WO2023085307A1 - 診断マーカー検出方法、及び診断キット - Google Patents
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- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to diagnostic marker detection methods and diagnostic kits.
- SAD Sporadic Alzheimer's disease
- a ⁇ amyloid- ⁇
- a ⁇ positron emission tomography reports that A ⁇ accumulation begins approximately 20 years before the onset of dementia. This potential accumulation over time makes early clinical diagnosis of dementia and the predementia stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), difficult.
- a ⁇ accumulation is tested by amyloid PET, which is radioactive, invasive, expensive, and available in limited facilities.
- the major components of A ⁇ , A ⁇ 42, phosphorylated tau, and total tau are also measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as biomarkers for SAD, but CSF collection remains invasive. Therefore, research and development of blood biomarkers for early diagnosis and screening tests are ongoing.
- CSF-measured proteins/peptides miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), mRNAs, and circular RNAs have also been studied. Attempts to use these various blood RNAs as biomarkers generally involve combining many types of RNA and are somewhat complicated.
- VSRAD analyzes regions of interest (ROI) of medial temporal structures such as the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, but atrophy is more common in patients with SAD.
- ROI regions of interest
- genomic mosaicism due to somatic mutations is present in the brain and is observed in both SAD and NCI.
- Somatic mutations include single nucleotide variants (SNVs), copy number variants (CNVs), aneuploidies, and activation of retrotransposons.
- SNVs single nucleotide variants
- CNVs copy number variants
- aneuploidies aneuploidies
- retrotransposons activation of retrotransposons.
- APP gen cDNA is present in a form integrated into genomic DNA, is characterized by the absence of introns and the presence of intra-exon junctions.
- the APP gen cDNA is neuron-specific and the number of Foci in DNA in situ hybridization (DISH) analysis is higher in SAD than in NCI.
- DISH DNA in situ hybridization
- An increase in the DISH foci of APP gen cDNA with age has also been reported using mouse models of SAD.
- plasma nucleic acid levels have been reported to be increased in SAD compared to NCI. Since brain atrophy is driven by necrosis/apoptosis, these reports suggest that APP gen cDNA and its transcripts, like other cfDNA and cfRNA, are released into the plasma from injured neurons. (For example, see Non-Patent Document 1.).
- NUMB gene the NUMB endocytic adaptor protein gene
- PROK2 gene the prokineticin 2 gene
- these NUMB gene and PROK2 gene are also expected to leak out from injured neurons in the same way as APPgen cDNA.
- APP gen cDNA is formed by recombination in somatic cells rather than germline cells, its abundance is low, and it is thought that plasma APP gen cDNA is also very low.
- nucleic acids are easily amplified, so if they can be amplified, it may be possible to detect APP gen cDNA even in plasma.
- neuronal damage and associated nucleic acid release can be detected even before the onset of dementia.
- it is suggested that early diagnosis of SAD is possible if APP gen cDNA in plasma can be detected.
- nucleic acids released from damaged neurons or glial cells can be detected, it is suggested that early diagnosis of SAD is possible.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a diagnostic marker detection method and a diagnostic kit that can diagnose Alzheimer's disease simply, highly sensitively, rapidly, and non-invasively.
- a diagnostic marker detection method for detecting a disease-related gene from circulating nucleic acids (CNA) in peripheral blood isolated from a subject [2] The diagnostic marker detection method according to [1], wherein the disease is Alzheimer's disease. [3] The diagnostic marker detection method according to [1] or [2], wherein the disease-related gene is an amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. [4] The method for detecting a diagnostic marker according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the junction between exons of the disease-related gene is detected. [5] The diagnostic marker detection method according to [4], wherein the junction between exons of the disease-related gene is the junction of exons 7 and 9 of the APP gene.
- CNA circulating nucleic acids
- [6] The method for detecting a diagnostic marker according to [4], wherein the junction between exons of the disease-related gene is the junction of exons 14 and 16 of the APP gene.
- [7] The method for detecting a diagnostic marker according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein homologous recombination sites between exons of the disease-related gene are detected.
- [8] The method for detecting a diagnostic marker according to [1] or [2], wherein the disease-related gene is NUMB endocytic adapter protein gene (NUMB gene) or prokineticin2 gene (PROK2 gene).
- the exon junction site or homologous recombination site, or the region containing the NUMB gene or PROK2 gene is amplified by singleplex PCR or multiplex PCR, and the next generation Quantify by analyzing the base sequence of the amplified product with a sequencer (NGS) and counting the number of reads in the region containing the junction site or homologous recombination site, or the NUMB gene or PROK2 gene, [4] to [10]
- NGS sequencer
- the region containing the junction site or homologous recombination site between exons, or the NUMB gene or PROK2 gene is quantified by a singleplex or multiplex one-step real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method including a reverse transcription step, [ 4] The diagnostic marker detection method according to any one of [9]. [13] During PCR of the region containing the junction site or homologous recombination site between the exons, during PCR of the NUMB gene, or during PCR of the PROK2 gene, the internal standard is amplified in the same PCR tube, and the internal standard is read.
- RT-PCR real-time PCR
- a diagnostic kit for detecting disease-related genes from circulating nucleic acids (CNA) in peripheral blood isolated from a subject A diagnostic kit comprising a primer set for amplifying the disease-related gene and/or a probe that binds to the disease-related gene or its amplification product.
- CNA circulating nucleic acids
- the disease-related gene is at least one selected from the group consisting of an amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, a NUMB endocytic adapter protein gene (NUMB gene), and a PRPK2 gene, [16] or [17] diagnostic kit as described in . [19] The diagnostic kit according to any one of [16] to [18], which detects exon junctions, homologous recombination sites, or exons of the disease-related gene.
- APP amyloid precursor protein
- NUMB gene NUMB endocytic adapter protein gene
- the present invention it is possible to provide a diagnostic marker detection method and a diagnostic kit for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in a simple, highly sensitive, rapid and non-invasive manner.
- FIG. 2 shows the structure of APP gene and mRNA.
- 1 is a schematic diagram of the present invention;
- FIG. 4 publicly available NGS data (Sequence Read Archives, SRA) were computationally analyzed using the generated probe sequences. In the present invention, four SRAs were analyzed using probe sequences. Additionally, circulating nucleic acids extracted from 1-1.2 mL plasma samples were analyzed by Illumina sequencing.
