticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014489 Cinnamomum aromaticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219109 Citrullus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012828 Citrullus lanatus var citroides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000270200 Citrullus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012840 Citrullus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001112696 Clostridia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007460 Coffea arabica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001133184 Colletotrichum agaves Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001584859 Colocasia <moth> Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010203 Corchorus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000332384 Corchorus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000044849 Crotalaria juncea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002312 Crotalaria ochroleuca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000151799 Crotalaria ochroleuca Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219112 Cucumis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000241257 Cucumis melo Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009842 Cucumis melo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015510 Cucumis melo subsp melo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009849 Cucumis sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010799 Cucumis sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009854 Cucurbita moschata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009852 Cucurbita pepo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009804 Cucurbita pepo subsp pepo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003392 Curcuma domestica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219748 Cyamopsis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000303965 Cyamopsis psoralioides Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000931332 Cymbopogon Species 0.000 description 1
- FEPOUSPSESUQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cymbopogon Natural products C1CC2(C)C(C)C(=O)CCC2C2(C)C1C1(C)CCC3(C)CCC(C)C(C)C3C1(C)CC2 FEPOUSPSESUQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004784 Cymbopogon citratus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017897 Cymbopogon citratus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018793 Cymbopogon martinii Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000166675 Cymbopogon nardus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018791 Cymbopogon nardus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010005843 Cysteine Proteases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005927 Cysteine Proteases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- SQNRKWHRVIAKLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-xylobiose Natural products O=CC(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC(O)C(O)C1O SQNRKWHRVIAKLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005156 Dehydration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PXIKRTCSSLJURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydroeugenol Chemical compound CCCC1=CC=C(O)C(OC)=C1 PXIKRTCSSLJURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000007056 Dioscorea composita Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009723 Dioscorea convolvulacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005362 Dioscorea floribunda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005361 Dioscorea nummularia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005360 Dioscorea spiculiflora Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000239348 Echinochloa crus galli var. praticola Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008116 Echinochloa crusgalli var frumentacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000182691 Echinochloa frumentacea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008247 Echinochloa frumentacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000286838 Eclipta prostrata Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000512897 Elaeis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001942 Elaeis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001950 Elaeis guineensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000127993 Elaeis melanococca Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018602 Elettaria cardamomum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000078127 Eleusine coracana Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001149904 Elliptio crassidens Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710121765 Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000194033 Enterococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000371 Esterases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002670 Fructan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000001390 Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010068561 Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000208152 Geranium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000131505 Gloriosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008609 Gloriosa superba Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010073178 Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100022624 Glucoamylase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 235000009438 Gossypium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003239 Guizotia abyssinica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002795 Guizotia abyssinica Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100031415 Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 235000010616 Hibiscus abelmoschus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001018 Hibiscus sabdariffa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004153 Hibiscus sabdariffa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000017020 Ipomoea batatas Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002678 Ipomoea batatas Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006350 Ipomoea batatas var. batatas Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000207840 Jasminum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010254 Jasminum officinale Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005385 Jasminum sambac Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000032014 Java citronella Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010029541 Laccase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000001929 Lactobacillus brevis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013957 Lactobacillus brevis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000186679 Lactobacillus buchneri Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001468191 Lactobacillus kefiri Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006024 Lactobacillus plantarum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013965 Lactobacillus plantarum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000194036 Lactococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208822 Lactuca Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007741 Lagenaria siceraria Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000303847 Lagenaria vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000165082 Lavanda vera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010663 Lavandula angustifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004322 Lens culinaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000043158 Lens esculenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010666 Lens esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002097 Lichenin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000208204 Linum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004895 Lipoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001030 Lipoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003820 Lipoxygenases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000128 Lipoxygenases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000208672 Lobelia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019510 Long pepper Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000406668 Loxodonta cyclotis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003956 Luffa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000050983 Luffa operculata Species 0.000 description 1
- 108020002496 Lysophospholipase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000043136 MAP kinase family Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091054455 MAP kinase family Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100024295 Maltase-glucoamylase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010059896 Manganese peroxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000057 Mannan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000219823 Medicago Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010624 Medicago sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007298 Megathyrsus maximus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000427649 Melongena Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006679 Mentha X verticillata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002899 Mentha suaveolens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001636 Mentha x rotundifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000003843 Metalloendopeptidases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000131 Metalloendopeptidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000091577 Mexicana Species 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000302512 Momordica charantia Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000111261 Mucuna pruriens Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000003220 Mucuna pruriens var. utilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000234295 Musa Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000005561 Musa balbisiana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000219925 Oenothera Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000854 Oxidoreductases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004316 Oxidoreductases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100033357 Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000209117 Panicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008114 Panicum miliaceum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007199 Panicum miliaceum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006443 Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009037 Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108090000526 Papain Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192001 Pediococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017927 Pelargonium graveolens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000270673 Pelargonium graveolens Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000115721 Pennisetum typhoides Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007195 Pennisetum typhoides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108090000284 Pepsin A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000057297 Pepsin A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 240000007377 Petunia x hybrida Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010617 Phaseolus lunatus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000100170 Phaseolus lunatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102100037883 Phospholipase B1, membrane-associated Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000011420 Phospholipase D Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000553 Phospholipase D Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010064785 Phospholipases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000015439 Phospholipases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010058864 Phospholipases A2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090001050 Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004861 Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 240000003455 Piper longum Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010064851 Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000016067 Polianthes tuberosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000014047 Polianthes tuberosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015696 Portulacaria afra Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000016311 Primula vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000028344 Primula vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710148480 Putative beta-xylosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000019057 Raphanus caudatus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011380 Raphanus sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000528 Ricinus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017304 Ruaghas Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000012479 Serine Proteases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010022999 Serine Proteases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000003434 Sesamum indicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000040738 Sesamum orientale Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008515 Setaria glauca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007226 Setaria italica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002634 Solanum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000207763 Solanum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002597 Solanum melongena Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061458 Solanum melongena Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007230 Sorghum bicolor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006923 Sorghum x drummondii Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219315 Spinacia Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930183415 Suberin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 244000099500 Sudangras Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000170625 Sudangrass Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021536 Sugar beet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000012419 Thalia geniculata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001122767 Theaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009470 Theobroma cacao Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005764 Theobroma cacao ssp. cacao Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005767 Theobroma cacao ssp. sphaerocarpum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000218989 Trichosanthes Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008326 Trichosanthes anguina Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008322 Trichosanthes cucumerina Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000014384 Type C Phospholipases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010079194 Type C Phospholipases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000018747 Typha elephantina Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000177175 Typha elephantina Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000414043 Vetiveria Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002098 Vicia faba var. major Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219977 Vigna Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010725 Vigna aconitifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000042325 Vigna aconitifolia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010500 Vigna catjang Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006085 Vigna mungo var mungo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000042327 Vigna sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000002272 Vigna trilobata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001978 Withania somnifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004482 Withania somnifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013289 Xanthosoma Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000083398 Zea diploperennis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007241 Zea diploperennis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007244 Zea mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017556 Zea mays subsp parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006578 abscission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001148470 aerobic bacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004103 aerobic respiration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-VPENINKCSA-N aldehydo-D-xylose Chemical group OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-VPENINKCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000637 alpha-Amylases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004139 alpha-Amylases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010028144 alpha-Glucosidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940024171 alpha-amylase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002783 ambrette Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000096712 ambrette Species 0.000 description 1
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001387 apium graveolens Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003782 apoptosis assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000617 arabinoxylan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004783 arabinoxylans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010019077 beta-Amylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 125000000188 beta-D-glucosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)* 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004790 biotic stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013614 black pepper Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000130745 brown sarson Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001046 cacaotero Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001728 capsicum frutescens Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003090 carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005300 cardamomo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000034303 cell budding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011712 cell development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003915 cell function Effects 0.000 description 1
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-ZWSAEMDYSA-N cellotriose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@H](OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-ZWSAEMDYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036755 cellular response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LZFOPEXOUVTGJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-sinapyl alcohol Natural products COC1=CC(C=CCO)=CC(OC)=C1O LZFOPEXOUVTGJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000018597 common camellia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940119526 coniferyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108010005400 cutinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000249 desinfective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001982 diacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013325 dietary fiber Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DMSHWWDRAYHEBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrocoumarin Natural products C1CC(=O)OC2=C1C=C(OC)C(OC)=C2 DMSHWWDRAYHEBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005489 dwarf bean Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037149 energy metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003248 enzyme activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N flavin adenine dinucleotide Chemical compound C1=NC2=C(N)N=CN=C2N1[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)O[C@@H]1CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C2=NC(=O)NC(=O)C2=NC2=C1C=C(C)C(C)=C2 VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019162 flavin adenine dinucleotide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011714 flavin adenine dinucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940093632 flavin-adenine dinucleotide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000004426 flaxseed Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008124 floral development Effects 0.000 description 1
- GBIHOLCMZGAKNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N flucythrinate Chemical compound C=1C=C(OC(F)F)C=CC=1C(C(C)C)C(=O)OC(C#N)C(C=1)=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 GBIHOLCMZGAKNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004674 formic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002327 glycerophospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 108010062584 glycollate oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004397 glyoxysome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000037824 growth disorder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940071826 hydroxyethyl cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940072205 lactobacillus plantarum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001102 lavandula vera Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018219 lavender Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003750 lower gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000009973 maize Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LUEWUZLMQUOBSB-GFVSVBBRSA-N mannan Chemical class O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LUEWUZLMQUOBSB-GFVSVBBRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000037353 metabolic pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006241 metabolic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940029985 mineral supplement Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020786 mineral supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021231 nutrient uptake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005305 organ development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004783 oxidative metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000002252 panizo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940055729 papain Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019834 papain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940111202 pepsin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108040007629 peroxidase activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003905 phosphatidylinositols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003711 photoprotective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003375 plant hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021118 plant-derived protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004260 plant-type cell wall biogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004302 potassium sorbate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010241 potassium sorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940069338 potassium sorbate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005522 programmed cell death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004672 propanoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000017854 proteolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015136 pumpkin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004728 pyruvic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006950 reactive oxygen species formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010282 redox signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036387 respiratory rate Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000021892 response to abiotic stimulus Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000021749 root development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002786 root growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 244000128879 sarson Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009758 senescence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940124513 senna glycoside Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004299 sodium benzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010234 sodium benzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003431 steroids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006354 stress signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036435 stunted growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004895 subcellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004152 substrate-level phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000018553 tannin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001864 tannin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001648 tannin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009772 tissue formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PTNLHDGQWUGONS-OWOJBTEDSA-N trans-p-coumaryl alcohol Chemical compound OC\C=C\C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PTNLHDGQWUGONS-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005074 turgor pressure Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013976 turmeric Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001841 zingiber officinale Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
- A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
- A23L2/68—Acidifying substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12J—VINEGAR; PREPARATION OR PURIFICATION THEREOF
- C12J1/00—Vinegar; Preparation or purification thereof
- C12J1/04—Vinegar; Preparation or purification thereof from alcohol
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to ensiling. More particularly, but not exclusively, the present disclosure relates to processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials.
