WO2023071096A1 - 泄放电路、电池管理系统、电池、保护方法及用电装置 - Google Patents

泄放电路、电池管理系统、电池、保护方法及用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023071096A1
WO2023071096A1 PCT/CN2022/089068 CN2022089068W WO2023071096A1 WO 2023071096 A1 WO2023071096 A1 WO 2023071096A1 CN 2022089068 W CN2022089068 W CN 2022089068W WO 2023071096 A1 WO2023071096 A1 WO 2023071096A1
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Prior art keywords
branch
voltage
sub
control
unit
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PCT/CN2022/089068
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈辉
傅焱辉
楚乐
郭茂柏
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宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Priority to EP22746938.4A priority Critical patent/EP4203219A4/en
Priority to KR1020227028064A priority patent/KR20230063886A/ko
Priority to JP2022548745A priority patent/JP2023550857A/ja
Priority to US17/940,762 priority patent/US20230139265A1/en
Publication of WO2023071096A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023071096A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/18—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for batteries; for accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of battery technology, in particular to a discharge circuit, a battery management system, a battery, a protection method and an electrical device.
  • the battery is effectively managed through the Battery Management System (BMS).
  • BMS Battery Management System
  • the battery management system itself is a low-voltage system, which has certain restrictions on the high-voltage withstand voltage requirements and cannot be completely electrically isolated. If the high voltage exceeds the withstand voltage limit of the battery management system, the battery management system will be damaged.
  • the present application provides a discharge circuit, a battery management system, a battery, a protection method, and an electrical device, which can solve the problem of damage to the battery management system caused by high-voltage surges.
  • the present application provides a discharge circuit, including: a first branch for connecting with a protected unit, the first branch includes a first overvoltage protection device, and the first overvoltage protection device is used for For passive discharge of surge voltage; the second branch includes a second overvoltage protection device and a control switch connected in series, and the second branch is connected in parallel with the first branch; wherein the control switch is used to connect with the control unit, Open or close based on the control signal from the control unit.
  • two branches are set in the discharge circuit, the first branch can use the first overvoltage protection device to passively discharge the surge voltage, and perform overvoltage protection on the protected unit;
  • the second branch is not only equipped with a second overvoltage protection device but also has a control switch, which can be controlled by the control unit of the battery management system to open or close the control switch, so that the second branch can actively discharge the surge voltage. Participate in the work in a way, so that the discharge circuit can discharge the surge voltage to the protected unit through passive and active cooperation, so as to ensure that the protected unit will not produce overvoltage problems, and further protect the battery management system from overvoltage. damage due to large surges.
  • the first branch includes N first sub-branches, and each first sub-branch is connected in series with a first overvoltage protection device; wherein, the first overvoltage protection devices of the N first sub-branches Voltage protection devices are connected in parallel, and N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.
  • the cooperative operation of N first overvoltage protection devices can be realized.
  • To relieve the surge received by the protected unit improve the ability to passively discharge the surge.
  • the first sub-branch further includes a first resistor connected in series with the first overvoltage protection device; wherein, when the first branch is connected to the protected unit, the first resistor is located opposite to the first overvoltage protection device Close to the side of the protected unit.
  • the setting of the first resistor can effectively play a role of current limiting, that is, the first resistor is a current limiting resistor, and the first resistor can effectively reduce the power consumption of the first overvoltage protection device.
  • the first first sub-branch of the first branch is connected to the protected unit, and one end of the second to Nth first sub-branches is sequentially connected to the first sub-branch of the previous one. Between the first resistor of the branch and the first overvoltage protection device, the other ends of the second to Nth first sub-branches are grounded, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.
  • the first branch can form a continuous multi-level passive discharge branch, that is, the ability to absorb and suppress in the first sub-branch
  • the second sub-branch connected in turn to the Nth sub-branch can share energy, and can work together with the first sub-branch to jointly absorb surge voltage and improve the ability to absorb surge voltage.
  • the second branch includes M parallel second sub-branches, each of which has a second overvoltage protection device and a control switch connected in series; wherein, M is greater than or equal to A positive integer of 2, all control switches are used to connect with the control unit respectively.
  • multiple active discharge paths are formed through the setting of M second sub-branches.
  • the control unit can control the M second sub-branches.
  • One or more of them participate in the active discharge voltage, which can deal with a variety of overvoltage conditions of the protected units, making the form of active and passive surge discharge more practical, and the effect of surge discharge is better.
  • the second sub-branch further includes a second resistor connected in series with the second overvoltage protection device; wherein, one end of the M second sub-branch close to the second resistor is connected to the Nth first sub-branch The position between the first resistance of the branch and the first overvoltage protector is connected, the ends of the M second sub-branches close to the second overvoltage protection device are all grounded, and the M and N are both greater than or equal to 2 positive integer.
  • the function of the above-mentioned second resistor is similar to that of the first resistor, and is also used as a current limiting resistor, and the second resistor can also effectively reduce the power consumption of the second overvoltage protection device.
  • both the first overvoltage protection device and the second overvoltage protection device are transient voltage suppression diodes.
  • the above-mentioned transient voltage suppression diode is used as the first overvoltage protection device and the second overvoltage protection device, which can suddenly reduce its impedance at a very high speed, and at the same time absorb a large current to clamp the voltage between its two ends It is located at a predetermined value, so as to ensure that the subsequent circuit components are not damaged by the impact of transient high energy, that is, it can effectively absorb the surge.
  • control switch is a MOS transistor.
  • the MOS transistor since the MOS transistor has the characteristics of regularization, low price, easy control, and stable control, using the MOS transistor as the control gate can make the entire discharge circuit easy to control and reduce the cost.
  • the present application provides a battery management system, including: the discharge circuit in the above-mentioned embodiment; a micro-control processor, a voltage sampling unit, and a multi-stage voltage comparison unit; wherein, the micro-control processor, the voltage sampling unit 1. At least one of the multi-level voltage comparison units is connected to the control switch of the second branch of the discharge circuit, and the control switch receives the control signal from the micro-control processor, the voltage sampling unit or the multi-level voltage comparison unit, and performs disconnection based on the control signal. open or closed.
  • the first branch and the second branch in the discharge circuit can be used to pass the passive discharge and
  • the active discharge coordination method discharges the surge voltage to the protected unit to ensure that the protected unit will not produce overvoltage problems, and can further protect the battery management system from damage due to large surges.
  • the battery management system further includes: a switch control unit, the switch control unit is connected to the control terminal of the control switch of the second branch of the discharge circuit, a micro-control processor, a voltage sampling unit, a multi-stage voltage comparison At least one of the units is connected to the switch control unit.
  • the arrangement of the above-mentioned switch control unit can make the control of the control switch in the second branch more convenient and stable.
  • the present application provides a discharge protection method for a battery management system, which is used in the above-mentioned battery management system, including: obtaining the voltage of the protected unit, and judging whether the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold; The second branch of the discharge circuit sends a control signal to control the closing of the control switch of the second branch, so that the discharge circuit performs active and passive combination to discharge the surge voltage.
  • the conduction of the second branch can be controlled. Realize the active discharge of the surge, realize the combination of active and passive discharge of the higher energy surge, and avoid the overvoltage of the protected unit and further lead to the overvoltage of the battery management system.
  • the method can be applied to the battery management system with the above-mentioned discharge circuit, so that the discharge circuit can work efficiently in the battery management system.
  • the protected unit before obtaining the voltage of the protected unit and judging whether the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold, it also includes: obtaining whether the voltage and current of the positive terminal of the battery reach the protection threshold; if so, controlling the positive terminal of the battery and The controllable switch between the positive terminals of the battery pack is turned off; a control signal is sent to the second branch of the discharge circuit, and the control switch of the second branch is controlled to close, so that the discharge circuit performs active and passive combined discharge Surge voltage; where the protected unit is the positive terminal of the battery pack.
  • the positive terminal of the battery pack is used as the protected unit, and when the positive terminal of the battery module has overvoltage and/or overcurrent, when the generated surge acts on the positive terminal of the battery pack, it can While the first branch of the discharge protection circuit is passively discharged, the surge voltage is also actively discharged by controlling the conduction of the second branch to ensure that the positive terminal of the battery pack will not be overvoltage, thereby protecting the entire battery management system. Will not be damaged by surge action.
