WO2023080246A1 - ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株 - Google Patents
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/12—Viral antigens
- A61K39/215—Coronaviridae, e.g. avian infectious bronchitis virus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
- C07K14/08—RNA viruses
- C07K14/165—Coronaviridae, e.g. avian infectious bronchitis virus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
- C12N7/04—Inactivation or attenuation; Producing viral sub-units
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- the present invention relates to attenuated strains of betacoronavirus.
- the infectious disease (COVID-19) caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic and is still a social problem.
- genetic vaccines such as adenovirus vector vaccines and mRNA vaccines have been approved, starting with Sputnik V, an adenovirus vector vaccine approved in Russia (Non-Patent Document 1), and vaccination is now available worldwide. is underway.
- genetic vaccines are next-generation vaccines that differ from conventional vaccines, and side effects such as fever and thrombosis have been reported. Therefore, it is considered important to continue to develop new vaccines.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a strain useful as a new betacoronavirus vaccine.
- the present inventors have found that a novel betacoronavirus having, as predetermined mutations related to attenuation, a combination of a predetermined substitution mutation related to temperature sensitivity and a predetermined deletion mutation related to growth reduction or other attenuation.
- a novel betacoronavirus having, as predetermined mutations related to attenuation, a combination of a predetermined substitution mutation related to temperature sensitivity and a predetermined deletion mutation related to growth reduction or other attenuation.
- it was found to be useful as a betacoronavirus vaccine strain with excellent attenuation.
- the present invention is an invention completed by further studies based on this finding. That is, the present invention provides inventions in the following aspects.
- Section 1 a nonstructural protein having the following mutations (b), a combination of mutations (e) and (f), and/or mutations (h); Structural proteins, accessory proteins and/or non-structural proteins having the following mutations (n), (o) and/or (r); Attenuated strains of betacoronavirus, including: (b) mutation of the amino acid residue corresponding to leucine at position 445 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 in NSP3; (e) mutation of the amino acid residue corresponding to glycine at position 248 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 in NSP14; (f) mutation of the amino acid residue corresponding to glycine at position 416 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 in NSP14; (h) mutation of the amino acid residue corresponding to valine at position 67 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 in NSP16; (n) a loss-of-function mutation of ORF8; (O) deletion
- the attenuated virus strain of claim 1 wherein 4 mutations or combinations of mutations are selected among the species mutations or combinations of mutations.
- Item 3. 1 to 2 mutations or a combination of mutations selected from the three types of mutations or combinations of mutations of the mutation (b), the combination of mutations (e) and (f), and the mutation (h) Item 3.
- the attenuated virus strain according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the structural protein further comprises the following (p) and/or (q) mutations: (p) mutations in the spike, including deletions of amino acid sequences corresponding to positions 679 to 680 and positions 685 to 686 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; (q) Mutation of the amino acid residue corresponding to valine at position 687 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 in the spike. Item 5. Item 5.
- the virus-attenuated strain according to item 4 comprising a combination of the mutations (e) and (f) and the following mutation (g): (g) Mutation of an amino acid residue corresponding to alanine at position 504 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 in NSP14.
- Item 6. Item 6.
- the mutation (b) is a substitution to phenylalanine
- the mutation (e) is a substitution to valine
- the mutation (f) is a substitution to serine
- the mutation (h) is isoleucine 7.
- Item 9. The virus-attenuated strain of any of paragraphs 1-8, wherein the betacoronavirus is the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
- Item 10 is a substitution to phenylalanine
- the mutation (e) is a substitution to valine
- the mutation (f) is a substitution to serine
- the mutation (h) is isoleucine 7.
- a live attenuated vaccine comprising the virus attenuated strain according to any one of Items 1 to 9.
- Item 11. The live attenuated vaccine of Item 10, which is administered intranasally.
- Item 12. The live attenuated vaccine of Item 10, administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intradermally.
- strains useful as new betacoronavirus vaccines are provided.
- FIG. 2 shows confirmation results (CPE images) of temperature sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2. Mutation analysis results for each virus strain are shown. CPE images of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) with the possibility of reversion are shown. CPE images of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) with the possibility of reversion are shown. Fig. 2 shows the results of confirming the temperature sensitivity of a recombinant virus into which a mutation was introduced in a temperature sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]). Fig.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of confirming the temperature sensitivity of a recombinant virus into which a mutation was introduced in a temperature sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]).
- the results of proliferative analysis of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) are shown.
- the results of proliferative analysis of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) are shown.
- Fig. 2 shows body weight fluctuations of hamsters infected with a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]).
- Fig. 2 shows body weight fluctuations of hamsters infected with a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]).
- Figure 2 shows the viral load in lung or nasal washes of hamsters infected with a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]).
- Lung images of a hamster infected with a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) are shown.
- the results of lung histological analysis of hamsters infected with a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) are shown.
- FIG. 1 shows lung histological analysis (HE staining and IHC staining) of temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) infected hamsters.
- Fig. 2 shows weight fluctuations of hamsters reinfected with a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]).
- FIG. 2 shows body weight changes of hamsters after infection with a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]). Temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 [reference example]) Neutralizing antibody titer of recovered hamster serum after infection is shown. SARS-CoV-2 temperature sensitization method (G-L50 series [Example]) is shown.
- FIG. 2 shows confirmation results (CPE images) of temperature sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 (G to L50 series [Examples]). Mutation analysis results of additional isolates (H50-11, L50-33, L50-40 [Example]) are shown. CPE images of a temperature-sensitive strain (H50-11 [Example]) with potential for reversion are shown.
- FIG. 17 shows a schematic diagram of the deletion of the nucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 17 and the deletion of the amino acid sequence encoded by it.
- the growth analysis results of temperature-sensitive strains (H50-11, L50-33, L50-40 [Example]) are shown.
- Temperature-sensitive strains (A50-18 [reference example], and H50-11, L50-33, L50-40 [example]) show body weight changes of infected hamsters.
- Lung weights of hamsters infected with temperature sensitive strains are shown.
- Figure 2 shows viral loads in lung or nasal washes of hamsters infected with temperature-sensitive strains (A50-18 [reference example] and H50-11, L50-33, L50-40 [example]).
- Temperature-sensitive strains show weight changes of re-infected hamsters.
- Temperature-sensitive strains show neutralizing antibody titers of post-infection hamster sera.
- Fig. 2 shows the evaluation of the neutralizing activity of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 strain [reference example]) against SARS-CoV-2 mutants.
- 1 shows a comparison of the ability of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 strain [reference example]) to induce immunity depending on the route of administration.
- a comparison of the dose-dependent immune induction of the temperature-sensitive strain is shown.
- FIG. 2 shows the evaluation of the neutralizing activity of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 strain [reference example]) against SARS-CoV-2 mutants.
- Fig. 2 shows the evaluation of the neutralizing activity of a temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 strain [reference example]) against SARS-CoV-2 mutants.
- Vaccine candidate strains 1 to 7 Shown are CPE images during recovery culture after production. Temperature sensitivity evaluation of vaccine candidate strains 1-7 [Example] is shown. Temperature sensitivity evaluation of the rTs-all strain [Example] is shown. The ability of vaccine candidate strains 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 [Examples] to induce neutralizing antibodies when administered at low titers and low doses is shown.
- the results of the infection protection test after immunization with low titer and low dose administration of vaccine candidate strain 7 [Example] are shown. It shows the ability of vaccine candidate strains 2 and 5 [Example] to induce neutralizing antibodies when administered at a high titer and a high dose.
- the growth evaluation of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example] at each temperature is shown.
- Fig. 2 shows results of persistence test of humoral immunity induced by administration of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- FIG. 2 shows the results of an infection prevention test (body weight change of infected hamsters) by administration of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- FIG. 10 shows the results of examining the restoration of virulence (presence or absence of CPE) during in vivo passage of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- FIG. 10 shows the results of examining the reversion to virulence of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example] during in vivo passage (sequence of viral RNA extracted from each nasal wash).
- Fig. 10 shows the results (body weight change) of examination of reversion to virulence during in vivo passage of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- Fig. 2 shows tissue damage evaluation (nasal cavity level 1) by vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- Fig. 2 shows tissue damage evaluation (nasal cavity level 2) by vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- FIG. 2 shows tissue damage evaluation (nasal cavity level 3) by vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- Fig. 2 shows tissue damage evaluation (lung) by vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- Fig. 2 shows neutralizing antibody titers induced by administration of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- FIG. 2 shows the results of an infection prevention test (body weight change of infected hamsters) by administration of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- Fig. 2 shows neutralizing antibody titers induced by administration of vaccine candidate strain 2 [Example].
- Attenuated Betacoronavirus Strains comprise, as predetermined mutations for attenuation, nonstructural proteins having predetermined substitution mutations for temperature sensitivity, and predetermined deletion mutations for growth-reducing or other attenuation.
- a betacoronavirus comprising in combination a structural protein, ancillary protein and/or a non-structural protein having
- a given substitution mutation for temperature sensitivity is also referred to as a "temperature-sensitive mutation”
- a given deletion mutation for growth-reducing is also referred to as a "proliferation-reducing mutation”
- a given deletion other than a growth-reducing mutation Mutations are also described as "other attenuating mutations”.
- Attenuation refers to the property of attenuating host pathogenicity of a virus.
- temperature sensitivity refers to the characteristic of having limited proliferation at human body temperature (so-called lower respiratory tract temperature) and specific proliferation at low temperatures (typically lower than human upper respiratory tract temperature).
- proliferation-reducing property refers to the property of restricted proliferation and the property of which is not temperature-specific.
- the attenuated betacoronavirus strain of the present invention not only exhibits efficacy as a vaccine by having the above-described predetermined mutations related to attenuation, but also has a combination of substitution mutations and deletion mutations that are difficult to revert. Therefore, the possibility of reversal of toxicity is extremely low. In this respect, the usefulness is remarkably increased when the application to humans is assumed.
- coronaviruses are spherical with a diameter of about 100 to 200 nm, and have projections on the surface. Coronaviruses are virologically classified into the order Nidoviridae, the subfamily Coronavirinae, and the family Coronaviridae.
- nucleocapsid protein
- Nucleocapsid nucleocapsid
- spike protein protein
- envelope protein envelope protein
- membrane protein membrane protein
- Coronaviruses are classified into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta groups based on their genetic characteristics. As coronaviruses that infect humans, there are four types of human coronavirus 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU-1 as viruses that cause colds, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that occurred in 2002 causing severe pneumonia. ) coronaviruses and the 2012 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.
- the Alphacoronavirus genus includes human coronaviruses 229E and NL63
- the Betacoronavirus genus includes human coronaviruses OC43, HKU-1, SARS and MERS coronaviruses.
- SARS-CoV-2 which is classified as a SARS coronavirus, has been isolated and identified as the causative virus of the new coronavirus infection that occurred in Wuhan in 2019.
- SARS-CoV-2 has repeatedly mutated from the early Wuhan strain, and mutant strains such as the strain detected in the UK, the strain detected in South Africa, and the strain detected in India have been found. Mutants that have not yet been detected and new mutant strains may occur in the future.
- viruses included in the genus Betacoronavirus are not limited to the strains of SARS-CoV-2 described above, and all other betacoronaviruses (e.g., other SARS-CoVs that will be newly detected in the future).
- Mutation (b), a combination of mutation (e) and mutation (f), and/or mutation (h), indicated as "temperature-sensitive mutation” in Table 1, are substitution mutations and are betacoronaviruses of the invention. It is a responsible mutation that contributes to conferring temperature sensitivity, which is essential for attenuated strains. That is, in the present invention, the temperature-sensitive mutation includes three types of "mutation (b)", "a combination of mutation (e) and mutation (f)", and “mutation (h)”.
- Typical attenuated betacoronavirus strains of the invention have one or two of these three temperature sensitive mutations.
- Mutation (n), Mutation (O) and/or Mutation (r), indicated as “proliferation-reducing mutation” and “other attenuating mutation” in Table 1 are deletion mutations and are beta-coronaviruses of the present invention. It is thought to contribute to conferment of growth-reducing property and other attenuation, which is essential for virus-attenuated strains (in particular, mutation (r) is thought to contribute to conferring growth-reducing property), and is excellent in combination with temperature-sensitive mutations. It is a mutation that expresses attenuated toxicity.
- Mutations (a), (c), (d), (g), (i) to (m), (p), and (q), indicated as "other mutations” in Table 1, are the beta Mutations that attenuated strains of coronavirus may optionally contain, and attenuated betacoronavirus strains of the invention may or may not contain at least one of the other mutations.