- Livestock needs to consume a certain amount of dry matter and nutrients per day to maintain their health. Moldy silage results in higher dry matter losses or shrinkage and poor livestock performance. The spoilage or reduction in quality may be the result of aerobic conditions, improper ensiling preparation or packaging, or poor breakdown of plant material. During the silage process, different populations of bacteria utilize sugars enabling the ensiling process.
- a method for ensiling hydroponically grown animal feed may include increasing the amount of gibberellic acid of a plurality of seeds on a seed bed of a grower system.
- the grower system may be configured to control a plurality of environmental factors.
- the method may also include releasing at least two types of enzymes within at least one seed of the plurality of seeds.
- the at least two types of the enzymes may be released by the increase in the amount of gibberellic acid.
- the method may further include breaking down a plurality of complex storage molecules into a plurality of simple molecules within the at least one seed by at least one enzyme of the at least two enzymes.
- the method may also include growing the at least one seed to maturity.
- Enzyme activity of the at least one seed may be maximized by the breakdown of the plurality of complex storage molecules.
- the method may include harvesting the plurality of seeds from the seed bed and ensiling the plurality of seeds.
- the enzyme activity may increase protein breakdown during an aerobic phase of the ensiling.
- the method may include providing an aerobic environment utilizing a grower system configured to control a plurality of environmental factors.
- the method may also include increasing oxygen supply to the plurality of seeds and irrigating the plurality of seeds with a liquid.
- the method may further include breaking down a plurality of complex storage molecules into a plurality of simple molecules within the plurality of seeds by hydrolysis.
- the method may also include producing adenosine triphosphate utilizing the plurality of simple sugars and growing the at least one seed into animal feed.
- the protein breakdown of the animal feed may be increased by the production of adenosine triphosphate.
- the method may include ensiling the animal feed.
- an ensiling system for ensiling hydroponically grown animal feed.
- the ensiling system may include a grower system and an ensiling apparatus.
- the grower system may further include a seed bed operably supported by a framework and disposed across a length and width of the framework having a first side opposing a second side and a first terminal end opposing a second terminal end.
- the seed bed may be configured to house a plurality of seeds and grow the seeds into maturity.
- the grower system may also include a control system for controlling a plurality of environmental factors of the seed bed.
- the plurality of environmental factors may provide an aerobic environment for growing the plurality of seeds.
- the aerobic environment may increase enzyme activity within the plurality of seeds.
- the grower system may also include a harvesting mechanism for removing the animal feed from the seed bed.
- the ensiling apparatus may be configured to ferment the plant and store the plant.
- Another object, feature, or advantage is to increase the dry matter in ensiled cellulosic material by increasing the enzyme activity within the cellulosic material.
- Another object, feature, or advantage is to minimizing shrinkage of dry matter through a more efficient ensiling process.
- Yet another object, feature, or advantage is to increase the nutrient availability in ensiled cellulosic material.
- FIG. 1 is an illustration of the interaction between phytohormones and dry matter in accordance with an illustrative aspect of the disclosure
- FIG. 2A is a pictorial representation of animal feed grown under hypoxic conditions
- FIG. 2B is a pictorial representation of animal feed grown under aerobic conditions
- FIG. 3 is chart illustrating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production under different environmental conditions
- FIG. 4 is an illustration of the interaction between phytohormones in accordance with an illustrative aspect of the disclosure
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating reactive oxygen species (ROS) interaction with plant hormones in accordance with an illustrative aspect of the disclosure
- FIG. 6 is an illustration of the hydrolysis reaction of cellulose and xylan
- FIG. 7 is an illustration depicting the hydrolysis of maltose into two glucose molecules.
- FIG. 8 is an illustration depicting Adenosine Triphosphate production
- FIG. 9 is a chart illustrating the germination percentage of barley over different hydrogen peroxide concentrations and salinity treatments in accordance with an illustrative aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 10 is a chart of the digestible neutral detergent fiber fractions expressed as a percentage over three mix collection timepoints
- FIG. 11 is a chart illustrating estimated total digestible nutrient percentage over four mix collection timepoints
- FIG. 12 is a chart illustrating starch digestion expressed as a percentage over three mix collection timepoints
- FIG. 13 is a chart illustrating digestible neutral detergent fiber fractions expressed as a percentage over four mix collection timepoints
- FIG. 14 is an illustration of the ensiling system in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 15 is an illustration of the grower system in accordance with an illustrative aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 16 is a side perspective view of a portion of the seed bed of the growing system in accordance with an illustrative aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 17 is another side perspective view of a portion of the grower system illustrating a seed bed thereof;
- FIG. 18 is a side perspective view of a portion of the grower system illustrating another seed bed thereof;
- FIG. 19 is an end perspective view of a portion of the grower system further illustrating the seed bed shown in FIG. 18;
- FIG. 20 is a side perspective view of a portion of the grower system illustrating another seed bed thereof;
- FIG. 21 is a top view of a harvesting mechanism in accordance with an illustrative aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating another perspective of the grower system
- FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating a method for ensiling hydroponically grown seeds.
- FIG. 24 is another flowchart illustrating a method for ensiling hydroponically grown seeds.
- This disclosure relates to the use of an oxygen rich environment produced during controlled hydroponic germination of seeds for increasing dry matter and nutrients in animal feedstuffs and cellulosic material including feed concentrates, forages, and mineral supplements.
- the grower system enables the transformation of complex polysaccharides including starch and cellulose, complex proteins, and triglycerides into their reduced monosaccharide, amino acid, and fatty acid precursors, respectively. Therefore, a consistent, readily digestible, and elevated simple sugar product that provides advantages to the ensiling process by providing greater a greater energy source for LAB completes the ensiling process in a more efficient and timely manner.
- the plant or seed may refer to any plant from the kingdom Plantae or angiosperms including flowering plants, cereal grains, grain legumes, grasses, roots and tuber crops, vegetable crops, fruit plants, pulses, medicinal crops, aromatic crops, beverage plants, sugars and starches, spices, oil plants, fiber crops, latex crops, food crops, feed crops, plantation crops or forage crops.
- Cereal grains may include rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum), maize (Zea mays'), rye (Secale cereale), oat (Avena sativa), barley, (Hordeum vulgare), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor , pearl millet (Pennisetum glacucum), finger millet Eleusine coracana), barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea), Italian millet (Setaria italica), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), common millet (Panicum millaceum).
- Pulses may include black gram, kalai, or urd (Vigna mungo var, radiatus), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), cowpea Vigna sinensis), green gram mung Vigna radiatus), horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), lentil (Lens esculenta), moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolia), peas (Pisum sativum) pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan, Cajanus indicus), philipesara (Phaseolus trilobus), soybean (Glycine max).
- Oilseeds may include black mustard (Brassica nigra , castor (Ricinus communis), coconut (Cocus nucifera), peanut (Arachis hypgaea), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), toria (Napus), niger (Guizotia abyssinica), linseed (Linum usitatissumun), safflower (Carthamus tinctorious), sesame (Seasmum indicum), sunflower (Helianthus annus), white mustard (Brassica alba , oil palm (Elaeis guniensis).
- Fiber crops may include sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea), jute (Corchorus), cotton (Gossypium), mesta (Hibiscus), or tobacco (Nicotiana).
- Sugar and starch crops may include potato (Solanum tberosum), sweet potato (Ipomea batatus), tapioca (Manihunt esculenta), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).
- Spices may include black pepper (Piper nigrum) betel vine (Piper betle), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), onion (Allium cepa), red pepper or chillies (Capsicum annum), or turmeric (Curcuma longa).
- Forage grasses may include buffel grass or anjan (Cenchrus ciliaris), dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), dinanath grass (Pennisetum), guniea grass (Panicum maximum), admire grass (Dicanthium annulatum), napier or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens), para grass (Brachiaria mutica), Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense), teosinte (Echlaena mexicana), or blue panicum (Panicum antidotale).
- Forage legume crops may include berseem or Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), centrosema (Centrosema pubescens), gaur or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobd), Alfalfa or lucerne (Medicago sativd), sirato (Macroptlium atropurpureum), velvet bean (Mucuna cochinchinensis).
- Plantation crops may include banana (Musa paradisiacd), areca palm (Areca catechu), arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), cacao (Theobroma cacao), coconut (cocos nucifera), Coffee (Coffea arabica , tea (Camellia theasinesis).
- Vegetable crops may include ash gourd (Beniacasa cerifera), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), bottle gourd (Lagenaria leucantha), brinjal Solarium melongena), broad bean (Vicia faba , cabbage (Brassica , carrot (Daucus carota), cauliflower (Brassica , colocasia (Colocasia esulenta), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), double bean (Phaseolus lunatus), elephant ear or edible arum (Colocasia antiquorum), elephant foot or yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus), french bean (Phaseolus vlugaris), knol khol (Brassica , yam (Dioscorea) lettuce (Lactuca sativd), must melon (Cucumis melo), pointed gourd or parwal (Trchosanthes diord), pumpkin (Cucrbitd), rad
- Medicinal crops may include aloe (Aloe verd), ashwagnatha (Withania somniferd), belladonna (Atropa belladonna , bishop’s weed (Ammi visnagd), bringaraj (Eclipta alba.), cinchona (Cinchona sp.) coleus (Coleus forskholli), dioscorea, Dioscorea , glory lily (Gloriosa superbd), ipecae (Cephaelis ipecauanhd), long pepper (Poper longum), prim rose (Oenothera lamarekiand), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffd), sarpagandha (Rauvalfia serpentine) senna (Cassia angustifolid), sweet flag (Acorns calamus), or valeriana (Valeriana wallaichii).