  • the loop executes "obtaining the voltage of the protected unit, and judging whether the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold; if so, sending a control signal to the second branch of the discharge circuit, and controlling the control switch of the second branch to close , making the discharge circuit discharge the surge voltage in a combination of active and passive ways; "method, until the obtained voltage of the protected unit does not exceed the overvoltage threshold.
  • the larger surge can be quickly discharged, ensuring that the voltage of the protected unit is below the protection threshold, and no overvoltage occurs, avoiding failure of a single active discharge. Discharge the voltage of the protected unit below the protection threshold.
  • the obtained voltage of the protected unit exceeds the overvoltage threshold, the obtained voltage of the protected unit is divided into multiple levels from low to high; corresponding to multiple voltage levels from high to low, The number of second sub-branch connections in the control bleeder circuit is gradually increased.
  • the overvoltage is divided into multiple levels, then several second sub-branches can be intelligently controlled to work together to discharge the surge, so as to realize intelligent and rapid surge relief.
  • the present application provides a battery, including: the battery management system in the above embodiment.
  • the present application provides an electric device, which includes the battery in the above embodiment, and the battery is used to provide electric energy.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a discharge circuit in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the first branch of another bleeder circuit in some embodiments of the present application
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a second branch of another bleeder circuit in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery management system in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another battery management system according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic flowchart of a discharge protection method for a battery management system according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic flowchart of another discharge protection method for a battery management system according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • 100-discharge circuit 100-discharge circuit; 200-battery management system; 1-first branch; 11-first sub-branch; 111-first overvoltage protection device 111; R1-first resistor; 2-second branch; 21-second sub-branch 21; 211-second overvoltage protection device; 212-control switch; R2-second resistor; 3-micro-control processor; 4-voltage sampling unit; 5-multi-level voltage comparison unit; 6-overcurrent protection unit; V1-the positive terminal of the battery; V2-the positive terminal of the battery pack.
  • multiple refers to more than two (including two), similarly, “multiple groups” refers to more than two groups (including two), and “multiple pieces” refers to More than two pieces (including two pieces).
  • batteries that can store more electric energy and can be recharged and discharged many times, such as lithium-ion batteries.
  • batteries are not only used in energy storage power systems such as water power, fire power, wind power and solar power plants, but also widely used in electric vehicles such as electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, as well as military equipment, aerospace and other field.
  • the battery management system mainly used in the batteries of two-wheeled vehicles and hybrid vehicles is a low-voltage system. Complex and diverse. For example, in the case of rapid downhill use, the magnetic field lines of the two-wheeled vehicle drive motor generate a high-voltage potential superimposed on the contact end of the battery management system due to the high-speed cutting magnetic field. Or in the process of high-current charging, for battery protection, the moment the current is cut off, the surge voltage caused by the load terminal is superimposed on both ends of the battery management system.
  • the battery management system itself is a low-voltage system. There are certain restrictions on the high-voltage withstand voltage requirements, and it cannot be completely electrically isolated. When the high voltage exceeds the withstand voltage limit of the battery management system, the battery management system will be damaged.
  • the most common solution at present is to bridge the discharge circuit with an overvoltage protection device across the two ends of the battery management system that is in contact with the protected unit, and use the overvoltage protection in the discharge circuit
  • the device absorbs surges of a certain range of energies.
  • the ability of this method to suppress the surge voltage is fixed and unchanged.
  • the overvoltage protection device will break down or even ablate, and will no longer play a protective role.
  • the surge voltage will act on the protected unit, and the battery management system in contact with it will be affected by the surge and easily damaged.
  • a branch circuit with active discharge function can be added to the existing discharge circuit for passive discharge surge voltage, and the active discharge function can be controlled by the control unit of the battery management system.
  • the branch circuit conducts conduction control, so that the above technical problems can be solved by passively and actively discharging the surge voltage of the protected unit.
  • the discharge circuit disclosed in the embodiment of the present application can be applied to any battery management system, but is not limited to the battery management system, and can also be used for surge discharge in other electronic management systems, electronic equipment management systems, and the like.
  • the battery management system disclosed in the embodiments of the present application can be applied to batteries of various current application scenarios, types, capacities, and shapes.
  • the batteries disclosed in the embodiments of the present application can be used, but not limited to, in electric devices such as vehicles, ships or aircrafts.
  • a power supply system comprising the electric device such as the battery management system and batteries disclosed in the present application can be used, which is conducive to solving the problem of surge action in various scenarios.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides an electric device using a battery as a power source.
  • the electric device can be, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a tablet, a notebook computer, an electric toy, an electric tool, a battery car, an electric car, a ship, a spacecraft, and the like.
  • electric toys may include fixed or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric boat toys, electric airplane toys, etc.
  • spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, spaceships, etc.
  • the present application provides a discharge circuit 100, including: a first branch 1 and a second branch 2; the first branch 1 is used to communicate with the protected unit connection, the first branch 1 includes a first overvoltage protection device 111, and the first protection device is used to passively discharge the surge voltage; the second branch 2 includes a second overvoltage protection device 211 and a control switch 212 connected in series , the second branch 2 is connected in parallel with the first branch 1; wherein, as shown in FIG. 4 , the control switch 212 is used to connect with the control unit of the battery management system 200, and is opened or closed based on the control signal of the control unit.
  • both the first branch 1 and the second branch 2 may be independently conductive circuits, and each may have at least two connection terminals.
  • the bridging method of the first branch 1 across both ends of the protected unit can be direct bridging, or one end of the first branch 1 is connected to the protected unit, and the other end is grounded, that is, the first branch 1 Line 1 is connected to the protected unit (for example, it is connected in this way when protecting a certain connection end), as long as the surge voltage acting on the protected unit can be transmitted to the first branch 1.
  • the second branch 2 is connected in parallel with the first branch 1, and the first end can be connected to one end of the first branch 1 connected to the protected unit and the other end is grounded, and the two ends of the second branch 2 can also be directly connected to the first branch. Both ends of branch 1 are connected.
  • the protected unit can be an electronic device, a circuit with an independent function, or an electrical terminal (such as the positive terminal V2 of a battery pack).
  • the first overvoltage protection device 111 and the second overvoltage protection device 211 may be the same device, or may be different devices with the same function.
  • the first overvoltage protection device 111 and the second overvoltage protection device 211 may be one of solid discharge chips or transient voltage suppression diodes (TVS tubes).
  • the control switch 212 may be any controllable switch that can facilitate on-off control, such as a triode, preferably a MOS transistor.
  • two branches are set in the discharge circuit 100, and the first branch 1 can use the first overvoltage protection device 111 to passively discharge the surge voltage to overvoltage the protected unit. protection; the second branch 2 is not only provided with a second overvoltage protection device 211 but also a control switch 212, which can be controlled by the control unit of the battery management system 200 to open or close the control switch 212, so that the second branch 2 Participate in the work by actively discharging the surge voltage, so that the discharge circuit 100 can discharge the surge voltage to the protected unit through passive and active cooperation, so as to ensure that the protected unit will not generate overvoltage problems, and then It can further protect the battery management system 200 from being damaged due to a large surge.
  • the first branch 1 includes N first sub-branches 11, and each first sub-branch 11 is connected in series with a first An overvoltage protection device 111 ; wherein, the first overvoltage protection devices 111 of the N first sub-branches 11 are connected in parallel, and N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.
  • the first sub-branch 11 is a branch that can be turned on independently in the first branch 1, that is, a single first sub-branch 11 can also realize the effect of discharging the surge voltage.
  • the first overvoltage protection device 111 is provided in each first sub-branch 11 , so that the surge voltage of the protected unit can be released when each first sub-branch 11 works alone.
  • N first overvoltage protection devices 111 can be realized.
  • the protection device 111 cooperates to discharge the surge received by the protected unit, improving the ability of passive surge discharge.
  • the first sub-branch 11 further includes a first resistor R1 connected in series with the first overvoltage protection device 111; wherein, the first sub-branch 1 When connected to the protected unit, the first resistor R1 is located on the side of the first overvoltage protection device 111 close to the protected unit.
  • the first resistor R1 is a current-limiting resistor, and an appropriate resistance value can be set according to actual needs, and the first resistor R1 in each first sub-branch 11 is used to protect the first overvoltage protection device 111 , and also has a certain voltage drop function, so the first resistor R1 should be located on the side close to the protected unit relative to the first overvoltage protection device 111 .