- FIG. 2 shows a method of constructing probe sequences for Computational APP gencDNA screening. The same sequence of 3'-terminal 2 bases and 5'-terminal 2 bases was searched.
- a 30 base probe sequence was created by combining 16 bases containing two homologous bases at the 3′ end and 16 bases containing two homologous bases at the 5′ end and removing one pair of the two homologous bases. .
- the construction region of the probe sequence was the coding region of the APP gene, and homologous regions separated by at least 10 bases were selected. Probe sequences that themselves could be mapped directly to the APP cDNA were removed, yielding a final set of 184,506 probe sequences.
- Fig. 3 is a graph comparing APP gen cDNA between SAD and NCI in PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA. Mann-Whitney U test analysis results for A ⁇ -producing APP gen cDNA. The p-value is 0.0000318.
- Fig. 3 is a graph comparing APP gen cDNA between SAD and NCI in PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA. Mann-Whitney U test analysis results for delex8. The p-value is 0.0127.
- Fig. 3 is a graph comparing APP gen cDNA between SAD and NCI in PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA. Mann-Whitney U test analysis of A ⁇ -producing APP gen cDNA excluding reads using proseqff178928. p-value: 0.00207.
- Fig. 3 is a graph comparing APP gen cDNA between SAD and NCI in PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA. Mann-Whitney U test analysis of A ⁇ -producing APP gen cDNA excluding reads using proseqf
- FIG. 3 is a graph comparing APP gen cDNA between SAD and NCI in PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA. Mann-Whitney U test analysis of reads using proseqff178928 only. p-value: 0.0000153.
- Fig. 3 is a graph comparing APP gen cDNA between SAD and NCI in PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA. Mann-Whitney U test analysis of reads using DRA-normalized proseqff178928 only. p-value: 0.00000148. Representative lead sequences with inter-exon junctions detected in plasma.
- FIG. 4 is a table showing probe sequences detected from PRJNA493258 to SRR7905478 and SRR7905479.
- Table for detection of APP gen cDNA in publicly available NGS data (SRA). Table showing the top 10 probe sequences by read count in PRJNA574438.
- 1 is a table of probe sequences detected by Illumina sequencing of APP gene DNA in plasma CNA of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a table showing the results of Example 2.
- FIG. 4 is an amplification curve showing the results of Example 3; 4 is a graph showing the results of Example 4.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results of Example 5.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results of Example 6.
- the diagnostic marker detection method of the present invention is a method for detecting disease-related genes from circulating nucleic acids (CNA) in peripheral blood isolated from a subject.
- CNA circulating nucleic acids
- genomic cDNA Somatic APP
- Somatic APP gene recombination in Alzheimer's disease and normal neurons.
- fragmented DNA derived from APP gencDNA from cell-free circulating nucleic acids in the peripheral blood of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- APP detection was exclusively performed in the brain or using cerebrospinal fluid, which was difficult from an invasive point of view.
- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using peripheral blood discovered by the present inventor is simple and non-invasive. Based on this concept, the present invention can also be applied to other diseases. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, prion disease, cerebral edema, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, brain tumor, demyelinating disease, epilepsy, neuropathic pain , migraine, manic depression, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and other neurological disorders. It can also be applied to any disease that occurs tissue-specifically. Examples include tissue-specific cancers such as brain tumor, bladder cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer.
- Neurological disease-related genes include APP, Snca, Uchl1, Apoe, Park7, Apbb1, Bcl2, Ube2l1, Ubqln1, Bax, Cdk5, Ubb, Als2, Gtf2a1, Bace1, Psen1, Ide, Ccs, Sod1, Gpx1, Hsp90AA1, Hsp9 0AB1 , Hsp4 (Hsp70), DNAJB1 (Hsp40), Stip1, Hsf1, Mapt (tau) and the like.
- Oncogenes include a group of genes encoding growth factors such as sis; a group of genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases such as erbB, fms, and ret; a group of genes encoding non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as fes; Genes encoding GTP / GDP binding proteins of; Genes encoding serine / threonine kinases such as src, mos, raf; Genes encoding nuclear proteins such as myc, myb, fos, jun, erbA; crk genes encoding signaling adapter molecules such as Bcr-Abl; and fusion genes such as Bcr-Abl.
- growth factors such as sis
- receptor tyrosine kinases such as erbB, fms, and ret
- non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as fes
- Ras-MAP kinase pathway related genes such as Shc, Grb2, Sos, MEK, Rho and Rac genes
- Phospholipase C gamma-protein kinase C pathway related genes such as PLC ⁇ and PKC
- PI3K, Akt and Bad JAK-STAT pathway-related genes such as JAK and STAT
- GAP pathway-related genes such as GAP, p180 and p62.
- the present invention provides a diagnostic marker detection method for detecting an amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene from cell-free circulating nucleic acids in peripheral blood isolated from a subject.
- APP amyloid precursor protein
- the method for obtaining peripheral blood follows the standard method, and the method for extracting cell-free circulating nucleic acids from peripheral blood also follows the standard method.
- the APP gene has 18 exons, and pre-mRNA obtained by transcription undergoes splicing to become mRNA. Multiple splicing variants have been reported, and APP695 mRNA without exon 7 and exon 8 is specifically expressed in brain neurons (Neuronal ELAVL proteins utilize AUF-1 as a co-partner to induce neuron-specific alternative splicing of APP. Fragkouli A, Koukouraki P, Vlachos IS, Paraskevopoulou MD, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Doxakis E. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 14;7:44507.).
- gencDNA a gene that has been reconstituted by a cell.
- mRNA of these splicing variants is reverse transcribed into cDNA, undergoes intramolecular recombination, and is randomly inserted into genomic DNA. This inserted cDNA is called gencDNA.
- the present inventors have found that Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed by detecting gencDNA or transcription products from gencDNA released into peripheral blood by cell death.
- a forward primer that anneals to a specific exon and a reverse primer that anneals to other exons are used to amplify exon junctions by PCR, and/or exon junctions or homologous recombination sites.