- Aromatic crops may include ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus), celery (Apium graveolens), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens.), Jasmine (Jasminum grantijlorum), khus (Vetiveria zizanoids), lavender (Lavendula sp. lemon grass (Cymbopogon jlexuosus), mint, palmarosa (cymbopogon martini , patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), sandal wood (Santalum album , sacred basil (Ocimum sanctum), or Tuberose (Polianthus tuberosd).
- Food crops are harvested for human consumption and feed crops are harvested for livestock consumption.
- Forage crops may include crops that animals feed on directly or that may be cut and fed to livestock.
- Dry matter is the part of animal feed or crop that remains after its water content is removed. Dry matter includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, nutrients, or antioxidants. Livestock needs to consume a certain amount of dry matter per day to maintain their health. Fresh pastures have a high-water content and a lower percentage of dry matter.
- What is needed is a process, apparatus, and system for increasing dry matter in animal feed, forage crops, or food crops. Plant growth and the amount of dry matter are greatly affected by the environment. Most plant problems such as decreased dry matter are caused by environmental stress. Environmental factors such as water, humidity, nutrition, light, temperature, and/or level of oxygen present can affect a plant’s growth and development as shown in FIGs. 1-3.
- Nutrient digestibility is the amount of nutrients absorbed by the individual or animal and is generally calculated as the amount of nutrients consumed minus the amount of nutrients retained in the feces.
- the incorporation of enzymes into dairy and beef rations has yielded mixed results and has primarily been focused on amylase in cattle.
- the incorporation of amylase into dairy and beef rations has been shown to increase milk to feed conversions by twelve percent when 15,000 KNUs were supplied in a starch rich ration (Gencoglu et al., 2011).
- the addition of 12,000 KNUs of exogenouse amylase improved the daily rate of gain by eight percent % (Tricarico et al., 2007).
- Anaerobic conditions can cause nutrient deficiencies or toxicities within the plant, root or plant death, reduced growth of the plant, or reduced dry matter.
- Oxygen is not available as an electron acceptor in glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation.
- Anaerobic conditions may be caused by a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air, such as growing a plant or seed in a room without air or oxygen circulation.
- oxygen bound in compounds such as nitrate (NCh), nitrite (NO2), and sulfites (SO3) may still be present in the environment.
- Light is a necessary component for plant growth and the increase in the production of enzymes, sugars and starches that increase dry matter.
- the enzymes facilitate hydrolysis to increase or create dry matter through the conversion of chemical energy stored in water to metabolically available forms, such as hydroxide or hydrogen affixed to monomer units of the nutrients.
- Light can facilitate early germination and early seedling development thereby increasing the availability of enzymes.
- the energy can be used to produce or increase the expression of enzymes that increase dry matter and enzyme activity. Temperature influences most plant processes, including photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, germination, and flowering.
- temperature also affects the change from vegetative to reproductive growth.
- the temperature for germination may vary by plant species. Generally, cool-season crops (e.g., spinach, radish, and lettuce) germinate between 55° to 65°F, while warm-season crops (e.g., tomato, petunia, and lobelia) germinate between at 65° to 75°F. Low temperatures reduce energy use and increase simple sugar storage whereas adverse temperatures, however, cause stunted growth and poor-quality plants.
- cool-season crops e.g., spinach, radish, and lettuce
- warm-season crops e.g., tomato, petunia, and lobelia
- Temperatures near the cardinal range of seeds is believed to support maximum enzyme hydrolysis approximately through the first 120 hours. Reducing temperatures below the cardinal value at 120 hours is believed to reduce metabolic activity in tissue readily exposed to the environment while having reduced influence on the seed within the cellulosic material layer decreasing dry matter and enzyme activity.
- Water vapor moves from an area of high humidity to an area of low humidity. Water vapor moves faster if there is a greater difference between the area of high humidity and the area of low humidity.
- a plant When the plant’s stoma open, a plant’s water vapor rushes outside the plant into the surrounding air.
- An area of high humidity forms around the stoma and reduces the difference in humidity between the air spaces inside the plant and the air adjacent to the plant, slowing down transpiration. If air blows the area of high humidity around the plant away, transpiration increases.
- Plant nutrition plays an important role in increasing dry matter and leveraging enzymes. Plant nutrition is the plant’s need for and use of basic chemical elements. Plants need at least 17 chemical elements for normal growth. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen can be found in the air or in water. The macronutrients, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur are used in relatively large amounts by plants. Nitrogen plays a fundamental role in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and is directly related to plant growth. It is indispensable for photosynthesis activity and chlorophyll formation. It promotes cellular multiplication. A nitrogen deficiency results in a loss of vigor and color. Growth becomes slow and leaves fall off, starting at the bottom of the plant. Calcium attaches to the walls of plant tissues, stabilizing the cell wall and favoring cell wall formation.
- Calcium aids in cell growth, cell development and improves plant vigor by activating the formation of roots and their growth. Calcium stabilizes and regulates several different processes. Magnesium is essential for photosynthesis and promotes the absorption and transportation of phosphorus. It contributes to the storage of sugars within the plant. Magnesium performs the function of an enzyme activator. Sulfur is necessary for performing photosynthesis and intervenes in protein synthesis and tissue formation.
- Macronutrients and micronutrients can be dissolved by water and then absorbed by a plant’s roots. A shortage in any of them leads to deficiencies, with different adverse effects on the plant’s general state, depending upon which nutrient is missing and to what degree. Fertilization may affect dry matter and enzyme activity. Fertilization is when nutrients are added to the environment around a plant. Fertilizers can be added to the water or a plant’s growing surface, such as soil. Additional micronutrients and macronutrients can be added to the plant by the grower system.
- Germination and seedling development can be split into four growing stages: imbibition, plateau, germination, and seedling.
- growth utilizing a hydroponic process may have different environmental settings during the growing stages than what is common for more developed plants. The different environmental settings may allow a plant to germinate and develop earlier, increase enzyme activity or increase dry matter.
- enzymes can be leveraged to increase carbohydrates and dry matter. The environmental conditions may vary based on plant type. Imbibition is the uptake of water by a dry seed. As the seed intakes the water, the seed expands, enzymes are released, and food supplies become hydrated. The enzymes become active, and the seed increases its metabolic activity.
- the relative humidity is high and may range from 90% to 98% relative humidity.
- the temperature may range from 76°F to 82°F or 22°C to 28°C. Air movement is minimal.
- the imbibition may last 18 to 24 hours.
- the plateau stage is where water uptake increases very little.
- the plateau stage is associated with hormone metabolism such as abscisic acid and gibberellic acid (GA) synthesis or deactivation.
- GA gibberellic acid
- Relative humidity may range from 70% to 90% and the temperature may range from 72°F to 77°F or 22°C to 26°C. Air movement may still be minimal.
- the plateau stage may last 18-24 hours. Germination is the sprouting of a seed, spore, or other reproductive body.
- the absorption of water, temperature, oxygen availability, and light exposure may operate in initiating the process.
- the relative humidity may be lower than the imbibition and plateau stage.
- Relative humidity may range from 60% to 70%.
- the temperature may be the same as the plateau stage and range from 72°F to 77°F or 22°C to 26°C. Air movement may be moderate.
- Germination may last 24 to 48 hours.
- the last phase is the seedling or plant development phase where the plant’s roots develop and spread, and nutrients are absorbed fueling the plants rapid growth.
- the seedling stage may last until the plant matures.
- the seedling stage may also be broken down into additional phases: seedling, budding, flowering, and ripening.
- the relative humidity may be lowest at this stage and range from 40% to 60%.
- the temperature may also be the lowest at this stage and range from 68°F to 72°F or 20°C to 22°C. Air movement is high.
- the seedling phase can range from 72 hours or until the plant reaches maturity.
- ROS Reactive oxygen species
- Oxygen toxicity can arise both from uncontrolled production and from the inefficient elimination of ROS by antioxidants.
- ROS can include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH), hypochlorous acid (HOCL), nitric acid (NO), peroxyl radical, including both alkylperoxyl and hydroperoxyl (ROO, R may be an H), peroxynitrite anion (ONOO"), oxygen (O2), superoxide anion (O2‘), peroxide (O2‘ 2 ).
- H2O2 is moderately reactive and has a relatively long half-life allowing it to diffuse some distances from the original release site or site of production.
- ROS production in plants is mainly found in the chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, but can also be found in the endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, cell wall and apoplast.
- the chloroplast photosystems, PSI and PSII are major sources of internal ROS production.
- Abiotic stress factors lead to the formation of ROS through the Mehler reaction or the Fenton reaction and subsequently convert the O”2 into H2O2.
- ROS are produced during normal conditions, but production is greatly increased by abiotic stress conditions.
- Peroxisomes are major sites of ROS production due to their oxidative metabolism. During stressful conditions, when the availability of water is low and stomata remains closed, increased photorespiration leads to glycolate formation.
- glycolate is oxidized by glycolate oxidase in peroxisome to release H2O2, making it the leading producer of H2O2 during photorespiration.
- stress signals combined with abscisic acid (ABA) make the apoplast a prominent site for H2O2 production inducing stomatai closure.
- ABA abscisic acid
- the cell membrane provides information necessary for the survival of the plant cell.
- the electron transport system of the endoplasmic reticulum generates local ROS.
- External ROS are ROS that are not internally produced by the plant or seed.
- External ROS can be externally applied to the plant or the seed of the plant by an applicator or introduced through a plant growing surface or soil.
- the external ROS can include a single type of ROS, such as H2O2, or a plurality of types of ROS, such as H2O2 and O2' 2 .
- ROS gibberellin(s)
- ROS may interact with the outside chemistry of the seed or cell wall.
- Some seeds have a waxy outer coating which may contain chemicals or physical barriers that prevent germination or prevent water from entering the seed. Seeds with a waxy outer layer may include cereal grains such as wheat, barley, and rye.
- the O2 component of the ROS reacts with the cell wall or outer layer of the seed coat causing the cell wall or waxy outer layer to weaken, loosen or bubble thereby softening the cell wall. The ROS may even break the seed coat or cell wall open.