  • the setting of the first resistor R1 can effectively limit the current, and the first resistor R1 can reduce the power consumption of the first overvoltage protection device 111 .
  • the first sub-branch 11 of the first branch 1 is connected to the protected unit, and the second to Nth first sub-branches One end of the branch 11 is sequentially connected between the first resistor R1 of the first sub-branch 11 of the previous one and the first overvoltage protection device 111, and the other ends of the second to Nth first sub-branches 11 are grounded , N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.
  • the N first sub-branches 11 are defined as the first first sub-branch 11 to the Nth first sub-branch 11 .
  • the connection between the N first sub-branches 11 is according to the above-mentioned law, that is, starting from the second first sub-branch 11, one end of each first sub-branch 11 is connected to the previous first sub-branch.
  • the first resistor R1 of the sub-branch 11 and the first overvoltage protection device 111 such a connection mode can make the last first sub-branch 11 discharge the pressure of the previous first sub-branch 11 connected to it.
  • the clamping voltage of the first overvoltage protection device 111 is further discharged, thereby achieving multi-stage voltage relief.
  • the first branch 1 forms a continuous multi-stage passive discharge branch, that is, the sum absorbed by the first sub-branch 11
  • the sequentially connected second sub-branch 21 to the Nth sub-branch can share the energy, and can work together with the first sub-branch 11 to jointly absorb the surge voltage and improve the ability to absorb the surge voltage , and at the same time, compared with the first branch circuit 1 with only one first overvoltage protection device 111 , the service life of the first overvoltage protection device 111 can be enhanced.
  • the second branch 2 includes M parallel second sub-branches 21, and each second sub-branch 21 has A second overvoltage protection device 211 and a control switch 212 together; wherein, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, and all the control switches 212 are used to connect to the control unit respectively.
  • the second sub-branch 21 is a branch that can be turned on independently in the second branch 2, that is, a single second sub-branch 21 can assist the first branch 1 to actively generate surge voltage when it is turned on. vent. It should be noted that it is necessary to ensure that each second sub-branch 21 has a second overvoltage protection device 211 and a control switch 212 connected in series, so as to ensure that each second sub-branch 21 can control the switch through the control unit.
  • the control of 212 realizes the conduction of the corresponding second sub-branch 21, that is, through the control of the control unit, one or more second sub-branches 21 actively participate in the pressure relief work.
  • multiple active discharge paths are formed through the setting of M second sub-branches 21.
  • the control unit can control the M second sub-branches.
  • One or more of the branch circuits 21 participate in the active voltage discharge, which can deal with various overvoltage situations of the protected units, making the form of active and passive surge discharge more practical, and the effect of surge discharge is better.
  • the second sub-branch 21 further includes a second resistor R2 connected in series with the second overvoltage protection device 211; wherein, M second One end of the sub-branches 21 close to the second resistor R2 is connected to the position between the first resistor R1 of the Nth first sub-branch 11 and the first overvoltage protector, and the M second sub-branches 21 Both ends close to the second overvoltage protection device 211 are grounded, and both M and N are positive integers greater than or equal to 2.
  • the second resistor R2 in the second sub-branch 21 has the same function as the first resistor R1 in the first sub-branch 11, and is also a current-limiting resistor, and an appropriate resistance value can be set according to actual needs, and
  • the second resistor R2 in each second sub-branch 21 is used to protect the second overvoltage protection device 211, and also has a certain voltage drop function, so the second resistor R2 should be opposite to the second overvoltage protection device 211 Located on the side close to the protected unit.
  • the above-mentioned second resistor R2 can effectively reduce the power consumption of the second overvoltage protection device 211 and protect it.
  • both the first overvoltage protection device 111 and the second overvoltage protection device 211 are transient voltage suppression diodes; the control switch 212 is a MOS transistor .
  • the working principle of the transient voltage suppression diode is similar to that of common Zener diodes.
  • the transient voltage suppression diode When the voltage is higher than the breakdown voltage, the transient voltage suppression diode will be turned on, but compared with the Zener diode, the transient voltage suppression diode It has higher current conduction capability, and when the two poles of the transient voltage suppression diode are subjected to reverse transient high-energy impact, it can quickly change the high impedance between its two poles to low impedance, and at the same time absorb surges up to several thousand watts Power, so that the voltage between the two poles is clamped at a safe value, effectively protecting the precision components in the electronic circuit from the damage of the surge voltage.
  • the MOS tube is a metal (metal)-oxide (oxide)-semiconductor (semiconductor) field effect transistor, or a metal-insulator (insulator)-semiconductor.
  • the above-mentioned transient voltage suppression diode is used as the first overvoltage protection device 111 and the second overvoltage protection device 211, which can suddenly reduce its impedance at a very high speed, and at the same time absorb a large current, and the voltage between its two ends The voltage is clamped at a predetermined value, so as to ensure that the subsequent circuit components are not damaged by the impact of transient high energy, that is, it can effectively absorb the surge. Since the MOS tube has the characteristics of conventionality, low price, easy control, and stable control, using the MOS tube as the control switch can make the entire discharge circuit 100 easy to control and reduce the cost.
  • the present application also provides a battery management system 200 , including a discharge circuit 100 of any of the above schemes, and the discharge circuit 100 is shown in FIG. 1 ;
  • the specific structure of the battery management system 200 is not limited in this application.
  • This application only adds a discharge circuit 100 to the battery management system 200, and the connection position of the discharge circuit 100 is as described above in the description of the discharge circuit.
  • at least one of the microcontroller processor 3, the voltage sampling unit 4, and the multi-stage voltage comparison unit 5 in the battery management system 200 needs to be connected to the control switch 212 of the second branch 2 of the discharge circuit 100 connected so as to realize the control of the second branch 2 in the discharge circuit 100 to actively discharge the surge voltage.
  • Microcontroller processor 3 also known as single-chip microcomputer, is a chip-level computer formed by appropriately reducing the frequency and specifications of the central processing unit and integrating peripheral interfaces such as memory, counter, USB, and A/D conversion on one chip.
  • the control processor 3 is the core control part of the battery management system 200, responsible for signal detection and instruction control.
  • the voltage sampling unit 4 is a device for collecting the voltage signal of the detected unit, which is known to those skilled in the art and will not be repeated here.
  • the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5 is composed of a plurality of voltage comparison units with different comparison thresholds, compares the input signal with a preset value and outputs a signal according to the comparison result, and may be a comparator or a chip with data processing capability.
  • the first branch 1 and the second branch 2 in the bleeder circuit 100 can be used Discharge the surge voltage of the protected unit through the combination of passive discharge and active discharge, so as to ensure that the protected unit will not cause overvoltage problems, and further protect the battery management system 200 from damage due to large surges. Damage occurred.
  • the battery management system 200 further includes: a switch control unit (not shown in the figure), the switch control unit is connected to the second branch of the discharge circuit 100
  • the control terminal of the control switch 212 of 2 at least one of the micro-control processor 3, the voltage sampling unit 4, and the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5 is connected to the switch control unit.
  • it may be a switch control circuit, an arithmetic module or an electronic device, as long as it can realize control and control according to any one of the control signal sent by the micro-control processor 3, the voltage sampling unit 4, and the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5 of the battery management system 200. Closing and opening of the switch 212 is sufficient.
  • the arrangement of the above-mentioned switch control unit can make the control of the control switch 212 in the second branch 2 more convenient and stable.
  • the present application also provides a discharge protection method for a battery management system, which is used in the battery management system 200 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 above, including:
  • the voltage of the protected unit can be obtained through the real-time working micro-control processor of the battery management system and the multi-level voltage comparison unit, and it is judged whether the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold.
  • One branch performs passive discharge work, on the contrary, if the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold, the following step 202 is performed.
  • control signal sent to the control switch of the second branch can be controlled by the micro-control processor, the voltage sampling unit, and the multi-level voltage comparison unit, and the control switch is closed, so that the second branch of the discharge circuit participates in active The work of discharging surge voltage.
  • the control switch in the second branch no control signal is sent to the control switch in the second branch, so that the discharge circuit only works in the first branch to discharge the surge voltage passively.
  • the conduction of the second branch can be controlled. Realize the active discharge of the surge, realize the combination of active and passive discharge of the higher energy surge, and avoid the overvoltage of the protected unit and further lead to the overvoltage of the battery management system.
