Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
  • A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions
  • A61B3/16—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions for measuring intraocular pressure, e.g. tonometers

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to rebound tonometers. Moreover, the present disclosure also relates to methods for using rebound tonometers for determining properties of objects.
• a rebound tonometer may be employed to measure an intraocular pressure of an eye (namely, a fluid pressure inside the eye) of a patient by interacting with cornea of the eye to an indentation.
• the rebound tonometers are arranged (namely, set) in front of the objects at a particular distance from the objects.
• Some existing rebound tonometers comprise holders for contacting the surrounding portions of the object in a manner that it facilitates in arranging the rebound tonometers in front of the objects.
• the holders define a distance between the rebound tonometers and the objects.
• such holders arrange the rebound tonometers in front of the objects inaccurately and imprecisely. This is because said holders are mechanically set on the rebound tonometers, and are arranged manually with respect to the objects, thus being error-prone on account of such mechanical setup and manual intervention.
• the rebound tonometer may comprise a holder that is capable of making a contact with a forehead of a patient when measuring an intraocular pressure of an eye of the patient.
• the present disclosure seeks to provide a rebound tonometer.
• the present disclosure also seeks to provide a method for using a rebound tonometer for determining a property of an object.
• An aim of the present disclosure is to provide a solution that overcomes at least partially the problems encountered in prior art.
• an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a rebound tonometer comprising: a body having a proximal end and a distal end opposite to the proximal end, wherein the body has an opening at the proximal end; a magnetic elongated probe having a first end and a second end opposite to the first end, wherein the magnetic elongated probe is arranged at least partially in the body in a manner that the first end protrudes outside of the body from the opening of the body, the first end is at a first distance from the opening, and the second end is inside the body, and wherein the magnetic elongated probe is arranged to be aligned with and movable along an axis of the rebound tonometer; a measurement coil and a drive coil arranged inside the body and to partially surround the magnetic elongated probe; and a controller configured to: detect a contact between an object and the first end, when the rebound tonometer is in use, by: energizing the drive coil to move the magnetic elongated
• an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for using a rebound tonometer for determining a property of an object, wherein the rebound tonometer comprises a body, a magnetic elongated probe, a measurement coil and a drive coil, the method comprising: arranging the magnetic elongated probe at least partially in the body in a manner that a first end of the magnetic elongated probe protrudes outside of the body from an opening at a proximal end of the body, the first end is at a first distance from the opening, and a second end of the magnetic elongated probe is inside the body, wherein the magnetic elongated probe is arranged to be movable along an axis of the rebound tonometer; detecting a contact between the object and the first end by: moving the magnetic elongated probe in respect to the body to have the first end at a second distance from the proximal end, the second distance being greater than the first distance; moving the rebound tonometer in respect to the object during a first time period;
• FIG. 1 is an exemplary schematic diagram of a rebound tonometer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure
• FIGs. 2A, 2B and 2C are exemplary schematic diagrams of usage states of a rebound tonometer, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a rebound tonometer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure
• FIG. 4A illustrates a first waveform of a first induced voltage in a measurement coil as a function of time during a first time period
• FIG. 4B illustrates a second waveform of a second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil as a function of time during a second time period, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting steps of a method for using a rebound tonometer for determining a property of an object, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• an underlined number is employed to represent an item over which the underlined number is positioned or an item to which the underlined number is adjacent.
• a non-underlined number relates to an item identified by a line linking the non-underlined number to the item. When a number is non-underlined and accompanied by an associated arrow, the non-underlined number is used to identify a general item at which the arrow is pointing.
• an embodiment of the present disclosure provides rebound tonometer comprising: a body having a proximal end and a distal end opposite to the proximal end, wherein the body has an opening at the proximal end; a magnetic elongated probe having a first end and a second end opposite to the first end, wherein the magnetic elongated probe is arranged at least partially in the body in a manner that the first end protrudes outside of the body from the opening of the body, the first end is at a first distance from the opening, and the second end is inside the body, and wherein the magnetic elongated probe is arranged to be aligned with and movable along an axis of the rebound tonometer; a measurement coil and a drive coil arranged inside the body and to partially surround the magnetic elongated probe; and a controller configured to: detect a contact between an object and the first end, when the rebound tonometer is in use, by: energizing the drive coil to move the magnetic elongated probe in
• an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for using a rebound tonometer for determining a property of an object, wherein the rebound tonometer comprises a body, a magnetic elongated probe, a measurement coil and a drive coil, the method comprising: arranging the magnetic elongated probe at least partially in the body in a manner that a first end of the magnetic elongated probe protrudes outside of the body from an opening at a proximal end of the body, the first end is at a first distance from the opening, and a second end of the magnetic elongated probe is inside the body, wherein the magnetic elongated probe is arranged to be movable along an axis of the rebound tonometer; detecting a contact between the object and the first end by: moving the magnetic elongated probe in respect to the body to have the first end at a second distance from the proximal end, the second distance being greater than the first distance; moving the rebound tonometer in respect to the object during a first time period;
• the present disclosure provides the aforementioned rebound tonometer and the aforementioned method.
