WO2023061147A1 - 电池单体、电池以及用电装置 - Google Patents

电池单体、电池以及用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023061147A1
WO2023061147A1 PCT/CN2022/119263 CN2022119263W WO2023061147A1 WO 2023061147 A1 WO2023061147 A1 WO 2023061147A1 CN 2022119263 W CN2022119263 W CN 2022119263W WO 2023061147 A1 WO2023061147 A1 WO 2023061147A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
elastic member
electrode assembly
battery cell
battery
electrode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2022/119263
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
汪志明
黄彩虾
Original Assignee
宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Application filed by 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 filed Critical 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
Priority to EP22880087.6A priority Critical patent/EP4266440A1/en
Publication of WO2023061147A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023061147A1/zh
Priority to US18/473,297 priority patent/US20240014513A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/471—Spacing elements inside cells other than separators, membranes or diaphragms; Manufacturing processes thereof
    • H01M50/474—Spacing elements inside cells other than separators, membranes or diaphragms; Manufacturing processes thereof characterised by their position inside the cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
    • H01M50/491—Porosity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device.
  • Battery cells are widely used in electrical devices, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, battery cars, electric vehicles, electric aircraft, electric ships, electric toy cars, electric toy ships, electric toy airplanes and electric tools, etc.
  • the battery cells may include nickel-cadmium battery cells, nickel-hydrogen battery cells, lithium-ion battery cells, secondary alkaline zinc-manganese battery cells, and the like.
  • the present application provides a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device, which can effectively improve the working safety of the battery cell.
  • the present application proposes a battery cell, comprising: a casing assembly having a housing cavity; an electrode assembly accommodated in the housing cavity; an elastic member accommodated in the housing cavity, and the elastic member is attached to the housing
  • the elastic member has a pore structure for containing electrolyte, and the elastic member is configured to deform when the electrode assembly expands to release the electrolyte.
  • the elastic member is arranged in the accommodating cavity, which can effectively reduce the gap between the shell assembly and the electrode assembly, that is, improve the group margin of the battery cell.
  • the battery cells need to be held by clamps. Due to the high group margin of the battery cell, the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly can reach a preset value, thereby ensuring the magnitude and direction of the clamping force received by the electrode assembly during the formation process, so that the battery cell moves toward the Swelling occurs in a predetermined direction, which effectively reduces the risk of wrinkling of the electrode unit of the electrode assembly and improves the service life of the battery cell.
  • the clamp has a certain clamping force on the electrode assembly, so that the air bubbles in the electrolyte can be squeezed out during the clamping process, reducing the possibility of black spots on the interface of the electrode assembly or lithium precipitation.
  • the electrode assembly will expand during the cycle.
  • the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly will also increase, and because the elastic member is in contact with the electrode assembly, the increase in the clamping force of the clamp will cause
  • the elastic member produces compression deformation, that is, the deformation of the elastic member reduces the increase in the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly, which is beneficial to ensure the performance stability of the electrode assembly during the charging and discharging cycle.
  • the liquid storage chamber of the elastic member can store the electrolyte, and when the elastic member is compressed, the electrolyte can be released for consumption by the battery cells in circulation, so that the service life of the battery cells can be further improved.
  • the porosity of the elastic member is 30%-70%.
  • the liquid storage capacity and the deformation recovery capacity of the elastic member can be well balanced, so that the elastic component can achieve a comprehensive effect on the liquid storage capacity and the deformation recovery capacity.
  • the number of electrode assemblies distributed on both sides of the elastic member is the same. In this way, the extrusion force of the electrode assembly on the two sides of the elastic member is basically the same, and the force of the elastic member is relatively balanced, which is beneficial to maintaining the stability of the structure of the elastic member.
  • the elastic member is provided between any two adjacent electrode assemblies. Further improve the group margin of the battery cell, and ensure the size and direction of the clamping force of the clamp on each electrode assembly during the formation process of the battery cell, so that each electrode assembly expands along a predetermined direction.
  • the electrode assembly includes two wide faces disposed opposite to each other along a first direction and two narrow faces disposed opposite to each other along a second direction, the narrow face connects the two wide faces, and at least part of the narrow face is arc-shaped; An elastic member is attached to the wide face.
  • the casing assembly includes a casing and a cover assembly, the casing has an opening, the elastic member is disposed between the casing and the electrode assembly, and the cover assembly covers the opening to seal the casing and form a receiving cavity.
  • Such an arrangement is beneficial to transfer the clamping force of the clamp to the casing to the electrode assembly during the formation process of the battery cell.
  • the elastic member is bonded to the electrode assembly. It is beneficial to improve the reliability of the connection between the elastic member and the electrode assembly.
  • the present application provides a battery, including the battery cell according to any one embodiment of the first aspect.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device, including the battery in the second aspect, and the battery is used to provide electrical energy.