- ROS can also break down a cell wall by mediating poly saccharide deterioration and activating calcium channels and mitogen-activated protein kinases, enlarging and loosening the cell wall and causing weak points in the cell wall.
- External ROS can be introduced into a seed’s environment to create weak spots in the seed coat allowing water to enter the seed more quickly. This may help the seed begin germinating.
- the creation of weak spots by the external ROS causes the seed to release additional internal ROS within the seed which interact with the interior of the cell wall or seed coat further weakening the wall. In the absence of ROS, the cell wall is strengthened and dormancy may continue.
- ABA abscisic acid
- GA ethylene
- E ethylene
- the ratio of ABA and GA regulates seed dormancy.
- levels of ABA are high, stomatai closure, stress signaling, and delay in cell division are triggered downregulating metabolic and decreasing dry matter.
- High ABA/GA ratios favor dormancy, whereas low ABA/GA ratios result in seed germination.
- the increase in GA is necessary for seed germination to occur, as GA expression increases, ABA expression decreases, as shown in FIG. 4.
- the external introduction of ROS can jumpstart a seed’s germination and end dormancy.
- ROS action during seed germination is based on interactions between phytohormones that regulate seed dormancy or seed germination such as ABA, GA, and ethylene (ET).
- ABA inhibits ROS-mediated effects on seed germination by the promotion of ROS scavenging enzyme activity.
- the ratio of ABA and GA regulates seed dormancy, as shown in FIG. 5. High ABA/GA ratios favor dormancy, whereas low ABA/GA ratios result in seed germination. High ABA/GA ratios can be counteracted by the controlled introduction of ROS into the soil or growing surface or directly onto the seed or plant. The ROS are absorbed by the seed or plant.
- GA can also counteract the ROS-scavenging enzymes by downregulating the enzymes.
- the ROS can also oxidize ABA as well, decreasing the amount of ABA to GA.
- ROS can release seed dormancy by activating GA signaling and synthesis rather than the repression of ABA signaling or ABA catabolism.
- ROS then subsequently acts as a signal molecule to antagonize ABA signaling.
- External ROS can increase internal ROS content of a seed synthesizing or activating additional GA or repression of more ABA signals.
- the external application of ROS decreases ABA levels and increases GA concentrations, which triggers seed germination. However, the amount or concentration of ROS may need to be monitored. Above certain limits, ROS are either too low to allow germination or too high and affect embryo viability and therefore prevent or delay germination. This creates an ‘oxidative window’ for germination that restricts proficient seedling development within certain borders of increased ROS levels.
- ligninolytic enzymes such as peroxidases favor delignification pathways when ROS are present in contrast to lignification reactions when ROS are absent. Delignification facilitated by ligninolytic enzyme hydrolysis supports improved fiber digestibility as lignin is generally regarded as the most complex and indigestible fiber complex in higher plants.
- the external ROS increases the amount of dry matter of hydroponically grown cellulosic materials and maximizes enzyme activity.
- GA gibberellic acid
- FIG. 9 illustrates the germination percentage of barley over differing H2O2 concentrations and salinity treatments.
- Salinity treatment may be expressed as salinity concentration in parts per thousand.
- the values shown in FIG. 9 are expressed in a fixed effect linear model estimation with 95 percent confidence interval illustrating the surrounding estimate.
- ROS the inhibitory influence of ABA included reduced stem elongation, and germination is reduced.
- GA triggers cell division, stem elongation, and root development. Enzyme expression is closely linked to metabolic needs during germination. As the plant becomes metabolically active shortly after imbibition, GA is released from the seed embryo signaling the release of a wide profile of enzymes from within the seed including from the aleurone layer surrounding the polysaccharide and protein rich endosperm of the seed. During germination, GA translocates to and interacts with the aleurone layer, thereby releasing or synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes, included a-amylase.
- amylase means an enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, including the following classes of enzymes: alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, glucoamylase, and alpha-glucosidase.
- Hydrolytic enzymes are some of the most energy efficient enzymes.
- the hydrolytic enzymes such as l,3;l,4-P-glucanase (P-glucanase), a-amylase and P-amylase, are released.
- P-glucanase P-glucanase
- a-amylase P-amylase
- beta-glucosidase means a beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta D-glucose residues with the release of beta-D-glucose.
- hydrolytic enzymes Once the hydrolytic enzymes are released, they facilitate the hydrolysis of complex storage molecules including cell wall polysaccharides, proteases, storage proteins, and starchy energy reserves that are essential for germination, providing sugars that drive the root growth, into their simpler monomer subunits. Hydrolysis of the storage molecules is one of the primary energy sources of plants. The hydrolytic enzymes break the polymers into dimers or soluble oligomers and then into monomers by water splitting the chemical bonds, as shown in FIG. 6.
- B-glucanase may hydrolyze l,3;l,4-P-glucan, a predominant cell wall polysaccharide.
- the a-amylase cleaves internal amylose and amylopectin residues.
- the P-amylase exo-hydrolase liberates maltose and glucose from the starch molecules as shown in FIG. 7. These reduced nutrient forms are commonly then transported back to the embryo where glycolysis and the cellular respiration pathway uses glucose to produce ATP needed for energy intensive cellular division and biosynthesis reactions.
- the release of GA from the seed embryo and the release of enzymes from the aleurone layer likewise increases. Enzyme activity within the juvenile plant peaks at the onset of efficient photosynthesis. At this point, the total metabolic demands of the plant are not able to be met by photosynthesis and a large amount of storage molecules must be hydrolyzed to glucose for glycolysis and ATP generation.
- Cellulose polysaccharides are the prominent biomass of the primary cell wall, followed by hemicellulose and pectin.
- Cellulosic material is any material containing cellulose.
- the secondary cell wall produced after the cell has stopped growing, also contains polysaccharides and is strengthened by polymeric lignin covalently cross-linked to hemicellulose.
- Cellulose is a homopolymer of anhydrocellobiose and is a linear beta-(l-4)-D-glucan.
- Hemicellulose can include a variety of compounds, such as, Xylans, Xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and mannans in complex branched structures with a spectrum of Substituents.
- Cellulose although polymorphous, is primarily found as an insoluble crystalline matrix of parallel glucan chains. Hemicellulose usually hydrogen bonds to cellulose as well as other hemicelluloses, stabilizing the cell wall matrix.
- Cellulolytic enzymes or cellulase mean one or more enzymes that hydrolyze a cellulose material. The enzymes may include endoglucanase(s), cellobiohydrolase(s), beta-glucosidase(s), or combinations thereof.
- Hemicellulolytic enzyme or hemicullase are one or more enzymes that hydrolyze a hemicellulosic material forming furfural or arabinose and xylose.
- Beta-xylosidase or beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase, catalyzes the exo-hydrolysis of short beta (l->4)-xylooligosaccharides to remove successive d-xylose residues from non-reducing termini and may hydrolyze xylobiose. Beta-xylosidase engage in the final breakdown of hemicelluloses.
- xylanase means a 1,4-beta D-xylan-Xylohydrolase that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-Xylosidic linkages in Xylans.
- the term “endoglucanase” means an endo-l,4-(l,3: l,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase that catalyzes endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta- Dglycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose), lichenin, beta- 1,4 bonds in mixed beta- 1,3 glucans such as cereal beta-D- glucans or Xyloglucans, and other plant material containing cellulosic components. Lignin is another primary component of the cell wall.
- Lignin is a class of complex polymers that form key structural materials in support tissues, such as the primary cell wall, in most plants.
- the lignols that crosslink to form lignin are of three main types, all derived from phenylpropane: coniferyl alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylpropane), sinapyl alcohol (3,5-dimethoxy-4- hydroxyphenylpropane), and paracoumaryl alcohol (4-hydroxyphenylpropane.
- Lignin fills the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin components. It can covalently crosslink to hemicellulose mechanically strengthening the cell wall.
- Ligninolytic enzymes are enzymes that hydrolyze lignin polymers.
- the ligninolytic enzymes include lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, laccases and feruloyl esterase, and other enzymes described in the art known to depolymerize or otherwise break lignin polymers. Also included are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing bonds formed between hemicellulosic sugars (notably arabinose) and lignin.
- the cell wall-localized lipoxygenase causes hydroperoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) making it an active source of ROS.
- PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids
- lignin precursors undergo extensive cross-linking, via ROS-mediated pathways to reinforce the cell wall with lignin.
- Lignin fills the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose material, hemicellulose, and pectin components, especially in vascular and support tissues: xylem tracheids, vessel elements and sclereid cells.
- the external ROS may disinfect the seed or plant or kill some or all of the pathogens. This stops lignin precursors from cross-linking and strengthens the cell wall preventing germination or the growth of the plant.
- Lignin depolymerization can be achieved primarily by one-electron oxidation reactions catalyzed by extracellular oxidases and peroxidases in the presence of extracellular ROS or external ROS. Hydroxyl radicals attackthe lignin structures, creating access points for hydrolysis by whole cells, enzymes, or other chemicals. External application of ROS allows additional ROS to attack the lignin structures, creating additional access points for hydrolysis lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose by ligninolytic enzymes, hemicellulolytic enzymes or hemicellulose, cellulolytic enzymes or cellulase, and endoglucanase.
- Lipids are used as structural components to limit water loss and pathogen infection. These lipids include waxes derived from fatty acids, as well as cutin and Suberin. Lipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids, fatty acids, and acylglycerides, including phosphoglycerides, lipoproteins, diacylglycerols, and the like.
- Lipases include the following classes of enzymes: triacylglycerol lipase, phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, acylglycerol lipase, galactolipase, phospholipase Al, dihydrocoumarin lipase, 2-acetyl-l-alkylglycerophosphocholine esterase, phosphatidylinositol deacylase, cutinase, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, 1-hosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, and alkylglycerophospho ethanolamine 19-hosphodiesterase.
- Lipase increases the digestibility of lipids by breaking lipids down digestibly into saccharides, disaccharides, and monomers.
- Phytate is the main storage form of phosphorous in plants. However, many animals have trouble digesting or are unable to digest enzymes because they lack enzymes that break phytate down. Because phosphorus is an essential element, inorganic phosphorous is usually added to animal feed.