  • the method can be applied to the battery management system with the above-mentioned discharge circuit, so that the discharge circuit can work efficiently in the battery management system.
  • the voltage and current of the positive terminal V1 of the battery that is, the voltage and current of the positive terminal of the battery module can be obtained through the microcontroller processor, multi-level voltage comparison unit, and overcurrent protection unit in the battery management system, and judge Whether the voltage and/or current has reached the protection threshold. If the obtained voltage and current of the positive terminal of the battery do not reach the protection threshold, then run normally without turning off the controllable switch; if the obtained voltage and current of the positive terminal of the battery reach the protection threshold, proceed to the following step 302 .
  • controllable switch can be controlled to be turned off by the microcontroller processor, the multi-level voltage comparison unit, and the overcurrent protection unit in the battery management system, so as to protect the battery module from the influence of overvoltage and overcurrent.
  • the controllable switch is a device between the positive terminal of the battery and the positive terminal of the battery pack that can be turned on and off by electric signal control, and the selection of the model and type of the specific device is known to the skilled person.
  • step 305 Acquire the voltage of the positive terminal of the battery pack, and determine whether the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold. If not, only the first branch in the bleeder circuit performs the passive bleeder operation; otherwise, if the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold, the following step 305 is performed.
  • the positive terminal V2 of the battery pack is used as the protected unit, and when the positive terminal V1 of the battery has overvoltage and/or overcurrent, when the generated surge acts on the positive terminal V2 of the battery pack, While the first branch of the discharge protection circuit is passively discharged, the surge voltage can be actively discharged by controlling the conduction of the second branch to ensure that the positive terminal V2 of the battery pack will not be overvoltage, thereby protecting the entire battery The management system will not be damaged by the action of the surge.
  • the loop executes "obtaining the voltage of the protected unit, and judging whether the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold; if so, sending a control signal to the second branch of the discharge circuit to control the voltage of the second branch
  • the control switch is closed to make the discharge circuit discharge the surge voltage in a combination of active and passive ways;" until the obtained voltage of the protected unit does not exceed the overvoltage threshold.
  • the larger surge can be quickly discharged, ensuring that the voltage of the protected unit is below the protection threshold, and no overvoltage occurs, avoiding failure of a single active discharge. Discharge the voltage of the protected unit below the protection threshold.
  • the obtained voltage of the protected unit exceeds the overvoltage threshold, the obtained voltage of the protected unit is divided into multiple levels from low to high; corresponding to multiple voltage levels from high to low, The number of second sub-branch connections in the control bleeder circuit is gradually increased.
  • an appropriate level can be set according to the actual magnitude of the surge voltage, and then selected according to the power of the first branch of the selected discharge circuit and the power of the second sub-branch in the second branch Several second sub-branches are used to actively discharge the surge voltage, and the specific number can be selected according to actual design requirements.
  • the overvoltage is divided into multiple levels, then several second sub-branches can be intelligently controlled to work together to discharge the surge, so as to realize intelligent and rapid surge relief.
  • the present application further provides a battery, including: the battery management system in the foregoing embodiments.
  • the present application also provides an electric device, which includes the battery in the above embodiments, and the battery is used to provide electric energy for the electric device.
  • Electric devices can be but not limited to mobile phones, tablets, laptops, electric toys, electric tools, battery cars, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc.
  • electric toys may include fixed or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric boat toys, electric airplane toys, etc.
  • spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, spaceships, etc.
  • the positive terminal V2 of the battery pack is used as the protected unit
  • the discharge circuit 100 includes a first branch 1 and a second branch 2 together.
  • Branch 1 has a first resistor R1 and a first overvoltage protection device 111 connected in series