- junction site labeling the junction site with a probe that hybridizes to the region containing
- a combination of different primers that anneal to each of exons 1-18 may be used so that intramolecular recombination of fragments between any exons can be detected. Among them, it is preferable to detect the exon 7-exon 9 joining site. Alternatively, it is preferable to detect the exon 14-exon 16 joining site.
- This junction site is common to L-APP mRNA expressed in leukocytes and glial cells in APP mRNA lacking exon 15.
- the detection method it is also preferable to detect homologous recombination sites between exons of disease-related genes.
- the mRNA of genes associated with Alzheimer's disease such as the NUMB gene and the PROK2 gene, is also released from damaged brain cells and may be detected.
- Specific quantification methods include the next-generation sequencer (NGS) method and the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method.
- next-generation sequencers In next-generation sequencers, analyzed DNA fragments are called reads, and output data is the product of the number of reads and the number of bases determined per read (read length).
- a region containing a junction site between exons is amplified by singleplex PCR or multiplex PCR, the nucleotide sequence of the amplified product is analyzed with a next-generation sequencer (NGS), a region containing a junction site, a homologous recombination region, Alternatively, it is preferable to quantify by counting the number of reads of Alzheimer's disease-related genes, such as the NUMB gene and the PROK2 gene.
- Multiplex PCR is a method of simultaneously amplifying multiple gene regions by simultaneously using multiple primer pairs in one PCR reaction system. Specifically, using reverse transcribed CNA purified from plasma, the region containing the exon junction or homologous recombination site is amplified by singleplex PCR or multiplex PCR, and the next-generation sequencer (NGS) is used to amplify the region. It is preferable to quantify by analyzing the base sequence of the amplification product and counting the number of reads in the region containing the ligation site or the homologous recombination site.
- NGS next-generation sequencer
- the internal standard is amplified in the same PCR tube during PCR of the region containing the junction site between exons, and the number of reads of the internal standard and the exon junction site, homologous recombination site, or Alzheimer's disease Normalization is preferably performed by comparing the number of reads from related genes.
- the internal standard includes exon 8 of the APP gene.
- the internal standard may contain the exon regions of the HLA-DRA gene.
- the cut-off value may be determined by the mean value and standard deviation of the non-disease group standardized using an internal standard.
- RT-PCR Real-time PCR
- an intercalator method, a probe method, a cycling probe method, or the like can be used to monitor the amount of amplification product produced by detecting fluorescence intensity.
- RT-PCR real-time PCR
- multiplex PCR at least part of the combination of various primers that anneal to each of the junction sites or homologous recombination sites described above may be used in one PCR reaction system.
- RT-PCR real-time PCR
- an internal standard-specific fluorescent dye labeled with a fluorescent dye different from the fluorescent dye-labeled probe specific to the junction site between exons and the fluorescent dye labeled probe specific to the junction site between exons are used and normalized by comparison of fluorescence intensities of these probes.
- Quantitative methods include an absolute quantification method for determining the actual copy number of the target and a comparative quantification method for determining relative values between samples, which are used depending on the quality of the data to be obtained.
- the internal standard includes exon 8 of the APP gene.
- the internal standard may contain the exon regions of the HLA-DRA gene.
- the cut-off value may be determined by the mean value and standard deviation of the non-disease group standardized using an internal standard.
- the internal standard is amplified in the same PCR tube, and the number of reads of the internal standard and the exon junction site or homologous recombination site, or the Alzheimer's disease-related gene read
- An internal standard-specific fluorescent dye-labeled probe labeled with a fluorescent dye different from the fluorescent dye of the homologous recombination site-specific or Alzheimer's disease-related gene-specific fluorescent dye-labeled probe can be used, and standardization can be performed by comparing the fluorescence intensities of these probes.
- the diagnostic marker detection method of the present embodiment is a technique for detecting fragmented DNA or mRNA released into the blood due to cell death, and can be performed via a nucleic acid amplification reaction by the PCR method, so that it is highly sensitive. Can detect diagnostic markers.
- the diagnostic kit of the present invention is a diagnostic kit for detecting a disease-related gene from CNA in peripheral blood isolated from a subject, and comprises a primer set for amplifying the disease-related gene or a transcription product therefrom. , and/or a probe that binds to the disease-associated gene or its amplification product.
- the diagnostic kit of the present invention is suitable for use in the above ⁇ method for detecting a diagnostic marker>> and includes the configuration described in the ⁇ method for detecting a diagnostic marker>>.
- the disease-related gene to be targeted is preferably the APP gene, the NUMB gene or the PROK2 gene, and the primer set and/or probe is a junction site between exons of the APP gene or It is more preferable to detect homologous recombination sites, or to detect NUMB gene-derived mRNA or PROK2 gene-derived mRNA.
- Specific primer sets and probes include those substantially identical to those represented by the nucleotide sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1-6 and 15-52.
- Substantially identical means that each of the primer set and probe can anneal or hybridize to the nucleic acid of interest, with respect to the base sequence represented by each SEQ ID, It means having at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and 100%) identity.
- kits for separating peripheral blood from blood and/or a kit for extracting CNA from peripheral blood may be provided.
- the number of positive reads for the probe sequence of SRR7905479 in SAD cases was 190,934 out of 254,351 total reads.
- NCI case SRR79054708 there were 82,346 of a total of 360,290 reads. Since these SRAs were constructed after nested PCR of APP amplifying between exons 1 and 18, general normalization using housekeeping genes was not possible and these reads were normalized by total read number. was done. The results were 0.751 for AD cases and 0.229 for NCI cases. These results indicate that APP intra-exon recombination occurs more frequently in SAD cases than in NCI cases.
- FIG. 11 shows over 200 reads in SAD.
- Four of the 38 probe sequences had no frameshift at the ligation site and were considered potentially capable of producing A ⁇ .
- the proseqff37467 sequence which has the largest number of A ⁇ -producing reads, was also positive in the NCI group, but the read count was low compared to the SAD group (NCI: 264, SAD: 16,636).
- APP mRNA lacking exon 8 on the other hand, is neuron-specific, and SRR7905478 and SRR7905479 were constructed from genomic DNA without reverse transcription. Therefore, the junction sequence between exons 7 and 9 of postmortem brain genomic DNA (delex8) is believed to be derived from the APP gen cDNA.