  • the elastic member is arranged in the accommodating cavity, which can effectively reduce the gap between the shell assembly and the electrode assembly, that is, improve the group margin of the battery cell.
  • the battery cells need to be held by clamps. Due to the high group margin of the battery cell, the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly can reach a preset value, thereby ensuring the magnitude and direction of the clamping force received by the electrode assembly during the formation process, so that the battery cell moves toward the Swelling occurs in a predetermined direction, which effectively reduces the risk of wrinkling of the electrode unit of the electrode assembly and improves the service life of the battery cell.
  • the clamp has a certain clamping force on the electrode assembly, so that the air bubbles in the electrolyte can be squeezed out during the clamping process, reducing the possibility of black spots on the interface of the electrode assembly or lithium precipitation.
  • the electrode assembly will expand during the cycle.
  • the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly will also increase, and because the elastic member is in contact with the electrode assembly, the increase in the clamping force of the clamp will cause
  • the elastic member produces compression deformation, that is, the deformation of the elastic member reduces the increase in the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly, which is beneficial to ensure the performance stability of the electrode assembly during the charging and discharging cycle.
  • the liquid storage chamber of the elastic member can store the electrolyte, and when the elastic member is compressed, the electrolyte can be released for consumption by the battery cells in circulation, so that the service life of the battery cells can be further improved.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an electrical device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery provided in an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the battery module shown in Fig. 2;
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery cell provided in an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery cell provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery cell provided by another embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an elastic member of a battery cell provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Vehicle 1a, motor; 1b, controller;
  • Shell assembly 40a, accommodation cavity; 41. Cover assembly; 411, end cover; 412, electrode terminal; 42, shell; 421, opening;
  • 60 elastic member
  • 60a pore structure
  • the battery cells may include lithium-ion secondary batteries, lithium-ion primary batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, or magnesium-ion batteries, which are not limited in the embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery cell can be in the form of a cylinder, a flat body, a cuboid or other shapes, which is not limited in this embodiment of the present application.
  • Battery cells are generally divided into three types according to packaging methods: cylindrical battery cells, square square battery cells and pouch battery cells, which are not limited in this embodiment of the present application.
  • the battery mentioned in the embodiments of the present application refers to a single physical module including one or more battery cells to provide higher voltage and capacity.
  • the battery mentioned in this application may include a battery module or a battery pack, and the like.
  • Batteries generally include a case for enclosing one or more battery cells. The box can prevent liquid or other foreign objects from affecting the charging or discharging of the battery cells.
  • the battery cell includes an electrode assembly and an electrolyte, and the electrode assembly is composed of a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, and a separator.
  • a battery cell works primarily by moving metal ions between the positive and negative plates.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer.
  • the positive electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the current collector without the positive electrode active material layer protrudes from the current collector coated with the positive electrode active material layer.
  • the current collector coated with the positive electrode active material layer is stacked as the positive electrode tab.
  • the material of the positive electrode current collector can be aluminum, and the positive electrode active material can be lithium cobaltate, lithium iron phosphate, ternary lithium or lithium manganate, etc.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer.
  • the negative electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the current collector coated with the negative electrode active material layer is stacked as the negative electrode tab.
  • the material of the negative electrode current collector may be copper, and the negative electrode active material may be carbon or silicon.
  • the material of the diaphragm can be PP or PE, etc.
  • the electrode assembly may be a wound structure or a laminated structure, which is not limited in the embodiment of the present application.
  • the inventor found the problem of the low service life of the battery cell, he analyzed and studied the structure of the battery cell and the use environment. After dismantling and analyzing the working process of the battery cell, the inventor found that in the structural design of the battery cell, in order to ensure that the battery cell can enter the battery cell’s accommodation cavity by clamping during the assembly process , and in order to reserve space for the expansion of the pole piece unit of the electrode assembly during charging, the group margin of the battery cell cannot be too high. It should be noted that the group margin represents the void ratio inside the battery cell, and the higher the group margin, the smaller the void in the battery cell's accommodating cavity.
  • the battery cell is charged for the first time, and the pole piece unit of the internal electrode assembly expands for the first time, and the battery cell needs to be clamped by a clamp to form a certain
  • the clamping force makes the pole piece unit expand toward a predetermined direction during the formation process.
  • the clamp precisely because of the low group margin of the battery cell, the clamp clamps the battery cell from the outside of the casing assembly, the clamping force on the pole piece unit cannot reach a predetermined value, and the pole piece unit cannot expand in a predetermined direction , It is easy to cause the pole piece to wrinkle, which seriously affects the service life of the pole piece unit, and then affects the service life of the entire battery cell.
  • the inventor has improved the structure of the battery cell.