• the controller of the rebound tonometer performs accurate alignment calibration of the rebound tonometer to obtain an optimal required distance of the object from the proximal end of the body in manner that when the measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer is initiated after the calibration, the property of the object is determined accurately and reliably.
• the measurement cycle is only initiated after the contact between the object and the first end is detected, to ensure that the object lies within the second distance from the proximal end of the body of the rebound tonometer.
• the first end of the rebound tonometer just touches or collides with the object, without causing any accidental damage to the object.
• the magnetic elongated probe is ejected at a requisite distance which is neither too far from the object, nor too close to the object.
• the term "rebound tonometer” refers to an instrument used for measuring the property of the object.
• the term “property” refers to a physiological parameter of the object.
• the rebound tonometer may be used to measure physiological parameters of an eye such as, an intra-ocular pressure of the eye, a touch sensitivity of the eye, and the like.
• the rebound tonometer is used for measuring intra-ocular pressure of the eye from an ophthalmic measurement.
• the term "body” refers to an outermost physical structure of the rebound tonometer.
• the body is a housing wherein at least some components (such as the magnetic elongated probe, the measurement coil, the drive coil, and the like) of the rebound tonometer are arranged.
• the body is adapted to (partially or fully) accommodate the components of the rebound tonometer.
• the body has two opposite ends: the proximal end and the distal end. When the rebound tonometer is in use, the proximal end of the body is located in proximity of the object.
• the body of the rebound tonometer can be mounted on an apparatus or may be hand-held for utilisation of the tonometer.
• the rebound tonometer is held manually by a user (for example, such as a medical professional).
• the body is optionally provided with grooves to provide better grip the rebound tonometer manually, as compared to when such grooves are not provided.
• the rebound tonometer is held using the apparatus such as a mechanical holder.
• the medical professional may, for example, be a doctor (such as an Ophthalmologist, Optometrist, General practitioner, and the like), a nurse, a medical support staff, or similar.
• the components of the rebound tonometer could be arranged (namely, held or attached) in the body via adhesive means, mechanical means, magnetic means, and the like.
• the components of the rebound tonometer could be manufactured individually, and then these components could be assembled in the body.
• at least some of the components of the rebound tonometer could be manufactured as an integral part of the body.
• the body has the opening at the proximal end.
• the opening allows the magnetic elongated probe to be arranged such that the magnetic elongated probe is moveable through the opening.
• a shape and a size of the opening correspond to a shape and a size of the magnetic elongated probe.
• the magnetic elongated probe is cylindrical in shape and has a given radius, so the opening has a circular shape having a radius that is greater than the given radius.
• the term “magnetic elongated probe” refers to an elongated tool employed for determining the property of the object.
• the magnetic elongated probe is partially arranged within the opening of the body. It will be appreciated that the magnetic elongated probe has two opposite ends: the first end and the second end, such that the second end is arranged to be inside the body, and the first end protrudes outside of the body from the opening of the body.
• the magnetic elongated probe also has a middle section between the first end and the second end.
• the first end of the magnetic elongated probe is made from bio-compatible material and will collide with a surface of the object (such as the eye) when in use.
• the first part being made of bio-compatible material enables the probe to function in intimate contact with living tissues of the eye, for example, causing minimal discomfort or pain.
• the bio-compatible material is free from carcinogenicity, toxicity, and is resistive to corrosion.
• the magnetic elongated probe partially in the body is that the body an opening.
• the opening provides access to insert the magnetic elongated probe to a cylinder like cavity of the body.
• Diameter of the cylinder like cavity is larger than diameter of at least middle part and the second end of the elongated magnetic body, to enable movement of the elongated magnetic probe back and forth in the cavity.
• the second end and initially about 80%-90% of the middle section is in the cavity.
• the probe Reminding part of the middle section and the first end are (protrudes) outside of the body (via the opening).
• the probe is ejected from the cavity of the body via the opening in such a way that 40-80% of the middle section is in the cavity and when the probe is its furthest distance from the opening of the body.
• the elongated magnetic probe (or at least the middle section of the elongated magnetic probe) is made of a magnetic material.
• the elongated magnetic probe may be made of a thin wire of magnetic material.
• the elongated magnetic probe may be, for example, 20 millimetres in length and 0.5 millimetre in width.
• the magnetic material in the elongated magnetic probe may be ferromagnetic. The first end and the proximal end are separated by the first distance in a default usage state the rebound tonometer.
• the default usage state may be one wherein the magnetic elongated probe is at rest (i.e., the magnetic elongated probe is not moving).
• the first distance may lie in a range of 3-5 millimetres (mm) from the opening (towards an object i.e. outward from the opening of the body of the rebound tonometer when in use).
• the "axis" of the rebound tonometer refers to an imaginary line which passes along a length of the rebound tonometer and defines a path along which the magnetic elongated probe is aligned and is movable. It will be appreciated that the axis lies along a given geometrical direction.