- the essential attenuating mutation of the betacoronavirus of the present invention is a temperature-sensitive mutation, the following mutation (b), a combination of mutations (e) and (f), and / or (h) and mutations of (n), (o) and/or (r) below, which are growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations.
- the above temperature-sensitive mutations that is, the combination of (b) mutations, (e) and (f) mutations, (h) 1 to 2 mutations or combinations of mutations are selected from among the 3 mutations or combinations of mutations of the above.
- the (O) mutation and the (r) mutation are mentioned.
- mutations related to attenuation that is, mutation (b), (e) and Combination of mutations of (f), mutations of (h), mutations of (n), mutations of (O), and mutations of (r)), 4 types of mutations or mutations A combination is selected.
- the attenuated betacoronavirus strain of the present invention has the following (a), (c), (d), (g), (i) to (m), At least one of (p) and (q) may be mutated.
- the betacoronavirus-attenuated strain of the present invention has other mutations, it preferably has the mutation (g) among the above other mutations from the viewpoint of enhancing temperature sensitivity.
- the mutation (g) is used in combination with the mutations (e) and (f) from the viewpoint of enhancing temperature sensitivity. preferably.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 is the amino acid sequence of NSP3 in SARS-CoV-2 of NC_045512 (NCBI);
- SEQ ID NO: 2 is the amino acid sequence of NSP14 in SARS-CoV-2 of NC_045512 (NCBI);
- NC_045512 (NCBI) is the amino acid sequence of NSP16 in SARS-CoV-2.
- SEQ ID NO: 4 is the amino acid sequence of the spike in SARS-CoV-2 of NC_045512 (NCBI);
- SEQ ID NO: 5 is the amino acid sequence of the envelope in SARS-CoV-2 of NC_045512 (NCBI);
- 6 is the amino acid sequence of the nucleocapsid in SARS-CoV-2 from NC_045512 (NCBI).
- SEQ ID NO: 7 is a nucleotide sequence spanning part of the open reading frame of SARS-CoV-2 of NC_045512 (NCBI), specifically part of ORF7a, all of ORF7b, and most of ORF8; SEQ ID NO:8 is the amino acid sequence of NSP1 in SARS-CoV-2 from NC_045512 (NCBI).
- Corresponding amino acid residues are SEQ ID NOs: 1-4 (or 1-6), 8 or the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, the amino acid residue present at the above-mentioned predetermined position, and the attenuated beta-coronavirus strain of the present invention is a beta-coronavirus other than the above mutant strain
- the amino acid sequence encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6) refers to an amino acid residue present at a position corresponding to the above-mentioned predetermined position.
- the corresponding position is the amino acid sequence encoded by the protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6) or 8 of SARS-CoV-2 of NC_045512 (NCBI) or the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 It can be identified by aligning the amino acid sequences of the protein having and other betacoronavirus proteins corresponding to the protein.
- the virus-attenuated strain of the present invention is an amino acid residue corresponding to the predetermined position in the amino acid sequence encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6), 8 or the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, or the amino acid
- the sequence is mutated, it is not limited to the specific SARS-CoV-2 variants listed in NC_045512 (NCBI), but other betacoronavirus variants [i.e., any other and variants of viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 included in the genus Betacoronavirus].
- the specific SARS-CoV-2 mutant listed in NC_045512 is the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6), 8 in the specific SARS-CoV-2 or SEQ ID NO: A mutant strain in which at least one of the amino acid residues or the amino acid sequence at the predetermined position in the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in 7 is mutated, and other beta coronavirus mutant strains are any other SARS - Mutant strain of CoV-2 [that is, any other SARS-CoV-2 above SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6), the amino acid sequence of 8 or the amino acid encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 A mutant strain in which the amino acid residue or amino acid sequence corresponding to the predetermined position in the sequence is mutated] and a mutant strain of a virus other than SARS-CoV-2 included in the betacoronavirus genus [that is, in the betacoronavirus genus Cor
- Betacoronavirus any other variants of SARS-CoV-2 and variants of viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 included in the genus Betacoronavirus include SARS-CoV-2 or a betacoronavirus other than SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant virus mutants in which the spike protein is replaced with at least one spike protein of other SARS-CoV-2 and betacoronaviruses other than SARS-CoV-2 (including viruses that will be newly detected in the future) is also included.
- “Not significantly affecting the properties of the polypeptide” means a state in which the functions of each nonstructural protein, structural protein, and accessory protein are maintained.
- Permissible differences may be one type of difference (e.g., substitution) selected from among substitutions, additions, insertions, and deletions, or two or more types of difference (e.g., substitutions and insertions). may contain. Any other SARS-CoV-2 amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6), 8 or the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, and SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6) , 8 or the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, and the sequence identity calculated by comparing only the arbitrary different sites may be 50% or more.
- sequence identity is preferably 60% or more or 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, still more preferably 85% or more or 90% or more, still more preferably 95% or more, 96% or more, 97% or more, or 98% or more, more preferably 99% or more, particularly preferably 99.3% or more, 99.5% or more, 99.7% or more, 99.9% The above are mentioned.
- sequence identity preferably includes 60% or more.
- sequence identity means BLASTPACKAGE [sgi32 bit edition, Version 2.0.12; available from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)] bl2seq program (Tatiana A. Tats Usova, Thomas L. Madden, FEMS Microbiol.Lett., Vol.174, p247-250, 1999).
- NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
- betacoronavirus attenuated strains of the present invention are more specifically as follows: An attenuated strain of betacoronavirus comprising nonstructural, accessory and structural proteins consisting of at least one of the following polypeptides (I), (II) and (III): (I) at least one of the following (I-1) to (I-3) polypeptides and at least one of the following (1-4) to (I-6) polypeptides: (I-1) A polypeptide (NSP3) consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 and having a substitution mutation (b') of leucine at position 445 as a temperature-sensitive mutation; (I-2) A polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence having a substitution mutation (e') at position 248 glycine and a substitution mutation (f') at position 416 glycine in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 as temperature-sensitive mutations ( NSP14), (I-3) A polypeptide (NSP16) consisting of
- the above (I-1) and (I-) contains other mutations in addition to temperature-sensitive mutations and growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations, as shown below, the above (I-1) and (I- The following ( It may be a polypeptide of I-1a) and (I-2a) and (I-5a), and the polypeptide of (I) above further has other mutations below (I-7a), ( It may also include polypeptides (structural proteins) of I-8a).
- An attenuated strain of betacoronavirus comprising structural, accessory and nonstructural proteins consisting of at least one of the following polypeptides (I), (II) and (III): (I) At least one of the following (I-1a), (I-2a), and (I-3) and the following (I-4), (I-5a), and (I-6) polypeptides At least one, or in addition to at least one of the following (I-7a) and (I-8a): (I-1a) In the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, leucine mutation (b') at position 445 as a temperature-sensitive mutation, and valine mutation (a') at position 404 and lysine at position 1792 as other mutations A polypeptide (NSP3) consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least one of a mutation (c′) at position 1832 and a mutation (d′) at position 1832 aspartic acid; (I-2a) In the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, a mutation (e')
- polypeptide a polypeptide (spike) consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least one of a sequence deletion mutation (p') and a mutation (q') at position 687 valine;
- a polypeptide (NSP1) consisting of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 and having deletion mutations (r') at positions 32 to 39 as growth-reducing mutations
- I-7a a polypeptide (envelope) consisting of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 and having a mutation (l') of leucine at position 28 as another mutation
- I-8a A polypeptide (nucleocapsid) consisting of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 and having a mutation (m') at position 2 serine as another mutation;
- II) In the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide of (I), one other than the amino acid sequence related to the temperature-sensitive mutation, the growth-reducing or other attenuating mutation, or the amino acid residue or amino acid sequence related to other mutations
- the above (a') to (r') mutations are specifically the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 6, the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 7, and SEQ ID NOS: 8. Refers to mutations when present in an amino acid sequence. That is, the polypeptide of (I) above includes the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 6 of SARS-CoV-2 of NC_045512 (NCBI), the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 A polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence has been introduced with temperature-sensitive mutations, growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations, or other mutations in addition thereto.
- polypeptides of (II) and (III) above include the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 6 possessed by other betacoronaviruses, the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8.
- a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence corresponding to a sequence has been introduced with temperature-sensitive mutations and growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations, or other mutations in addition thereto.
- the preferred ranges of sequence identity for the polypeptides (II) and (III) above are as described above.
- Betacoronavirus can acquire temperature sensitivity by having the above temperature-sensitive mutation, and can acquire excellent attenuation by having the above-mentioned growth-reducing and other attenuating mutations together with the above temperature-sensitive mutation.
- the attenuated virus strain of the present invention has at least a reduced ability to grow at human lower respiratory tract temperatures than it does at temperatures below human lower respiratory tract temperatures, preferably at human lower respiratory tract temperatures. No proliferative capacity.
- the virus-attenuated strain of the present invention has reduced ability to grow at human lower respiratory tract temperatures compared to the ability to grow at human lower respiratory tract temperatures in the absence of the temperature sensitive mutation.
- a representative example of the human lower respiratory tract temperature is about 37°C, specifically a temperature higher than the upper respiratory tract temperature described below, preferably 36 to 38°C, more preferably 36.5 to 37.5°C or 37°C. ⁇ 38°C.
- the attenuated strains of the virus of the invention may have the ability to grow at temperatures below the human lower respiratory tract temperature.
- temperatures below the human lower respiratory tract temperature may include, for example, the human upper respiratory tract temperature (eg, about 32° C. to 35.5° C.).
- the above temperature-sensitive mutation does not exist on the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein present on the virus surface, which is important when the virus infects cells. Therefore, it is rational that not only the specific SARS-CoV-2 listed in NC_045512 (NCBI) but also other betacoronaviruses can be made temperature sensitive by introducing the above temperature-sensitive mutations. reasonably expected. In other words, even if a mutation that changes the immunogenicity of the virus occurs due to a worldwide epidemic of an infectious disease, by further introducing the above temperature-sensitive mutation into the mutant virus, It is reasonably expected that temperature sensitivity can be imparted by
- the above mutation (b) may be a substitution with an amino acid residue other than leucine
- the above mutation (e) may be a substitution with an amino acid residue other than glycine
- the mutation (f) may be substitution with an amino acid residue other than glycine
- the mutation (h) above may be substitution with an amino acid residue other than valine.
- the above mutation (a) may be substitution with an amino acid residue other than valine
- the above mutation (c) may be substitution with an amino acid residue other than lysine
- the above (d ) mutation may be a substitution to an amino acid residue other than aspartic acid
- the mutation in (g) may be a substitution to an amino acid residue other than alanine
- the mutation in (i) is a substitution other than leucine It may be a substitution to an amino acid residue
- the above mutation (j) may be a substitution to an amino acid residue other than threonine
- the above mutation (k) may be a substitution to an amino acid residue other than alanine.
- the above mutation (l) may be a substitution with an amino acid residue other than leucine
- the above mutation (m) may be a substitution with an amino acid residue other than serine
- the above (q) A mutation may be a substitution to an amino acid residue other than valine.
- the temperature-sensitive mutation is a substitution of phenylalanine for the mutation (b), a substitution for valine for the mutation (e), and a substitution for valine for the mutation (f). It is a substitution to serine and/or the mutation in (h) is a substitution to isoleucine.
- the other mutation is that the mutation in (a) is a substitution to alanine, the mutation in (c) is a substitution to arginine, and the (d ) is a substitution of asparagine, the mutation of (g) is a substitution of valine, the mutation of (i) is a substitution of tryptophan, and the mutation of (j) is a substitution of lysine wherein the mutation in (k) is a substitution to valine, the mutation in (l) is a substitution to proline, the mutation in (m) is a substitution to phenylalanine, and/or the Mutation of (q) is a substitution to isoleucine.
- the substitution may be a so-called conservative substitution.
- Conservative substitution refers to substitution with an amino acid similar in structure and / or properties. For example, as an example of conservative substitution, if the amino acid before substitution is a nonpolar amino acid, it is substituted with another nonpolar amino acid. , if the amino acid before substitution is a non-charged amino acid, it is substituted with another non-charged amino acid, if the amino acid before substitution is an acidic amino acid, it is substituted with another acidic amino acid, and if the amino acid before substitution is a basic amino acid, it is substituted with another non-charged amino acid is substituted with a basic amino acid.
- non-polar amino acids include alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan
- non-charged amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, Tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine
- acidic amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid
- basic amino acids include lysine, arginine, and histidine.