  • the technical solution described in the embodiment of the application is applicable to the battery cell, the battery containing the battery cell, and the electric device using the battery.
  • Electric devices can be vehicles, mobile phones, portable devices, notebook computers, ships, spacecraft, electric toys and electric tools, and so on.
  • Vehicles can be fuel vehicles, gas vehicles or new energy vehicles, and new energy vehicles can be pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles or extended-range vehicles;
  • spacecraft include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles and spacecraft, etc.;
  • electric toys include fixed Type or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric boat toys and electric airplane toys, etc.;
  • electric tools include metal cutting electric tools, grinding electric tools, assembly electric tools and railway electric tools, for example, Electric drills, electric grinders, electric wrenches, electric screwdrivers, electric hammers, impact drills, concrete vibrators, electric planers, and more.
  • the embodiment of the present application does not impose special limitations on the above electric equipment.
  • the electric device is taken as an example for description.
  • a battery 10 is provided inside a vehicle 11 .
  • the battery 10 can be arranged at the bottom or the head or the rear of the vehicle 1 .
  • the battery 10 can be used for power supply of the vehicle 1 , for example, the battery 10 can be used as an operating power source of the vehicle 1 .
  • the vehicle 1 may also include a controller 1b and a motor 1a.
  • the controller 1b is used to control the battery 10 to supply power to the motor 1a, for example, for starting, navigating and driving the vehicle 1 for working power requirements.
  • the battery 10 can not only be used as an operating power source for the vehicle 1 , but can also be used as a driving power source for the vehicle 1 , replacing or partially replacing fuel or natural gas to provide driving power for the vehicle 11 .
  • the battery 10 includes a battery cell 30 (not shown in FIG. 2 ).
  • the battery 10 may also include a case for accommodating the battery cells 30 .
  • the box body is used to accommodate the battery cells 30, and the box body can be in various structural forms.
  • the case may include a bottom case 11 and a top case 12 .
  • the bottom case 11 and the top case 12 cover each other.
  • the bottom case 11 and the top case 12 jointly define an accommodating space for accommodating the battery cells 30 .
  • the bottom case 11 and the top case 12 may be hollow structures with an opening 421 on one side.
  • the side of the opening 421 of the bottom case 11 is covered with the side of the opening 421 of the top case 12 to form a box with a receiving space.
  • a sealing member may also be provided between the bottom case 11 and the top case 12 to realize the sealed connection between the bottom case 1111 and the top case 12 .
  • the bottom case 11 can cover the top of the top case 12 .
  • the bottom case 11 can also be called an upper box, and the top case 12 can also be called a lower box.
  • the bottom case 11 and the top case 12 can be in various shapes, such as cylinder, cuboid and so on.
  • both the bottom case 11 and the top case 12 are rectangular parallelepiped.
  • the battery 10 there may be one or a plurality of battery cells 30 .
  • the multiple battery cells 30 can be connected in series or in parallel or in combination.
  • Parallel connection means that the plurality of battery cells 30 are both connected in series and in parallel.
  • a plurality of battery cells 30 can be directly connected in series or in parallel or mixed together, and then the whole composed of a plurality of battery cells 30 can be accommodated in the box, or a plurality of battery cells 30 can be connected in series, parallel or mixed first.
  • Connected to form a battery module 20 Connected to form a battery module 20 .
  • a plurality of battery modules 20 are connected in series, in parallel or in parallel to form a whole and accommodated in the box.
  • the battery 10 there are multiple battery cells 30 .
  • a plurality of battery cells 30 are connected in series, in parallel or in parallel to form the battery module 20 .
  • a plurality of battery modules 20 are connected in series, in parallel or in parallel to form a whole and accommodated in the box.
  • the plurality of battery cells 30 in the battery module 20 can be electrically connected through a bus component, so as to realize parallel connection, series connection or mixed connection of the plurality of battery cells 30 in the battery module 20 .
  • the battery cell 30 includes a casing 42 , an electrode assembly 50 , a cover assembly 41 and an adapter part.
  • the housing 42 has an opening 421 .
  • the electrode assembly 50 is accommodated in the case 42 .
  • the electrode assembly 50 includes a pole piece unit 51 and a pole ear 52 .
  • the cap assembly 41 includes an end cap 411, an electrode terminal 412, and an insulator.
  • the end cap 411 is used to cover the opening 421 .
  • the electrode terminal 412 is mounted on the end cap 411 .
  • the insulator is located on a side of the end cap 411 facing the electrode assembly 50 .
  • the transition part is used to connect the electrode terminal 412 and the tab 52 so that the tab 52 is electrically connected to the electrode terminal 412 .
  • the housing assembly 40 includes a cover assembly 41 and a housing 42 .
  • the housing 42 can be in various shapes, such as a cylinder, a cuboid, and the like.