• the optical axis may be a horizontal axis between an eye of the user of the rebound tonometer and the object.
• the measurement coil is arranged inside the body and partially surrounds the magnetic elongated probe.
• the measurement coil has a finite number of loops.
• the magnetic elongated probe may be arranged partially within a hollow space of the loops of the measurement coil. In such a case, the magnetic elongated probe may move through the loops of the measurement coil. Moreover, the movement of the magnetic elongated probe inside a measurement coil produces an induced voltage in the measurement coil.
• the drive coil is also arranged inside the body and partially surrounds the magnetic elongated probe.
• the drive coil is arranged as a set of loops through which the elongated magnetic probe can move.
• the drive coil has a finite number of loops.
• the drive coil moves the elongated magnetic probe when electric current is fed through the drive coil.
• the drive coil optionally pulls the magnetic elongated probe and projects the magnetic elongated probe towards the surface of the object with a velocity which is equal to a product of the electric current fed through the drive coil times a magnetization of the magnetic elongated probe.
• the drive coil is arranged as a set of loops through which the magnetic elongated probe can move.
• the drive coil has finite number of loops.
• the drive coil may be arranged along any point between the first end and the second end. For instance, the drive coil may be arranged closer to the first end.
• the measurement coil and the drive coil are implemented as separate coils. In such a case, the measurement coil and the drive coil are physically separate from each other.
• the measurement coil and the drive coil are implemented as different portions of a single coil, such that one portion of the single coil is utilised as the measurement coil, a remaining portion of the single coil is utilised as the drive coil during operation of the rebound tonometer.
• controller refers to a computational device that is operable for controlling the overall operation of the rebound tonometer.
• the controller in operation, performs tasks such as, but not limited to, controlling movement of the magnetic elongated probe, and responding to and processing information.
• the controller may be an embedded microcontroller, a microprocessor, and the like.
• the controller is coupled with the measurement coil and the drive coil.
• the controller may be implemented as an internal component of the rebound tonometer, an external component of the rebound tonometer, or a combination of these.
• the contact between the object and the first end occurs upon a physical contact of the first end of the magnetic elongated probe with the object.
• object refers to an element of which a property is to be measured.
• the object is a physical part of a body of an entity.
• the entity may, for example, be a human, an animal, or similar.
• the object is the eye of a human.
• the contact between the object and the first end is detected prior to initialization of the measurement cycle, so that during the measurement cycle, the object lies within a requisite operational distance from the first end of the magnetic elongated probe.
• the magnetic elongated probe is ejected to an appropriate distance so as to rebound from the surface of the object without damaging it and without causing discomfort, and thus enabling accurate measurement of the property of the object.
• the drive coil is energized by the controller by way of providing a current to the drive coil for magnetically energising the drive coil.
• the drive coil When the drive coil is magnetically energised, it moves the magnetic elongated probe in respect of the body towards the object, such that the second distance between the first end of the magnetic elongated probe and the proximal end or opening of the body is greater than the first distance.
• the second distance lies in a range of 6 mm - 8 mm.
• the second distance may, for example, be from 6, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8, 7 or 7.5 mm up to 6.5, 7, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8 or 8 mm.
• the drive coil is magnetically energized such that at least a portion of the drive coil surrounding the second end of the magnetic elongated probe is positively charged with respect to the second end.
• Such magnetic energization of the drive coil repels the second end and projects the second end of the magnetic elongated probe towards a direction of the first end.
• energizing refers to switching a supply voltage of the drive coil ON or OFF.
• an electric field is created when the supply voltage of the drive coil is switched ON.
• higher supply voltage of the drive coil will result in greater magnetic force.
• an acceleration of the magnetic elongated probe will increase.
• the magnetic force is a function of magnetization (namely, magnetic polarization) of the magnetic eiongated probe.
• magnetization refers to a density of dipole moment induced in the magnetic elongated probe.
• Energizing the drive coil will move the magnetic elongated probe towards the direction of the first end (and particularly, towards the surface of the object). Moreover, the magnetic elongated probe will move in a reverse direction (i.e., away from the proximal end) in case polarity of the drive coil is reversed by energizing.
• the direction of moving the magnetic elongated probe is controlled by the controller.
• first induced voltage refers to a voltage induced in the measurement coil due to a rebound movement of the magnetic elongated probe on contacting the object.
• the first end of the magnetic elongated probe Upon contacting the object, the first end of the magnetic elongated probe decelerates and then rebounds to move in the direction of the second end (i.e., towards the distal end of the body).
• the first induced voltage is induced in the measurement coil.
• the first induced voltage is an indication that a distance between the first end of the magnetic elongated probe and the object is less than or equal to the second distance.
• the measurement of the first induced voltage changes with a change in time as a velocity and an acceleration of the magnetic elongated probe changes during the first time period.
