WO2023066833A1 - Dispositif compact pour une alimentation décarbonée et à empreinte carbone réduite et un fonctionnement à émissions réduites de convertisseurs et son procédé d'utilisation - Google Patents
Dispositif compact pour une alimentation décarbonée et à empreinte carbone réduite et un fonctionnement à émissions réduites de convertisseurs et son procédé d'utilisation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023066833A1 WO2023066833A1 PCT/EP2022/078766 EP2022078766W WO2023066833A1 WO 2023066833 A1 WO2023066833 A1 WO 2023066833A1 EP 2022078766 W EP2022078766 W EP 2022078766W WO 2023066833 A1 WO2023066833 A1 WO 2023066833A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ammonia
- hydrogen
- compounds
- burner
- carbon
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 151
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003421 catalytic decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- HVZJRWJGKQPSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-Amyl methyl ether Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)OC HVZJRWJGKQPSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012432 intermediate storage Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000283283 Orcinus orca Species 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000381894 Austroargiolestes christine Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000809 air pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001243 air pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
- C01B3/047—Decomposition of ammonia
Definitions
- the invention relates to a compact, multi-stage, efficient device for flexible carbon-free and carbon-reduced supply and the resulting reduced-emission operation of converters, in particular with the hydrogen produced hereby, preferably from ammonia and compounds produced in a climate-neutral manner.
- the hydrogen produced hereby preferably from ammonia and compounds produced in a climate-neutral manner.
- the inventive device consists of one or more burners for both thermal and catalytic decomposition of ammonia and compounds and for preheating the ammonia and compounds used.
- the self-generated hydrogen is preferably stored temporarily in one or more tanks.
- the required quantities of ammonia and its compounds, as well as ammonia and its compounds dissolved in easily ignitable, combustible solvents and possibly admixed, are stored together in one or more tanks.
- liquid ammonia can store more hydrogen much more efficiently under moderate conditions (e.g. at 8.6 bar, 20°C, 2.73 MWh/m 3 ) than it can even in highly compressed (700 bar, 15°C, 1 .3 MWh/m 3 ) or deep-frozen, cryogenic state at -253°C (approx. 1 bar, 2.36 MWh/m 3 ) with pure hydrogen is possible.
- moderate conditions e.g. at 8.6 bar, 20°C, 2.73 MWh/m 3
- cryogenic state at -253°C (approx. 1 bar, 2.36 MWh/m 3 ) with pure hydrogen is possible.
- around 30 - 40% of the stored energy is consumed in advance simply by the necessary deep-cooling of the hydrogen in order to achieve an acceptable volumetric energy density.
- the device proposed here according to the invention can, on the one hand, very effectively recover the hydrogen bound in ammonia and compounds, and converters can be operated with reduced emissions technically without great effort.
- Additives of methane and hydrogen, for example, are therefore suitable as ignition aids for flammable ammonia and compounds with air. Simultaneous preheating of the ammonia-air mixture to around 500°C also supports the ignition considerably.
- a combustible mixture consisting of hydrogen, ammonia and compounds as well as pure hydrogen can also be produced directly in the device according to the invention and then subsequently burned with air in a converter (e.g. an internal combustion engine).
- a converter e.g. an internal combustion engine
- ammonia and compounds dissolved in suitable ignitable solvents can be burned with reduced carbon directly in the converters.
- Solvents based on alcohols and ethers are particularly suitable for this purpose, as are also used as ignition aids.
- an additional post-cleaning stage in the form of membrane filters and/or molecular sieves can be used in order to achieve the necessary purity of the hydrogen, cf. Tim Lipman, Nihar Shah: Ammonia as an Alternative Energy Storage Medium for Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Scientific and Technical Review for Near-Term Stationary Power Demonstration Projects, Final Report, UC Berkeley, 2007, https://escholarship.org/uc/item /7z69v4wp.
- catalytically active metals can also be used as coatings, based on nickel and ruthenium, among other things.
- Nickel is a good choice because of the significantly lower costs.
- the heating of the catalyst supports coated in this way on a metal and ceramic basis is currently usually carried out electrically by indirect heating. This leads to an increase in the number of heat transfer resistances and a low efficiency of the system technology.
- the burner or burners used here are preferably operated in continuous operation with the hydrogen produced from ammonia and compounds itself as an ignition aid.
- Flammable solvents for ammonia and compounds such as alcohols and ethers can also be used in mixtures with ammonia and compounds as initial or permanent ignition aids.
- ammonia and ammonia compounds dissolved in methanol and ethanol are particularly suitable for this purpose, see, for example, DirkSchfer et al: Experimental Investigation of the Solubility of Ammonia in Methanol, J. Eng. Data 2007, 52, 1653 - 1659, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie700033v and L.-J. Huang, W.-L.Xue and Z.-X. Zengan: The Solubility of ammonia in ethanol between 277.35 K and 328.15 K, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 303, 80 - 84, 201 , https://doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2O11 .01 .006 an.