- a more preferred example of the virus-attenuated strain of the present invention is a mutant strain of SARS-CoV-2 listed in NC_045512 (NCBI), wherein the mutation (b) (that is, the mutation (b')) is , NSP3, a substitution of phenylalanine for leucine at position 445 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (L445F); 2 substitution of glycine with valine at position 248 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 (G248V), and the mutation of (f) (that is, mutation of (f')) is the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 in NSP14 substitution of glycine to serine at position 416 (G416S); and/or the mutation of (h) (that is, mutation of (h')) is the 67th amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 in NSP16 valine to isoleucine substitution (V67I).
- NCBI NC_045512
- the mutation (a) (that is, the mutation (a')) is the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 in NSP3 at position 404 A substitution of valine with alanine (V404A);
- the mutation of (c) (that is, the mutation of (c′)) is a substitution of arginine for lysine at position 1792 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 in NSP3.
- the mutation (d) (that is, the mutation (d')) is a substitution of asparagine for aspartic acid at position 1832 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 in NSP3 (D1832N)
- the mutation of (g) (that is, the mutation of (g')) is a substitution of alanine to valine at position 504 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 in NSP14 (A504V);
- the mutation (that is, (i') mutation is substitution of tryptophan for leucine at position 54 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 in the spike (L54W);
- the above (j) mutation (that is, (j' ) mutation) is a substitution of lysine for threonine at position 739 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 in the spike (T739K); Substitution of alanine to valine (A879V) at position 879 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID
- virus-attenuated strains of the invention include the following strains. - As temperature-sensitive mutations, the mutation (e) (preferably the mutation (e') and / or G248V) and the mutation (f) (preferably the mutation (f') and / or G416S), and (h) mutation (preferably (h') mutation and / or V67I); and growth-reducing or other attenuating mutation, the (n) mutation (preferably (n') mutation), the ( A strain having the mutation of o) and the mutation of (r); Mutation, and a strain having the mutation (q) (preferably the mutation (q') and / or V687I)-as a temperature-sensitive mutation, the mutation (e) (preferably the mutation (e') and / or G248V) and the mutation of (f) (preferably the mutation of (f′) and/or G416S); ), a strain having the mutation (O), and the mutation (r); A strain having the mutation (p) and the mutation (q
- virus-attenuated strains of the invention include the following strains.
- the mutation (e) preferably the mutation (e') and/or G248V) and the mutation (f) (preferably the mutation (f') and/or G416S); Strains having the (n) mutation (preferably (n') mutation, the (O) mutation, and the (r) mutation as sexual and other attenuating mutations; and further other mutations , the mutation (g) (preferably the mutation (g') and / or A504V), the mutation (p), and the mutation (q) (preferably the mutation (q') and / or V687I) stocks with
- the attenuated beta coronavirus strain described in "1. Attenuated beta coronavirus strain” has a temperature-sensitive mutation, so it is effective only at temperatures lower than the human lower respiratory tract temperature. Therefore, it cannot grow efficiently at least in the deep part of the body, especially in the lower respiratory tract including the lung, which causes serious damage, and it can be expected that the pathogenicity will be remarkably reduced.
- the attenuated betacoronavirus strain has growth-reducing and other attenuating mutations that limit its growth regardless of temperature. have By adopting such a complex form, the attenuated betacoronavirus strain will have growth-reducing or other Since deletion mutations, which are attenuating mutations, are resistant to reversion, it is expected that attenuation can be maintained.
- the attenuated strain of the virus can be used as a live attenuated vaccine by infecting a living body with the attenuated virus itself. Accordingly, the present invention also provides a vaccine comprising the attenuated strain of betacoronavirus as an active ingredient.
- the details of the active ingredient are as described in "1. Attenuated Betacoronavirus".
- Attenuated Betacoronavirus Strains certain mutations contribute to conferring attenuation. Accordingly, the present invention also provides a betacoronavirus gene vaccine comprising, as active ingredients, genes encoding nonstructural proteins, accessory proteins, and structural proteins having the predetermined mutations described above. The details of the predetermined mutation contained in the active ingredient are as described in "1. Attenuated betacoronavirus strain”.
- the vaccine of the present invention not only targets the early Wuhan strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but also the variants detected in the UK in September 2020 and in South Africa in October 2020, and others.
- the vaccine of the present invention targets betacoronavirus.
- the vaccine of the present invention may contain adjuvants, buffers, tonicity agents, soothing agents, preservatives, antioxidants, corrigents, Other ingredients such as light absorbing pigments, stabilizers, carbohydrates, casein digests, various vitamins, and the like can be included.
- Adjuvants include, for example, animal oils (squalene, etc.) or their hardened oils; vegetable oils (palm oil, castor oil, etc.) or their hardened oils; mannitol/oleic anhydride, liquid paraffin, polybutene, caprylic acid, oleic acid, Oily adjuvants containing higher fatty acid esters; PCPP, saponin, manganese gluconate, calcium gluconate, manganese glycerophosphate, soluble aluminum acetate, aluminum salicylate, acrylic acid copolymer, methacrylic acid copolymer, maleic anhydride copolymer, alkenyl derivative polymer, water water-soluble adjuvants such as oil emulsions, cationic lipids containing quaternary ammonium salts; aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide (alum), aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate or combinations thereof, precipitating adjuvants such as sodium hydroxide; Microorganism-
- buffers include buffers such as phosphate, acetate, carbonate, and citrate.
- tonicity agents include sodium chloride, glycerin, D-mannitol and the like.
- soothing agents include benzyl alcohol and the like.
- antiseptics include thimerosal, paraoxybenzoic acid esters, phenoxyethanol, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, sorbic acid, antibiotics, synthetic antibacterial agents, and the like.
- antioxidants include sulfites, ascorbic acid, and the like.
- Examples of light-absorbing pigments include riboflavin, adenine, and adenosine.
- stabilizers include chelating agents, reducing agents, and the like.
- Examples of carbohydrates include sorbitol, lactose, mannitol, starch, sucrose, glucose, dextran, and the like.
- the vaccine of the present invention may contain one or more other vaccines against viruses or bacteria that cause diseases other than betacoronavirus infections, such as COVID-19. That is, the vaccine of the present invention may be prepared as a combination vaccine containing other vaccines.
- Dosage form The dosage form of the vaccine of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined based on the administration method, storage conditions, and the like.
- Specific examples of dosage forms include liquid formulations and solid formulations, and more specifically oral administration formulations such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, pills, liquid formulations, and syrups; freeze-dried formulations.
- parenteral administration agents such as dry formulations such as injections, sprays, patches (specifically, intramuscular administration agents, intradermal administration agents, subcutaneous administration agents, nasal administration agents, transdermal administration agents, etc.) is mentioned.
- the administration method of the vaccine of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be any of injection administration such as intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal and subcutaneous administration, inhalation administration from nasal and oral cavities, and oral administration. , preferably intramuscular, intradermal and subcutaneous injection administration (intramuscular administration, intradermal administration and subcutaneous administration), inhalation administration through the nasal cavity (nasal administration), and absorption administration through the skin (transdermal administration). , and more preferably nasal administration.
- the subject to which the vaccine of the present invention is applied is not particularly limited as long as it is a subject that can cause various symptoms due to betacoronavirus infection (preferably a subject that can cause COVID-19 symptoms due to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection).
- mammals more specifically, humans; pet animals such as dogs and cats; laboratory animals such as rats, mice and hamsters.
- dose of the vaccine of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined according to the type of active ingredient, administration method, and administration subject (age, body weight, sex, presence or absence of underlying disease, etc.).
- the dose per human of the vaccine of the present invention is 1 ⁇ 10 PFU/body or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 2 PFU/body or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ 10 2 PFU/body or more, more preferably 1 x10 3 PFU/body or more, more preferably 2 x 10 3 PFU/body or more.
- the dose of the vaccine of the present invention per human is 6 ⁇ 10 11 PFU/body or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 11 PFU/body or less, more preferably 6 ⁇ 10 10 PFU/body or less, and further Preferably, it is 1 ⁇ 10 10 PFU/body or less.
- the dose of the vaccine of the present invention to humans per dose is 1 ⁇ 10 TCID50/body or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 2 TCID50/body or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ 10 2 TCID50/body or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 TCID50/body or more. ⁇ 10 3 TCID50/body or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ 10 3 TCID50/body or more.
- the dose per human of the vaccine of the present invention is 6 ⁇ 10 11 TCID50/body or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 11 TCID50/body or less, more preferably 6 ⁇ 10 10 TCID50/body or less, and further Preferably 1*10 ⁇ 10> TCID50/body or less is also mentioned.
- the method for producing an attenuated betacoronavirus strain of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art based on the amino acid sequence information described above.
- CPER using an artificial chromosome such as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) or a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), or a betacoronavirus genome fragment
- BAC bacterial artificial chromosome
- YAC yeast artificial chromosome
- the genome of the attenuated betacoronavirus strain (parent strain) that does not have any temperature-sensitive mutations, growth-reducing mutations, or other attenuating mutations is cloned.
- the parent strain used at this time may be a betacoronavirus, specifically, the specific SARS-CoV-2 listed in NC_045512 (NCBI) above, any other SARS-CoV above -2, and viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 within the genus Betacoronavirus.
- the full-length DNA of the viral genome is cloned into BAC DNA or YAC DNA, etc., and a transcription promoter sequence for eukaryotic cells is inserted upstream of the viral sequence.
- Promoter sequences include CMV promoter and CAG promoter.
- a ribozyme sequence as well as a poly A sequence are inserted downstream of the viral sequence. Ribozyme sequences include hepatitis D virus ribozymes and hammerhead ribozymes. Examples of poly A sequences include the poly A of simian 40 virus.
- the full-length DNA of the viral genome is divided into multiple fragments and cloned.
- methods for obtaining fragments include artificial synthesis of nucleic acids, PCR using the above-mentioned artificial chromosomes or plasmids cloned with fragments as templates, and the like.
- double crossover and ⁇ / Homologous recombination methods such as RED recombination, overlap PCR method, CRISPR/Cas9 method, and other known point mutation introduction methods can be used.
- the host cells are transfected with artificial chromosomes introduced with temperature-sensitive mutations, growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations, and other mutations as necessary to reconstruct the recombinant virus.
- fragments introduced with temperature-sensitive mutations, growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations, and, if necessary, other mutations are ligated by a reaction using DNA polymerase, and then transferred to host cells.
- Recombinant viruses are reconstituted by transfection.
- the transfection method is also not particularly limited, and known methods can be used.
- the host is not particularly limited, and known cells can be used.
- the reconstructed recombinant virus is added to the cultured cells, and the recombinant virus is subcultured.
- the cultured cells used at that time are not particularly limited, but for example, Vero cells, VeroE6 cells, Vero cells supplemented with TMPRESS2 expression, VeroE6 cells supplemented with TMPRESS2 expression, Calu-3 cells, supplemented with ACE2 expression. 293T cells, BHK cells, 104C1 cells, mouse neuroblastoma-derived NA cells, Vero cells and the like.
- Viruses can be recovered by known methods such as centrifugation and membrane filtration. Furthermore, by adding the recovered virus to the cultured cells, it becomes possible to mass-produce the recombinant virus.
- Test Example 1 SARS-CoV-2 temperature-sensitive strain A50-18 strain (reference example)]
- Test Example 1-1 Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 temperature-sensitive strain A50-18 strain Based on the method of Figure 1, SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate (B-1 strain [comparative example]) (LC603286 , In this example, B-1 strain, wild strain (clinical isolate), European wild strain (B-1 strain), B-1 strain (D614G type: pre-alpha European strain)), 2 A to F50 series and A to F500 series conditioned at 32 ° C. by adding mutagens 5-fluorouracil (hereinafter, 5-FU) and 5-azacytidine (hereinafter, 5-AZA) A virus population was obtained.
- 5-FU mutagens 5-fluorouracil
- 5-AZA 5-azacytidine
- each virus population was passaged multiple times, and among the 406 candidate strains obtained, a virus strain that can grow at 32°C but has significantly reduced growth at 37°C (strain A50-18 ., sometimes referred to as Ts strain below.) was found, isolated, and selected (Fig. 2).
- Revertive mutation refers to a return to the same phenotype as the original virus before mutation due to further mutation in the mutated virus.
- reverse mutation refers to loss of temperature-sensitive properties due to further mutation in a temperature-sensitive strain. Further mutation includes reverting the amino acid at the mutation site that was entered when the temperature was sensitized to the amino acid before the mutation.