• the first time period refers to a time period of an alignment calibration cycle implemented prior to the measurement cycle, said time period extending from a start of a movement of the magnetic elongated probe in the direction of the first end for having the first end at the second distance from the proximal end, to an end of the movement of the magnetic elongated probe when the first end is again at the first distance from the proximal end.
• the rebound tonometer and the object may be moved with respect to each other. If the relative arrangement of the object and the rebound tonometer is such that the object just contacts the first end, the object is determined to be at a distance equal to the second distance from the proximal end. However, it is possible that the relative arrangement of the object and the rebound tonometer is such that the magnetic elongated probe presses into the object when the first end is at the second distance from the proximal end. This indicates that the object is at a distance that is less than the second distance from the proximal end.
• predetermined criterion refers to a predefined standard which is utilized for making a decision.
• the predetermined criterion is selected to be one of: a predetermined voltage threshold value, an integral value of the measured first induced voltage as function of time over the first time period, a derivate value of the first induced voltage as function of time or a predetermined pattern.
• predetermined voltage threshold value refers to a pre-known limit within which the measured first induced voltage is expected to remain when the first end of the magnetic elongated probe does not contact the object. When the probe contacts the object the voltage value is expected to be larger than the predetermined voltage threshold value. This value is a function of speed of collision with the object.
• integral value of the measured first induced voltage as function of time over the first time period refers to an expected cumulative value of the measured first induced voltage over the first time period when the first end of the magnetic elongated probe does not contact the object during the first time period. Since the induced voltage is a function of speed the integral value is integral value of the speed in practical terms. The integral value is beneficial to use since the speed of the probe, when using the integral value, does not need to exceed certain threshold. The integral value gives indication if the probe has moved from its initial position independently on the speed thus providing means for detecting slow movement of probe towards the object. Further benefit of using integral value is that threshold value can be set higher.
• the phrase "derivate value of the first induced voltage as function of time” refers to an expected change of the measured first induced voltage over time. Usage of derivate can increase sensitivity of the triggering as it is related to change of speed (acceleration). Derivate value can be also used to filter away very fast accelerations caused for example of random vibrations of the device (such as caused by shaking hand of the doctor).
• the term "predetermined pattern” refers to a preknown pattern of values, and since the comparison of the predetermined criterion is done with the measured induced voltage, the predetermined pattern optionally refers to a pattern of voltage values over time.
• predetermined criterion is met
• a pattern of values of the measured first induced voltage over time is similar to the predetermined pattern (of voltage values over time).
• the measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer is initiated when the contact between the object and the first end is detected. If such a contact is not detected, the measurement cycle is not initiated.
• the term "measurement cycle" refers to an operational cycle of ejecting the magnetic elongated probe with magnetic force to make it collide with the object with the purpose of measuring the property of the object.
• the rebound magnetic elongated probe is retracted into the body so that the rebound tonometer is in its default usage state, and is then ejected out of the body to have the first end at the third distance from the proximal end.
• the magnetic elongated probe bounces back from the object after hitting the object.
• the magnetic elongated body induces, in an measurement coil, a second voltage as function of time.
• the second voltage as function of time is indication of speed of the probe as function of time (since varying magnetic field induces voltage in a coil).
• the speed as function of time can be used to determine property of object such as its elasticity, or in case of eye intra ocular pressure. It will be appreciated that the measurement cycle is initiated for determining the property of the object.
• the measurement cycle might be a single measurement or the measurement cycle might be repeated several times.
• the controller when initiating the measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer, is configured to: energize the measurement coil to retract the magnetic elongated probe into the body to have the first end at the first distance from the proximal end; and energize the drive coil to eject the magnetic elongated probe out of the body to have the first end at a third distance from the proximal end.
• the measurement coil and the drive coil by energizing the measurement coil and the drive coil one after the other, there is created a magnetic force for facilitating movement of the magnetic elongated probe firstly into the body and then out of the body.
• at least one portion of the measurement coil surrounding the second end is optionally charged negatively with respect to the magnetic elongated probe for retracting the magnetic elongated probe into the body to have the first end at the first distance from the proximal end, such that the rebound tonometer is at the default usage state.
• at least one portion of the drive coil surrounding the magnetic elongated probe is optionally charged positively with respect to the second end for ejecting the magnetic elongated probe out of the body to have the first end at the third distance from the proximal end.
• the magnetic elongated probe is accelerated by a current pulse in the drive coil, which generates a magnetic field acting on the magnetic elongated probe.
• the third distance lies in a range of 0.5 to 2.0 times of the second distance.
• the third distance may lie in a range of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 or 1.8 times of the second distance to 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9 or 2.0 times of the second distance.
• the second distance is 6 mm
• the third distance may lie in a range of 4.8 mm -12 mm.
• the third distance may be 7.5 mm.
• the controller when the distance of the object from the proximal end is equal to the second distance, the controller is further configured to: select the third distance to be equal to or greater than the second distance; and complete the measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer by measuring a second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil as a function of time during a second time period of the ejection of the magnetic elongated probe, wherein the second voltage is indicative of collision of the first end with the object.