- Phytase is a hydrolytic enzyme that specifically acts on phytate, breaking it down and releasing organic phosphorous.
- the term “phytase” means an enzyme that hydrolyzes ester bonds within myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate or phytin. Including 4-phytase, 3-phytase, and 5-phyates. By increasing the activity of the hydrolytic enzymes, organic phosphorous is released and inorganic phosphorous does not have to be added to animal feed.
- proteases break down proteins and other moi eties, such as sugars, into smaller polypeptides and single amino acids by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds. Many of the proteins serve as storage proteins. Some specific types of proteases include cysteine proteases including pepsin, papain, and serine proteases including chymotrypsins, carboxypeptidases, and metalloen dopeptidases. Proteases play a key role in germinations through the hydrolysis and mobilization of proteins that have accumulated in the seed. Proteases also play a role in programmed cell death, senescence, abscission, fruit ripening, plant growth, and N homeostasis. In response to abiotic and biotic stresses, proteases are involved in nutrient remobilization of leaf and root protein degradation to improve yield.
- Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions that take place in the cells of the seed to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as shown in FIG. 8.
- Nutrients such as sugar, amino acids and fatty acids are used during cellular respiration.
- Oxygen is the most common oxidizing agent. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to create ATP and is the preferred method of pyruvate in the breakdown into glycolysis. The energy transferred is used to break bonds in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to add a third phosphate group to form ATP by phosphorylation, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2).
- ADP adenosine diphosphate
- NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- FADH2 flavin adenine dinucleotide
- NADH and FADH2 is converted to ATP using the electron transport chain with oxygen and hydrogen being the terminal electron acceptors.
- Most of the ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen releases chemical energy which pumps protons across a membrane creating a chemiosmotic potential to drive ATP synthase.
- Aerobic metabolism is much more efficient than anaerobic metabolism which yields 2 molecules of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose instead of 34 molecules of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose.
- the double bond in oxygen has higher energy than other common biosphere molecule’s double bonds or single bonds. Aerobic metabolism continues with the critic acid or Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
- the efficiency of plant cellular respiration is influenced by the availability of oxygen.
- the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway or the electron transport-linked phosphorylation pathway requires the presence of oxygen for transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2.
- Processes allowing for the germination of grains with water drainage and space for seed expansion may facilitate increased available oxygen concentrations throughout development. Encouraging the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation enables dry matter to increase through the buildup of monomers such as glucose.
- Glycolysis occurs with or without the presences of oxygen. Under aerobic conditions the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and 2 molecules of ATP. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvates by the enzyme aldolase.
- four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate is oxidized.
- the citric acid cycle produces acetyl-CoA from the pyruvate molecules when oxygen is present. The acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2 and NAD is reduced to NADH which can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP. If oxygen is not present, acetyl-CoA is fermented.
- Oxidative phosphorylation comprises the electron transport chain and establish a chemiosmotic potential or proton gradient by oxidizing NADH produced during the citric acid cycle.
- ATP is synthesized using the ATP synthase enzyme where the chemiosmotic potential is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.
- the electron transfer is driven by the chemical energy provided from exogenous oxygen.
- the ROS may oxidize the pericarp of a plant ovary.
- the pericarp is the ripened and variously modified walls of a plant ovary.
- the pericarp has an outer exocarp, a central mesocarp, and an inner endocarp, and this is the wall of a plant fruit that develops from the ovary wall.
- External ROS may trigger redox signaling during plant organ development including fruit ripening and flower development.
- Oxidative stress the imbalance between ROS production and ROS elimination, occurs in the mitochondria due to increased respiratory rates during ripening affecting the redox state once sugars become a limiting factor and onset ripening.
- External ROS can increase the imbalance allowing the plant to ripen.
- Oxidative stress also occurs in the plastid during the chloroplast to chromoplast transition at the onset of fruit ripening.
- the plant By decreasing environmental stresses and increasing metabolic activity, the plant can be harvested in an interval that closely aligns with the maximum point of enzyme activity within the plant’s life cycle and increased development results. Harvesting the plant at the maximum point of enzyme activity allows for maximum break down of proteins during phase one of ensiling increasing dry matter, shelf life, and quality of the ensiled animal feed.
- the nutrient or mineral content of animal feed or plant tissues may be expressed on a dry matter basis or the proportion of the total dry matter in the material.
- the dry matter ratio can increase, such as by 118% in barley and 115% in wheat, instead of by 92% or 95%.
- the harvested product is rich in enzymes.
- barley is estimated to have approximately 12,000 kilo novo units (KNO) of amylase activity per kg dry matter, 400 units of protease per milligram protein and 200 units of lipase per milligram protein.
- Wheat is expected to have amylase levels approximately 50% to 75% the amount of barley on average with lipase and protease values equal and 100% greater, respectively.
- Enzymes, such as peroxidase and hemicellulose, relating to fiber catabolism are likely also very active during the first stages of the ensiling process due to the decrease in environmental stresses.
- Apparent crude protein is the content of the animal feed or plant same that represents the total nitrogen, including true protein and non-protein nitrogen (urea and ammonia). Apparent crude protein is an important indicator of the protein content of a forage crop.
- the apparent crude protein in barley can be increased by 143% instead of 117% and 125% when harvested on day six, when enzyme activity was maximized.
- wheat may be harvested at the maximum enzyme point, such as day six, and the amount of apparent crude protein can be increased by 129%.
- the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFd) or neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of a crop, plant, or feed sample content is a close estimate of the total fiber constituents of the crop.
- the NDF contains plant cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, silica, tannins, and cutins, and it does not include some pectins.
- the structural carbohydrates, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, represent the fibrous bulk of the crop. Though lignin is indigestible, hemicellulose and cellulose can be (in varying degrees) digested by microorganisms in animals with either a rumen, such as cattle, goats or sheep, or hindgut fermentation such as horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, as part of their digestive tract.
- NDF is considered to be negatively correlated with dry matter intake, as the percentage of NDF increases the animals consume less of the crop.
- the NDF in barley can be increased by 178% instead of from 132% and 155% when harvested on day six when enzyme activity is maximized. In another example, when wheat may be harvested at the maximum enzyme point, such as day six, the amount of NDF can be increased by 173%.
- Water-soluble carbohydrates are carbohydrates that can be solubilized and extracted in water. WSC’ s can include monosaccharides, di saccharides, and a few short chain polysaccharides, such as fructans, which are major storage carbohydrates. In one example the WSC in barley increased by 442% instead of from 182% and 191% when harvested on day six when enzyme activity was maximized.
- the amount of WSC when wheat may be harvested at the maximum enzyme point, such as day six, the amount of WSC can be increased by 553%.
- the increase in percentage is evidence that by increasing the enzyme activity in plants, complex storage molecules are being broken down into simpler monomer storage molecules increasing nutrient digestibility.
- Starch is an intracellular carbohydrate found primarily in the grain, seed, or root portions of a plant as a readily available source of energy. In crops where GA activity increases, the amount of starch present in the feed is reduced. This may be due to the breakdown of starch into simpler sugars, such as glucose and maltose, by the enzymes increasing nutrient digestibility of the feed. When enzyme activity is maximized, the amount of starch in barley can be increased by 17% and by 26% in wheat.
- Dry matter refers to all the plant material excluding water.
- the nutrient or mineral content of animal feed or plant tissues may be expressed on a dry matter basis or the proportion of the total dry matter in the material.
- enzyme activity When enzyme activity is maximized the dry matter ratio can increase, such as by 118% in barley and 115% in wheat, instead of by 92% or 95%. These increases allow for increased nutrient and dry matter in the ensiled cellulosic material.
- the maximization of the enzyme activity may limit the amount of dry matter and nutrient availability lost during the ensiling process.
- the breakdown of storage molecules into nutrient digestible monomer subunits can be increased by leveraging GA in a hydroponic environment.
- GA activity is increased in crops, the crude protein content can increase, such as from 15.9% to 20.4% in rye.
- ABA activity is increased the crude protein content decreases, for example, from 15.9% to 13.7%.
- Crude protein content in a crop, plant, or feed sample represents the total amount in nitrogen in the diet, including protein and non-protein nitrogen.
- the fibrous component of a crop, plant or feed sample content represents the least digestible fiber portion.
- the least digestible portion includes lignin, cellulose, silica, and insoluble forms of nitrogen. Hemicellulose is not included in the least digestible portion.
- Crops with a higher acid detergent fiber have a lower digestible energy. As the ADF level increases, the digestible energy level decreases. When GA activity is increased, the ADF percentage increases, such as from 9.2% to 12.8% in rye. When ABA activity increases, the ADF percentage decreases, such as from 9.2% to 4.2%. In crops where the GA activity increases the percentage of NDF increases, such as from 21.6% to 27.1% in rye. In crops, where ABA activity increases, the NDF percentage decreases, such as from 21.6% to 15.2% in rye.
- the ethanol soluble carbohydrates (ESC) of a plant include monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, and di saccharides.
- Crude fat is an estimate of the total fat content of the crop or feed sample. Crude fat contains true fat (triglycerides), alcohols, waxes, terpense, steroids, pigments, ester, aldehydes, and other lipids. In feed samples where GA activity was increased due to reducing environmental stresses, the amount of crude fat increased.
- the crude fat may increase from 1.39% to 2.78%. Crude fat also increases when ABA activity increases. In rye crops the crude fat percentage may increase from 1.39 to 1.44%.
- FIG. 13 illustrates in vitro 48-hour digestible NDF fraction expressed as a percentage over three mix collection timepoints. Values expressed as fixed effect linear model estimation with 95% confidence interval illustrated surrounding estimate. Samples collected at time points depicted below after 25% hydroponically grown wheat was mixed with 75% corn dry distiller grains on a dry matter basis. The percentage of NDF increases as the samples are collected later, allowing the plant’s naturally produced enzymes to increase the digestibility of NDF.
- FIG. 12 illustrates in vitro 7-hour starch digestion expressed as a percentage over three mix collection timepoints. Values expressed as fixed effect linear model estimation with 95% confidence interval illustrated surrounding estimate. Samples collected at time points depicted below after 25% hydroponically grown wheat was mixed with 75% corn dry distiller grains on a dry matter basis.