- a sample (hereinafter referred to as "revertant strain") in which the proliferation of the strain was recovered was found.
- revertant strain among the mutations of the temperature-sensitive strain (A50-18 strain) that has acquired temperature sensitivity, some amino acid residues are reverted to the amino acid before mutation (hereinafter simply referred to as "revertant mutation”). It is thought that the temperature sensitivity decreased and the growth at 37°C was restored. A CPE image showing this is shown in FIG. 3B.
- FIG. 3C shows a CPE image after the obtained revertant strain was cultured at 37° C. for 3 days.
- G248V mutation in NSP14 is reverted to wild-type G, while G416S and A504V mutations are maintained ⁇ 2> G416S mutation in NSP14 is reverted to wild-type G, while G248V and A504V mutation maintained
- Test Example 1-3 Proliferative analysis of temperature-sensitive strain A50-18 strain (1-3-1) Analysis at 32 ° C. and 37 ° C.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of observing body weight fluctuations for three days. After euthanizing the hamsters at 3 dpi, nasal washes were collected with 1 mL of D-PBS. In addition, the hamster lung was removed, the right lung was crushed, suspended in 1 mL of D-MEM, and then centrifuged to recover the supernatant as a lung lysate.
- FIG. 7 shows the results of evaluation of the amount of virus in these nasal washes and lung lysates by plaque formation assay using Vero cells. Further, the excised left lung was fixed with 10% formalin and photographed, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10 shows the HE-stained image and the immunochemically-stained image.
- IHC immunohistochemistry
- each virus population was passaged multiple times, and among the 253 strains obtained, a virus strain that could grow at 32°C but had significantly reduced growth at 37°C (strain H50-11 , L50-33 strain, L50-40 strain) were found, isolated and selected (Fig. 15).
- FIG. 16B shows a CPE image after the obtained revertant strain was cultured at 38° C. for 3 days.
- FIG. 16C shows CPE images after culturing each strain at 37° C. for 3 days.
- the revertants of strain L50-33 and strain L50-40 are designated as strain L50-33 Rev1,2 and strain L50-40 Rev1,2, respectively.
- FIG. 18 shows a schematic diagram of the deletion of the nucleotide sequence at positions 27549-28251 and the deletion of the amino acid sequence encoded by it.
- ORF7a is the base sequence of positions 27394-27759
- ORF7b is the base sequence of positions 27756-27887
- ORF8 is the base sequence of positions 27894-28259.
- the base sequence region from positions 27549 to 28251 corresponds to a portion of ORF7a (amino acid sequence from 53rd position to the end; the same applies hereinafter), the entire ORF7b, and most of the amino acid sequence of ORF8. Since the deletion of this region is accompanied by a frameshift, a protein is produced in which the 1-52nd amino acid sequence of ORF7a is fused with the amino acid sequence encoded by the 8 bases at the 3' end of ORF8, the intergenic region, and the base sequence of the nucleocapsid. was thought to have been In addition, ORF7b was deleted in its entirety, and the original sequence of ORF8 was also deleted in its entirety.
- FIG. 21 shows the lung weight per total body weight of hamsters.
- the viral load in these nasal lavages and lung lysates was evaluated by plaque formation assay using Vero cells, and the results are shown in FIG.
- n nasal administration
- C indicates subcutaneous administration.
- Nasal administration of B-1 and A50-18 strains induced neutralizing antibodies against the live virus.
- Subcutaneous administration could hardly induce neutralizing antibodies at the tested doses, but considering the results of intranasal administration, it was thought that subcutaneous administration could also induce neutralizing antibodies at higher doses.
- Partial blood collection was performed from hamsters 3 weeks after infection, and the obtained serum was used to neutralize the live virus of SARS-CoV-2 Brazilian mutant strain (hCoV-19/Japan/TY7-503/2021 strain). is shown in FIG. i. n is nasal administration; C indicates subcutaneous administration. The same method as in (1-5-2) was used to measure the neutralizing activity. Similar to (7-1), an increase in neutralizing antibody titer was observed in the intranasal administration group even in the low-dose administration group of 1 ⁇ 10 2 TCID50/10 ⁇ L. This suggests the possibility that the temperature-sensitive strain can induce sufficient immunity even with a small amount of intranasal administration. Subcutaneous administration could hardly induce neutralizing antibodies at the tested doses, but considering the results of intranasal administration, it was thought that subcutaneous administration could also induce neutralizing antibodies at higher doses.
- FIG. 29 shows the results of comparing the neutralizing antibody titers against each strain in the sera of each individual. Although some individuals showed a decrease in neutralizing antibody titers against the Brazilian mutant strain, all individuals possessed neutralizing antibodies.
- Temperature-sensitive mutations and growth-reducing and other attenuating mutations, as well as other mutations, are checked in Table 5 [that is, L445F of NSP3, G248V and G416S of NSP14, and V67I of NSP16; 8 amino acid deletion of spike furin clearance site (FCS) deletion (specifically spike 679-686 deletion and V687I), functional deletion of ORF8; found in temperature sensitive strains any of the other mutations (NSP3 K1792R and NSP14 A504V)] were used.
- a strain was constructed that has the above-mentioned temperature-sensitive mutation and growth-reducing and other attenuating mutations in combination with other mutations (Torii et al. cell report 2020).
- the genome of SARS-CoV-2 strain B-1 was fragmented and cloned into a plasmid.
- the desired mutation was introduced into the cloned fragment using inverse PCR.
- a SARS-CoV-2 wild-type genome fragment was obtained by PCR using the plasmid cloned with the wild-type fragment as a template.
- a SARS-CoV-2 mutant genome fragment was obtained by performing PCR or RT-PCR using the mutated plasmid or the genome of the SARS-CoV-2 mutant strain having the desired mutation as a template. .
- FIG. 30 shows temperature-sensitive strain mutations and/or growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations introduced into each candidate strain, as well as CPE images. Observation of CPE in VeroE6/TMPRSS II cells revealed that the virus was reconstituted.
- Test Example 10 Evaluation of temperature sensitivity of candidate strains (Example) (10-1) Temperature sensitivity of candidate strains 1 to 7 In order to evaluate the temperature sensitivity of candidate strains 1 to 7 obtained in Test Example 9 (Example), 2 ⁇ L of the supernatant of the recovery culture of each candidate strain was Vero. Cells were infected and the proliferative properties at 34°C and 37°C were compared. A CPE image after 3 days of culture is shown in FIG. 31A. All strains showed CPE at 34°C, whereas candidate strains 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 did not show CPE at 37°C.
- Candidate strains 4 and 5 produced slight CPE, but to a lesser extent than 34°C. This confirmed that the vaccine candidate strain exhibited temperature sensitivity.
- the rTs-all strain was slightly delayed in growth at 32 ° C. compared to the rB-1 strain, so the level of temperature sensitivity was preferable (that is, the growth at 32 ° C. was rB-1 strain). From this result, in order to control the level of temperature sensitivity to a preferred degree, three types of temperature-sensitive mutations (that is, mutation (b), a combination of mutations (e) and (f), and mutation (h)) (mutation or combination of mutations), it was found that it is more preferable to select one or two types than to select three types.
- Test Example 11 Immunogenicity evaluation of candidate strains 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 at low titer and low dose (neutralizing antibody titer induction) (Example)
- 100 TCID50 of each candidate strain was applied to five 5-week-old male hamsters. was administered intranasally at 10 ⁇ L.
- SARS-CoV-2 temperature-sensitive strain A50-18 was intranasally administered at the same titer and dose.
- the neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 B-1 strain of the serum obtained by partial blood sampling after 3 weeks was evaluated.
- Neutralizing activity is determined by mixing serially diluted serum and 100 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2, reacting for 1 hour, adding to Vero cells, and observing CPE after 4 days of culture to determine the presence or absence of infectious virus. evaluated by the method.
- the neutralizing antibody titer was defined as the maximum serum dilution rate at which CPE was not observed and virus infectivity could be neutralized. The results are shown in FIG.
- candidate strains 4 and 6 were constructed by combining temperature-sensitive mutations and other attenuating mutations to ensure safety.
- candidate strain 7 was constructed by combining temperature-sensitive mutations and growth-reducing or other attenuating mutations, despite the fact that the growth in the body was significantly reduced. It maintained excellent immunogenicity.
- candidate strain 2 seroconversion of neutralizing antibodies was observed in 4 out of 5 individuals by administration of 1 ⁇ 10 3 TCID50, and seroconversion of neutralizing antibodies was observed in all individuals when 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID50 was administered. observed.
- candidate strain 2 seroconversion of neutralizing antibodies was observed in 4 out of 5 individuals by administration of 1 ⁇ 10 3 TCID50, and seroconversion of neutralizing antibodies was observed in all individuals when 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID50 was administered. observed.
- Candidate Strain 5 only 1 out of 5 mice was confirmed to have serum neutralizing activity when 1 ⁇ 10 3 TCID50 was administered, but neutralization activity was observed in 3 out of 5 mice when 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID50 was administered. Induction of antibody was observed.
- candidate strain 2 proliferated at 32°C to the same extent as the clinical isolate (B-1 strain [Comparative example]), but its growth at 37°C was significantly reduced.
- candidate strain 2 increased the serum neutralizing antibody titer to 6-12.
- 4 weeks after the first administration no increase in neutralizing antibody titer was observed when the second administration was performed, suggesting that a single administration induces sufficient humoral immunity. was done.
- the serum neutralizing antibody thus obtained did not significantly decrease even 4 months after administration.
- candidate strain 2 induces sufficient humoral immunity in a hamster model with a single administration of 1 ⁇ 10 3 TCID50, and that humoral immunity persists for at least 4 months after administration.
- antigen-specific production of IFN- ⁇ was induced by stimulating spleen cells of candidate strain 2-infected hamsters with the spike antigen peptide. From these results, it was revealed that administration of candidate strain 2 induces antigen-specific Th1 cells, and that candidate strain 2 also induces cell-mediated immunity.
- Test Example 16 Infection protection test by administration of candidate strain 2 (Example) In Test Example 13, 1 ⁇ 10 3 , 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID50 candidate strain 2, or 1 ⁇ 10 3 TCID50 SARS-CoV-2 temperature-sensitive strain A50-18 was intranasally administered to 20 ⁇ L of hamsters for the first time. A challenge test was performed by intranasal administration of the SARS-CoV-2 strain B-1 (3 ⁇ 10 5 TCID50) at a dose of 100 ⁇ L under anesthesia conditions 3 weeks after . The body weight of the hamsters after the challenge test was measured up to 6 days after administration. The results are shown in FIG.
- Fig. 38 shows the presence or absence of CPE in Vero cells inoculated with nasal washings after each passage;
- FIG. 40 shows the results of hamster body weight changes during passage.
- the A50-18 strain is a temperature-sensitive strain, it does not cause CPE when cultured at 37 ° C. or 39 ° C. after infecting Vero cells, but from FIG. CPE was observed to occur when nasal washes were added to Vero cells and cultured at 37°C and 39°C.
- FIG. 39 as a result of confirming the sequence of the viral RNA contained in the nasal wash after in vivo passage, among the mutations of NSP14 that cause temperature sensitivity, the G416S and G248V mutations are lost. It became clear. Furthermore, from FIG.
- the attenuated betacoronavirus strain of the present invention is a combination of a predetermined temperature-sensitive mutation (substitution mutation) and a predetermined growth-reducing or other attenuating mutation (deletion mutation). Even when the virus is inoculated to humans as a live vaccine, it can be speculated that the usefulness as a vaccine has remarkably improved in that the possibility of transmission of the virus that has returned to virulence is low.
- SARS-CoV-2 strain B-1 (1 ⁇ 10 5 TCID50) was intranasally administered at a dose of 100 ⁇ L under anesthesia.
- the virus fluid reached the upper respiratory tract of the hamster, and by nasal administration of 100 ⁇ L, the virus fluid reached the lower respiratory tract of the hamster.
- the head and lungs were fixed with formalin after euthanasia, and tissue toxicity was evaluated by HE staining, and Rabbit anti-spike RBD antibody (Sinobiological (40592-T62)) was used. Viral antigens were detected by IHC staining.
- Table 6 shows the scores for lesions in the nasal cavities and lungs of each individual and the detection of viral antigens by IHC.
- Level 1 indicates the tip of the nasal cavity
- Level 2 indicates the middle part of the nasal cavity
- Level 3 indicates the deep part of the nasal cavity.