  • the shape of the casing 42 may be determined according to the specific shape of the electrode assembly 50 . For example, if the electrode assembly 50 is a cylindrical structure, the casing 42 can be selected as a cylindrical structure. If the electrode assembly 50 has a rectangular parallelepiped structure, the casing 42 may be a rectangular parallelepiped. In FIG. 4 , for example, the casing 42 and the electrode assembly 50 are both rectangular parallelepiped.
  • the housing 42 may be made of various materials, such as copper, iron, aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, etc., which are not particularly limited in this embodiment of the present application.
  • the electrode assembly 50 accommodated in the case 42 may be one or more. In FIG. 4 , there are two electrode assemblies 50 housed in the case 42 .
  • the pole piece unit 51 includes a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece and a separator.
  • the electrode assembly 50 may be a wound structure formed by winding a positive electrode sheet, a separator, and a negative electrode sheet.
  • the electrode assembly 50 may also be a stacked structure formed by stacking the positive electrode sheet, the separator and the negative electrode sheet.
  • the positive electrode sheet may include a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer.
  • the positive electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode sheet may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer.
  • the negative electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the separator is between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet, and is used to isolate the positive electrode sheet from the negative electrode sheet to reduce the risk of short circuit between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet.
  • the material of the isolation film may be PP (polypropylene, polypropylene) or PE (polyethylene, polyethylene).
  • the tabs 52 in the electrode assembly 50 are divided into positive tabs and negative tabs.
  • the positive tab may be a portion of the positive current collector that is not coated with the positive active material layer.
  • the negative electrode tab may be a part of the negative electrode current collector that is not coated with the negative electrode active material layer.
  • the end cap 411 of the cover assembly 41 is used to cover the opening 421 of the casing 42 to form a closed space for accommodating the battery cells 30 .
  • the closed space can also be used for Contains electrolyte, such as electrolytic solution.
  • the electrode terminal 412 of the cover assembly 41 is an output component for outputting electric energy of the battery cell 30 , and the number of electrode terminals 412 in the cover assembly 41 may be one or two.
  • FIG. 4 there is one opening 421 of the housing 42 , and there is also one cover assembly 41 .
  • Two electrode terminals 412 may be provided in the cap assembly 41 .
  • An electrode terminal 412 in the cover assembly 41 is electrically connected to a tab 52 (positive tab) of the electrode assembly 50 through an adapter part.
  • the other electrode terminal 412 in the cover assembly 41 is electrically connected to the other tab 52 (negative tab) of the electrode assembly 50 through another transition component.
  • the housing 42 has two openings 421 .
  • Two openings 421 are disposed on opposite sides of the housing 42 .
  • the two cover assemblies 41 respectively cover the two openings 421 of the casing 42 .
  • the electrode terminal 412 in the cap assembly 41 may be one.
  • the electrode terminal 412 in one cover assembly 41 is electrically connected to a tab 52 (positive tab) of the electrode assembly 50 through a transition part;
  • the other tab 52 (negative tab) is electrically connected.
  • the battery cell 30 includes a casing assembly 40 , an electrode assembly 50 and an elastic member 60 .
  • the housing assembly 40 has an accommodating cavity 40a, the electrode assembly 50 is accommodated in the accommodating cavity 40a, the elastic member 60 is accommodated in the accommodating cavity 40a, the elastic member 60 is attached to the electrode assembly 50, and the elastic member 60 has a void structure for accommodating the electrolyte 60a, and the elastic member 60 is configured to deform when the electrode assembly 50 expands, so as to release the electrolyte.
  • the accommodating cavity 40a is a closed space formed inside the housing assembly 40 for containing the electrolyte without causing leakage of the electrolyte.
  • the elastic member 60 is attached to the electrode assembly 50, and may be connected by contact, adhesive or through a connecting member.
  • the elastic member 60 is attached to the electrode assembly 50 , that is, the elastic member 60 and the electrode assembly 50 can transmit force to each other.
  • a pressing force may be applied to the elastic member 60 through the electrode assembly 50 , or a pressing force may be applied to the electrode assembly 50 through the elastic member 60 .
  • the elastic member 60 recovers its deformation after extrusion, it will exert an extrusion force on the electrode assembly 50 .
  • the electrode assembly 50 When the electrode assembly 50 expands, it will form a certain extrusion force on the elastic member 60, and the elastic member 60 will produce compression deformation under the action of the extrusion force, and in the process of recovering the deformation of the electrode assembly 50, the elastic member 60 will be subjected to The pressing force gradually decreases, so that the elastic member 60 can recover at least part of the deformation.
  • the elastic member 60 may be attached to the electrode assembly 50 only, or may be attached to the electrode assembly 50 and the case assembly 40 at the same time.