  • the second branch 2 has a second resistor R2, a second overvoltage protection device 211 and a control switch 212
  • the second branch 2 is connected in parallel
  • the control switch 212 of the second branch 2 is connected to at least one of the microcontroller processor 3 , the voltage sampling unit 4 and the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5 of the battery management system 200 .
  • the battery management system 200 obtains the voltage and current of the positive terminal V1 of the battery through the micro-control processor 3, the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5, and the overcurrent protection unit 6, and judges that the voltage and/or current reach the protection threshold, the battery management The micro-control processor 3, the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5, and the overcurrent protection unit 6 in the system 200 control the controllable switch to turn off to protect the battery from overvoltage and overcurrent.
  • the surge generated at this time acts on the positive terminal V2 of the battery pack, and the first branch 1 of the discharge circuit 100 passively discharges the surge voltage.
  • the stage voltage comparison unit 5 controls to send a control signal to the control switch 212 of the second branch 2, controls the control switch 212 to close, and then makes the second branch 2 of the discharge circuit 100 participate in the work of actively discharging the surge voltage.
  • the micro-control processor 3 and the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5 obtain the voltage of the positive terminal V2 of the protected unit battery pack, and judge whether the voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold, and if so, pass the micro-control processor 3 and the voltage sampling unit again. 4.
  • the multi-level voltage comparison unit 5 controls to send a control signal to the control switch 212 of the second branch 2, and controls the control switch 212 to close, so that the second branch 2 participates in the work of actively discharging the surge voltage, and so on until the battery
  • the surge voltage can be discharged passively only through the first branch 1 of the discharge circuit 100 .

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Abstract

本申请公开了一种泄放电路、电池管理系统、电池、保护方法及用电装置。泄放电路包括：第一支路，用于与被保护单元连接，所述第一支路包括第一过压保护器件，所述第一过压保护器件用于被动泄放浪涌电压；第二支路，包括串联在一起的第二过压保护器件和控制开关，所述第二支路与所述第一支路并联；其中，所述控制开关用于与控制单元连接，基于所述控制单元的控制信号进行断开或闭合。所述泄放电路通过第一支路的被动泄放和第二支路的主动泄放的结合，解决了被保护单元因浪涌电压导致的过压的问题，进而解决了电池管理系统因高压浪涌造成的损坏的问题。

Description

泄放电路、电池管理系统、电池、保护方法及用电装置
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有于2021年11月01日提交的名称为“泄放电路、电池管理系统、电池、保护方法及用电装置”的中国专利申请202111283737.5的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池技术领域，具体涉及一种泄放电路、电池管理系统、电池、保护方法及用电装置。
背景技术
随着新能源技术的发展，电池技术尤其是锂电池技术得到了快速发展。
现有技术中，通过电池管理系统(Battery Management System，简称BMS)对电池进行有效地管理，然而电池管理系统本身是低压系统，对于高压的耐压要求有一定的限定，不能完全电气隔离，当高压超过电池管理系统耐压限值就会导致电池管理系统损坏。
所以，如何有效地对电池管理系统进行过压、过流保护是急需解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本申请鉴于上述问题，本申请提供一种泄放电路、电池管理系统、电池、保护方法及用电装置，能够解决电池管理系统因高压浪涌造成的损坏的问题。
第一方面，本申请提供了一种泄放电路，包括：第一支路，用于与被保护单元连接，第一支路包括第一过压保护器件，所述第一过压保护器件用于被动泄放浪涌电压；第二支路，包括串联在一起的第二过压保护器件和控制开关，第二支路与第一支路并联；其中，控制开关用于与控制单元连接，基于控制单元的控制信号进行断开或闭合。
本申请实施例的技术方案中，在泄放电路中设置两条支路，第一支路能够利用第一过压保护器件进行被动泄放浪涌电压，对被保护单元进行过压保护；第二支路不仅设置有第二过压保护器件还增设控制开关，可以通过电池管理系统的控制单元进行控制开关的断开或闭合的控制，进而使第二支路以主动泄放浪涌电压的方式参与工作，进而使泄放电路可以通过被动和主动配合的方式对被保护单元泄放浪涌电压，保证被保护单元不会产生过压的问题，进而可以进一步的保护电池管理系统不因较大的浪涌而发生损坏。
在一些实施例中，第一支路包括N条第一子支路，每条第一子支路中均串联有第一过压保护器件；其中，N条第一子支路的第一过压保护器件相并联，N为大于等于2的正整数。
本实施例通过将第一支路设置为N条第一子支路的方式，在第一支路中并行设置N个第一过压保护器件，可以实现N个第一过压保护器件协同的对泄放被保护单元受到的浪涌，提高被动泄放浪涌的能力。
在一些实施例中，第一子支路还包括与第一过压保护器件串联的第一电阻；其中，第一支路与被保护单元连接时，第一电阻位于相对第一过压保护器件靠近被保护单元一侧。
本申请实施例中通过第一电阻的设置，可以有效地起到限流的作用，即第一电阻为限流电阻，第一电阻可以有效减少第一过压保护器件的功耗。
在一些实施例中，第一支路的第一条第一子支路与所述被保护单元连接，第二条至第N条第一子支路的一端依次连接在前一条的第一子支路的第一电阻和第一过压保护器件之间，第二条至第N条第一子支路的另一端接地，所述N为大于等于2的正整数。
本申请实施例中通过将N条第一子支路按照上述的方式依次连接，使第一支路形成连续多级的被动泄放支路，即在第一子支路吸收的和抑制的能力有限时，依次连接的第二子支路至第N子支路可以分担能量，能够协同第一子支路一起工作，共同的吸收浪涌电压，提高吸收浪涌电压的能力，同时设置多条第一子支路共同工作，相较于仅有一个第一过压保护器件的第一支路，可以增强第一过压保护器件的使用寿命。
在一些实施例中，第二支路包括M条并联第二子支路，每条第二子支路中均具有串联在一起的第二过压保护器件和控制开关；其中，M为大于等于2的正整数，所有控制开关用于分别与控制单元连接。
本申请实施例中通过M条第二子支路的设置，形成多条主动泄放通路，在电池管理系统使用本申请的泄放电路时，可以通过控制单元控制M条第二子支路中的一条或多条参与主动泄放电压，能够应对多种被保护单元过压的情况，使主动被动配合的泄放浪涌的形式更加实用，泄放浪涌的效果更好。
在一些实施例中，第二子支路还包括与第二过压保护器件串联的第二电阻；其中，M条第二子支路的靠近第二电阻的一端均与第N条第一子支路的第一电阻和第一过压保护器之间的位置连接，M条第二子支路的靠近第二过压保护器件的一端均接地，所述M和N均为大于等于2的正整数。
上述的第二电阻的作用于第一电阻的作用类似，也是作为限流电阻使用，第二电阻也可以有效地减少第二过压保护器件的功耗。
在一些实施例中，第一过压保护器件和第二过压保护器件均为瞬变电压抑制二极管。
上述的使用瞬变电压抑制二极管作为第一过压保护器件和第二过压保护器件，它能以极高的速度使其阻抗骤然降低，同时吸收一个大电流，将其两端间的电压钳位在一个预定的数值上，从而确保后面的电路元件免受瞬态高能量的冲击而损坏，即可以有效地起到吸收浪涌的作用。
在一些实施例中，控制开关为MOS管。
本申请实施例中，由于MOS管具有常规化、价格低廉、便于控制、控制稳定的特点，所以使用MOS管作为控制关可以使整个泄放电路便于控制，成本下降。
第二方面，本申请提供了一种电池管理系统，包括：上述实施例中的泄放电路；微控制处理器、电压采样单元、多级电压比较单元；其中，微控制处理器、电压采样单元、多级电压比较单元中至少一个与泄放电路的第二支路的控制开关连接，控制开关接收微控制处理器、电压采样单元或多级电压比较单元的控制信号，并基于控制信号进行断开或闭合。
本申请实施例中通泄放电路的增设，使电池管理系统的被保护单元受到较大浪涌的攻击时，可以使用泄放电路中的第一支路和第二支路通过被动泄放和主动泄放配合的方式对被保护单元泄放浪涌电压，保证被保护单元不会产生过压的问题，进而可以进一步的保护电池管理系统不因较大的浪涌而发生损坏。
在一些实施例中，电池管理系统，还包括：开关控制单元，开关控制单元连接在泄放电路的第二支路的控制开关的控制端，微控制处理器、电压采样单元、多级电压比较单元至少一个与开关控制单元连接。
上述的开关控制单元的设置，可以使第二支路中控制开关的控制更加方便、稳定。