- Representative examples of each site of each virus-infected hamster are shown in FIG. 41 for Level 1, FIG. 42 for Level 2, FIG. 43 for Level 3, and FIG. 44 for lungs.
- candidate strain 2 (Example) and temperature-sensitive strain A50-18 strain (Reference example) cause viral proliferation and accompanying tissue damage at the tip of the nasal cavity close to the outside temperature, while the nasal cavity close to body temperature Virus multiplication and accompanying tissue damage are suppressed in deep areas and lungs, candidate strain 2 (Example) has a higher inhibitory effect on viral multiplication and accompanying tissue damage, and olfactory impairment is observed. It was strongly suggested that the risk of occurrence was low.
- a challenge test was conducted by intranasally administering TY41-702 strain (3 ⁇ 10 5 PFU) at a dose of 100 ⁇ L under anesthesia to candidate strain 2-administered hamsters and naive hamsters. carried out. Body weight was measured over time and infectious virus was quantified in lung and nasal washes after euthanasia of the hamsters at 4 days after the challenge test was performed.
- FIG. 46 shows the weight fluctuation at that time.
- Test Example 20 Evaluation of immunogenicity by candidate strain 2 (Evaluation of neutralizing activity by heterozygous strain) It was evaluated whether immunity induced with candidate strain 2 was effective against SARS-CoV-2 delta and gamma variants.
- the neutralizing activity of the candidate strain 2 immune serum obtained in Test Example 13 against gamma and delta variants was measured. 100 TCID50 of BK325 strain (delta variant) or TY7-501 strain (gamma variant) was mixed with serially diluted inactivated serum and allowed to react at 37° C. for 1 hour. The culture medium after the reaction was inoculated on Vero cells, and after culturing at 37° C., CPE was observed to evaluate the virus neutralizing activity.
- the lowest dilution rate that does not cause CPE was defined as the neutralizing antibody titer.
- the results are shown in FIG. 47 together with the evaluation of neutralizing activity against the wild strain in Test Example 13. In FIG. 47, Low indicates the result of nasal administration of 20 ⁇ L of the candidate strain of 1 ⁇ 10 3 TCID50, and High indicates the result of nasal administration of 20 ⁇ L of the candidate strain of 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID50.
- Fig. 47 shows that the immunity induced by candidate strain 2 exhibited neutralizing activity against gamma and delta variants and was effective. These results suggested that the immunity induced by administration of candidate strain 2 was also effective against heterozygous strain variants.
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Abstract
Description
以下の(n)、(о)及び/又は(r)の変異を有する構造タンパク質、付属タンパク質及び/又は非構造タンパク質と、
を含む、ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株:
(b)NSP3における、配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列の第445位のロイシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(e)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第248位のグリシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(f)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第416位のグリシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(h)NSP16における、配列番号3に示すアミノ酸配列の第67位のバリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(n)ORF8の機能欠失変異、
(о)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第681位~第684位に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失、
(r)NSP1における、配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列の第32位~第39位に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失。
項2. 前記(b)の変異、前記(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせ、前記(h)の変異、前記(n)の変異、前記(о)の変異、及び前記(r)の変異の6種の変異又は変異の組み合わせのうち、4種の変異又は変異の組み合わせが選択される、項1に記載のウイルス弱毒株。
項3.前記(b)の変異、前記(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせ、前記(h)の変異の3種の変異又は変異の組み合わせのうち、1~2種の変異又は変異の組み合わせが選択される、項1又は2に記載のウイルス弱毒株。
項4. 前記構造タンパク質がさらに以下の(p)及び/又は(q)の変異を含む、項1~3のいずれかに記載のウイルス弱毒株:
(p)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第679位~第680位及び第685~686位に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失を含む変異、
(q)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第687位のバリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異。
項5. 前記(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせと以下の(g)の変異とを含む、項4に記載のウイルス弱毒株:
(g)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第504位のアラニンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異。
項6. 前記(n)の変異が、配列番号7に示す塩基配列にコードされるアミノ酸配列に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失である、項4又は5に記載のベータコロナウイルス弱毒株。
項7. 前記(b)の変異がフェニルアラニンへの置換であり、前記(e)の変異がバリンへの置換であり、前記(f)の変異がセリンへの置換であり、前記(h)の変異がイソロイシンへの置換である、項1~6のいずれかに記載のウイルス弱毒株。
項8. 前記(q)の変異がイソロイシンへの置換である、項4~7のいずれかに記載のウイルス弱毒株。
項9. 前記ベータコロナウイルスが、SARS-CoV-2ウイルスである、項1~8のいずれかに記載のウイルス弱毒株。
項10. 項1~9のいずれかに記載のウイルス弱毒株を含む、弱毒生ワクチン。
項11. 経鼻投与される、項10に記載の弱毒生ワクチン。
項12. 筋肉内投与、皮下投与又は皮内投与される、項10に記載の弱毒生ワクチン。
本発明のベータコロナウイルス弱毒株は、弱毒性に関する所定の変異として、温度感受性に関する所定の置換変異を有する非構造タンパク質と、増殖低減性その他の弱毒性に関する所定の欠失変異を有する構造タンパク質、付属タンパク質及び/又は非構造タンパク質と、を組み合わせで有するベータコロナウイルスであることを特徴とする。以下において、温度感受性に関する所定の置換変異を「温度感受性変異」とも記載し、増殖低減性に関する所定の欠失変異を「増殖低減性変異」とも記載し、増殖低減性変異以外の所定の欠失変異を「他の弱毒性変異」とも記載する。
(b)NSP3における、配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列の第445位のロイシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(e)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第248位のグリシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(f)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第416位のグリシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(h)NSP16における、配列番号3に示すアミノ酸配列の第67位のバリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(n)ORF8の機能欠失変異、
(о)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第681~684位に相当するアミノ酸残基の欠失、
(r)NSP1における、配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列の第32~39位に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失。
(a)NSP3における、配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列の第404位のバリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(c)NSP3における、配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列の第1792位のリシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(d)NSP3における、配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列の第1832位のアスパラギン酸に相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(g)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第504位のアラニンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(i)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第54位のロイシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(j)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第739位のトレオニンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(k)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第879位のアラニンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(l)エンベロープにおける、配列番号5に示すアミノ酸配列の第28位のロイシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(m)ヌクレオカプシドにおける、配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列の第2位のセリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(p)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第679位~第680位及び第685~686位に相当するアミノ酸残基の欠失を含む変異、
(q)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第687位のバリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異。
以下の(I)、(II)及び(III)の少なくともいずれかのポリペプチドからなる非構造タンパク質、付属タンパク質及び構造タンパク質を含む、ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株:
(I)以下の(I-1)~(I-3)のポリペプチドの少なくともいずれかと、以下の(1-4)~(I-6)のポリペプチドの少なくともいずれか:
(I-1)配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列において、第445位ロイシンの置換変異(b’)を温度感受性変異として有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP3)、
(I-2)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列において、第248位グリシンの置換変異(e’)及び第416位グリシンの置換変異(f’)を温度感受性変異として有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP14)、
(I-3)配列番号3に示すアミノ酸配列において、第67位バリンの置換変異(h’)を温度感受性変異として有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP16)、
(I-4)配列番号7に示す塩基配列にコードされるアミノ酸配列の欠失変異(n’)を他の弱毒性変異として有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(ORF)、