- FIG. 11 illustrates the estimated total digestible nutrient percentage over four mix collection timepoints. Values expressed as fixed effect linear model estimation with 95% confidence interval illustrated surrounding estimate. Samples collected at time points depicted are after 25% hydroponically grown barley was mixed with 75% cracked com on a dry matter basis.
- FIG. 10 illustrates the In vitro 48-hour digestible NDF fraction expressed as a percentage over three mix collection timepoints. Values expressed as fixed effect linear model estimation with 95% confidence interval illustrated surrounding estimate. Samples collected at time points depicted are after 25% hydroponically grown wheat was mixed with 75% corn silage on a dry matter basis.
- FIG. 11 illustrates the estimated total digestible nutrient percentage over four mix collection timepoints. Values expressed as fixed effect linear model estimation with 95% confidence interval illustrated surrounding estimate. Samples collected at time points depicted are after 25% hydroponically grown barley was mixed with 75% cracked com on a dry matter basis.
- FIG. 10 illustrates the In vitro 48-hour digestible NDF fraction expressed as a percentage
- FIG. 14 illustrates an ensiling system 88 that may include a grower system 10, an ensiling apparatus 84, and a seal environment 86 such as a bag.
- the grower system 10 can provide aerobic conditions allowing the plant to increase dry matter and maximize enzyme activity thereby improving the quality of the ensiled animal feed.
- the grower system 10, shown in FIGs. 14-22 may include a plurality of vertical members 12 and a plurality of horizontal members 14 removably interconnected to form an upstanding seed growing table 16 with one or more seed beds 18. In some aspects of the present disclosure, the grower system 10 may have one or more seed beds 18.
- Each vertical member 12 can be configured to terminate at the bottom in an adjustable height foot 20.
- Each foot 20 can be adjusted to change the relative vertical position or height of one vertical member 12 relative to another vertical number 12 of the seed growing table 16.
- the horizontal member 14 can be configured to include one or more lateral members removably interconnected with one or more longitudinal members 24.
- a pair of vertical members 12 may be separated laterally by a lateral member 22 thereby defining the width or depth of the seed growing table 16.
- Longitudinal members 24 may be removably interconnected with lateral members 22 by one or more connectors 26.
- Each seed bed 18 may include a seed belt 28, such as a seed film, operably supported by seed growing table 16.
- Seed belt 28 can be configured according to the width/depth of seed growing table 16. By way of example, the width/depth of seed belt 28 can be altered according to changes in the width/depth of seed growing table 16.
- the seed belt 28 material can be hydrophobic, semi-hydrophobic or permeable to liquid. In at least one aspect, a hydrophobic material may be employed to keep liquid atop the seed belt 28. In another aspect, a permeable or semi-permeable material can be employed to allow liquid to pass through the seed belt 28. Advantages and disadvantages of both are discussed herein. Traditional pans use hydrophobic material as part of the seed bed.
- seed belt 28 may be discontinuous and may have separate or separated terminal ends.
- the seed belt 28 may have a length of at least the length of the seed bed 18 and generally a width of the seed bed 18 and may be configured to provide a seed bed for carrying seed.
- the seed belt 28 may be configured to move across the seed bed 18.
- Seed belt 28 may also rest upon and slide on top of horizontal members 14.
- One or more skids or skid plates may be disposed between seed belt 28 and horizontal members 14 to allow seed belt 28 to slide atop horizontal members 14 without binding up or getting stuck.
- the seed bed 18 or seed belt 28 may be positioned at a slope to encourage the drainage of water facilitating an increased oxygenated environment when compared to a pan type fodder set up.
- the seed belt 28 or seed bed 18 may have a seed egress 68 on one or more sides of the seed bed 18, such as a first side 70 and an opposing second side 72.
- the seed egress 68 allows room for expansion as the seeds 74 grow, lessening the growth compression of the seeds 74. If the seed bed 18 has walls on the first side 70 or the second side 72, the walls may prevent the seeds 74 from expanding thereby compressing some or all of the seeds. The compressed seeds may receive little to no oxygen resulting in hypoxic or anaerobic conditions.
- the seed egress 68 may not be covered with seeds during seed out. The empty space allows for expansion as the seed doubles in volume in the first few growth stages, such as in the first 24 hours. If the seeds do not have room to expand, the seed may be subjected to a dense environment with reduced heat, water, and oxygen exchange capabilities.
- Each seed bed 18 may include a liquid applicator 46A, 46B, and/or 46C operably configured atop each seed bed 18 for irrigating seed disposed atop each seed bed 18.
- the seed may be irrigated with water.
- the dimensions of the seed bed 18 may be configured to accommodate need, desired plant output, or maximization of enzyme activity.
- Liquid applicator 46A may be configured adjacent at least one longitudinal edge of seed bed 18.
- Liquid applicator 46A may also be operably configured adjacent at least one lateral edge of seed bed 18.
- liquid applicator 46 A may be configured adjacent a longitudinal edge of seed bed 18 to thereby provide drip-flood irrigation to seed bed 18 and seed 74 disposed atop seed bed 18.
- Liquid applicator 46A may include a liquid guide 48 and liquid distributor 50A, 50B, 50C with a liquid egress 52 having a generally undulated profile, such as a sawtooth or wavy profile generally providing peak (higher elevated) and valley (lower elevated) portions.
- Liquid applicator 46A can include a liquid line 54 configured to carry liquid 62 from a liquid source 56, such as a liquid collector 58 or plumbed liquid source 56. Liquid 62 may exit liquid line 54 through one or more openings and may be captured upon exiting liquid line 54 by liquid guide 48 and liquid distributor 50A.
- the one or more openings in liquid line 54 can be configured as liquid drippers, intermittently dripping a known or quantifiable amount of liquid 62 over a set timeframe into liquid guide 48.
- the one or more openings may be configured intermittently along a length of liquid line 54 or dispersed in groupings along a length of liquid line 54.
- the one or more openings in liquid line 54 can be operably configured to equally distribute the liquid 62 down the seed bed 18 and slowly drip liquid into the seed bed 18. Drip or flood irrigating the growing surface provides a layer of liquid 62 for soaking the seed and can provide liquid 62 to seed 74 on seed bed 18 in a controlled, even distributive flow.
- Liquid distributor 50A can be configured with a liquid guide 48 adapted to collect liquid 62 as it exits liquid line 54. Collected liquid may be evenly distributed by liquid distributor 50A and exit the liquid distributor 50A onto the seed bed 18 via the liquid egress 52.
- liquid 62 egressing from liquid distributor 50A may travel atop seed belt 28 beneath and/or between a seed mass 74 atop seed belt 28 as shown in FIG. 17.
- liquid applicator 46 may enter liquid applicator 46 through a liquid line 54 and exit liquid line 54 through a plurality of openings.
- Liquid 62 from liquid line 54 may coalesce into a small reservoir creating a balanced distribution of liquid 62 across a length of liquid distributor 50A. When this small reservoir becomes full, the liquid 62 may run over and out of liquid egress 52, such as between the teeth of liquid egress 52.
- liquid 62 may be equally distributed down an entire length and across an entire width of the seed bed 18. From liquid egress 52, liquid 62 may drip onto a seed belt 28 where it may run under a bulk of seed on the seed belt 28 to soak or make contact with the seed 74. The root system of seed 74 on the seed belt 28, along with a wicking effect, may move the liquid 62 up through the seed to water all the seeds and/or plants.
- Liquid applicator 46B may be disposed atop each seed bed 18.
- Liquid applicator 46B may include a plurality of liquid distributors 50B operably configured in a liquid line 54 operably plumbed to a liquid source 56.
- Liquid distributor 50B can include spray heads, such as single or dual-band spray heads/tips, for spray irrigating seed disposed atop each seed bed 18.
- a plurality of liquid lines 54 may be disposed in a spaced arrangement atop each seed bed 18. Each liquid line 54 may traverse the length of the holding container and may be plumbed into connection with liquid source 56, as shown in FIG. 18. Other liquid lines 54 can be configured to traverse the width of seed bed 18.
- Liquid 62 may be discharged from each liquid distributor 50B for spray irrigating seed atop each seed bed 18.
- each liquid line 54 may be oscillated back and forth over a 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, or greater radius of travel for covering the entire surface area of the seed atop each seed bed 18.
- the oscillation travel of each liquid line 54 can be reduced thereby reducing friction and wear and tear on liquid applicator 46B.
- the process of applying liquid to the seed or plant can be automated by a controller 76 (FIG. 22), graphical user interface, and/or remote control.
- a drive mechanism 66 can be operably connected to each liquid line 54 for oscillating or rotating each line through a radius of travel, as shown in FIG. 19.
- Liquid applicator 46 can be operated manually or automatically using one or more controllers 76 operated by a control system.
- Liquid applicator 46 may be configured to clean seed bed 18 of debris, contaminants, mold, fungi, bacteria, and other foreign/unwanted materials. Liquid applicator 46 can also be used to irrigate seed 74 with a disinfectant, nutrients, or reactive oxygen species as seed is released onto seed bed 18 from a seed dispenser. A time delay can be used to allow the ROS or nutrients to remain on seed for a desired time before applying or irrigating with fresh water. The process of cleaning, descaling, and disinfecting seed bed 18 using liquid applicator 46D can be automated by a controller 76, graphical user interface, and/or remote control.
- Liquid applicator 46 can be operated immediately after seeding of the seed bed 18 to saturate seed with liquid. Seed 74 in early, mid, and late stages of growth can be irrigated with liquid 62 using liquid applicator 46. Liquid applicators 46A-D can be operated simultaneously, intermittently, alternately, and independent of each other. During early stages of seed growth, both liquid applicators 46A-B are operated to best saturate seed to promote sprouting and germination. During later stages of growth, liquid applicator 46A can be used to irrigate more than liquid applicator 46B. Alternatively, liquid applicator 46B can be used to irrigate more than liquid applicator 46A, depending upon saturation level of seed growth.
- Liquid applicator 46C can be operated during seeding of seed bed 18 and movement of seed bed 18 in the second direction to spray seed dispensed atop seed bed 18 to saturate seed with liquid.
- the liquid provided to liquid applicators 46A-D could include additives such as disinfectants, reactive oxygen species, fertilizer, and/or nutrients.