- Ethanol behaves in a similar way to methanol, see a. L.-J. Huang, W.-L.Xue and Z.-X. Zengan: The Solubility of ammonia in ethanol between 277.35 K and 328.15 K, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 303, 80 - 84, 201, https://doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2011.01.006. However, the solubility for ammonia is about half that of methanol. Another advantage is the better environmental compatibility of ethanol.
- alcohols and ethers as solvents for ammonia and compounds can also increase the hydrogen yield due to a more homogeneous thermal decomposition.
- Ammonia and compounds in the dissolved state in particular in alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and based on ethers such as diethyl ether (DEE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) at standard conditions and moderate ambient temperatures of around 20 to 50°C without or with comparatively little pressurization (usually ⁇ 4 bar).
- DEE diethyl ether
- MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether
- TAME tert-amyl methyl ether
- Ammonia itself and the fine dust particles formed in the air endanger human health and damage plants and ecosystems.
- FIG. 1 shows the two-stage device according to the invention.
- the device (1) works together with one or more heat exchangers (2) for exhaust gas utilization, one or more converters (14) to preheat ammonia and compounds and one or more controllable liquid and/or gas burner(s) (3), preferably for flameless oxidation. These burner(s) are used for the thermal decomposition of the ammonia with a desired homogeneous temperature distribution in one or more combustion chamber(s) (8) (1st process stage). To this end, the reactants are premixed and/or added as a solution, preferably centrally to the flame.
- the energy of the burners that is not used for the thermal decomposition (4) is used on the one hand via a further integrated heat exchanger (5) to preheat the ammonia and compounds and, if necessary, air (up to approx. 500°C in each case) and on the other hand heating of the additional catalytic reaction section (12) to around 500-750 °C (2nd process stage).
- the energy provided by the burner or burners is used very effectively.
- the thermal efficiency thus reaches well over 80%.
- baffle plates (9) also prevents the direct action of the burner flame and local overheating of the catalysts.
- catalyst supports (11) for example made of ceramics such as cordierite and temperature-resistant steels, are used as the coating substrate. Ceramics are recommended due to their high thermal resilience. On the other hand, the necessary operating temperature can be realized and adjusted much more quickly by means of metallic catalyst carriers (11). Even with very compact sizes, the purity of the hydrogen produced in two process steps can reach more than 99%. Subsequent post-purification through membrane filters and, for example, molecular sieves (not shown in FIG. 1) allows additional purification of the hydrogen for use in PEM fuel cells by removing nitrogen and ammonia to levels of ⁇ 100 ppb.
- the stream of material produced passes through one or more further heat exchangers (13) with which the necessary preheating temperature for consumption by the converter or converters (14) is set, if necessary by additional admixing of ammonia.
- Another part of the hydrogen is temporarily stored in one or more tanks (15, 16), in particular for the cold start of the burner(s) and to ensure rapid load changes in the converter.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
Abstract
L'invention concerne un dispositif compact pour alimenter des convertisseurs de manière décarbonée et avec une empreinte carbone réduite et les faire fonctionner avec des émissions réduites, ce dispositif (1) fonctionnant de manière polyétagée avec un ou plusieurs brûleurs (3) à liquide ou à gaz, comprenant une ou plusieurs chambres de combustion (8) séparées ayant une distribution de températures sensiblement homogène pour la décomposition thermique (4) et une ou plusieurs sections de réaction catalytiques (12) adjacentes pour la décomposition catalytique (10) d'ammoniac et de composés d'ammoniac, produits de préférence de manière climatiquement neutre, en hydrogène de pureté différente, en particulier pour l'alimentation directe et indirecte de convertisseurs (14).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021127515.6 | 2021-10-22 | ||
| DE102021127515.6A DE102021127515A1 (de) | 2021-10-22 | 2021-10-22 | Kompakte Vorrichtung für emissionsfreie Antriebe |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2023066833A1 true WO2023066833A1 (fr) | 2023-04-27 |
Family
ID=84332191
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/078766 WO2023066833A1 (fr) | 2021-10-22 | 2022-10-17 | Dispositif compact pour une alimentation décarbonée et à empreinte carbone réduite et un fonctionnement à émissions réduites de convertisseurs et son procédé d'utilisation |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE102021127515A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023066833A1 (fr) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3505027A (en) * | 1963-05-25 | 1970-04-07 | Still Fa Carl | Apparatus for decomposing ammonia |