(I-5)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列において、第681位~第684位の欠失変異(о’)を他の弱毒性変異として有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(スパイク)、
(I-6)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列において、第32位~第39位の欠失変異(r’)を増殖低減性変異として有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP1);
(II)前記(I)のポリペプチドのアミノ酸配列において、前記温度感受性変異に係るアミノ酸残基及び前記増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異に係るアミノ酸配列以外の1個又は複数個のアミノ酸残基が、置換、付加、挿入又は欠失されてなり、温度感受性能及び弱毒化能を獲得したベータコロナウイルスを構成するポリペプチド;
(III)前記(I)のポリペプチドのアミノ酸配列における前記温度感受性変異に係るアミノ酸残基及び前記増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異に係るアミノ酸配列を除いたアミノ酸配列の配列同一性が50%以上であり、温度感受性能及び弱毒化能を獲得したベータコロナウイルスを構成するポリペプチド。
以下の(I)、(II)及び(III)の少なくともいずかのポリペプチドからなる、構造タンパク質、付属タンパク質及び非構造タンパク質を含む、ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株:
(I)以下の(I-1a),(I-2a),(I-3)の少なくともいずれかと、以下の(I-4),(I-5a),(I-6)のポリペプチドの少なくともいずれか、又はそれらに加えて以下(I-7a),(I-8a)の少なくともいずれかのポリペプチド:
(I-1a)配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列において、温度感受性変異として第445位ロイシンの変異(b’)と、他の変異として、第404位バリンの変異(a’)、第1792位リシンの変異(c’)、及び第1832位アスパラギン酸の変異(d’)の少なくともいずれかの変異とを有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP3)、
(I-2a)配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列において、温度感受性変異として第248位グリシンの変異(e’)及び第416位グリシンの変異(f’)と、他の変異として第504位アラニンの変異(g’)とを有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP14)、
(I-3)配列番号3に示すアミノ酸配列において、温度感受性変異として第67位バリンの変異(h’)を有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP16)、
(I-4)他の弱毒性変異として配列番号7に示す塩基配列にコードされるアミノ酸配列の欠失変異(n’)を有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(ORF)、
(I-5a)配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列において、他の弱毒性変異として第681位~第684位の欠失変異(о’)と;他の変異として、第54位ロイシンの変異(i’)、第739位トレオニンの変異(j’)、及び第879位アラニンの変異(k’)の少なくともいずれかの変異、並びに第679位~第680位及び第685位~第686位のアミノ酸配列の欠失変異(p’)及び第687位バリンの変異(q’)の少なくともいずれかの変異と、を有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(スパイク)、
(I-6)配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列において、増殖低減性変異として第32位~第39位の欠失変異(r’)を有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(NSP1)
(I-7a)配列番号5に示すアミノ酸配列において、他の変異として第28位ロイシンの変異(l’)を有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(エンベロープ)、
(I-8a)配列番号6に示すアミノ酸配列において、他の変異として第2位セリンの変異(m’)を有するアミノ酸配列からなるポリペプチド(ヌクレオカプシド);
(II)前記(I)のポリペプチドのアミノ酸配列において、前記温度感受性変異、前記増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異に係るアミノ酸配列及び他の変異に係るアミノ酸残基又はアミノ酸配列以外の1個又は複数個のアミノ酸残基が、置換、付加、挿入又は欠失されてなり、温度感受性能及び弱毒化能を獲得したベータコロナウイルスを構成するポリペプチド;
(III)前記(I)のポリペプチドのアミノ酸配列における前記温度感受性変異、前記増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異に係るアミノ酸配列及び他の変異に係るアミノ酸残基又はアミノ酸配列を除いたアミノ酸配列の配列同一性が50%以上であり、温度感受性能及び弱毒化能を獲得したベータコロナウイルスを構成するポリペプチド。
・温度感受性変異として、前記(e)の変異(好ましくは(e’)の変異及び/又はG248V)及び前記(f)の変異(好ましくは(f’)の変異及び/又はG416S)、及び前記(h)の変異(好ましくは(h’)の変異及び/又はV67I)と;増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異として、前記(n)の変異(好ましくは(n’)の変異)、前記(о)の変異、及び前記(r)の変異とを有する株;若しくはさらに他の変異として、前記(g)の変異(好ましくは(g’)の変異及び/又はA504V)、前記(p)の変異、及び前記(q)の変異(好ましくは(q’)の変異及び/又はV687I)を有する株
・温度感受性変異として、前記(e)の変異(好ましくは(e’)の変異及び/又はG248V)及び前記(f)の変異(好ましくは(f’)の変異及び/又はG416S)と;増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異として、前記(n)の変異(好ましくは(n’)の変異)、前記(о)の変異、及び前記(r)の変異とを有する株;若しくはさらに他の変異として、前記(g)の変異(好ましくは(g’)の変異及び/又はA504V)、前記(p)の変異、及び前記(q)(好ましくは(q’)の変異及び/又はV687I)の変異を有する株
・温度感受性変異として、前記(e)の変異(好ましくは(e’)の変異及び/又はG248V)、前記(f)の変異(好ましくは(f’)の変異及び/又はG416S)、及び前記(h)の変異(好ましくは(h’)の変異及び/又はV67I)と;他の弱毒性変異として、前記(n)の変異(好ましくは(n’)の変異)、及び前記(о)の変異とを有する株;若しくはさらに他の変異として、前記(g)の変異(好ましくは(g’)の変異及び/又はA504V)、前記(p)の変異、及び前記(q)(好ましくは(q’)の変異及び/又はV687I)の変異を有する株
・温度感受性変異として、前記(b)の変異(好ましくは(b’)の変異及び/又はL445F)、前記(e)の変異(好ましくは(e’)の変異及び/又はG248V)及び前記(f)の変異(好ましくは(f’)の変異及び/又はG416S)と;他の弱毒性変異として、前記(n)の変異(好ましくは(n’)の変異)、及び前記(о)の変異とを有する株;若しくはさらに他の変異として、前記(c)の変異(好ましくは(c’)の変異及び/又はK1792R)、前記(g)の変異(好ましくは(g’)の変異及び/又はA504V)、前記(p)の変異、及び前記(q)(好ましくは(q’)の変異及び/又はV687I)の変異を有する株
・温度感受性変異として、前記(b)の変異(好ましくは(b’)の変異及び/又はL445F)、及び前記(h)の変異(好ましくは(h’)の変異及び/又はV67I)と;他の弱毒性変異として、前記(n)の変異(好ましくは(n’)の変異)、及び前記(о)の変異とを有する株;若しくはさらに他の変異として、前記(c)の変異(好ましくは(c’)の変異及び/又はK1792R)、前記(p)の変異、及び前記(q)(好ましくは(q’)の変異及び/又はV687I)の変異を有する株
・温度感受性変異として、前記(e)の変異(好ましくは(e’)の変異及び/又はG248V)、前記(f)の変異(好ましくは(f’)の変異及び/又はG416S)、及び前記(h)の変異(好ましくは(h’)の変異及び/又はV67I)と;増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異として、前記(n)の変異(好ましくは(n’)の変異)、及び前記(r)の変異(好ましくは(r’)の変異)とを有する株;若しくはさらに他の変異として、前記(g)の変異(好ましくは(g’)の変異及び/又はA504V)を有する株
温度感受性変異として、前記(e)の変異(好ましくは(e’)の変異及び/又はG248V)及び前記(f)の変異(好ましくは(f’)の変異及び/又はG416S)と;増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異として、前記(n)の変異(好ましくは(n’)の変異)、前記(о)の変異、及び前記(r)の変異とを有する株;並びにさらに他の変異として、前記(g)の変異(好ましくは(g’)の変異及び/又はA504V)、前記(p)の変異、及び前記(q)(好ましくは(q’)の変異及び/又はV687I)の変異を有する株
2-1.弱毒化ワクチンの有効成分
上述のとおり、「1.ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株」で述べたベータコロナウイルス弱毒株は、温度感受性変異を有することで、ヒトの下気道温度よりも低い温度でしか効率的に増殖できないため、少なくとも生体深部、中でも、重大な障害を引き起こす肺を含む下気道においては効率的に増殖することができず、病原性が著しく低下していることが期待できる。それに加え、当該ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株は、増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異を有することで、温度に関わらず増殖性が制限されており、上記の温度感受性変異との複合によって、優れた弱毒性を有する。このような複合形態をとることで、当該ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株は、弱毒生ワクチンが宿主体内で増殖を伴う場合に、仮に温度感受性変異が失われた場合であっても、増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異である欠失変異が復帰変異しにくい特性を有するため、弱毒性を維持できることが期待できる。
上記「1.ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株」で述べた通り、所定の変異は、弱毒性の付与に寄与する。従って、本発明は、上記の所定の変異を有する非構造タンパク質、付属タンパク質及び構造タンパク質をコードする遺伝子を有効成分として含む、ベータコロナウイルス遺伝子ワクチンも提供する。有効成分に含まれる所定の変異の詳細については、「1.ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株」で述べた通りである。
本発明のワクチンは、SARS-CoV-2ウイルスの初期の武漢株だけでなく、2020年9月に英国で検出され、2020年10月に南アフリカで検出された変異株、及びその他の公知の変異株、並びにその他未だ検出されていない未知の変異株を含む、広範囲のSARS-CoV-2ウイルス関連株及びベータコロナウイルス属に含まれるSARS-CoV-2以外のウイルスにも有効であることが合理的に期待できる。従って、本発明のワクチンは、ベータコロナウイルスを標的とする。
本発明のワクチンには、上記の有効成分の他に、目的及び用途等に応じて、アジュバント、緩衝剤、等張化剤、無痛化剤、防腐剤、抗酸化剤、矯臭剤、光吸収色素、安定化剤、炭水化物、カゼイン消化物、各種ビタミン等の他の成分を含むことができる。
本発明のワクチンの剤型については特に限定されず、投与方法及び保存条件等に基づいて適宜決定することができる。剤型の具体例としては、液体製剤及び固体製剤等が挙げられ、より具体的には、錠剤、カプセル剤、散剤、顆粒剤、丸剤、液剤、シロップ剤等の経口投与剤;凍結乾燥製剤等の乾燥製剤、注射剤、噴霧剤、貼付剤等の非経口投与剤(具体的には、筋肉内投与剤、皮内投与剤、皮下投与剤、経鼻投与剤、経皮投与剤等)が挙げられる。
本発明のワクチンの投与方法としては特に限定されず、筋肉、腹腔内、皮内及び皮下等の注射投与、鼻腔及び口腔からの吸入投与、並びに経口投与等のいずれであってもよいが、好ましくは筋肉、皮内及び皮下等の注射投与(筋肉内投与、皮内投与及び皮下投与)、鼻腔からの吸入投与(経鼻投与)、皮膚からの吸収投与(経皮投与)が挙げられ、より好ましくは、経鼻投与が挙げられる。
本発明のワクチンの適用対象としては、ベータコロナウイルス感染による諸症状を引き起こしうる対象(好ましくはSARS-CoV-2ウイルス感染によりCOVID-19症状を引き起こしうる対象)であれば特に限定されず、例えば哺乳類が挙げられ、より具体的には、ヒト;イヌ及びネコ等の愛玩動物;ネズミ、マウス、ハムスター等の実験動物等が挙げられる。
本発明のワクチンの用量としては特に限定されず、有効成分の種類、投与方法、投与対象(年齢、体重、性別、基礎疾患の有無等の条件)に応じて適宜決定することができる。
本発明のベータコロナウイルス弱毒株の製造方法としては、特に限定されず、上述のアミノ酸配列情報に基づいて当業者が適宜決定することができる。例えば、比較的安価にかつロット差の少ないワクチンを製造する観点から、好ましくは、細菌人工染色体(BAC)又はイースト人工染色体(YAC)などの人工染色体、若しくはベータコロナウイルスのゲノムフラグメントを用いたCPER法などを利用したリバースジェネティクス法が挙げられる。
[試験例1-1]SARS-CoV-2の温度感受性株A50-18株の分離
図1の手法に基づき、SARS-CoV-2の臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])(LC603286、本実施例において、B-1株、野生株(臨床分離株)、欧州型野生株(B-1株)、B-1株(D614G型:pre-alpha欧州株)ともいう)に、2種類の突然変異誘導剤5-fluorouracil(以下、5-FU)及び5-azacytidine(以下、5-AZA)を添加することで、32℃にて馴化させたA~F50シリーズ及びA~F500シリーズのウイルス集団を取得した。更に、各々のウイルス集団の継代を複数回行い、得られた406の候補株の中から、32℃で増殖できる一方、37℃で増殖性が著しく低下しているウイルス株(A50-18株。以下においてTs株と記載する場合もある。)を見出し、分離、選択した(図2)。
(1-2-1)各々のウイルス株の変異解析
次世代シークエンサーを用いて、以下のウイルス株の変異解析を行った。SARS-CoV-2を感染させたVero細胞の培養上清からRNAを抽出することで、当該解析を行った。Referenceとして、武漢臨床分離株であるWuhan-Hu-1(NC045512)を用いた。
B-1 :野生株(臨床分離株)
A50-18 :温度感受性株
F50-37 :非温度感受性株
C500-1 :非温度感受性株
F500-53 :非温度感受性株
F500-40 :非温度感受性株
F500-2 :非温度感受性株
(B-1以外は、変異誘導させたウイルス)
(1-2-1)より、図3Aの解析結果を取得した。D614Gの点変異はB-1株にも見られるため、温度感受性株に特徴的な点変異ではない。一方、温度感受性株(A50-18)の特徴的な点変異として、NSP14のG248V、G416S、A504V、SpikeのA879V、EnvelopeのL28P、及びNucleocapsidのS2Fが見出された。
「復帰変異」とは、変異したウイルスに更なる変異が入ることにより、変異する前の最初のウイルスと同じ表現型に戻ることをいう。本明細書においては、「復帰変異」は、温度感受性株に更なる変異が入ることで、温度感受性の特性が失われることをいう。更なる変異には、温度感受性化した際に入った変異箇所のアミノ酸が、変異前のアミノ酸に戻ることを含む。
A50-18株をmoi=1にてVero細胞に感染させ、37℃、38℃での増殖性を評価した。その結果、37℃及び38℃での増殖性が回復しているサンプル(復帰変異株)を見出した。取得した復帰変異株を37℃で3日培養した後のCPE像を図3Cに示した。得られた復帰変異株のシークエンスを確認したところ、以下<1>及び<2>の2種類の復帰パターンが見出された。
<1>NSP14におけるG248Vの変異が野生型のGに復帰変異している一方でG416SやA504Vの変異は維持
<2>NSP14におけるG416Sの変異が野生型のGに復帰変異している一方でG248VやA504Vの変異は維持