• the third distance when the third distance is selected to be equal to the second distance, the first end just contacts the object; whereas when the third distance is selected to be greater than the second distance, the first end contacts the object with full force. In both these scenarios, the first end would rebound upon contacting the object, which in turn induces the second voltage in the measurement coil. The measurement cycle, therefore, is completed by measuring the second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil.
• the second time period refers to a time period of the measurement cycle, said time period extending from a start of a movement of the magnetic elongated probe in the direction of the first end for having the first end at the third distance from the proximal end, to an end of the movement of the magnetic elongated probe when the first end is again at the first distance from the proximal end.
• the controller is further configured to provide an indication to increase the distance between the object and the proximal end of the body on a user interface of the rebound tonometer.
• the selected third distance being greater than 2 times of the second distance means that the third distance may be at least twice of the second distance. For example, if the second distance is 6 mm, the selected third distance may be more than 12 mm. In such a case, the magnetic elongated probe could to collide too hard with the object, which is undesirable as such collision may harm the object and/or the magnetic elongated probe.
• the indication is provided to enable for example, the user of the rebound tonometer, to increase the distance between the object and the proximal end of the body.
• Such indication to increase the distance is provided for preventing the rebound magnetic elongated probe from colliding too hard with the object (which may be a sensitive object such as an eye).
• the distance is increased by movement of the rebound tonometer or movement of the object. Such movement may be manual and may be performed by the user of the rebound tonometer.
• a force with which the magnetic elongated probe collides with the object is reduced, thereby preventing any damage to the object and/or the magnetic elongated probe.
• the term "user interface” refers to an interface via which the user interacts with the rebound tonometer.
• the user interface is implemented on at least one of: the rebound tonometer, a computing device coupled to the rebound tonometer.
• the computing device examples include, but are not limited to, a computer, a smartphone, a smartwatch, a tablet, and a laptop.
• the user interface is rendered on a display of the rebound tonometer or the computing device.
• the indication could be a text indication, an image indication, an audio-visual indication, an error notification, a warning or similar.
• the indication may be provided using at least one of: an audio device, a lightemitting diode (LED), a vibration device, a haptic device, associated with the rebound tonometer.
• the controller may provide the indication by way of controlling a vibration device installed in the rebound tonometer to vibrate profusely when the selected third distance is greater than 2 times of the second distance.
• the controller may provide the indication by way of controlling an LED installed in the rebound tonometer to emit red light when the selected third distance is greater than 2 times of the second distance.
• the controller when the distance of the object from the proximal end is less than the second distance, the controller is further configured to: select the third distance to be less than the second distance; and complete the measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer by measuring a second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil as a function of time during a second time period of the ejection of the magnetic elongated probe, wherein the second voltage is indicative of collision of the first end with the object.
• the third distance is selected to be less than the second distance for preventing the rebound magnetic elongated probe from colliding too hard with the object.
• the third distance may be so selected to account for a possibility that the user may still move the rebound tonometer closer to the object or the object may still move closer to the rebound tonometer, after initiation of the measurement cycle.
• a technical benefit of selecting the third distance to be less than the second distance in this embodiment ensures that the first end contacts the object with requisite force for completing the measurement cycle without harming the object during the same. The first end would rebound upon contacting the object, which in turn induces the second voltage in the measurement coil. The measurement cycle, therefore, is completed by measuring the second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil.
• the controller is further configured to use the second voltage to determine a property of the object.
• the term "property" refers to a physiological parameter of the object.
• the rebound tonometer may be used to measure a physiological parameter of an eye such as, intra-ocular pressure of the eye, touch sensitivity (of eye or skin) and the like.
• the rebound tonometer may be used for measuring an intra-ocular pressure of the eye from an ophthalmic measurement.
• the second voltage represents velocity as a function of time of the magnetic elongated probe that rebounds from the object when the first end of the magnetic elongated probe collides with (the surface of) the object. The magnitude of the second voltage depends on the magnetic strength and speed of the magnetic elongated probe.
• the magnitude of the second voltage is directly proportional to the speed of the magnetic elongated probe.
• the second voltage may be used to determine an intra-ocular pressure of an eye.
• the speed of the magnetic elongated probe and a response of a surface of the eye to stop the magnetic elongated probe once it is ejected towards and collides with the surface of the eye, may be determined by calculating first derivate of the velocity.
• the speed of the magnetic elongated probe rebounding from the surface of the eye may be determined.
• the intra-ocular pressure is determined to be high in case the magnetic elongated probe rebounds rapidly (i.e., at a high speed), and the intra-ocular pressure is low in case the magnetic elongated probe rebounds slowly (i.e., at a low speed).
• the rebound tonometer further comprises at least one sensor, wherein the controller is configured to: collect, from the at least one sensor, sensor data indicative of displacement and/or velocity of the magnetic elongated probe as a function of time during the measurement cycle; determine a velocity and/or an acceleration of the magnetic elongated probe, based on the sensor data; and determine a property of the object, based on a change in the velocity and/or the acceleration of the magnetic elongated probe.