- Nutrients such as commonly known plant nutrients such as calcium and magnesium, can be added to liquid dispensed from liquid applicators 46A-D to promote growth of healthy plants and/or increase the presence of desired nutrients in harvested seed.
- Liquid applicators 46C-D can be used also to sanitize seed bed 18 before and/or after winding on or unwinding of the seed belt, the seed bed 18, or seed egress 68 of the seed belt.
- Liquid distributors 46A-D and their various components, along with other components of the grower system 10, can be sanitized by including one or more disinfectants, such as reactive oxygen species used by each liquid distributor 50A-D.
- disinfectants such as reactive oxygen species used by each liquid distributor 50A-D.
- liquid guide 48, liquid lines 54, liquid egress 52, drain trough 60, liquid collector 58, seed bed 18, liquid distributors 50A-C, and other components of the growing system may be sanitized.
- liquid applicators 46A-D can be used to clean and sanitize seed bed 18 before, between, or after seeding and harvesting.
- a separate liquid distributor or manifold can be configured to disinfect or sanitize any components of the growing system that carry liquid for irrigation and cutting or receive irrigation or cutting runoff from the one or more holding containers.
- the liquid 62 may be constantly applied, or the applicator may apply the liquid 62 at a set time frame or at a quantifiable amount.
- the liquid applicator 46A-D may apply the liquid 62 for a first time period such as 1 minute and then the liquid applicator may stop applying the liquid 62 for a second time period, such as 4 minutes, or 1 min of liquid application for every 5 minutes. The cycle may continue until the developmental phase or seed out phase terminates.
- the liquid 62 may be applied for 10 min every 2 hours.
- the liquid applicator 46 may provide a controlled, evenly distributed flow allowing the liquid 62 to reach a maximum number of seeds. Excess liquid 62 may be captured, recycled, and reused by the grower system 10.
- the slant may aid in the even distribution of the liquid as it egresses through the seed bed 18.
- the liquid applicator 46 may guide the distribution of the liquid to areas within the seed bed 18, a portion of the seeds 74, or a portion of the plants 74 that need more application.
- the liquid applicators 46 may also oscillate to cover the larger areas of the seed bed 18 or the entire length and width of the seed bed 18 or seed belt 28.
- Each seed bed 18 may include one or more lighting elements 38 or housing lights for illuminating seed atop seed belt 28 to facilitate hydroponic growth of seed or a seed mass atop seed belt 28, as shown in FIG. 16.
- Lighting elements 38 may be operably positioned directly/indirectly above each seed bed 18. Lighting elements 38 can be turned off and on for each level using a controller 76. Lighting elements 38 can be powered by an electrochemical source or power storage device, electrical outlet, and/or solar power. In one aspect, lighting elements 38 may be powered with direct current power.
- Contemplated lighting elements 38 include, for example, halide, sodium, fluorescent, and LED strips/panels/ropes, but are not limited to those expressly provided herein.
- Lighting elements 38 can be operably controlled by a controller 76, a timer, user interface or remotely. Operation of lighting elements 38 can be triggered by one or more operations of grower 10. For example, operation of a seed belt 28 can trigger operation of lighting elements 38. The process of lighting a seed bed 18 can be automated by controller 76, graphical user interface, and/or remote control. In one aspect, lighting elements 38 may be low heat emission, full ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, light emitting diodes that are cycled off and on with a controller 76, preferably on 18 hours and off 6 hours in a 24-hour period.
- UV full ultraviolet
- FIG. 21 illustrates the harvesting mechanism 100 in accordance with an illustrative aspect.
- Each seed bed 18 may include a harvesting mechanism 100.
- Harvesting mechanism 100 may include an offloading plate 102 operably attached to grower 10 adjacent roller 30 and extending across the width of seed bed 18 for harvesting grown plants that consist of sprouted seed, root mass, stem portion, and leaves.
- offloading plate 102 operably attached to grower 10 adjacent roller 30 and extending across the width of seed bed 18 for harvesting grown plants that consist of sprouted seed, root mass, stem portion, and leaves.
- the term “grown plants” is used. It is the grown plants that may be harvested from grower 10.
- the plate may be configured to include opposing outer edges 103A-B spaced between an inlet side 104 and discharge side 106.
- a discharge plate 102 may have generally the same width as seed belt 28.
- Inlet side 104 may face seed belt 28 and be disposed immediately adjacent roller 30 to receive offloaded grown plants.
- Discharge side 106 may face outward, extending away from roller 30 for offloading cut grown plants.
- At least one high pressure liquid nozzle 108 may be operably attached to a top side of offloading plate 102 and disposed generally in the middle across the width and between inlet side 104 and discharge side 106. Liquid nozzle 108 may be oriented to direct a high- pressure stream of liquid directly upward.
- One or more ports 107 may extend through offloading plate 102 across the width and between discharge side 106 and liquid nozzle 108.
- port 107 may be configured as a narrow channel, just wide enough for a stream of liquid to pass through, that extends generally across the width of offloading plate 102 and may be disposed between nozzle 108 and discharge side 106.
- Liquid nozzles 110 can be oriented to direct a high- pressure stream of liquid directly upward through port 107 in offloading plate 102.
- a drive mechanism 37G may be operably attached to the harvesting mechanism 100 to move the harvesting mechanism 100 between first and second positions.
- Drive mechanism 37G can be a high torque electrical motor that operates on AC or DC current, or a pneumatic/hydraulic motor or cylinder. In one aspect, the electrical motor can be an intermittent duty 12 VDC, 10+ amp motor.
- the drive mechanism 37G can be a motor, powered electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically, or even manually. In one aspect, drive mechanism 37G may be driven electrically with direct current power from a power source. One or more switches or sensors (not shown) can be operably configured to control drive mechanism 37G to control movement of the harvesting mechanism 100 in a first and second opposite direction between first and second positions. In one aspect, a first one of liquid nozzles 110 may be located nearly adjacent outer edge 103 A and the second one of liquid nozzles 110 may be located generally at the middle of offloading plate 102.
- a first one of liquid nozzles 110 can be located generally at the middle of offloading plate 102 and the second one of liquid nozzles 110 can be located nearly adjacent outer edge 103B.
- liquid nozzles 110 may reciprocate back and forth between first and second positions of the harvesting mechanism 100 by actuation of drive mechanism 37G.
- the process of actuating drive mechanism 37G for moving harvesting mechanism 100 between first and second positions can be automated by controller 76 of the control system 82, graphical user interface, and/or remote control.
- liquid nozzle 108 may cut through offloaded grown plants in a first direction and liquid nozzles 110 may cut through offloaded grown plants in a second direction opposite the first direction of liquid nozzle 108.
- liquid nozzle 108 may cut longitudinally along the midpoint of offloaded grown plants and liquid nozzles 110 may cut transversely across the width of offloaded grown plants.
- offloaded grown plants may be cut into portions smaller than the mass of grown plants on seed belt 28.
- the length of each cut piece of grown plants can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the speed of seed belt 28 or increasing or decreasing the reciprocating speed of harvesting mechanism 100. To increase the size of cut pieces of grown plants the speed of seed belt 28 or harvesting mechanism 100 can be reduced. Alternatively, to decrease the size of cut pieces of grown plants the speed of seed belt 28 or harvesting mechanism can be increased.
- harvesting mechanism 100 with liquid nozzles 110 may be operably secured to the underside of offloading plate 102 and shielded from being impacted from below by liquid from liquid nozzle 108 and liquid nozzles 110 using a cover plate 114.
- the grower system 10 may have, such as shown in FIG. 22, a control system 76 for controlling different environmental conditions or operating conditions of the grower system.
- the control system 76 may control at least one air element 78 such as a fan or HVAC system to control air movement around the seed bed, as shown in FIG. 22.
- the air element 78 may be operably connected to the controller 76.
- a room or environment where the grower system 10 may be stored may also have one or more fans used to control air movement. The air movement or flow may be changed depending on the developmental phase of the seeds on the seed bed.
- a temperature element 80 such as an HVAC unit, may be operably connected to the grower system 10, controller 76, or the seed bed 18 to control the temperature of the environment of the seed bed 18.
- the temperature element 80 may maintain temperatures ranging of 65 to 85 degrees F or 18 to 30 degrees C.
- a humidity element 82 may be operably connected to the controller 76, growing system 10, or seed bed 18 for controlling the humidity of the environment of the seed bed 18.
- the humidity unit 82 may maintain a relative humidity level between 50% and 90%.
- the temperature element 80, air element 78, and humidity element 82 may all include the same HVAC unit.
- the temperature and air humidity may be changed depending on the developmental phase of the seeds on the seed bed 18.
- the process of controlling the air movement, temperature, and humidity of a seed bed 18 can be automated by controller 76, graphical user interface, and/or remote control.
- the lighting, temperature, air flow, and liquid application may all affect the humidity of the seed bed 18.
- the seed or plant may be removed from the seed belt 18.
- the plant may be moved to a mixer where the plant can be mixed to form animal feed. Prior to reaching the mixer, the plant may be cut or chopped to an appropriate feed size.
- the plant may be mixed with other hydroponically grown plants or plants grown by other methods such as in a field, nursery, or garden. If additional plant matter may need to be added to the plant grown on the grower system, the additional plant matter may be added at a certain ratio, such as, for example only, 2/3 of the mixture includes the plant grown on the grower system and 1/3 of the mixture is the additional plant matter.
- the ratio may be 1 : 1 or 45 percent hydroponically grown cellulosic material utilizing the grower system and 55 percent other plant or cellulosic material.
- the mixing may occur after the ensiling process is complete.
- the ensiled animal product contains between 45% to 60% dry matter or dry matter inclusion.
- the percentage of dry matter may be lower.
- the hydroponically grown animal feed, cellulosic material, or plant may be wet when harvested a limited aerobic phase is needed or the aerobic phase is eliminated all together.
- the enisling process considers the moisture content of the animal feed, the preservatives or innoculants used in the ensiling process, the dry matter content and the mixture ratio. In some aspects, if the hydroponically grown material has a high moisture content the mixture ratio may be greater or the amount of dry matter needed may be greater.
- the inoculants may include lactic acid bacteria (LAB).