野生型のSARS-CoV-2全ゲノムを有するBAC DNAに対し、A50-18株由来のNSP14、Spike、Nucleocapsid、Envelopeを相同組換えにより導入した。得られた組換えBAC DNAを293T細胞にtransfectionすることでウイルスを再構築した。組換えウイルスをVero細胞に感染させ、37℃と32℃でのCPEを観察することで温度感受性を評価した。その結果を図3Dに示した。A50-18株由来のNSP14を導入することで、37℃培養時にCPEを示さない温度感受性株が得られたことから、NSP14が温度感受性に寄与する責任変異(温度感受性変異)であることが明らかとなった。一方で、A50-18株由来のEnvelopeを導入しても温度感受性にはならなかったことから、Envelopeの変異は温度感受性に寄与していないと考えられる。
CPER法にて、NSP14の変異を導入したウイルスを再構築した。以下の各々のNSP14の変異を有する、3種類の組換えウイルスを再構築した。
・G248Vのみ
・G416Sのみ
・G248V及びG416S(以下において、「二重変異株」とも記載する。)
それぞれの組換えウイルスをVero細胞に感染させ、37℃又は32℃で3日間培養後のCPEを観察した。図3-Eより、G248Vのみ変異を有するウイルス、及びG416Sのみ変異を有するウイルスでは、37℃及び32℃にてB-1株と同様、CPEが観察されたため、温度感受性化されていないことがわかった。一方で、G248V及びG416Sの変異を有する二重変異株のウイルスでは、32℃にてCPEが観察されたが、37℃ではCPEがわずかに観察された程度で、32℃と比べ明らかにCPEが弱くなっていた。上記結果より、G248V及びG416Sの変異を有することで、37℃でのウイルス増殖性が低下し、温度感受性化することが明らかとなった。これより、NSP14のG248V変異とG416S変異の組み合わせが、温度感受性に寄与する責任変異(温度感受性変異)であることがわかった。
サンガーシークエンスを用いて、A50-18株の変異解析を行った。SARS-CoV-2を感染させたVero細胞の培養上清からRNAを抽出することで当該解析を行った。その結果、後述する試験例2-2の(2-2-5)で認められたような欠失は見いだされなかった。
温度感受性株A50-18株では、下記表2に示す通り、表示の配列番号のアミノ酸配列においてチェックマークを付した変異が見出され、その中で、二重チェックマークを付した変異が温度感受性変異として見出された。また、下記表2に示すとおり、NSP14の温度感受性変異のみを有する二重変異株も温度感受性株であることが見出された。
(1-3-1)32℃及び37℃における解析
臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])及び温度感受性株(A50-18株)を、MOI=0.01又は0.1の条件下で、6well plateを用いて、Vero細胞に感染させた(N=3)。37℃又は32℃で培養させた後、0~5dpiにて、それぞれの培養上清を回収した。0~5dpiの培養上清ウイルス力価をTCID50/mLにて、Vero細胞を用いて測定した。結果を図4Aに示した。
図4Aより、A50-18株は37℃における感染後3日目のウイルス力価が検出限界以下であり、37℃での増殖性が著しく低下していることがわかった。
臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])及び温度感受性株(A50-18株)を、MOI=0.01の条件下で、6well plateを用いて、Vero細胞に感染させた(N=3)。37℃、34℃又は32℃で培養させた後、0~5dpiにて、それぞれの培養上清を回収した。0~5dpiの培養上清ウイルス力価をTCID50/mLにて、Vero細胞を用いて測定した。結果を図4Bに示した。
図4Bより、A50-18株は32℃、34℃で臨床分離株と同程度に増殖する一方、37℃での増殖性を著しく欠損していることがわかった。
(1-4-1)SARS-CoV-2感染ハムスターの体重変動
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=4) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])及び温度感受性株(A50-18株)(1x104 or 1x106 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与し、10日間の体重変動を観察した。同用量のD-MEM培地を経鼻投与した群を非感染コントロール (MOCK)とした。結果を図5に示した。
図5より、A50-18株を感染させた際に体重減少はみられず、病原性が著しく低いことが示唆された。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=3) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])及び温度感受性株(A50-18株)(1x106 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。3日間の体重変動を観察した結果を図6に示した。3 dpiにてハムスターを安楽死させた後、鼻腔洗浄液をD-PBS 1mLで回収した。また、ハムスターの肺を摘出し、右肺を破砕、D-MEM 1 mLによる懸濁の後、遠心分離にて上清を肺破砕液として回収した。これらの鼻腔洗浄液及び肺破砕液中のウイルス量をVero細胞にてプラークフォーメーションアッセイにて評価した結果を図7に示した。更に、摘出した左肺を10%ホルマリンにて固定し、撮影したものを図8に示した。
(1-4-2)にて実施したハムスターへの感染実験により得られたホルマリン固定肺から切片を作製し、HE染色することによりSARS-CoV-2感染による肺の組織学的な病原性を解析した。その結果を図9に示した。
(1-4-3)にて観察された組織学的な病原性について、ウイルスの増殖と病原性の関連性を評価するため、免疫化学染色を行う事でウイルスタンパク質を検出した。4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (B-1, A50-18: n=5, MOCK: n=3) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])及び温度感受性株(A50-18株)(1x106 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。3 dpiにてハムスターを安楽死させた後、摘出した左肺を10%ホルマリンにて固定し、連続切片を作製した。得られた連続切片についてHE染色並びに免疫化学染色(Immunohistochemistry(IHC)染色ともいう)を実施した。免疫化学染色にはウサギ抗スパイクポリクローナル抗体(Sinobiological: 40589-T62)を用いた。HE染色像及び免疫化学染色像を図10に示した。(1-4-3)と同様にB-1株感染ハムスターでは赤血球の浸潤や肺胞構造の崩壊がみられ、免疫化学染色にて広範囲にスパイクタンパク質が検出された。一方で、A50-18株感染ハムスターではこのような組織障害は見られず、スパイクタンパク質も局所的に限られた領域でのみ検出された。これらの結果からも、B-1株は肺組織中においてウイルスが顕著に増殖して組織障害性を示している一方で、A50-18株は肺組織中で効率的にウイルスが増殖できず、肺組織障害性が低いことが明らかとなった。
(1-5-1)温度感受性株感染ハムスターへの野生株攻撃試験
次の手順で、温度感受性株感染ハムスターへの野生株(臨床分離株)攻撃試験を行った。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=4) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株)(1x104 or 1x106 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。21日後、再度臨床分離株(B-1株)(1x106 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与し、10日間の体重変動を観察した。この際に、同週齢の非感染ハムスター (n=3)をナイーブコントロールとして用いた。その結果を図11に示した。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=5) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株)(1x106 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。感染後の体重変動を図12に示した。これまでの結果と同様に、B-1株の感染により体重が減少する一方、A50-18株の感染では体重の減少は観察されなかった。
[試験例2-1]SARS-CoV-2温度感受性株H50-11株,L50-33株,L50-40株の追加分離
更なる候補株の分離を目的とし、図14の手法にて温度感受性株の分離を行った。SARS-CoV-2の臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])をVero細胞に感染させ、突然変異誘導剤5-FUを添加した状態で、32℃にて馴化させたG~L50シリーズのウイルス集団を取得した。更に、各々のウイルス集団の継代を複数回行い、得られた253の株の中から、32℃で増殖できる一方で、37℃で増殖性が著しく低下しているウイルス株(H50-11株, L50-33株, L50-40株)を見出し、分離、選択した(図15)。
(2-2-1)追加分離株の変異解析法
次世代シークエンサーを用いて、以下のウイルス株の変異解析を行った。SARS-CoV-2を感染させたVero細胞の培養上清からRNAを抽出することで、当該解析を行った。Referenceとして、武漢臨床分離株であるWuhan-Hu-1(NC045512)を用いた。
H50-11株: 温度感受性株
L50-33株: 温度感受性株
L50-40株: 温度感受性株
(2-2-1)にて、図16Aの解析結果を取得した。H50-11株の特徴的な点変異として、NSP3のV404A及びD1832N、NSP16のV67I、並びにSpikeのT739Kが見出された。また、L50-33株の特徴的な点変異として、NSP3のL445F、K1792Rが、L50-40株の特徴的な点変異として、NSP3のL445F、K1792R、SpikeのL54Wが見出された。
H50-11株をmoi=1にてVero細胞に感染させ、37℃、38℃での増殖性を評価した。その結果、37℃及び38℃での増殖性が回復しているサンプル(復帰変異株)を見出した。取得した復帰変異株を38℃で3日培養した後のCPE像を図16Bに示した。得られたサンプルのシークエンスを確認したところ、NSP16 V67Iの変異が野生型のVに復帰変異していた一方、その他のアミノ酸変異は維持されていた。このことから、NSP16のV67I変異が温度感受性に寄与する責任変異(温度感受性変異)であることが示唆された。
L50-33株及びL50-40株をMOI=0.01にてVero細胞に感染させ、32℃、34℃、37℃での増殖性を評価した。その結果、L50-33株及びL50-40株の中から、37℃の増殖性が回復しているサンプル(以下、復帰変異株)を見出した。それぞれの株を37℃で3日培養した後のCPE像を図16Cに示した。L50-33株及びL50-40株の復帰変異株を、それぞれ、L50-33株 Rev1、2及びL50-40株 Rev1、2と示す。得られたサンプルのシークエンスを確認したところ、NSP3におけるL445Fの変異が野生型のL又はCに変異している一方、NSP3におけるK1792Rの変異は維持されていることが明らかとなった。このことから、NSP3のL445F変異が温度感受性に寄与する責任変異(温度感受性変異)である可能性が示唆された。
サンガーシークエンスを用いて、H50-11株、L50-33株及びL50-40株の変異解析を行った。SARS-CoV-2を感染させたVero細胞の培養上清からRNAを抽出することで当該解析を行った。
温度感受性株H50-11株、L50-33株及びL50-40株では、下記表3に示す通り、表示の配列番号のアミノ酸配列においてチェックマークを付した変異が見出され、その中で、二重チェックマークを付した変異が温度感受性変異として見出された。
追加分離株を、MOI=0.01の条件下でVero細胞に感染させた(N=3)。37℃、34℃又は32℃で培養後、0~5 d.p.i.において、それぞれの培養上清を回収した。これらの培養上清ウイルス力価をTCID50/mLにて、Vero細胞を用いて測定した。その結果を図19に示した。これにより、得られた追加分離株は、32℃、34℃で増殖性を示す一方、37℃では増殖性が低下した。
(4-1) 温度感受性株感染ハムスターの体重変動
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=5) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株[参考例]、並びに、L50-33株、L50-40株、及びH50-11株[実施例])(3x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与し、10日間の体重変動を観察した。同用量のD-MEM培地を経鼻投与した群を非感染コントロール(MOCK)とした。結果を図20に示した。B-1株を感染させたハムスターでは7日間で20%程度の体重低下が認められたのに対し、温度感受性株を感染させたハムスターではすべての群で顕著な体重低下はみられず、病原性が著しく低いことが示唆された。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=5) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株[参考例]、並びに、L50-33株、L50-40株、及びH50-11株[実施例])(3x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。3 dpiにてハムスターを安楽死させた後、鼻腔洗浄液をD-PBS 1mLで回収した。また、ハムスターの肺を摘出し、肺重量を測定したのち、右肺を破砕、D-MEM 1 mLによる懸濁の後、遠心分離にて上清を肺破砕液として回収した。ハムスターの総体重あたりの肺重量を図21に示した。またこれらの鼻腔洗浄液及び肺破砕液中のウイルス量をVero細胞にてプラークフォーメーションアッセイにて評価した結果を図22に示した。
(5-1) 温度感受性株感染ハムスターへの野生株攻撃試験
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=5) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株[参考例]、並びに、L50-33株、L50-40株、及びH50-11株[実施例])(3x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。21日後、再度臨床分離株(B-1株)(3x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与し、9日間の体重変動を観察した。この際に、同週齢の非感染ハムスター (n=5)をナイーブコントロールとして用いた。その結果を図23に示した。ナイーブハムスターはB-1株の感染により、体重の減少が観察された一方で、B-1株及び各温度感受性株に1度感染したハムスターの体重は減少しなかった。このことから、野生株であるB-1株だけでなく、病原性の低い各温度感受性株による感染においても、感染防御に寄与する免疫を誘導できることが明らかとなった。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=5) を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株[参考例]、並びに、L50-33株、L50-40株、及びH50-11株[実施例])(3x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。20日後に部分採血を実施し、得られた血清を用いて臨床分離株(B-1株)に対する中和活性を測定した。中和活性の測定方法は(1-5-2)と同様の手法を用いた。測定結果を図24に示した。B-1株の感染のみならず、各温度感受性株感染ハムスターでも中和活性を有する抗体が誘導されることが明らかとなった。
温度感受性株感染ハムスター血清のSARS-CoV-2変異株に対する中和活性評価
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター(n=3又は5)を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株[参考例])(3x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。感染後3週間のハムスターから部分採血を実施し、得られた血清を用いてSARS-CoV-2欧州型臨床分離株(B-1)及びブラジル型変異株(hCoV-19/Japan/TY7-503/2021株)の生ウイルスに対する中和活性を測定した結果を図25に示した。中和活性の測定方法は(1-5-2)と同様の手法を用いた。B-1株や温度感受性株に感染したハムスターはブラジル型変異株に対しても中和活性を示すことが明らかとなった。このことから、本弱毒生ワクチンはSARS-CoV-2変異株に対しても有効であることが推察された。
(7-1) 投与経路による免疫誘導能の比較