- the number of reads for this concatenated sequence was 816 (163 per case) for SRR7905478 (NCI) and 385 (77 per case) for SRR7905479 (SAD).
- the indices were 0.32 for NCI and 43.2 for SAD, respectively.
- three additional A ⁇ -producing probe sequences were observed in the SAD group but not in the NCI group.
- PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA (cell-free mRNA) rather than postmortem brain, had 331 positive probe sequences, two of which were identical to those detected in BioProject SRR7905480 and PRJNA558504. . However, there were no common positive probe sequences in common for SRR7905478 and SRR7905479 where many probe sequence reads were detected. The number of positive probe sequences for PRJNA574438 was 125 out of 127 for SAD and 96 out of 116 for NCI.
- the average number of positive probe sequences was 4.5 for SAD and 2.4 for NCI, and was significantly different (p-value 1.74E-4 by Welch Two Sample t-test).
- the average total number of APP gen cDNA reads was 54/case for SAD and 29/case for NCI. There was a significant difference in the number of APP gen cDNA reads between SAD and NCI when normalized by the number of midex8 reads.
- the p-value by the Mann-Whitney U test was 1.88E-5.
- the most frequent probe sequence was proseqff178928, which accounted for about 89% of the probe sequence positive reads, and the sequence was named L-APP mRNA, the ligation of exons 14 and 16 of APP mRNA lacking exon 15. It was identical to the site sequence. L-APP mRNA is expressed in leukocytes and astrocytes. Therefore, considering the possibility that L-APP mRNA was released from them, only proseqff178928 was examined for reads. When proseqff178928 was excluded from the Mann-Whitney U test, the p-value was 2.07E-2 (see Figure 7), and the p-value for proseqff178928 alone was 1.53E-5 (see Figure 8). . That is, the p-value for probe sequence proseqff178928 positive reads only was more significant than the p-value for all probe sequence positive reads (p-value: 3.18E-5).
- Example 1 [Nucleotide sequence analysis of circulating nucleic acids] To confirm the presence of transcripts from APP gen cDNA in plasma, NGS analysis was performed on plasma samples. Circulating nucleic acids were extracted from 1-1.5 mL plasma and eluted at 17 ⁇ L using the QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (QIAGEN). Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized using 15 ⁇ L of eluate, ProtoScript II First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit, and NEBNext Ultra II Non-Directional RNA Second Strand Synthesis Module (NEB). This cDNA solution also contains cfDNA since no steps have been taken to remove it.
- QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit QIAGEN
- Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized using 15 ⁇ L of eluate, ProtoScript II First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit, and NEBNext Ultra II Non-Directional RNA Second Strand Synthesis Module (NEB). This cDNA solution also contains cf
- the cDNA solution was purified using 1.2 volumes of AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter) and dA tailed using the NEBNext Ultra II End Repair/dA-Tailing Module (NEB) followed by NEBNext Ultra II Adapter ligations were performed using the DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina.
- the reaction mixture was purified using 1.2 volumes of AMPure XP beads and eluted with 32 ⁇ L of 0.1 ⁇ TE.
- the cfDNA and cDNA were enriched by capture hybridization using xGen capture probes (Integrated DNA Technologies), followed by PCR amplification using KAPA HiFi HotStart ReadyMix (Kapa Biosystems).
- Illumina sequencing was then performed using the MiSeq reagent kit v2 (300 cycles) and a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina).
- probe sequences were detected in plasma samples (see Figure 14), detected in 7 of 10 SAD patients and 2 of 3 controls.
- the lead sequence containing probes detected in two sequencing runs is shown in FIG.
- eight probe sequences were common to those detected with SRA PRJNA574438 constructed from plasma cf-mRNA.
- the probe sequence with the highest number of reads was also the same between plasma samples and PRJNA574438.
- delex8 is neuron-specific rather than APP gen cDNA-specific, since the cDNA synthesized from neuron-derived APP mRNA also has the same junctions as delex8.
- FIG. A box blot of delex8 normalized by midex8 of PRJNA574438 constructed from cf-mRNA is shown in FIG. A significant difference was observed between SAD and NCI in the Mann-Whitney U test with a p-value of 0.0127.
- CNA was extracted from 1 mL of each plasma of a control group (Control) without cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients (AD) using QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (QIAGEN).
- the APP gene has 18 exons, and pre-mRNA obtained by transcription undergoes splicing to become mRNA.
- PCR was performed using the extracted CNA and the following primers. Forward primer: exon 1 and exon 2 joining site GGCACTGCTCCTGCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 1)
- Reverse primer exon 17 and exon 18 joining site CAGGTGGCGCTCCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 2)
- the cycle of PCR is as follows. 98°C 30 sec: 1 cycle 95°C 15 sec, 60°C 30 sec, 72°C 30 sec: 40 cycles 4°C: hold
- Example 3 One-step RT-PCR was performed using CNA prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. ThermoFisher's TaqMan one-step RT-PCR reagents were used. Also, the following primers and probes were used.
- the cycle of PCR is as follows. 50°C 5 min: 1 cycle 95°C 20 sec: 1 cycle 95°C 15 sec, 60°C 60 sec: 40 cycles
- the probe for the internal standard was labeled with a fluorescent dye, HEX, and the exon junction-specific probe was labeled with FAM. The results are shown in FIG. It was shown that neuron-derived delex8 and internal standard midex8 could be clearly detected even by one-step RT-PCR.
- Example 4 Using the NUMB exon base sequence AATCCTCAGACGCCTTCACTTAGGACAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 53) of the published SRA of PRJNA574438, the number of reads containing this sequence was examined and compared between SAD and NCI. For standardization, the nucleotide sequence GGCAAAGAAGGAGACGGTCTGGCGGCTTGA of the HLA-DRA gene was used (SEQ ID NO: 54). The Mann-Whitney U test gave a P value of 0.000000305. The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 5 A similar comparison of HLA-DRA normalized APP gen cDNA and NUMB read counts in combination yielded a P-value of 0.000000165 with the Mann-Whitney U test, a smaller P-value than either alone. . The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 6 Using the exon sequence AATGGAAGGCAGGAAAGAAGAAAGAGGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 55) of the variant exon of the PROK2 gene, the published SRA of PRJNA574438 was examined, and the number of reads containing this sequence was examined and compared between SAD and NCI. For standardization, the nucleotide sequence GGCAAAGAAGGAGACGGTCTGGCGGCTTGA of the HLA-DRA gene was used (SEQ ID NO: 54). The Mann-Whitney U test gave a P value of 0.000000000012. The results are shown in FIG.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a diagnostic marker detection method and a diagnostic kit for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in a simple, highly sensitive, rapid and non-invasive manner.