  • the number of elastic members 60 in a battery cell 30 can be one or multiple, and the size and shape of the plurality of elastic members 60 can be the same or different, depending on the location of the elastic member 60 and the surrounding electrode assembly 50 And the structure of the shell assembly 40 is specifically set.
  • the specific material of the elastic member 60 is not limited, and it needs to have a certain ability to generate deformation and be able to restore at least part of the deformation.
  • the material of the elastic member 60 is not easy to chemically react with the electrolyte.
  • the elastic member 60 may be in the shape of a sheet, a block, or other irregular shapes, as long as it can be deformed and at least partly restored.
  • the elastic member 60 may be attached to a part of the surface of the electrode assembly 50 , or may be enclosed on the entire outer surface of the electrode assembly 50 .
  • the pore structure 60a is formed inside the elastic body 60 and communicates with the accommodating chamber 40a, and the pore structure 60a may be a structure similar to a sponge.
  • the pore structure 60a can store the electrolyte.
  • the electrode assembly 50 expands, the elastic body 60 undergoes compression deformation, and the pore structure 60a is squeezed to release the electrolyte.
  • a part of the structure of the elastic member 60 may be provided with the pore structure 60a, or the entire structure of the elastic member 60 may be provided with the pore structure 60a.
  • the elastic member 60 is provided in the accommodation cavity 40 a, which can effectively reduce the gap between the casing assembly 40 and the electrode assembly 50 , that is, increase the group margin of the battery cell 30 .
  • the battery cell 30 needs to be clamped by a clamp.
  • the clamping force of the clamp to the electrode assembly 50 can reach a preset value, thereby ensuring the magnitude and direction of the clamping force received by the electrode assembly 50 during the formation process, so that the battery cell
  • the body 30 expands toward a predetermined direction, which effectively reduces the risk of wrinkling of the pole piece unit 51 of the electrode assembly 50 and improves the service life of the battery cell 30 .
  • ensuring that the clamp has a certain clamping force on the electrode assembly 50 can squeeze out the bubbles in the electrolyte during the clamping process, reducing the possibility of black spots on the interface of the electrode assembly 50 or lithium precipitation.
  • the electrode assembly 50 will expand during the cycle.
  • the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly 50 will also increase. Since the elastic member 60 abuts the electrode assembly 50, the clamping force of the clamp will increase. The increase of the force will cause the elastic member 60 to produce compression deformation, that is, the deformation of the elastic member 60 will reduce the increase of the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly 50, which is beneficial to ensure the performance stability of the electrode assembly 50 during the charging and discharging cycle.
  • the liquid storage chamber 60a of the elastic member 60 can store the electrolyte, and when the elastic member 60 is compressed, the electrolyte can be released for the battery cell 30 to be consumed in circulation, so that the usage of the battery cell 30 can be further improved. life.
  • the size of the pore structure 60a in the elastic member 60 is not limited, and may be millimeter or micron.
  • the distribution of the pore structure 60a in the elastic member 60 may be a regular distribution, or a random distribution.
  • the proportion of the pore structure 60a in the elastic member 60 is not limited.
  • the porosity of the elastic member 60 is 30%-70%. Specifically, the porosity of the elastic member 60 may be 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70%.
  • the porosity represents the percentage of the volume of the pore structure 60 a in the elastic member 60 to the total volume of the elastic member 60 in a natural state, which reflects the compactness of the elastic member 60 .
  • setting the porosity of the elastic member 60 at 30% to 70% can well balance the liquid storage capacity of the elastic member 60 and the ability of the elastic member 60 to recover from deformation, so that the elastic member 60 has a good balance between the liquid storage capacity and the ability to recover from deformation. A better result after synthesis was obtained.
  • the material of the elastic member 60 includes at least one of polypropylene and rubber.
  • the material of the elastic member 60 may only include polypropylene, or only rubber, or both polypropylene and rubber.
  • both polypropylene and rubber are not easy to chemically react with the electrolyte, and have good elasticity, and both can be manufactured to form a stable sponge structure.
  • a plurality of electrode assemblies 50 are provided, the plurality of electrode assemblies 50 are arranged in sequence, and elastic members 60 are provided between at least two electrode assemblies 50 .
  • a plurality of electrode assemblies 50 may be arranged sequentially along the thickness direction of the battery cell 30 , may also be arranged sequentially along the length direction of the battery cell 30 , or may be arranged sequentially along the thickness direction and the length direction of the battery cell 30 at the same time.
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment in which two electrode assemblies 50 are sequentially arranged along the length direction of the battery cell 30
  • FIG. 6 shows an embodiment in which four electrode assemblies 50 are sequentially arranged along the thickness direction of the battery cell 30 .
  • the edge of the elastic member 60 can be flush with the edge of the electrode assembly 50 , can also exceed the edge of the electrode assembly 50 , or be located inside the edge of the electrode assembly 50 .