| JPH05332152A (ja) * | 1991-06-25 | 1993-12-14 | Koji Korematsu | アンモニア燃焼エンジン |
| US20120276463A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 | 2012-11-01 | Shawn Grannell | Ammonia flame cracker system, method and apparatus |
| CN209618877U (zh) * | 2019-02-01 | 2019-11-12 | 浙江华大树脂有限公司 | 一种环保型恒压控制氨分解装置 |
| US20200123006A1 (en) | 2017-08-24 | 2020-04-23 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | Autothermal ammonia cracking process |
| CN112742310A (zh) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-04 | 福州大学化肥催化剂国家工程研究中心 | 一种氨分解反应装置及氨分解方法 |
| JP2021110463A (ja) * | 2020-01-06 | 2021-08-02 | 株式会社Kri | アンモニア燃焼装置及びアンモニア燃料電池システム |
-
2021
- 2021-10-22 DE DE102021127515.6A patent/DE102021127515A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2022
- 2022-10-17 WO PCT/EP2022/078766 patent/WO2023066833A1/fr unknown
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3505027A (en) * | 1963-05-25 | 1970-04-07 | Still Fa Carl | Apparatus for decomposing ammonia |
| JPH05332152A (ja) * | 1991-06-25 | 1993-12-14 | Koji Korematsu | アンモニア燃焼エンジン |
| US20120276463A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 | 2012-11-01 | Shawn Grannell | Ammonia flame cracker system, method and apparatus |
| US20200123006A1 (en) | 2017-08-24 | 2020-04-23 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | Autothermal ammonia cracking process |
| CN209618877U (zh) * | 2019-02-01 | 2019-11-12 | 浙江华大树脂有限公司 | 一种环保型恒压控制氨分解装置 |
| JP2021110463A (ja) * | 2020-01-06 | 2021-08-02 | 株式会社Kri | アンモニア燃焼装置及びアンモニア燃料電池システム |
| CN112742310A (zh) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-04 | 福州大学化肥催化剂国家工程研究中心 | 一种氨分解反应装置及氨分解方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (13)
| Title |
|---|
| A. VALERA-MEDINA ET AL.: "Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Econom ics", ENERGY&FUELS, 2021, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03685gegeben> |
| A. VALERA-MEDINA ET AL.: "Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics", ENERGY&FUELS, 2021 |
| A. VALERA-MEDINA: "Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis toEconomics", ENERGY FUELS, vol. 35, no. 9, 28 February 2021 (2021-02-28), pages 6964 - 7029, XP002808619, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03685 * |
| ALON GRINBERG DANA ET AL.: "Nitrogen-Based Fuels: A Power-to-Fuel-to-Power Analysi", ANGEW. CHEM., vol. 55, 2016, pages 8798 - 8805, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://doi.orq/10.1002/anie.201510618> |
| CHRISTINE MOUNAIM-ROUSSELLE: "Operating Limits for Ammoniak Fuel Spark-Ignition Engine", ENERGIES, vol. 14, 2021, pages 4141, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144141> |
| DIRK SCHÄFER ET AL.: "Experimental Investigation of the Solubility of Ammonia in Methanol", J. ENG. DATA, vol. 52, 2007, pages 1653 - 1659, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie700033v> |
| HIDEAKI KOBAYASHI ET AL.: "Science and technology of ammonia combustion", PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE, vol. 37, 2019, pages 109 - 133, XP055827963, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1540748918306345> DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029 |
| L.-J. HUANGW.-L.XUEZ.-X. ZENGAN: "The Solubility of ammonia in ethanol between 277.35 K and 328.15 K", FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA, vol. 303, pages 80 - 84, XP028365746, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://doi:10.1016/i.fluid.2011.01.006> DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2011.01.006 |
| MAKOTO KOIKE: "Ammonia as a Hydrogen Energy Carrier and Its Application to Internal Combustion Engines", JOURNAL OF THE COMBUSTION SOCIETY OF JAPAN, vol. 58, no. 184, 2016, pages 99 - 106 |
| NAJLAA ALI HUSSEIN ALBOSHMINA: "PhD Thesis", 2019, CARDIFF UNIVERSITY, article "Alboshmina: Ammonia Cracking with Heat Transfer Improvement Technology" |
| RUDOLF TANNER: "Dissertation", ETH ZÜRICH, article "Ueber die Verwendung von Ammoniak als Treibstoff" |
| SHEHAN OMANTHA HAPUTHANTHRI ET AL.: "Ammonia and Gasoline Fuel Blends for Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engines", JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY, vol. 137, 2015, pages 062201 - 1,0622017, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://doi.orq/10.1115/1.4030443> |
| TIM LIPMAN, NIHAR SHAH: "Ammonia as an Alternative Energy Storage Medium for Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Scientific and Technical Review for Near-Term Stationary Power Demonstration Projekts", FINAL REPORT, UC BERKELEY, 2007, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7z69v4wp> |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102021127515A1 (de) | 2023-04-27 |
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