- LAB lactic acid bacteria
- the ensiling process may only use homofermentative strains or heterofermentative strains while in other aspects of the present invention use a combination of both types of LAB.
- the homofermentative bacteria may include Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus, Enterococcus and Lactococcus to enhance the production of lactic acid, which lead to a faster drop in pH value, a limited aerobic phase, and improved fermentation, thus reducing dry matter losses, harmful protein breakdown and growth of undesirable microorganisms.
- the heterofermentative bacteria may include Lactobacillus brevis, L. kefiri and L.
- the preservatives may include organic acids such as propionic and formic acids.
- the organic acids may lower the silage pH to make it less favorable for undesirable bacteria such as Clostridia and reduce the aerobic phase allowing cool fermentation to occur.
- Other organic acids and their salts including potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate target the growth of yeasts and mold fungi either in fermentation or during feed out.
- the inoculants and preservatives help prevent the animal feed from spoiling if oxygen is introduced to the animal feed or cellulosic material after the aerobic phase has finished.
- the ensiling process may begin utilizing an ensiling apparatus 84.
- the feed may be sealed in an oxygen free environment 86, such as a silo or a sealed bag.
- the animal feed may also be loaded into a sealed bag after the ensiling process is complete.
- the ensiling process may limit the amount of alcohol present in the animal feed or cellulosic material.
- the ensiling process may remove oxygen from the seal environment during the beginning of the ensiling process. For example, oxygen may be removed by a vacuum seal or by any other method sufficient to remove oxygen from a bag, silo, or other storage container.
- the plant or animal feed may be placed in an anaerobic environment.
- Phase one plant respiration, begins shortly after the plant is cut.
- Plant cells are still living and enzyme activity is still maximized.
- the enzymes continue to break down cellulosic material and carbohydrates reducing the amount of carbohydrates, thereby, resulting in a higher quality feed that is less likely to spoil.
- wet animal feed or cellulosic material utilizes cool fermentation during the ensiling process by limiting the aerobic phase.
- the sugar and remaining oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water while aerobic bacteria produce heat.
- the degradation of plant proteins to nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), peptides, amino acids, and ammonia by plant cell proteases decreases the pH.
- NPN nonprotein nitrogen
- phase two acetic acid production
- phase two acetic acid production
- anaerobic bacteria begin to grow due to the lack of oxygen and the breakdown of protein by plant cells slows.
- Different populations of anaerobic bacteria ferment the sugars converting the sugars to primarily lactic acid or acetic acid, ethanol or carbon dioxide.
- the production of lactic acid continues to lower the pH of the animal feed, inhibiting the growth of certain microbes.
- the animal feed may stored.
- the pH of the animal feed remains relatively stable during the storage phase.
- the enzyme and microbes activity are minimal, thereby increasing shelflife of the animal feed.
- the animal feed may be placed in a silo or in a sealed bag preventing oxygen from entering. If oxygen is allowed to enter the storage container, yeast and mold may grow decreasing dry matter and potentially spoiling the animal feed.
- Phase four may include the feed out stage.
- the animal feed may be exposed to oxygen and feed to the animals. Once the animal feed is re-exposed to oxygen, yeast and mold activity may start up or increases converting residual sugars, fermentation acids and other soluble nutrients into carbon dioxide, water and heat.
- a method for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic material is disclosed and shown in FIG. 23.
- the method may include increasing the amount of gibberellic acid of a plurality of seeds on a seed bed of a grower system (Step 200).
- the grower system may be configured to control a plurality of environmental factors utilizing a controller.
- at least two types of enzymes within the plurality of seeds may be released (Step 202).
- the at least two types of the enzymes may be released by the increase in the amount of gibberellic acid within the plurality of seeds.
- a plurality of complex storage molecules may be broken down into a plurality of simple molecules by at least one of the types of enzymes (Step 204).
- the at least one seed can be grown to maturity as cellulosic material (Step 206).
- the enzyme activity of the cellulosic material may be maximized by the breakdown of the plurality of complex storage molecules.
- cellulosic material can be harvested from the seed bed (Step 208).
- the cellulosic material may be ensiled (Step 210).
- the enzyme activity may increase the protein breakdown during the aerobic phase of the ensiling.
- the cellulosic material Prior to the ensiling or after the ensiling, the cellulosic material may be mixed with a second cellulosic material. The mixing or blending of the two cellulosic materials may occur at a specific ration. Once the ensiling process is finished, the cellulosic material may be sealed in a storage container.
- a method for ensiling hydroponically grown animal feed is disclosed as shown in FIG. 24.
- the method may include providing an aerobic environment utilizing a grower system configured to control a plurality of environmental factors (Step 300).
- the oxygen supply to the plurality of seeds may be increased (Step 302).
- the increase may occur from the expansion of the plurality of seeds onto a seed egress of the grower system.
- the seeds may be irrigated with a liquid (Step 304).
- the liquid may include water, fertilizer, ROS, or any other liquid that is beneficial to growing plants.
- the liquid or the increase in oxygen may increase an amount of gibberellic acid in the plurality of seeds.
- the increase in gibberellic acid releases at least two types of enzymes within the plurality of seeds.
- a plurality of complex storage molecules may be broken into a plurality of simple sugar molecules by hydrolysis (Step 306).
- ATP may be produced utilizing the plurality of simple sugars (Step 308).
- the seed can be grown into animal feed (Step 310).
- the protein breakdown within the animal feed can be increased by the production of ATP.
- the animal feed may be ensiled (Step 312). During the ensiling process, the animal feed may be stored in an oxygen free environment.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA3238922A CA3238922A1 (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials |
PCT/US2021/060629 WO2023096636A1 (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2021/060629 WO2023096636A1 (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2023096636A1 true WO2023096636A1 (en) | 2023-06-01 |
Family
ID=86540212
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2021/060629 WO2023096636A1 (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CA (1) | CA3238922A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2023096636A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1983000987A1 (en) * | 1981-09-24 | 1983-03-31 | Tessier, Michel | Method for the production of a wholemeal food product intended for animal feeding, food product thus obtained and device for implementing such method |
US20110045127A1 (en) * | 2007-11-27 | 2011-02-24 | Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Orginisation | Plants with modified starch metabolism |
US20120058523A1 (en) * | 2009-02-17 | 2012-03-08 | Edenspace Systems Corporation | Tempering of cellulosic biomass |
US20160157516A1 (en) * | 2013-04-05 | 2016-06-09 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Modification of bacterial profile of tobacco |
WO2020073350A1 (en) * | 2018-10-13 | 2020-04-16 | 徐根弟 | Processing technology of barley malt |
-
2021
- 2021-11-23 WO PCT/US2021/060629 patent/WO2023096636A1/en active Application Filing
- 2021-11-23 CA CA3238922A patent/CA3238922A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1983000987A1 (en) * | 1981-09-24 | 1983-03-31 | Tessier, Michel | Method for the production of a wholemeal food product intended for animal feeding, food product thus obtained and device for implementing such method |
US20110045127A1 (en) * | 2007-11-27 | 2011-02-24 | Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Orginisation | Plants with modified starch metabolism |
US20120058523A1 (en) * | 2009-02-17 | 2012-03-08 | Edenspace Systems Corporation | Tempering of cellulosic biomass |
US20160157516A1 (en) * | 2013-04-05 | 2016-06-09 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Modification of bacterial profile of tobacco |
WO2020073350A1 (en) * | 2018-10-13 | 2020-04-16 | 徐根弟 | Processing technology of barley malt |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA3238922A1 (en) | 2023-06-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN102531766B (en) | Microbial decomposing agent and production method thereof | |
CN106831174A (en) | A kind of pectase, its preparation method, using and application method | |
CN105036986A (en) | Microbial fertilizer resistant to diseases and insects and preparation method thereof | |
US8361171B2 (en) | Method and kit | |
JP2008081604A (en) | Soil improvement method and improved soil | |
CN101692771A (en) | Volvaria volvacea cultivation method | |
CN107857664A (en) | A kind of organic farm soils improvement microbial enzyme composite bacterial fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
Matute et al. | Sunflower seed hull based compost for Agaricus blazei Murrill cultivation | |
US20230157216A1 (en) | Processes and compositions for increasing nutrient digestibility of materials with endogenous enzymes of hydroponically germinated seeds | |
US20230389491A1 (en) | Methods and systems for hydroponically sprouted cereal grains as an enteric methane emission mitigation strategy for enteric methane emission, feedlot characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of beef cattle fed hydroponically sprouted cereal grains | |
KR20070063468A (en) | Process for producing plant/soil activation liquid and method of using the same | |
US20230157228A1 (en) | Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials | |
WO2023096636A1 (en) | Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials | |
AU2021475858A1 (en) | Processes and compositions for ensiling hydroponically grown cellulosic materials | |
US20230157229A1 (en) | Processes and systems for increasing dry matter in hydroponically grown cellulosic materials | |
US20230172114A1 (en) | Processes and systems for increasing germination and growth in hydroponically grown cellulosic materials with light signaling | |
CN107593328A (en) | Organic Chinese cabbage implantation methods | |
US20230180794A1 (en) | Methods and systems for hydroponically sprouted cereal grains as a mechanism for lowering enteric methane emission and improving ruminant feed efficiency and performance | |
JP2008023523A (en) | Lactic acid fermentation composition and its manufacturing method | |
WO2023096633A1 (en) | Processes and compositions for increasing nutrient digestibility of materials with endogenous enzymes of hydroponically germinated seeds | |
AU2021475599A1 (en) | Processes and compositions for increasing nutrient digestibility of materials with endogenous enzymes of hydroponically germinated seeds | |
CN110845273A (en) | Preparation method and application of shell powder organic fertilizer biological conditioner | |
WO2023101684A1 (en) | Processes and systems for increasing germination and growth in hydroponically grown cellulosic materials with light signaling | |
WO2023096635A1 (en) | Processes and systems for increasing dry matter in hydroponically grown cellulosic materials | |
AU2021475725A1 (en) | Processes and systems for increasing dry matter in hydroponically grown cellulosic materials |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 21965830 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 3238922 Country of ref document: CA |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: BR Ref legal event code: B01A Ref document number: 112024010271 Country of ref document: BR |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: AU2021475858 Country of ref document: AU |