  • the elastic member 60 can be in the form of a sheet, and is sandwiched between two adjacent electrode assemblies 50, and the elastic member 60 can be arranged between every two adjacent electrode assemblies 50, or can be placed between two adjacent electrode assemblies 50.
  • An elastic member 60 is disposed between the components 50 .
  • the battery cell 30 can effectively increase the capacity of the battery cell 10 .
  • the clamp can maintain a certain clamping force on the electrode assemblies 50 on both sides of the elastic member 60, so that The electrode assembly 50 on both sides of the elastic member 60 can expand and deform toward a preset direction.
  • the elastic member 60 will be squeezed to a certain extent, and the electrolyte in the pore structure 60a of the elastic member 60 will be squeezed out to supply the electrode assembly 50 on both sides of the elastic member 60 Consumed during charge and discharge cycles.
  • the shapes of the plurality of elastic members 60 may be the same or different, and may be attached between the electrode assemblies 50 or between the electrode assemblies 50 and the shell assembly 40 .
  • the number of elastic members 60 is multiple, and the elastic members 60 can be arranged at corresponding positions in the accommodating chamber 40a according to actual needs, so as to ensure the clamping of the clamps to the various positions of the electrode assembly 50 during the forming process of the battery cells 30 Holding force, while improving the margin of the battery cell 30 groups, further reducing the possibility of wrinkling of the pole piece unit 51 of the electrode assembly 50, and improving the service life of the battery cell 30.
  • the number of electrode assemblies 50 in one battery cell 30 may be one or multiple. In an embodiment where the number of the electrode assembly 50 is one, the elastic member 60 may abut between the electrode assembly 50 and the casing 42 . In an embodiment where there are more than one electrode assembly 50 , the elastic member 60 may be abutted between the electrode assembly 50 and the housing 42 , or may be abutted between two adjacent electrode assemblies 50 .
  • the number of electrode assemblies 50 may be an odd number or an even number.
  • the difference in the number of electrode assemblies 50 distributed on both sides of the elastic member 60 is one, that is, the number of electrode assemblies 50 is an odd number, and the elastic member 60 is located in the middle of the plurality of electrode assemblies 50 as much as possible, so It is set that during the cycle charge and discharge process of the battery cell 30, the expansion of the electrode assemblies 50 on both sides of the elastic member 60 respectively forms a pressing force on the elastic member 60. Since the difference in the number of the electrode assemblies 50 on both sides of the elastic member 60 is small, Therefore, the extrusion force on both sides of the elastic member 60 is relatively close, and the force is relatively balanced, which is beneficial to maintaining the stability of the elastic member 60 structure.
  • the number of electrode assemblies 50 distributed on both sides of the elastic member 60 is the same, that is, the number of electrode assemblies 50 is set to an even number, and the elastic member 60 is located on multiple electrodes.
  • the expansion of the electrode assembly 50 on both sides of the elastic member 60 is basically the same, so the pressing force on the two sides of the elastic member 60 is basically the same.
  • the force of 60 is relatively balanced, which is conducive to maintaining the stability of the structure of the elastic member 60 .
  • an elastic member 60 is disposed between any two adjacent electrode assemblies 50 .
  • Such setting can further improve the group margin of the battery cell 30, and ensure the size and direction of the clamping force of the clamp for each electrode assembly 50 during the formation process of the battery cell 30, so that each electrode assembly 50 can Expansion occurs along a predetermined direction.
  • the elastic member 60 can be attached to any surface of the electrode assembly 50 , which is not limited here.
  • the electrode assembly 50 includes two wide faces 50a oppositely arranged along the first direction X and two narrow faces 50b oppositely arranged along the second direction Y, the narrow faces 50b connecting the two wide faces 50a, and the narrow faces At least part of 50b is arc-shaped, and elastic member 60 is attached to wide surface 50a.
  • the wide surface 50a is a flat plane, and the narrow surface 50b has a certain arc shape.
  • the expansion force along the direction perpendicular to the wide surface 50a is the largest.
  • the elastic member 60 is attached to the wide surface 50a, during the formation process of the battery cell 30, the clamping force of the clamp on the electrode assembly 50 perpendicular to the wide surface 50a can be better controlled, and the electrode assembly can be better controlled.
  • the expansion direction and expansion amount of the assembly 50 reduce the possibility of excessive expansion of the electrode assembly 50 in a direction perpendicular to the wide surface 50a.
  • the casing assembly 40 includes a casing 42 and a cover assembly 41, the casing 42 has an opening 421, the elastic member 60 abuts between the casing 42 and the electrode assembly 50, and the cover assembly 41 covers the opening 421, so as to The housing 42 is sealed and forms the accommodation chamber 40a.