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Abstract
Description
さらに、Aβ陽電子放出断層撮影法 (アミロイドPET) は、Aβの蓄積が認知症の発症の20年ほど前に始まることを報告している。この長期にわたる潜在的な蓄積により、認知症及び認知症の前段階である軽度認知障害 (MCI)の早期臨床診断が困難となっている。
そのため、早期診断及びスクリーニング検査のための血液バイオマーカーの研究開発が進行中である。CSFで測定されたタンパク質/ペプチドに加えて、miRNA、長鎖ノンコーディングRNA(lncRNA)、mRNA、及び環状RNAも研究されている。これらの様々な血液RNAをバイオマーカーとして使用する試みは、一般に多くの種類のRNAを組み合わせることを伴い、やや複雑である。
最近、脳モザイク現象の1つであるアミロイド前駆体タンパク質(以下、APPともいう。)のゲノムcDNA(APP gencDNA)とその転写物が死後脳で報告されている。
[1]被験者から単離された末梢血中の循環核酸(circulating nucleic acids, CNA)から、疾患関連遺伝子を検出する、診断マーカー検出方法。
[2]前記疾患は、アルツハイマー病である、[1]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[3]前記疾患関連遺伝子が、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(APP)遺伝子である、[1]又は[2]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[4]前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位を検出する、[1]~[3]のいずれか一つに記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[5]前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位がAPP遺伝子のエクソン7とエクソン9の連結部位である、[4]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[6]前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位がAPP遺伝子のエクソン14とエクソン16の連結部位である、[4]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[7]前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の相同組み換え部位を検出する、[1]~[3]のいずれか一つに記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[8]前記疾患関連遺伝子が、NUMB endocytic adaptor protein遺伝子(NUMB遺伝子)、又はprokineticin2遺伝子(PROK2遺伝子)である、[1]又は[2]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[9]前記疾患関連遺伝子は、APP遺伝子、NUMB endocytic adaptor protein遺伝子(NUMB遺伝子)、及びprokineticin 2 遺伝子(PROK2遺伝子)からなる群から選ばれる組み合わせである、[1]又は[2]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[10]更に検出した疾患関連遺伝子のコピー数を定量する、[1]~[9]のいずれか一つに記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[11]血漿から精製したCNAを逆転写したものを用いて、前記エクソン間の連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子を含む領域をsingleplex PCR又はmultiplex PCRで増幅し、次世代シークエンサー(NGS)でその増幅産物の塩基配列を解析し、連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子を含む領域のリード数を計数することにより定量する、[4]~[10]のいずれか一つに記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[12]前記エクソン間の連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子を含む領域を、逆転写工程を含むsingleplexまたはmultiplexのワンステップリアルタイムPCR(RT-PCR)法により定量する、[4]~[9]のいずれか一つに記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[13]前記エクソン間の連結部位又は相同組み換え部位を含む領域のPCR時に、或いはNUMB遺伝子のPCR時に、又はPROK2遺伝子のPCR時に、内部標準を同一のPCRチューブ内で増幅し、内部標準のリード数とエクソンの連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子のリード数を比較することにより標準化するか、RT-qPCR時に、エクソン間の連結部位特異的又は相同組み換え部位特異的、或いはNUMB遺伝子特異的、又はPROK2遺伝子特異的蛍光色素標識プローブと、前記エクソン間の連結部位特異的又は相同組み換え部位特異的、或いはNUMB遺伝子特異的、又はPROK2遺伝子特異的蛍光色素標識プローブの蛍光色素とは異なる蛍光色素で標識した内部標準特異的蛍光色素標識プローブを用い、これらプローブの蛍光強度の比較により標準化する、[11]又は[12]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[14]内部標準がAPP遺伝子のエクソン8を含む、[13]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[15]内部標準がHLA-DRA遺伝子のエクソン領域を含む、[14]に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
[16]被験者から単離された末梢血中の循環核酸(circulating nucleic acids, CNA)から、疾患関連遺伝子を検出するための診断キットであって、
前記疾患関連遺伝子を増幅するためのプライマーセット、及び/又は前記疾患関連遺伝子若しくはその増幅産物に結合するプローブを含む、診断キット。
[17]前記疾患は、アルツハイマー病である、[16]に記載の診断キット。
[18]前記疾患関連遺伝子が、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(APP)遺伝子、NUMB endocytic adaptor protein遺伝子(NUMB遺伝子)、及びPRPK2遺伝子からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つである、[16]又は[17]に記載の診断キット。
[19]前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位、相同組み換え部位又はエクソンを検出する、[16]~[18]のいずれか一つに記載の診断キット。
本発明の診断マーカー検出方法は、被験者から単離された末梢血中の循環核酸(circulating nucleic acids, CNA)から、疾患関連遺伝子を検出する方法である。