• the senor measures the displacement and/or velocity of the magnetic elongated probe and records the sensor data related thereto.
• a movement of the magnetic elongated probe may be expressed in terms of the displacement and/or velocity of the magnetic elongated probe as the function of time.
• the sensor is configured to measure a change in magnetic flux in the measurement coil due to a movement of the magnetic elongated probe towards the object.
• magnetic force is exerted to eject the magnetic elongated probe out of the body to collide with the object, after which the magnetic elongated probe retracts into the body. Therefore, the sensor measures the changes in the magnetic flux in the measurement coil and the controller uses such measurement to determine the displacement and/or velocity of the probe.
• the sensor is implemented using a transducer, an accelerometer, a frequency sensor, laser surface velocimeter, a piezoelectric sensor.
• the controller compares the velocity and/or the acceleration of the magnetic elongated probe with historically-collected velocity and/or acceleration data of medical trials. For example, if the property is the intra-ocular pressure of the eye, a high value of the velocity and/or the acceleration would mean a high intra-ocular pressure, and vice versa, since the intra-ocular pressure is historically known to be high in case the magnetic elongated probe rebounds rapidly (i.e., with high velocity and/or acceleration), and the intra-ocular pressure is historically known to be low in case the magnetic elongated probe rebounds slowly. Beneficially, determination of the property of the object allows further diagnostic progress pertaining to the object.
• the controller is further configured to compare the measured first induced voltage as function of time with a second predetermined criterion, and if based on the comparison the second predetermined criterion is met, use it as an indication to provide a warning indicator on a user interface of the rebound tonometer.
• the second predetermined criterion is selected to be one of: a second predetermined voltage threshold value, a second integral value of the measured first induced voltage as function of time over the first time period, a second derivate value of the first induced voltage as function of time or a second predetermined pattern.
• second predetermined voltage threshold value refers to a second pre-known limit within which the measured first induced voltage is expected to remain when the first end of the magnetic elongated probe does not contact the object.
• second integral value of the measured first induced voltage as function of time over the first time period refers to a second expected cumulative value of the measured first induced voltage over the first time period when the first end of the magnetic elongated probe does not contact the object during the first time period.
• second derivate value of the first induced voltage as function of time refers to an expected second change of the measured first induced voltage over time.
• second predetermined pattern refers to a pre- known second pattern of values, and since the comparison of the predetermined criterion is done with the measured induced voltage, the second predetermined pattern optionally refers to a second pattern of voltage values over time.
• second predetermined criterion is met
• a pattern of values of the measured first induced voltage over time is similar to the second predetermined pattern (of voltage values over time).
• the measured first induced voltage exceeds the second predetermined voltage threshold value, it indicates that the rebound tonometer is being moved too quickly towards the object, which may harm the object.
• the calculated derivative value exceeding the second derivate value, too implies (i.e., indicates) that the rebound tonometer is being moved too quickly towards the object.
• the calculated integral being greater than the second integral value implies that the first end is too close to the object.
• the pattern of values of the measured first induced voltage being similar to the second predetermined pattern implies that the first end is too close to the object. Therefore, meeting of the second predetermined criterion indicates that the rebound tonometer is moving in an undesirable, unsafe manner.
• warning indicator refers to an indication provided to the user of the rebound tonometer, when the measured first induced voltage as the function of time meets the second predetermined criterion, to indicate that the rebound tonometer is moving in the undesirable, unsafe manner.
• the user of the rebound tonometer may take corrective actions (such as de-energizing the drive coil, moving the object away from the rebound tonometer, and so forth) to prevent damage to the object.
• the warning indicator is provided to the user via the user interface.
• the warning indicator may be in form of a text indication, a visual indication, an audio-visual indication, or similar.
• the warning indicator may be provided on at least one of: the audio device, the light-emitting device (LED), the vibration device, the haptic device, associated with the rebound tonometer.
• the controller may provide the warning indicator by way of controlling an LED installed in the rebound tonometer to emit blue light when the measured first induced voltage as the function of time meets the second predetermined criterion.
• the controller is further configured to display an intensity of a given voltage with respect to a given time as a waveform on at least one display, a given display being at least one of: a display of an oscilloscope, a display of the rebound tonometer, a display of a computing device.
• the "intensity" of the given voltage refers to a measure of the given voltage. In other words, the intensity represents how high or how low the voltage is at the given time. It will be appreciated that the waveform representing the intensity of the given voltage with respect to time is displayed on the at least one display, to allow the user of the rebound tonometer to easily view and identify when the given voltage is induced, and to easily view the intensity of the given voltage.
• the user then, can make alterations to a relative arrangement of the rebound tonometer and the object, provide diagnostics based on the intensity, or similar.
• the present disclosure also relates to the method as described above.
• the predetermined criterion is selected to be one of: a predetermined voltage threshold value, an integral value of the measured first induced voltage as function of time over the first time period, a derivate value of the first induced voltage as function of time or a predetermined pattern.