  • the casing 42 may have an opening 421 at one end, and one cover assembly 41, and the casing 42 may also have openings 421 at both ends, and the two cover assemblies 41 cover the two opposite openings 421 respectively, so that the inside of the battery cell 30 A sealed accommodation chamber 40a is formed.
  • Such arrangement facilitates the transfer of the clamping force of the clamp to the casing 42 to the electrode assembly 50 during the formation process of the battery cell 30
  • the elastic member 60 is bonded to the electrode assembly 50 . It can be understood that by arranging the elastic member 60 to be bonded to the electrode assembly 50, the stability of the connection between the elastic member 60 and the electrode assembly 50 can be improved, and the stability of the position and attitude of the elastic member 60 in the accommodation cavity 40a can be maintained. Further, the stability of the performance of the elastic member 60 is ensured.
  • the elastic member 60 may be located in a part of the space between the casing 42 and the electrode assembly 50 . In other embodiments, the elastic member 60 may also be located in the entire space between the casing 42 and the electrode assembly 50, that is, the elastic member 60 is enclosed outside the electrode assembly 50, so that the electrode assembly 50 and the casing 42 In this way, during the formation process of the battery cell 30, the clamping force of the clamp to the battery cell 30 needs to be transmitted to the electrode assembly 50 through the elastic member 60. The rising range of the clamping force of the assembly 50 is small, which is beneficial to the stability of the clamping force of the electrode assembly 50 .
  • the electrode assembly 50 includes a pole piece unit 51 and a pole piece 52 protruding from the pole piece unit 51 , and the elastic member 60 is attached to the pole piece unit 51 .
  • the tab 52 is used to electrically connect the pole piece unit 51 to the electrode terminal 412 of the cover assembly 41 , so as to facilitate normal charging and discharging of the battery cell 30 .
  • the pole piece unit 51 is mainly expanded. Therefore, the above technical effect can be achieved by attaching the elastic member 60 to the pole piece unit 51 .

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
  • Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

一种电池单体、电池以及用电装置，电池单体（30）包括外壳组件（40）、电极组件（50）以及弹性件（60）。外壳组件（40）具有容纳腔（40a），电极组件（50）和弹性件（60）容纳于容纳腔（40a）内，弹性件（60）附接于电极组件（50）。弹性件（60）具有容纳电解液的孔隙结构，且弹性件（60）被配置为在电极组件（50）膨胀时变形，以释放电解液。

Description

电池单体、电池以及用电装置
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有于2021年10月13日提交的名称为“一种电池单体、电池以及用电装置”的中国专利申请202122469410.9的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池技术领域，特别是涉及一种电池单体、电池以及用电装置。
背景技术
电池单体广泛用于用电装置，例如手机、笔记本电脑、电瓶车、电动汽车、电动飞机、电动轮船、电动玩具汽车、电动玩具轮船、电动玩具飞机和电动工具等等。电池单体可以包括镉镍电池单体、氢镍电池单体、锂离子电池单体和二次碱性锌锰电池单体等。