上記知見に基づき、本発明者は、アルツハイマー病患者の末梢血中のセルフリー循環核酸から、APPのgencDNA由来の断片化したDNAを見出した。
神経疾患関連遺伝子としては、APP、Snca、Uchl1、Apoe、Park7、Apbb1、Bcl2、Ube2l1、Ubqln1、Bax、Cdk5、Ubb、Als2、Gtf2a1、Bace1、Psen1、Ide、Ccs、Sod1、Gpx1、Hsp90AA1、Hsp90AB1、Hsp4(Hsp70)、DNAJB1(Hsp40)、Stip1、Hsf1、Mapt(tau)等が挙げられる。
がん遺伝子としては、sis等の増殖因子をコードする遺伝子群;erbB、fms、ret等のレセプター型チロシンキナーゼをコードする遺伝子群;fes等の非レセプター型チロシンキナーゼをコードする遺伝子群;ras等のGTP/GDP結合タンパク質をコードする遺伝子群;src、mos、raf等のセリン/スレオニンキナーゼをコードする遺伝子群;myc、myb、fos、jun、erbA等の核内タンパク質をコードする遺伝子群;crk等のシグナル伝達アダプター分子をコードする遺伝子群;Bcr-Abl等の融合遺伝子が挙げられる。
更に、がん遺伝子として、Shc、Grb2、Sos、MEK、Rho、Rac遺伝子等のRas-MAPキナーゼ経路関連遺伝子;PLCγ、PKC等のホスホリパーゼCガンマ-プロテインキナーゼC経路関連遺伝子;PI3K、Akt、Bad等のPI3K-Akt経路関連遺伝子;JAK、STAT等のJAK-STAT経路関連遺伝子;GAP、p180、p62等のGAP系経路関連遺伝子が挙げられる。
<アルツハイマー病診断マーカー検出方法>
一実施形態として本発明は、被験者から単離された末梢血中のセルフリー循環核酸から、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(APP)遺伝子を検出する、診断マーカー検出方法を提供する。
本発明者は、細胞死によって末梢血中に放出されたgencDNAあるいはgencDNAからの転写産物を検出することでアルツハイマー病の診断ができることを見出した。検出方法としては、スプライシングバリアントが逆転写され、分子内組み換えを起してなるgencDNAあるいはその転写物を検出すべく、疾患関連遺伝子であるAPP遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位あるいは相同組み換え部位を検出することが好ましい。
具体的には、特定のエクソンにアニールするフォワードプライマーと他のエクソンにアニールするリバースプライマーを用いてエクソン間の連結部位をPCRにて増幅すること、及び/又はエクソン間の連結部位あるいは相同組み換え部位を含む領域にハイブリダイズするプローブを用いて当該連結部位を標識することが挙げられる。どのエクソン間の断片が分子内組換えされても検出できるように、エクソン1~18のそれぞれにアニールする様々なプライマーの組み合わせを用いてもよい。中でも、エクソン7とエクソン9の連結部位を検出することが好ましい。または、エクソン14とエクソン16の連結部位を検出することが好ましい。なお、この連結部位はエクソン15が欠落したAPPのmRNAで白血球とグリア細胞に発現しているL-APP mRNAと共通している。
あるいは、アルツハイマー病に関連している遺伝子、例えばNUMB遺伝子やPROK2遺伝子、のmRNAも傷害された脳の細胞から放出されるので、それを検出しても良い。
更に、アルツハイマー病の進行度、重篤度を診断する観点から、検出した疾患関連遺伝子のコピー数を定量することが好ましい。具体的な定量方法としては、次世代シークエンサー(NGS)法とリアルタイムPCR(RT-PCR)法の2点が挙げられる。
次世代シークエンサーでは、解析されたDNA断片をリードと呼び、リード数と1リード当たりに決定される塩基数(リード長)の積が出力データとなる。
本実施形態において、エクソン間の連結部位を含む領域をsingleplex PCRまたはmultiplex PCRで増幅し、次世代シークエンサー(NGS)でその増幅産物の塩基配列を解析し、連結部位を含む領域、相同組み換え領域、或いはアルツハイマー病関連遺伝子、例えばNUMB遺伝子やPROK2遺伝子のリード数を計数することにより定量することが好ましい。multiplex PCRは、一つのPCR反応系に複数のプライマー対を同時に使用することで、複数の遺伝子領域を同時に増幅する方法である。具体的には、血漿から精製したCNAを逆転写したものを用いて、前記エクソン間の連結部位又は相同組み換え部位を含む領域をsingleplex PCR又はmultiplex PCRで増幅し、次世代シークエンサー(NGS)でその増幅産物の塩基配列を解析し、連結部位又は相同組み換え部位を含む領域のリード数を計数することにより定量することが好ましい。
アルツハイマー病の診断においては、内部標準がAPP遺伝子のエクソン8を含むことが好ましい。また、内部標準がHLA-DRA遺伝子のエクソン領域を含んでいてもよい。
更に、内部標準を用いて標準化した非疾患群の平均値と標準偏差によりカットオフ値を決定してもよい。
リアルタイムPCRでは、インターカレータ-法、プローブ法、サイクリングプローブ法等を用いて、蛍光強度を検出することにより、増幅産物の生成量をモニターすることができる。
本実施形態において、エクソン間の連結部位を含む領域をsingleplexまたはmultiplexのリアルタイムPCR(RT-PCR)法により定量することが好ましい。multiplex PCRにおいては、上述した連結部位又は相同組み換え部位のそれぞれにアニールする様々なプライマーの組み合わせの少なくとも一部を、一つのPCR反応系で使用してもよい。
定量方法としては、ターゲットの実際のコピー数を決定する絶対定量法とサンプル間の相対値を決定する比較定量法が挙げられ、取得したいデータの質に応じて使い分けられる。
アルツハイマー病の診断においては、内部標準がAPP遺伝子のエクソン8を含むことが好ましい。また、内部標準がHLA-DRA遺伝子のエクソン領域を含んでいてもよい。更に、内部標準を用いて標準化した非疾患群の平均値と標準偏差によりカットオフ値を決定してもよい。
本実施形態の診断マーカー検出方法は、細胞死によって血中に放出された断片化されたDNA又はmRNAを検出しようとする技術で、PCR法による核酸増幅反応を介することができるため、高感度で診断マーカーを検出できる。
本発明の診断キットは、被験者から単離された末梢血中のCNAから、疾患関連遺伝子を検出するための診断キットであって、前記疾患関連遺伝子或いはそれからの転写産物を増幅するためのプライマーセット、及び/又は前記疾患関連遺伝子若しくはその増幅産物に結合するプローブを含むキットである。本発明の診断キットは、上述した≪診断マーカー検出方法≫に好適に用いられ、≪診断マーカー検出方法≫に記載された構成を含む。
「実質的に同一である」とは、プライマーセット及びプローブのそれぞれが、対象の核酸にアニール又はハイブリダイズできるように、各配列番号で表される塩基配列に対して、
少なくとも80%(例えば、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、及び100%)同一性を有することを意味する。
また、内部標準として、APP遺伝子のエクソン8、或いはHLA-DRA遺伝子のエクソン部分を標的とすることが好ましい。