第三方面，本申请提供了一种电池管理系统的泄放保护方法，用于上述的电池管理系统，包括：获取被保护单元的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值；如是，则向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制第二支路的控制开关闭合，使泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压。
本申请实施例中，该方法在被保护单元出现过压时，在第一支路被动泄放浪涌电压后，被保护单元还出现过压时，可以通过控制第二支路的导通，实现主动的对浪涌的泄放，实现对较高能量的浪涌的主动和被动结合的方式进行泄放，避免被保护单元过压而进一步导致电池管理系统出现 过压。该方法能够适用在具有上述泄放电路的电池管理系统中，使泄放电路在电池管理系统中高效的工作。
在一些实施例中，在获取被保护单元的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值之前，还包括：获取电池的正极端的电压和电流是否达到保护阈值；如是，则控制电池的正极端和电池包的正极端之间的可控开关关断；向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制第二支路的控制开关闭合，使泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压；其中，被保护单元为电池包的正极端。
本申请实施例中，以电池包的正极端作为被保护单元，则在电池模组的正极端出现过压和/或过流时，产生的浪涌作用在电池包的正极端的时候，可以在泄放保护电路的第一支路被动泄放的同时，还通过控制第二支路导通进行主动泄放浪涌电压，保证电池包的正极端不会过压，进而保护整个电池管理系统不会因浪涌的作用而损坏。
在一些实施例中，循环执行“获取被保护单元的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值；如是，则向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制第二支路的控制开关闭合，使泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压；”的方法，直至获取的被保护单元的电压不超过过压阈值。
通过往复循环的主动泄放浪涌电压，可以使较大的浪涌快速的泄放掉，保证被保护单元的电压出于保护阈值之下，不出现过压情况，避免单次主动泄放无法将被保护单元电压泄放至保护阈值之下。
在一些实施例中，当获取的被保护单元的电压超过过压阈值时，将获取的被保护单元的电压按照从低至高分为多个等级；对应于从高至低的多个电压等级，控制泄放电路中第二子支路连通的数量逐渐增加。
上述的，将过压分多个等级，则可以智能的控制由几条第二子支路协同工作进行浪涌的泄放工作，实现智能快速的浪涌泄放。
第四方面，本申请提供了一种电池，包括：上述实施例中的电池管理系统。
第五方面，本申请提供了一种用电装置，其包括上述实施例中的电池，电池用于提供电能。
上述说明仅是本申请技术方案的概述，为了能够更清楚了解本申请的技术手段，而可依照说明书的内容予以实施，并且为了让本申请的上述和其它目的、特征和优点能够更明显易懂，以下特举本申请的具体实施方式。
附图说明
通过阅读对下文优选实施方式的详细描述，各种其他的优点和益处对于本领域普通技术人员将变得清楚明了。附图仅用于示出优选实施方式的目的，而并不认为是对本申请的限制。而且在全部附图中，用相同的附图标号表示相同的部件。在附图中：
图1为本申请一些实施例的泄放电路的结构示意图；
图2位本申请一些实施例的另一种泄放电路的第一支路的结构示意图；
图3为本申请一些实施例的又一种泄放电路的第二支路的结构示意图；
图4为本申请一些实施例的电池管理系统的结构示意图；
图5为本申请一些实施例的另一种电池管理系统的结构示意图；
图6为本申请一些实施例的电池管理系统的泄放保护方法的流程示意图；
图7为本申请一些实施例的另一种电池管理系统的泄放保护方法的流程示意图。
具体实施方式中的附图标号如下：
100-泄放电路；200-电池管理系统；1-第一支路；11-第一子支路；111-第一过压保护器件111；R1-第一电阻；2-第二支路；21-第二子支路21；211-第二过压保护器件；212-控制开关；R2- 第二电阻；3-微控制处理器；4-电压采样单元；5-多级电压比较单元；6-过流保护单元；V1-电池的正极端；V2-电池包的正极端。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本申请技术方案的实施例进行详细的描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本申请的技术方案，因此只作为示例，而不能以此来限制本申请的保护范围。
除非另有定义，本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同；本文中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的，不是旨在于限制本申请；本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“第一”“第二”等仅用于区别不同对象，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量、特定顺序或主次关系。在本申请实施例的描述中，“多个”的含义是两个以上，除非另有明确具体的限定。
在本文中提及“实施例”意味着，结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例，也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。本领域技术人员显式地和隐式地理解的是，本文所描述的实施例可以与其它实施例相结合。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“和/或”仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系，表示可以存在三种关系，例如A和/或B，可以表示：存在A，同时存在A和B，存在B这三种情况。另外，本文中字符“/”，一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“多个”指的是两个以上(包括两个)，同理，“多组”指的是两组以上(包括两组)，“多片”指的是两片以上(包括两片)。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“中心”“纵向”“横向”“长度”“宽度”“厚度”“上”“下”“前”“后”“左”“右”“竖直”“水平”“顶”“底”“内”“外”“顺时针”“逆时针”“轴向”“径向”“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请实施例和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请实施例的限制。
在本申请实施例的描述中，除非另有明确的规定和限定，技术术语“安装”“相连”“连接”“固定”等术语应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或成一体；也可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通或两个元件的相互作用关系。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请实施例中的具体含义。
现有技术中，随着清洁能源的发展，越来越多的设备使用电能作为驱动能，进而作为能够存储较多电能且能够多次往复充放电的电池得到快速发展，例如锂离子电池。其中，电池不仅被应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统，而且还被广泛应用于电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车等电动交通工具，以及军事装备和航空航天等多个领域。
本发明人注意到，作为电池的大脑，主要应用于两轮车和混动汽车电池的电池管理系统是低压系统，随着两轮车和混动汽车二者使用日趋频繁，使用场景也变的复杂多样。例如在急下坡使用情景下，两轮车驱动电机的磁力线因为高速切割磁场产生高压电势叠加在电池管理系统的接触端。或者在大电流充电过程中，出于电池保护，电流关断瞬间，负载端引起的浪涌电压叠加在电池管理系统的两端。而电池管理系统本身是低压系统，对于高压的耐压要求有一定的限定，不能完全电气隔离，当高压超过电池管理系统耐压限值就会导致电池管理系统损坏。
为了防止上述问题的发生，目前最常见的解决方案是在电池管理系统的所接触的被保护单元的两端跨接具有过压保护器件的泄放电路，使用该泄放电路中的过压保护器件吸收一定范围能量的浪涌。但是该方法抑制浪涌电压的能力是固定和且不变的，当浪涌的能量超过过压保护器件的最 大承受能力时，过压保护器件会击穿甚至烧蚀，不再起防护作用，进而浪涌电压会作用在被保护单元上，进而与其接触的电池管理系统受到浪涌的作用，容易发生损坏。
为了解决上述问题，发明人研究发现，可以在现有的被动泄放浪涌电压的泄放电路中增加具有主动泄放功能的支路，并通过电池管理系统的控制单元对该主动泄放的支路进行导通的控制，这样通过被动加主动的泄放被保护单元的浪涌电压，可以解决上述技术问题。
本申请实施例公开的泄放电路可以应用于任何电池管理系统中，但不限于电池管理系统，也可以用于其他的电子管理系统、电子设备管理系统等的浪涌泄放。
本申请实施例公开的电池管理系统，可以应用于当前各种应用场景、类型、电量、外形的电池。
本申请实施例公开的电池可以但不限用于车辆、船舶或飞行器等用电装置中。可以使用具备本申请公开的电池管理系统、电池等组成该用电装置的电源系统，这样，有利于解决各种场景下的浪涌作用问题。
本申请实施例提供一种使用电池作为电源的用电装置，用电装置可以为但不限于手机、平板、笔记本电脑、电动玩具、电动工具、电瓶车、电动汽车、轮船、航天器等等。其中，电动玩具可以包括固定式或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等等，航天器可以包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等等。
如图1所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，本申请提供了一种泄放电路100，包括：第一支路1和第二支路2；第一支路1用于与被保护单元连接，第一支路1包括第一过压保护器件111，第一保护器件用于被动泄放浪涌电压；第二支路2包括串联在一起的第二过压保护器件211和控制开关212，第二支路2与第一支路1并联；其中，如图4所示，控制开关212用于与电池管理系统200的控制单元连接，基于控制单元的控制信号进行断开或闭合。
具体地，第一支路1和第二支路2均可以是能够独立导通的电路，可以均具有至少两个连接端。其中，第一支路1跨接在被保护单元的两端的跨接方式可以是直接跨接，也可以是第一支路1的一端接在被保护单元处，另一端接地，即第一支路1余被保护单元连接(例如对某一连接端进行保护时便如此连接)，只要保证作用在被保护单元的浪涌电压能够传递到第一支路1即可。第二支路2与第一支路1并联，可以第一端连接在第一支路1的与被保护单元连接的一端另一端接地，第二支路2的两端也可以直接与第一支路1的两端连接。
被保护单元可以是一个电子器件、一个独立功能的电路或者可以是接电端(例如电池包的正极端V2)。
第一过压保护器件111和第二过压保护器件211可以是同一种器件，也可以是具有相同功能的不同种器件。第一过压保护器件111和第二过压保护器件211可以是固体放电芯片或瞬变电压抑制二极管(TVS管)中的一种。