• the measurement cycle comprises: energizing a measurement coil to retract the magnetic elongated probe into the body to have the first end at the first distance from the proximal end; and energizing the drive coil to eject the magnetic elongated probe out of the body to have the first end at a third distance from the proximal end; completing the measurement cycle by measuring a second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil as a function of time during a second time period of the ejection of the magnetic elongated probe, wherein the second voltage is indicative of the first end colliding with the object; and using the second voltage for determining the property of the object.
• the second voltage is an indication of speed of the elongated probe as function of time. This indication can be used to determine property of an object. As an example if the second voltage is high it indicates that probe rebounds from the object in rapid manner thus the object is more stiff than in case it would rebound slower (low second voltage).
• the rebound tonometer can be used for example determining intraocular pressure of an eye (as one example of an measurement cycle). Other example of measurement cycle is to use rebound tonometer to collide with skin of a target user to determine touch sensitivity of the skin.
• the third distance lies in a range of 0.5 to 2.0 times of the second distance.
• the method further comprises selecting the third distance to be equal to or greater than the second distance.
• the method further comprises providing an indication to increase the distance between the object and the proximal end of the body on a user interface of the rebound tonometer.
• the method further comprises: collecting, from at least one sensor of the rebound tonometer, sensor data indicative of displacement and/or velocity of the magnetic elongated probe as a function of time during the measurement cycle; determining a velocity and/or an acceleration of the magnetic elongated probe, based on the sensor data; and determining a property of the object, based on a change in the velocity and/or the acceleration of the magnetic elongated probe.
• the method further comprises comparing the measured first induced voltage as function of time with a second predetermined criterion, and if based on the comparison the second predetermined criterion is met, using it as an indication to provide a warning indicator on a user interface of the rebound tonometer.
• the second predetermined criterion is selected to be one of: a second predetermined voltage threshold value, a second integral value of the measured first induced voltage as function of time over the first time period, a second derivate value of the first induced voltage as function of time or a second predetermined pattern.
• the present disclosure provides a rebound tonometer which detects automatically distance between the rebound tonometer and an object and can thus initiate measurement cycle automatically. This (detection of distance) is important as if the distance is too low the probe might hit the object (such as eye) too fast and cause damage. Furthermore if the measurement cycle is initiated out too far away from the object the probe might hit the object too slow or might not hit the object at all.
• Distance of the object is detected by moving the first end of the probe to a distance from the body (towards the object) and allowing the first end of the probe to be in contact with the object. Since the probe is arranged to move in the body (opening / cavity / channel of the body) and it is surrounded with measurement coil the contact can be detected. Induced voltage to the measurement coil is used to initiate the measurement cycle.
• the rebound tonometer 100 comprises a body 102, a magnetic elongated probe 104, a measurement coil 106, a drive coil 108 and a controller (not shown).
• the body 102 has a proximal end 110 and a distal end 112 opposite to the proximal end 110.
• the body 102 has an opening 114 (shown as a dotted line) at the proximal end 110.
• the magnetic elongated probe 104 has a first end 116 and a second end 118 opposite to the first end 116, such that the magnetic elongated probe 104 is arranged at least partially in the body 102 in a manner that the first end 116 protrudes outside of the body 102 from the opening 114 of the body 102.
• the measurement coil 106 and the drive coil 108 are arranged inside the body 102 partially surrounding the magnetic elongated probe 104.
• the controller is coupled to the measurement coil 106 and the drive coil 108.
• the first end 116 is at a first distance DI from the opening 114, and the second end 118 is inside the body 102, wherein the magnetic elongated probe 104 is arranged to be aligned with and movable along an axis 120 (shown as a dashed dot line) of the rebound tonometer 100.
• the rebound tonometer 202 is used to determine a property of an object 204 (depicted as an eye).
• the rebound tonometer 202 comprises a body 206, a magnetic elongated probe 208, a measurement coil 210, a drive coil 212 and a controller (not shown).
• the body 206 has a proximal end 214 and a distal end 216 opposite to the proximal end 214.
• the body 206 has an opening (not shown) at the proximal end 214.
• the magnetic elongated probe 208 has a first end 218 and a second end 220 opposite to the first end 218, such that the magnetic elongated probe 208 is arranged at least partially in the body 206 in a manner that the first end 218 protrudes outside of the body 206 from the opening of the body 206.
• the measurement coil 210 and the drive coil 212 are arranged inside the body 206 partially surrounding the magnetic elongated probe 208.
• the controller is coupled to the measurement coil 210, and the drive coil 212.
• the rebound tonometer 202 is shown to be in a first usage state (for example, such as a rest condition).
• a first usage state for example, such as a rest condition
• the first end 218 is at a first distance DI from the opening
• the second end 220 is inside the body 206.
• the magnetic elongated probe 208 is arranged to be aligned with and movable along an axis (not shown) of the rebound tonometer 202.