APP gencDNAの存在を確認し、その全体像を把握するために、APP mRNA配列に基づいてプローブ配列を設計し、公開されている配列データ(sequence read archive,SRA)をコンピューターでスクリーニングした(図2参照。)。報告されているAPP gencDNAは、2塩基以上の相同領域とのエクソン内相同組換えによって形成された。したがって、プローブ配列は、2塩基の相同領域の上流14塩基、2塩基の相同配列、及び相同領域の下流14塩基を組み合わせることによって作成された。合計184,506のプローブ配列が得られた (図3参照。)。次に、構築されたプローブ配列を、死後の人間の脳のAPPのnestedPCRのアンプリコンのPacbio-sequencingによって得られたBioProject PRJNA493258のSRR7905478とSRR7905479のcomputational screeningに使用した。
これらのSRAは、エクソン1と18の間で増幅するAPPのnestedPCRの後に構築されたため、ハウスキーピング遺伝子を使用した一般的な正規化は不可能であり、これらのリードは総リード数によって正規化された。結果は、ADケースで0.751、NCIケースで 0.229であった。これらの結果は、SADケースにおけるAPPエクソン内組換えがNCIケースよりも頻繁に発生することを示している。
構築されたプローブ配列は、上記のAPP gencDNAスクリーニングに使用できるため、他のSRAも分析した(図2参照。)。BioProject PRJNA493258のSRR7905480とBioProjectPRJNA558504のSRR9899152~3の2実行には、それぞれ1つと2つのポジティブプローブ配列があったが、リード数はそれぞれ 5(2/症例)と29(10/症例)とわずかであった(図12参照。)。
BioProject PRJNA532465では、SADケースの海馬体(HF)で非常に少ないプローブ配列(1症例当たり0.14リード) が観察されたが、SADケースの血液又はNCIケースのHFと血液ではポジティブなプローブ配列は見つからなかった。一方、APPエクソン8 (midex8)の平均リード数は、134~178であった(図12参照。)。
これら3つのSRAは、APPのnestedPCRアンプリコンから得られたSRR7905478及び SRR7905479とは異なり、キャプチャーハイブリダイゼーション及びイルミナシークエンスによって、死後の脳及び血液から構築された。
対照的に、死後脳ではなくcf-mRNA(セルフリーmRNA)から構築されたPRJNA574438には、331のポジティブプローブ配列があり、そのうち2つはBioProject SRR7905480及びPRJNA558504で検出されたものと同一であった。ただし、多くのプローブ配列リードが検出されたSRR7905478及びSRR7905479に共通する共通のポジティブプローブ配列はなかった。PRJNA574438のポジティブプローブ配列の数は、SADで127例中125例、NCIで116例中96例であった。ポジティブプローブ配列の平均数は、SADで4.5、NCIで2.4であり、有意差があった(Welch Two Sample t-testによるp値1.74E-4)。APP gencDNAリードの平均総数は、SADで54/症例、NCIで29/症例であった。midex8のリード数で正規化すると、SADとNCIの間でAPP gencDNAリード数に有意差があった。Mann-Whitney U検定によるp値は、1.88E-5であった。正規化されたAPP gencDNAリード数を有するNCIケースには、6つの外れ値があった。これらのうち、MMSEスコアは3例で30、1例で29であり、2例で利用不可であった。
[循環核酸の塩基配列解析]
血漿中のAPP gencDNAからの転写産物の存在を確認するために、血漿サンプルでNGS分析を実行した。循環核酸は、QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (QIAGEN)を使用して、1~1.5mLの血漿から抽出し、17μLで溶出した。 15μLの溶出液、ProtoScript II First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit、及びNEBNext Ultra II Non-Directional RNA Second Strand Synthesis Module (NEB)を使用して、二本鎖cDNAを合成した。このcDNA溶液には、cfDNA を除去する手順が実行されていないため、cfDNAも含まれている。1.2倍容量のAMPure XPビーズ(Beckman Coulter)を使用してcDNA 溶液を精製し、NEBNext Ultra II End Repair/dA-Tailing Module(NEB)を使用してdAテーリングを行った後、NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina を使用してアダプターライゲーションを実行した。この反応混合物を1.2倍容量のAMPure XPビーズを使用して精製し、32μLの0.1×TEで溶出した。このcfDNA及びcDNAは、xGenキャプチャープローブ(Integrated DNA Technologies)を使用したキャプチャーハイブリダイゼーション、続いてKAPA HiFi HotStart ReadyMix(Kapa Biosystems)を使用したPCR増幅によって濃縮された。次に、MiSeq試薬キット v2 (300サイクル)とMiSeqシーケンサー(Illumina)を使用してイルミナシーケンスを実行した。
上記の2ヌクレオチド相同組換えを想定して構築されたプローブ配列は連結部を検出できない。APP gencDNAは、mRNAの逆転写によって生成されると考えられているため、つまり、ニューロンで発現するAPP mRNAにはエクソン8が欠けているため、APP gencDNAには、APPのエクソン7と9の重複しない接合配列を持つものが含まれる。それでエクソン7とエクソン9の連結部位の塩基配列である、delex8を使用してSRAのComputational screeningを実行した。ただし、ニューロン由来のAPP mRNAから合成された cDNAもまた、delex8と同じ連結部を持っているため、上記で作成したプローブ配列とは異なり、delex8はAPP gencDNA特異的ではなくニューロン特異的である。結果を図12に示す。cf-mRNAから構築されたPRJNA574438のmidex8によって正規化したdelex8のBoxブロットを図5に示す。Mann-Whitney U検定検定では、SADとNCI の間に有意差が観察され、p値は0.0127だった。
認知機能障害が無い対照群(Control)及びアルツハイマー病患者(AD)それぞれの血漿1mLから、QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (QIAGEN)を用いてCNAを抽出した。
図1に示す様に、APP遺伝子は、18個のエクソンを有し、転写により得られたmRNA前駆体は、スプライシングを受けてmRNAとなる。
抽出したCNAと、以下のプライマーを用いてPCRを行った。
Forward primer:エクソン1とエクソン2の連結部位GGCACTGCTCCTGCTGG(配列番号1)
Reverse primer:エクソン17とエクソン18の連結部位CAGGTGGCGCTCCTCTG(配列番号2)
98℃30sec:1cycle
95℃15sec, 60℃30sec,72℃30sec:40cycles
4℃:hold
結果を図15に示す。アルツハイマー病患者由来のサンプルで、プローブのポジティブリード数は、コントロールサンプルに対して、有意な差が確認された。
実施例1と同様の方法で調製したCNAを用いて、One-step RT-PCRを行った。ThermoFisherのTaqMan one-step RT-PCR試薬を使用した。
また、以下のプライマー及びプローブを用いた。
Forward primer:エクソン7CACCACCACCACCACAGAG(配列番号3)
Reverse primer:エクソン9GATACTTGTCAACGGCATCAGG(配列番号4)