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター(n=5)を一週間飼育した後、臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])又は温度感受性株(A50-18株[参考例])(3x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻、又は皮下投与した。未処置群をナイーブコントロール(naive)とした。3週間後、ハムスターから部分採血により得られた血清を用いて、SARS-CoV-2ブラジル型変異株(hCoV-19/Japan/TY7-503/2021株)に対する中和活性を評価した。中和活性の測定方法は(1-5-2)と同様の手法を用いた。中和活性の結果を図26に示した。i.nは経鼻投与、S.Cは皮下投与を示す。B-1株やA50-18株の経鼻投与では生ウイルスに対して中和抗体を誘導できた。皮下投与については、試験した用量ではほとんど中和抗体を誘導できなかったが、経鼻投与での結果に鑑みると、用量を増やすと皮下投与でも中和抗体を誘導できると考えられた。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=5) を一週間飼育した後、温度感受性株(A50-18株)を経鼻、又は皮下投与した。投与量を表4に示した。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター (n=4) を一週間飼育した後、1x104 TCID50又は1x102 TCID50の温度感受性株(A50-18株[参考例])を10 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。感染後3週間のハムスターから部分採血を実施し、得られた血清を用いてSARS-CoV-2 欧州型野生株(B-1株)、インド型変異株(自家分離株)、ブラジル型変異株(hCoV-19/Japan/TY7-503/2021株)の生ウイルスに対する中和活性を測定した結果を図28に示した。中和活性の測定方法は(1-5-2)と同様の手法を用いた。親株であり野生型であるB-1株のみならず、A50-18株を少量経鼻投与した個体でも、インド型変異株やブラジル型変異株に対する中和抗体を用量依存的に誘導できたことが明らかとなった。
本来、弱毒生ワクチンは宿主体内で増殖を伴うため、核酸複製の際に発生する突然変異により、強毒型の野生株が発生する可能性がある。その可能性を低減するため、温度感受性変異と増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異を複合した株を構築した。このような株は、温度感受性変異が失われた場合であっても弱毒性を維持できるように構築した。温度感受性変異及び増殖低減性その他の弱毒性変異、並びに他の変異として、表5にチェックで示す変異[つまり、NSP3のL445F、NSP14のG248V及びG416S、及びNSP16のV67I;NSP1の32~39番目の8アミノ酸欠失、スパイクのfurin cleavage site(FCS)の欠失(具体的には、スパイクの679~686番目の欠失及びV687I)、ORF8の機能欠失;温度感受性株で見出された他の変異(NSP3 K1792R及びNSP14 A504V)のいずれか]を用いた。
(10-1)候補株1~7の温度感受性
試験例9で得られた候補株1~7(実施例)の温度感受性を評価するため、それぞれの候補株の回復培養の上清2μLをVero細胞に感染させ、34℃、37℃での増殖性を比較した。3日間培養した後のCPE像を図31Aに示した。全ての株が34℃でCPEを示したのに対し、候補株1、2、3、6、7は37℃でCPEを示さなかった。候補株4、5は、わずかにCPEを生じたものの、その程度は34℃よりも弱かった。このことから、ワクチン候補株が温度感受性を示すことが確かめられた。
すべての温度感受性変異を導入し再構築した株(rTs-all株[実施例])を得た。rTs-all株は、温度感受性変異として、(b)の変異と、(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせと、(h)の変異との3種が導入され、且つ、他の弱毒性変異として、(n)の変異のみが導入され、他の変異は導入されていない。
試験例9で得られた候補株のうち、候補株1,3,4,6,7(実施例)の免疫原性を評価するため、5週齢雄性ハムスター5匹に100 TCID50の各候補株を10μL経鼻投与した。また、陽性対照としてSARS-CoV-2温度感受性株A50-18株を同力価、同用量で経鼻投与した。3週間後に部分採血を実施して得られた血清のSARS-CoV-2 B-1株に対する中和活性を評価した。中和活性は段階希釈血清と100 TCID50のSARS-CoV-2を混合し、1時間反応した後、Vero細胞に添加、4日間培養後のCPEを観察することで感染性ウイルスの有無を判定する方法により評価した。CPEが見られず、ウイルスの感染性を中和することができた血清の最大希釈倍率を中和抗体価とした。その結果を図32に示した。
候補株7で誘導された免疫が感染防御に寄与しているかどうか評価するため、免疫後のハムスター(雄性8週齢)に3×105 TCID50のSARS-CoV-2 B-1株を100μL経鼻投与することで攻撃試験を実施した。その際のハムスターの体重変動を図33に示した。陽性対照として用いたA50-18株(参考例)と同様に、候補株7(実施例)に感染したハムスターはSARS-CoV-2 B-1株に感染させた際に体重が低下しなかった。この結果から、候補株7(実施例)はA50-18株(参考例)同様に感染防御に寄与する免疫を誘導できたことが明らかとなった。
候補株2、5(実施例)について、高力価、高用量で実験した際の免疫原性を評価した。5週齢雄性ハムスター5匹に1×103又は1×104 TCID50の候補株を20μL経鼻投与した。また、陽性対象としてSARS-CoV-2温度感受性株A50-18株(参考例)1×103 TCID50を同用量で経鼻投与した。3週間後の感染回復ハムスターから部分採血を実施し、得られた血清の中和活性を評価した。中和活性の測定は試験例3と同等の方法で実施した。その結果を図34に示した。
臨床分離株(B-1株[比較例])及び候補株2([実施例])を、MOI=0.01の条件下で、6well plateを用いて、Vero細胞に感染させた(N=3)。37℃、又は32℃で培養し、0~5dpiにて、それぞれの培養上清を回収した。0~5dpiの培養上清ウイルス力価をTCID50/mLにて、Vero細胞を用いて測定した。結果を図35に示した。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター(n=10)を一週間飼育した後、麻酔条件下で候補株2(実施例)(1x103 TCID50 又は 1x104 TCID50)を20 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。2回投与の群においては、1回目投与後4週の時点において、麻酔条件下で再度候補株2(1x103 TCID50 又は 1x104 TCID50)を20 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。経時的に部分採血を行い、得られた血清を56℃で30分間熱処理することで非働化を行った。100 TCID50のB-1株(D614G型: pre-alpha欧州株)又はTY38-873株(オミクロンバリアント)と段階希釈した非働化血清を混和し、37℃で1時間反応させた。反応後の培養液をVero細胞に播種し、37℃培養の後、CPEを観察することでウイルスの中和活性を評価した。CPEを生じない最低の希釈倍率を中和抗体価(Neutralizing antibody titer)とした。その結果を図36に示した。
試験例13にて1×103、1×104 TCID50の候補株2、又は1×103 TCID50のSARS-CoV-2温度感受性株A50-18株を20μL経鼻投与したハムスターについて、初回投与の3週間後にSARS-CoV-2 B-1株(3x105 TCID50)を麻酔条件下で100μLの用量で経鼻投与することで攻撃試験を実施した。攻撃試験実施後のハムスターの体重を投与後6日まで測定した。その結果を図37に示した。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター(n=5)を一週間飼育した後、麻酔条件下で温度感受性株A50-18株又は候補株2(1x105 TCID50)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。この投与量は、ハムスター無有害作用量からヒト無有害作用量を外挿する除数30を用いたヒト等価用量で、2×105PFU/doseに相当する。体重変動を観察するとともに、投与後3日の時点においてハムスターを安楽死させたのち、500 μLのPBSを用いて鼻腔洗浄液を回収した。得られた鼻腔洗浄液を0.22 μmのフィルターでろ過滅菌したのち、その100 μLの鼻腔洗浄液を次代のハムスターに麻酔条件下で経鼻投与した。同様の操作を3回行うことで、1回~4回のin vivo継代を行った際の鼻腔洗浄液を獲得した。得られた鼻腔洗浄液をVero細胞に播種し、各温度で培養することで感染性のウイルスの有無及びそのウイルスの温度感受性を評価した。また、鼻腔洗浄液からウイルスRNAを抽出し、サンガーシークエンス法により、目的部位の塩基配列を確認した。各継代後の鼻腔洗浄液を播種したVero細胞におけるCPEの有無を図38、4回目のin vivo継代を行った際の鼻腔洗浄液から抽出したウイルスRNAの配列確認結果を図39、各in vivo継代時のハムスターの体重変動の結果を図40に示した。
4週齢雄性シリアンハムスター(n=4)を一週間飼育した後、麻酔条件下でSARS-CoV-2 B-1株[比較例]、温度感受性株A50-18株[参考例]又は候補株2[実施例](1x105 TCID50)を20 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。この投与量は、ハムスター無有害作用量からヒト無有害作用量を外挿する除数30を用いたヒト等価用量で、4×104PFU/doseに相当する。非感染群(naive)には麻酔条件下で同用量の培地を経鼻投与した。また、ポジティブコントロールとして、SARS-CoV-2 B-1株(1x105 TCID50)を麻酔条件下で100 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。20 μLの用量で経鼻投与することによりハムスターの上気道までウイルス液が到達し、100 μLの用量で経鼻投与することによりハムスターの下気道までウイルス液が到達した。投与後3日時点において、安楽死させたのち頭部ならびに肺をホルマリン固定し、HE染色にて組織障害性を評価するとともに、Rabbit anti-spike RBD antibody(Sinobiological(40592-T62))を用いたIHC染色にてウイルス抗原を検出した。各個体の鼻腔、肺部における病変ならびにIHCによるウイルス抗原の検出のスコアを表6に示した。本表のLevel1は鼻腔の先端部、Level2は鼻腔の中部、Level3は鼻腔の奥を示す。また、各ウイルス感染ハムスターの各部位における代表例について、Level1を図41、Level2を図42、Level3を図43、肺を図44に示した。
候補株2で誘導された免疫がSARS-CoV-2 オミクロンバリアントの感染防御に寄与しているかどうかを評価した。4週齢雄性シリアンハムスターを一週間飼育した後、麻酔条件下で候補株2(1x103 PFU)を20 μLの用量で経鼻投与した。投与後4週の時点において、部分採血により血清を採取した。得られた血清を56℃で30分間熱処理することで非働化を行った。100 TCID50のB-1株(D614G型:pre-alpha欧州株)又はTY41-702株(オミクロンバリアント:BA.5)と段階希釈した非働化血清を混和し、37℃で1時間反応させた。反応後の培養液をVero細胞に播種し、37℃培養の後、CPEを観察することでウイルスの中和活性を評価した。CPEを生じない最低の希釈倍率を中和抗体価(Neutralizing antibody titer)とした。その結果を図45に示す。また、投与後4週の時点において、候補株2投与ハムスターとナイーブハムスターに対して、麻酔条件下でTY41-702株(3x105 PFU)を100 μLの用量で経鼻投与することで攻撃試験を実施した。経時的に体重を測定し、攻撃試験の実施後4日の時点において、ハムスターを安楽死した後、肺内および鼻腔洗浄液中の感染性ウイルスを定量した。その際の体重変動を図46に示す。
候補株2で誘導された免疫が、SARS-CoV-2 デルタバリアント及びガンマバリアントに有効かどうかを評価した。試験例13にて得られた候補株2免疫血清のガンマバリアント及びデルタバリアントに対する中和活性を測定した。100 TCID50のBK325株(デルタバリアント)又はTY7-501株(ガンマバリアント)と段階希釈した非働化血清を混和し、37℃で1時間反応させた。反応後の培養液をVero細胞に播種し、37℃培養の後、CPEを観察することでウイルスの中和活性を評価した。CPEを生じない最低の希釈倍率を中和抗体価(Neutralizing antibody titer)とした。その結果を、試験例13における野生株に対する中和活性評価と並べて図47に示す。図47中、Lowは1×103 TCID50の候補株を20μL経鼻投与した結果であり、Highは1×104 TCID50の候補株を20μL経鼻投与した結果である。
Claims (12)
- 以下の(b)の変異、(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせ、並びに/若しくは(h)の変異を有する非構造タンパク質と、
以下の(n)、(о)及び/又は(r)の変異を有する構造タンパク質、付属タンパク質及び/又は非構造タンパク質と、
を含む、ベータコロナウイルス弱毒株:
(b)NSP3における、配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列の第445位のロイシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(e)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第248位のグリシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(f)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第416位のグリシンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(h)NSP16における、配列番号3に示すアミノ酸配列の第67位のバリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異、
(n)ORF8の機能欠失変異、
(о)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第681位~第684位に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失、
(r)NSP1における、配列番号8に示すアミノ酸配列の第32位~第39位に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失。 - 前記(b)の変異、前記(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせ、前記(h)の変異、前記(n)の変異、前記(о)の変異、及び前記(r)の変異の6種の変異又は変異の組み合わせのうち、4種の変異又は変異の組み合わせが選択される、請求項1に記載のウイルス弱毒株。
- 前記(b)の変異、前記(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせ、前記(h)の変異の3種の変異又は変異の組み合わせのうち、1~2種の変異又は変異の組み合わせが選択される、請求項1に記載のウイルス弱毒株。
- 前記構造タンパク質がさらに以下の(p)及び/又は(q)の変異を含む、請求項1に記載のウイルス弱毒株:
(p)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第679位~第680位及び第685~686位に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失を含む変異、
(q)スパイクにおける、配列番号4に示すアミノ酸配列の第687位のバリンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異。 - 前記(e)及び(f)の変異の組み合わせと以下の(g)の変異とを含む、請求項4に記載のウイルス弱毒株:
(g)NSP14における、配列番号2に示すアミノ酸配列の第504位のアラニンに相当するアミノ酸残基の変異。 - 前記(n)の変異が、配列番号7に示す塩基配列にコードされるアミノ酸配列に相当するアミノ酸配列の欠失である、請求項4に記載のベータコロナウイルス弱毒株。
- 前記(b)の変異がフェニルアラニンへの置換であり、前記(e)の変異がバリンへの置換であり、前記(f)の変異がセリンへの置換であり、前記(h)の変異がイソロイシンへの置換である、請求項1に記載のウイルス弱毒株。
- 前記(q)の変異がイソロイシンへの置換である、請求項4に記載のウイルス弱毒株。
- 前記ベータコロナウイルスが、SARS-CoV-2ウイルスである、請求項1に記載のウイルス弱毒株。
- 請求項1に記載のウイルス弱毒株を含む、弱毒生ワクチン。
- 経鼻投与される、請求項10に記載の弱毒生ワクチン。
- 筋肉内投与、皮下投与又は皮内投与される、請求項10に記載の弱毒生ワクチン。
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