• the first end 218 is away from (i.e., does not contact) the object 204.
• the rebound tonometer 202 is shown to be in a second usage state.
• the controller energizes the drive coil 212 to move the magnetic elongated probe 208 with respect to the body 206 to have the first end 218 at a second distance D2 from the proximal end 214.
• the second distance D2 is greater than the first distance DI (shown in FIG. 2A).
• the first end 218 of the rebound tonometer 202 is closer to the object 204 as compared to the first usage state shown in FIG. 2A.
• FIG. 2B there is depicted an instance wherein a distance of the object 204 from the proximal end 214 is greater than the second distance D2.
• the first end 218 contacts the object 204.
• a measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer 202 is initiated.
• the rebound tonometer 202 is shown to be at a third usage state.
• the controller energizes the drive coil 212 to eject the magnetic elongated probe 208 out of the body 206 to have the first end 218 at a third distance D3 from the proximal end 214.
• the third distance D3 is shown to be greater than the second distance D2. In this case, the first end 218 contacts the object 204 with full force.
• the measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer 202 is completed by measuring a second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil 210 as a function of time during a second time period of the ejection of the magnetic elongated probe 208, wherein the second voltage is indicative of collision of the first end 218 with the object 204.
• the rebound tonometer 300 comprises a body 302, a magnetic elongated probe 304, a measurement coil 306, a drive coil 308, a controller 310, and at least one sensor (depicted as a sensor 312).
• the controller 310 is coupled to the measurement coil 306, the drive coil 308 and the sensor 312.
• FIGs. 1, 2A-2C, and 3 are merely examples, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims herein. It will be appreciated that the rebound tonometers 100, 202 and 300 are provided as examples and are not to be construed as limiting the same to specific numbers or types of components. A person skilled in the art will recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications of embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 4A illustrates a first waveform of a first induced voltage in a measurement coil as a function of time during a first time period
• FIG. 4B illustrates a second waveform of a second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil as a function of time during a second time period, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• a given waveform represents an value/amplitude of a given voltage with respect to time.
• Y-axis represents the intensity of the given voltage
• X-axis represents time.
• portions 402 and 404 of the first waveform indicate a (nearly) constant intensity of voltage through their corresponding time. This means that no voltage is induced in the measurement coil during the time corresponding to the portions 402 and 404.
• Portions 406, 408, and 410 (depicted as a crest and a trough) in the first waveform represents the first induced voltage.
• the portion 406 may correspond to a time of contact of a first end of a magnetic elongated probe with an object wherein the first end pushes into the object
• the portion 408 may correspond to a time wherein the first end is moving away from the object but is still in contact with the object
• the portion 410 may correspond to a time wherein the first end is moving away from the object and is no longer in contact with the object.
• a point 412 in the second waveform indicates a time at which the first end is at a first distance from an opening in a proximal end of a body of a rebound tonometer. At the point 412, no voltage is induced in the measurement coil.
• a point 414 in the second waveform indicates another time at which the first end is at the first distance from the opening. At the point 414, no voltage is induced in the measurement coil.
• a portion 416 of the second waveform that lies between the point 412 and the point 414 indicates the second voltage that is induced in the measurement coil.
• the second voltage varies as a function of time, as depicted by a crest and a trough in the portion 416, and is induced when a magnetic elongated probe is ejected out of the body to have the first end at a third distance from the proximal end, collides with the object, and rebounds upon collision with the object.
• the rebound tonometer comprises a body, a magnetic elongated probe, a measurement coil and a drive coil.
• the magnetic elongated probe is arranged at least partially in the body in a manner that a first end of the magnetic elongated probe protrudes outside of the body from an opening at a proximal end of the body, the first end being at a first distance from the opening, and a second end of the magnetic elongated probe being inside the body, wherein the magnetic elongated probe is arranged to be movable along an axis of the rebound tonometer.
• a contact between an object and the first end is detected.
• the detection is done by moving the magnetic elongated probe in respect to the body to have the first end at a second distance from the proximal end, the second distance being greater than the first distance; moving the rebound tonometer in respect to the object during a first time period, measuring a first induced voltage as a function of time during a first time period as the rebound tonometer is moved, and comparing the measured first induced voltage as a function of time with a predetermined criterion, and if based on the comparison the predetermined criterion is met, using it as an indication of a detected contact between the first end and the object.
• a measurement cycle of the rebound tonometer is initiated when the contact is detected.
• steps 502, 504, and 506 are only illustrative and other alternatives can also be provided where one or more steps are added, one or more steps are removed, or one or more steps are provided in a different sequence without departing from the scope of the claims herein. Modifications to embodiments of the present disclosure described in the foregoing are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the accompanying claims. Expressions such as “including”, “comprising”, “incorporating”, “have”, “is” used to describe and claim the present disclosure are intended to be construed in a non- exclusive manner, namely allowing for items, components or elements not explicitly described also to be present. Reference to the singular is also to be construed to relate to the plural.

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• 2021
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