Fam-labeled probe:GGCAGCGCCATTCCTACAACAG(エクソン7とエクソン9の連結部位を検出(delex8);配列番号5)
Hex-labeled probe:CAAGACTACCCAGGAACCTCTTGCC(エクソン8を検出(midex8);配列番号6)
50℃5min:1cycle
95℃20sec:1cycle
95℃15sec,60℃60sec:40 cycles
結果を図16に示す。one-step RT-PCRでもニューロン由来のdelex8、及び内部標準のmidex8を明確に検出できていることが示された。
公開されたPRJNA574438のSRAを対象に、NUMBのエクソンの塩基配列AATCCTCAGACGCCTCACTTAGGACAAGCT(配列番号53)を用いて、この配列が含まれるリード数を調べSADとNCIで比較した。標準化はHLA-DRA遺伝子の塩基配列GGCAAAGAAGGAGACGGTCTGGCGGCTTGAを用いた(配列番号54)。Mann-Whitney U testでP値0.000000305が得られた。その結果を図17に示した。
HLA-DRAで標準化したAPP gencDNAとNUMBのリード数を組み合わせて同様な比較を行ったところ、Mann-Whitney U testでP値0.000000165が得られ、単独の場合よりも小さなP値となった。その結果を図18に示した。
公開されたPRJNA574438のSRAを対象に、PROK2遺伝子のヴァリアントのエクソンの塩基配列AATGGAAGGCAGGAAAGAAGAAAGAGGAAG(配列番号55)を用いて、この配列が含まれるリード数を調べSADとNCIで比較した。標準化はHLA-DRA遺伝子の塩基配列GGCAAAGAAGGAGACGGTCTGGCGGCTTGAを用いた(配列番号54)。Mann-Whitney U testでP値0.000000000012が得られた。その結果を図19に示した。
Claims (19)
- 被験者から単離された末梢血中の循環核酸(circulating nucleic acids, CNA)から、疾患関連遺伝子を検出する、診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患は、アルツハイマー病である、請求項1に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子が、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(APP)遺伝子である、請求項1又は2に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位を検出する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位がAPP遺伝子のエクソン7とエクソン9の連結部位である請求項4に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位がAPP遺伝子のエクソン14とエクソン16の連結部位である請求項4に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の相同組み換え部位を検出する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子が、NUMB endocytic adaptor protein遺伝子(NUMB遺伝子)、又はprokineticin2遺伝子(PROK2遺伝子)である、請求項1又は2に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子は、APP遺伝子、NUMB endocytic adaptor protein遺伝子(NUMB遺伝子)、及びprokineticin2遺伝子(PROK2遺伝子からなる群から選ばれる組み合わせである、請求項1又は2に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 更に検出した疾患関連遺伝子のコピー数を定量する、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 血漿から精製したCNAを逆転写したものを用いて、前記エクソン間の連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子を含む領域をsingleplex PCR又はmultiplex PCRで増幅し、次世代シークエンサー(NGS)でその増幅産物の塩基配列を解析し、連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子を含む領域のリード数を計数することにより定量する、請求項4~10のいずれか一項に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記エクソン間の連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子を含む領域を、逆転写工程を含むsingleplexまたはmultiplexのワンステップリアルタイムPCR(RT-PCR)法により定量する、請求項4~9のいずれか一項に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 前記エクソン間の連結部位又は相同組み換え部位を含む領域のPCR時に、或いはNUMB遺伝子のPCR時に、又はPROK2遺伝子のPCR時に、内部標準を同一のPCRチューブ内で増幅し、内部標準のリード数とエクソンの連結部位又は相同組み換え部位、或いはNUMB遺伝子、又はPROK2遺伝子のリード数を比較することにより標準化するか、RT-qPCR時に、エクソン間の連結部位特異的又は相同組み換え部位特異的、或いはNUMB遺伝子特異的、又はPROK2遺伝子特異的蛍光色素標識プローブと、前記エクソン間の連結部位特異的又は相同組み換え部位特異的、或いはNUMB遺伝子特異的、又はPROK2遺伝子特異的蛍光色素標識プローブの蛍光色素とは異なる蛍光色素で標識した内部標準特異的蛍光色素標識プローブを用い、これらプローブの蛍光強度の比較により標準化する、請求項11又は12に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 内部標準がAPP遺伝子のエクソン8を含む、請求項13に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 内部標準がHLA-DRA遺伝子のエクソン領域を含む、請求項14に記載の診断マーカー検出方法。
- 被験者から単離された末梢血中の循環核酸(circulating nucleic acids, CNA)から、疾患関連遺伝子を検出するための診断キットであって、
前記疾患関連遺伝子を増幅するためのプライマーセット、及び/又は前記疾患関連遺伝子若しくはその増幅産物に結合するプローブを含む、診断キット。 - 前記疾患は、アルツハイマー病である、請求項16に記載の診断キット。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子が、アミロイド前駆体タンパク質(APP)遺伝子、NUMB endocytic adaptor protein遺伝子(NUMB遺伝子)、及びPRPK2遺伝子からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つである、請求項16又は17に記載の診断キット。
- 前記疾患関連遺伝子のエクソン間の連結部位、相同組み換え部位又はエクソンを検出する、請求項16~18のいずれか一項に記載の診断キット。
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