控制开关212可以是能够便于实现闭合、断开控制的任何可控的开关，例如可以是三极管，优选为MOS管。
本申请实施例的技术方案中，在泄放电路100中设置两条支路，第一支路1能够利用第一过压保护器件111进行被动泄放浪涌电压，对被保护单元进行过压保护；第二支路2不仅设置有第二过压保护器件211还增设控制开关212，可以通过电池管理系统200的控制单元进行控制开关212的断开或闭合的控制，进而使第二支路2以主动泄放浪涌电压的方式参与工作，进而使泄放电路100可以通过被动和主动配合的方式对被保护单元泄放浪涌电压，保证被保护单元不会产生过压的问题，进而可以进一步的保护电池管理系统200不因较大的浪涌而发生损坏。
如图1和图2所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一支路1包括N条第一子支路11，每条第一子支路11中均串联有第一过压保护器件111；其中，N条第一子支路11的第一过压保护器件111相并联，N为大于等于2的正整数。
具体地，第一子支路11是第一支路1中能够独立导通的支路，即单一的第一子支路11也 能够实现泄放浪涌电压的效果。将每条第一子支路11中均设置第一过压保护器件111，则在每条第一子支路11单独工作时均可以泄放被保护单元的浪涌电压。
本实施例通过将第一支路1设置为N条第一子支路11的方式，在第一支路1中并行设置N个第一过压保护器件111，可以实现N个第一过压保护器件111协同的对泄放被保护单元受到的浪涌，提高被动泄放浪涌的能力。
如图1和图2所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一子支路11还包括与第一过压保护器件111串联的第一电阻R1；其中，第一支路1与被保护单元连接时，第一电阻R1位于相对第一过压保护器件111靠近被保护单元一侧。
具体地，第一电阻R1为限流电阻，可以根据实际使用需要设置合适的阻值，且每个第一子支路11中的第一电阻R1是用于保护第一过压保护器件111的，同时还具有一定的压降功能，所以第一电阻R1要相对第一过压保护器件111位于靠近被保护单元的一侧。
本申请实施例中通过第一电阻R1的设置，可以有效地起到限流的作用，第一电阻R1可以减少第一过压保护器件111的功耗。
如图2所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一支路1的第一条第一子支路11的于被保护单元连接，第二条至第N条第一子支路11的一端依次连接在前一条的第一子支路11的第一电阻R1和第一过压保护器件111之间，第二条至第N条第一子支路11的另一端接地，N为大于等于2的正整数。
具体地，为了便于描述N条第一子支路11之间的连接关系，将N条第一子支路11定为第一条第一子支路11至第N条第一子支路11。且由于N条第一子支路11之间的连接是按照上述规律的，即从第二条第一子支路11开始，每一条第一子支路11的一端均连接在前一条第一子支路11的第一电阻R1和第一过压保护器件111之间，这样的连接方式能够使后一条第一子支路11对其连接的上一条第一子支路11泄压后的第一过压保护器件111的钳位电压进行进一步的泄放，进而做到多级泄压。
本申请实施例中通过将N条第一子支路11按照上述的方式依次连接，使第一支路1形成连续多级的被动泄放支路，即在第一子支路11吸收的和抑制的能力有限时，依次连接的第二子支路21至第N子支路可以分担能量，能够协同第一子支路11一起工作，共同的吸收浪涌电压，提高吸收浪涌电压的能力，同时相较于仅有一个第一过压保护器件111的第一支路1，可以增强第一过压保护器件111的使用寿命。
如图1和图3所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第二支路2包括M条并联第二子支路21，每条第二子支路21中均具有串联在一起的第二过压保护器件211和控制开关212；其中，M为大于等于2的正整数，所有控制开关212用于分别与控制单元连接。
具体地，第二子支路21是第二支路2中能够独立导通的支路，即单一的第二子支路21在导通时能够辅助第一支路1进行主动的浪涌电压泄放。需要注意的是，要保证每条第二子支路21中均具有串联的第二过压保护器件211和控制开关212，以保证每条第二子支路21均能够通过控制单元对控制开关212的控制，实现对应第二子支路21的导通，即通过控制单元的控制实现某一条或多条第二子支路21主动参与泄压工作。
本申请实施例中通过M条第二子支路21的设置，形成多条主动泄放通路，在电池管理系统200使用本申请的泄放电路100时，可以通过控制单元控制M条第二子支路21中的一条或多条参与主动泄放电压，能够应对多种被保护单元过压的情况，使主动被动配合的泄放浪涌的形式更加实用，泄放浪涌的效果更好。
如图1和图3所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第二子支路21还包括与第二过压保护器件211串联的第二电阻R2；其中，M条第二子支路21的靠近第二电阻R2的一端均与第N条第一子支路11的第一电阻R1和第一过压保护器之间的位置连接，M条第二子支路21的靠近第二过压保护器件211的一端均接地，M和N均为大于等于2的正整数。
具体地，第二子支路21中的第二电阻R2与第一子支路11中的第一电阻R1的作用相同， 也为限流电阻，可以根据实际使用需要设置合适的阻值，且每个第二子支路21中的第二电阻R2是用于保护第二过压保护器件211的，同时还具有一定的压降功能，所以第二电阻R2要相对第二过压保护器件211位于靠近被保护单元的一侧。
上述的第二电阻R2可以有效地减少第二过压保护器件211的功耗，对其进行保护。
如图1至图3所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，可选地，第一过压保护器件111和第二过压保护器件211均为瞬变电压抑制二极管；控制开关212为MOS管。
具体地，瞬变电压抑制二极管与常见的稳压二极管的工作原理相似，当电压高于击穿电压，瞬变电压抑制二极管就会导通，但与稳压二极管相比，瞬变电压抑制二极管有更高的电流导通能力，且瞬变电压抑制二极管的两极受到反向瞬态高能量冲击时，能够快速地将其两极间的高阻抗变为低阻抗，同时吸收高达数千瓦的浪涌功率，使两极间的电压钳位于一个安全值，有效地保护电子线路中的精密元器件免受浪涌电压的破坏。
本申请选用MOS管作为控制开关212仅是一种优先的方案，并不是对控制开关212的限制。MOS管是金属(metal)-氧化物(oxide)-半导体(semiconductor)场效应晶体管，或者称是金属-绝缘体(insulator)-半导体。
上述的使用瞬变电压抑制二极管作为第一过压保护器件111和第二过压保护器件211，它能以极高的速度使其阻抗骤然降低，同时吸收一个大电流，将其两端间的电压钳位在一个预定的数值上，从而确保后面的电路元件免受瞬态高能量的冲击而损坏，即可以有效地起到吸收浪涌的作用。由于MOS管具有常规化、价格低廉、便于控制、控制稳定的特点，所以使用MOS管作为控制关可以使整个泄放电路100便于控制，成本下降。
如图4和图5所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，本申请还提供了一种电池管理系统200，包括以上任一方案的泄放电路100，泄放电路100如图1所示；微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5、过流保护单元6，以及其他用于实现电池管理系统200功能的必要单元、部件或线路；其中，微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5中至少一个与泄放电路100的第二支路2的控制开关212连接，控制开关212接收微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4或多级电压比较单元5的控制信号，并基于控制信号进行断开或闭合。
具体地，电池管理系统200的具体结构本申请不做限定，本申请仅是在电池管理系统200中增设了泄放电路100，且泄放电路100的连接位置如上述的泄放电路的说明所示，但是需要注意的是，需要将电池管理系统200中的微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5至少一个与泄放电路100的第二支路2的控制开关212连接，以便实现对泄放电路100中第二支路2主动泄放浪涌电压的控制。
微控制处理器3又称单片微型计算机，是把中央处理器的频率与规格适当缩减并将内存、计数器、USB、A/D转换等周边接口整合在一个芯片上形成的芯片级计算机，微控制处理器3是电池管理系统200的核心控制部分，负责信号的检测和指令控制。电压采样单元4是用于采集被检测单元电压信号的器件，为技术人员所知，此处不在赘述。多级电压比较单元5是由多个不同比较阈值的电压比较单元组成，比较输入信号与预设值大小并根据比较结果输出信号，可以是比较器或者具有数据处理能力的芯片。
本申请实施例中通过泄放电路100的增设，使电池管理系统200的被保护单元受到较大浪涌的攻击时，可以使用泄放电路100中的第一支路1和第二支路2通过被动泄放和主动泄放配合的方式对被保护单元泄放浪涌电压，保证被保护单元不会产生过压的问题，进而可以进一步的保护电池管理系统200不因较大的浪涌而发生损坏。
如图4和图5所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，电池管理系统200，还包括：开关控制单元(图中未示出)，开关控制单元连接在泄放电路100的第二支路2的控制开关212的控制端，微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5至少一个与开关控制单元连接。
具体地，可以是一个开关控制电路、运算模块或者电子器件，只要能够实现根据电池管理系统200的微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5任一发出的控制信号控制控制 开关212的闭合和断开即可。
上述的开关控制单元的设置，可以使第二支路2中控制开关212的控制更加方便、稳定。
如图6所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，本申请还提供了一种电池管理系统的泄放保护方法，用于上述的如图4和图5所示的电池管理系统200，包括：
201、获取被保护单元的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值。
具体地，可以通过电池管理系统的实时工作的微控制处理器和多级电压比较单获取被保护单元的电压，以及判断电压是否超过过压阈值，如果未超过则仅由泄放电路中的第一支路进行被动泄放工作，反之，如果电压超过过压阈值，则进行如下步骤202。
202、向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制第二支路的控制开关闭合，使泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压。
具体地，可以通过微控制处理器、电压采样单元、多级电压比较单元控制向第二支路的控制开关发送控制信号，控制控制开关闭合，进而使泄放电路的第二支路参与主动的泄放浪涌电压的工作。当获取的被保护单元的电压未超过过压阈值，则不向第二支路中的控制开关发送控制信号，使泄放电路仅第一支路工作，进行被动的泄放浪涌电压。
本申请实施例中，该方法在被保护单元出现过压时，在第一支路被动泄放浪涌电压后，被保护单元还出现过压时，可以通过控制第二支路的导通，实现主动的对浪涌的泄放，实现对较高能量的浪涌的主动和被动结合的方式进行泄放，避免被保护单元过压而进一步导致电池管理系统出现过压。该方法能够适用在具有上述泄放电路的电池管理系统中，使泄放电路在电池管理系统中高效的工作。
如图7所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，具体为：
301、获取电池的正极端的电压和电流是否达到保护阈值。
具体地，可以通过电池管理系统中的微控制处理器、多级电压比较单元、过流保护单元获取电池的正极端V1的电压和电流，即电池模组的正极端的电压和电流，并判断电压和/或电流是否达到保护阈值。如果，获取的电池的正极端的电压和电流未达到保护阈值，则正常运行，不关断可控开关；如果获取的电池的正极端的电压和电流达到了保护阈值，则进行如下步骤302。
302、控制电池的正极端和电池包的正极端之间的可控开关关断。
具体地，可以通过电池管理系统中的微控制处理器、多级电压比较单元、过流保护单元控制可控开关关断，保护电池模组不受过压和过流的影响。可控开关是电池的正极端和电池包的正极端之间的可以电信号控制闭合和关断的器件，具体器件的型号和类型的选择为技术人员所知。
303、向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制第二支路的控制开关闭合，使泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压。
304、获取电池包的正极端的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值。如果未超过则仅由泄放电路中的第一支路进行被动泄放工作，反之，如果电压超过过压阈值，则进行如下步骤305。
305、向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制第二支路的控制开关闭合，使泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压。
本申请实施例中，以电池包的正极端V2作为被保护单元，则在电池的正极端V1出现过压和/或过流时，产生的浪涌作用在电池包的正极端V2的时候，可以在泄放保护电路的第一支路被动泄放的同时，还通过控制第二支路导通进行主动泄放浪涌电压，保证电池包的正极端V2不会过压，进而保护整个电池管理系统不会因浪涌的作用而损坏。
进一步地，在一些实施例中，循环执行“获取被保护单元的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值；如是，则向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制第二支路的控制开关闭合，使泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压；”的方法，直至获取的被保护单元的电压不超过过压阈值。
通过往复循环的主动泄放浪涌电压，可以使较大的浪涌快速的泄放掉，保证被保护单元的电压出于保护阈值之下，不出现过压情况，避免单次主动泄放无法将被保护单元电压泄放至保护阈值之下。
在一些实施例中，当获取的被保护单元的电压超过过压阈值时，将获取的被保护单元的电压按照从低至高分为多个等级；对应于从高至低的多个电压等级，控制泄放电路中第二子支路连通的数量逐渐增加。
具体地，可以根据实际的浪涌电压的大小情况，设定合适的等级，然后根据所选用的泄放电路的第一支路的功率，以及第二支路中第二子支路的功率选择使用几个第二子支路参与主动泄放浪涌电压，具体地数量的选择可以根据实际设计需要而选择。
上述的，将过压分多个等级，则可以智能的控制由几条第二子支路协同工作进行浪涌的泄放工作，实现智能快速的浪涌泄放。
根据本申请的一些实施例，本申请还提供了一种电池，包括：上述实施例中的电池管理系统。
根据本申请的一些实施例，本申请还提供了一种用电装置，其包括上述实施例中的电池，并且电池用于为用电装置提供电能。
用电装置可以为但不限于手机、平板、笔记本电脑、电动玩具、电动工具、电瓶车、电动汽车、轮船、航天器等等。其中，电动玩具可以包括固定式或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等等，航天器可以包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等等。
如图1至图5所示，根据本申请的一些实施例，以电池包的正极端V2作为被保护单元，泄放电路100包括一起的第一支路1和第二支路2，第一支路1中具有串联的第一电阻R1和第一过压保护器件111，第二支路2具有第二电阻R2、第二过压保护器件211以及控制开关212，第二支路2并联在第一支路1的第一过压保护器件111处，第一支路1的一端连接在电池包的正极端V2处，另一端接地，实现将泄放电100路与电池包的正极端V2的连接，第二支路2的控制开关212与电池管理系统200的微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5中至少一个连接。
当电池管理系统200通过微控制处理器3、多级电压比较单元5、过流保护单元6获取电池的正极端V1的电压和电流，并判断电压和/或电流达到保护阈值时，则电池管理系统200中的微控制处理器3、多级电压比较单元5、过流保护单元6控制可控开关关断，保护电池不受过压和过流的影响。此时产生的浪涌作用在电池包的正极端V2上，泄放电路100的第一支路1被动的进行浪涌电压的泄放工作，同时微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5控制向第二支路2的控制开关212发送控制信号，控制控制开关212闭合，进而使泄放电路100的第二支路2参与主动的泄放浪涌电压的工作。
之后，微控制处理器3和多级电压比较单元5获取被保护单元电池包的正极端V2的电压，以及判断电压是否超过过压阈值，如果超过则再次通过微控制处理器3、电压采样单元4、多级电压比较单元5控制向第二支路2的控制开关212发送控制信号，控制控制开关212闭合，使第二支路2参与主动的泄放浪涌电压的工作，如此往复直至电池包的正极端V2的电压在过压阈值之下，此时则可以仅通过泄放电路100的第一支路1进行被动的泄放浪涌电压。
最后应说明的是：以上各实施例仅用以说明本申请的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述各实施例对本申请进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本申请各实施例技术方案的范围，其均应涵盖在本申请的权利要求和说明书的范围当中。尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本申请并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种泄放电路，其特征在于，包括：
    第一支路，用于与被保护单元连接，所述第一支路包括第一过压保护器件，所述第一过压保护器件用于被动泄放浪涌电压；
    第二支路，包括串联在一起的第二过压保护器件和控制开关，所述第二支路与所述第一支路并联；
    其中，所述控制开关用于与控制单元连接，基于所述控制单元的控制信号进行断开或闭合。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的泄放电路，其特征在于，所述第一支路包括N条第一子支路，每条所述第一子支路中均串联有所述第一过压保护器件；
    其中，N条所述第一子支路的所述第一过压保护器件相并联，所述N为大于等于2的正整数。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的泄放电路，其特征在于，所述第一子支路还包括与所述第一过压保护器件串联的第一电阻；
    其中，所述第一支路与所述被保护单元连接时，所述第一电阻位于相对所述第一过压保护器件靠近所述被保护单元一侧。
  4. 如权利要求3所述的泄放电路，其特征在于，所述第一支路的第一条所述第一子支路与所述被保护单元连接，第二条至第N条所述第一子支路的一端依次连接在前一条的所述第一子支路的所述第一电阻和所述第一过压保护器件之间，第二条至第N条所述第一子支路的另一端接地，所述N为大于等于2的正整数。
  5. 如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的泄放电路，其特征在于，所述第二支路包括M条并联第二子支路，每条所述第二子支路中均具有串联在一起的所述第二过压保护器件和所述控制开关；
    其中，所述M为大于等于2的正整数，所有所述控制开关用于分别与所述控制单元连接。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的泄放电路，其特征在于，所述第二子支路还包括与所述第二过压保护器件串联的第二电阻；
    其中，M条所述第二子支路的靠近所述第二电阻的一端均与第N条所述第一子支路的所述第一电阻和所述第一过压保护器之间的位置连接，M条所述第二子支路的靠近所述第二过压保护器件的一端均接地，所述M和N均为大于等于2的正整数。
  7. 如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的泄放电路，其特征在于，所述第一过压保护器件和所述第二过压保护器件均为瞬变电压抑制二极管。
  8. 如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的泄放电路，其特征在于，所述控制开关为MOS管。
  9. 一种电池管理系统，其特征在于，包括：
    如权利要求1-8中任一所述泄放电路；
    微控制处理器、电压采样单元、多级电压比较单元；
    其中，所述微控制处理器、所述电压采样单元、所述多级电压比较单元中至少一个与所述泄放电路的第二支路的控制开关连接，所述控制开关接收所述微控制处理器、所述电压采样单元或所述多级电压比较单元的控制信号，并基于所述控制信号进行断开或闭合。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的电池管理系统，其特征在于，还包括：
    开关控制单元，所述开关控制单元连接在所述泄放电路的第二支路的控制开关的控制端，所述微控制处理器、所述电压采样单元、所述多级电压比较单元至少一个与所述开关控制单元连接。
  11. 一种电池管理系统的泄放保护方法，用于权利要求9所述的电池管理系统，其特征在于，包括：
    获取被保护单元的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值；
    如是，则向泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制所述第二支路的控制开关闭合，使所述泄放电路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压。
  12. 如权利要求11所述的电池管理系统的泄放保护方法，其特征在于，在所述获取被保护单元的电压，并判断电压是否超过过压阈值之前，还包括：
    获取电池的正极端的电压和电流是否达到保护阈值；
    如是，则控制所述电池的正极端和电池包的正极端之间的可控开关关断；
    向所述泄放电路的第二支路发送控制信号，控制所述第二支路的控制开关闭合，使所述泄放电 路进行主动和被动结合的方式泄放浪涌电压；
    其中，所述被保护单元为电池包的正极端。
  13. 如权利要求11或12所述的电池管理系统的泄放保护方法，其特征在于，循环执行所述权利要求11中的方法，直至获取的所述被保护单元的电压不超过所述过压阈值。
  14. 如权利要求11-13任一项所述的电池管理系统的泄放保护方法，其特征在于，当获取的所述被保护单元的电压超过所述过压阈值时，将获取的被保护单元的电压按照从低至高分为多个等级；
    对应于从高至低的多个电压等级，控制所述泄放电路中第二子支路连通的数量逐渐增加。
  15. 一种电池，其特征在于，包括：
    如权利要求9或10所述电池管理系统。
  16. 一种用电装置，其特征在于，包括：
    如权利要求15所述的电池。
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