在电池单体技术的发展中，如何提高电池单体的性能，是业界目前的研究方向。
发明内容
本申请提供一种电池单体、电池以及用电装置，能够有效地提高电池单体的工作安全性。
第一方面，本申请提出了一种电池单体，包括：外壳组件，具有容纳腔；电极组件，容纳于容纳腔内；弹性件容纳于所述容纳腔内，所述弹性件附接于所述电极组件，所述弹性件具有用于容纳电解液的孔隙结构，且所述弹性件被配置为在所述电极组件膨胀时变形，以释放所述电解液。
本申请实施例提供的电池单体，在容纳腔内设置弹性件，可以有效 地降低外壳组件和电极组件之间的空隙，即提高电池单体的群裕度。在电池单体化成过程中，需要通过夹具夹持电池单体。由于电池单体的群裕度较高，夹具对电极组件的夹持力可以达到预设值，从而保证了电极组件在化成过程中受到的夹持力的大小和方向，使得电池单体朝着预设的方向发生膨胀，有效地降低了电极组件的极片单元发生打皱的风险，提高电池单体的使用寿命。同时，保证夹具对电极组件的具有一定的夹持力，可以在夹具夹持的过程中，挤出电解液中的气泡，降低电极组件出现界面黑斑或者析锂的可能性。另外，电极组件在循环的过程中会发生膨胀，电极组件发生膨胀时，夹具对电极组件的夹持力也会增大，而由于弹性件与电极组件抵接，夹具的夹持力的增大会引起弹性件产生压缩形变，即通过弹性件的形变降低夹具对电极组件的夹持力的增加量，有利于保证电极组件在充放电循环过程中的性能稳定性。再有，弹性件的储液室能够储存电解液，在弹性件被压缩的过程中，可以释放出电解液供电池单体循环消耗，如此，可以进一步提高电池单体的使用寿命。
在一些实施例中，弹性件的孔隙率为30％～70％。
在一些实施例中，电极组件设置为多个，多个电极组件依次布置；至少相邻的两个电极组件之间设有弹性件。可以很好地平衡弹性件的储液能力和恢复形变的能力，使得弹性件在储液能力和恢复形变的能力上取得综合后的较好效果。
在一些实施例中，弹性件的两侧分布的电极组件的数量相同。如此，电极组件对弹性件两侧面的挤压力基本相当，弹性件的受力较为平衡，有利于保持弹性件结构的稳定性。
在一些实施例中，任意相邻的两个电极组件之间设有所述弹性件。进一步提高电池单体的群裕度，并在电池单体的化成过程中，保证夹具对每一个电极组件的夹持力的大小和方向，使得每一个电极组件均沿着预定的方向发生膨胀。
在一些实施例中，电极组件包括沿第一方向相对设置的两个宽面和沿第二方向相对设置的两个窄面，窄面连接两个宽面，窄面的至少部分为弧形；弹性件附接于宽面。如此，在电池单体的化成过程中，可以更好地 控制夹具对电极组件沿垂直于宽面的夹持力，可以更好地控制电极组件的膨胀方向和膨胀量，降低电极组件沿垂直于宽面的方向过多地发生膨胀的可能性。
在一些实施例中，外壳组件包括壳体和盖组件，壳体具有开口，弹性件设置于壳体和电极组件之间，盖组件覆盖于开口，以密封壳体并形成容纳腔。如此设置，在电池单体的化成过程中，有利于将夹具对壳体的夹持力传递给电极组件。
在一些实施例中，弹性件粘接于电极组件。有利于提高弹性件和电极组件之间连接的可靠性。
第二方面，本申请提供一种电池，包括第一方面任意一实施例的电池单体。
第三方面，本申请实施例提供一种用电装置，包括第二方面的电池，电池用于提供电能。
本申请实施例提供的电池单体，在容纳腔内设置弹性件，可以有效地降低外壳组件和电极组件之间的空隙，即提高电池单体的群裕度。在电池单体化成过程中，需要通过夹具夹持电池单体。由于电池单体的群裕度较高，夹具对电极组件的夹持力可以达到预设值，从而保证了电极组件在化成过程中受到的夹持力的大小和方向，使得电池单体朝着预设的方向发生膨胀，有效地降低了电极组件的极片单元发生打皱的风险，提高电池单体的使用寿命。同时，保证夹具对电极组件的具有一定的夹持力，可以在夹具夹持的过程中，挤出电解液中的气泡，降低电极组件出现界面黑斑或者析锂的可能性。另外，电极组件在循环的过程中会发生膨胀，电极组件发生膨胀时，夹具对电极组件的夹持力也会增大，而由于弹性件与电极组件抵接，夹具的夹持力的增大会引起弹性件产生压缩形变，即通过弹性件的形变降低夹具对电极组件的夹持力的增加量，有利于保证电极组件在充放电循环过程中的性能稳定性。再有，弹性件的储液室能够储存电解液，在弹性件被压缩的过程中，可以释放出电解液供电池单体循环消耗，如此，可以进一步提高电池单体的使用寿命。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对本申请实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面所描述的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本申请实施例提供的用电装置的结构示意图；
图2是本申请实施例提供的电池的结构示意图；
图3是图2所示的电池模块的结构示意图；
图4是本申请实施例提供的电池单体的结构示意图；
图5是本申请一实施例提供的电池单体的剖视示意图；
图6是本申请另一实施例提供的电池单体的剖视示意图；
图7是本申请实施例提供的电池单体的弹性件的结构示意图。
在附图中，附图未必按照实际的比例绘制。
标记说明：
1、车辆；1a、马达；1b、控制器；
10、电池；11、底壳；12、顶壳；
20、电池模块；
30、电池单体；
40、外壳组件；40a、容纳腔；41、盖组件；411、端盖；412、电极端子；42、壳体；421、开口；
50、电极组件；51、极片单元；52、极耳；50a、宽面；50b、窄面；
60、弹性件；60a、孔隙结构；
X、第一方向；Y、第二方向。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本申请的实施方式作进一步详细描述。以下实施例的详细描述和附图用于示例性地说明本申请的原理，但不能用来限制本申请的范围，即本申请不限于所描述的实施例。
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有说明，“多个”的含义是两个以上；术语“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。“垂直”并不是严格意义上的垂直，而是在误差允许范围之内。“平行”并不是严格意义上的平行，而是在误差允许范围之内。
下述描述中出现的方位词均为图中示出的方向，并不是对本申请的具体结构进行限定。在本申请的描述中，还需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可视具体情况理解上述术语在本申请中的具体含义。
本申请中，电池单体可以包括锂离子二次电池、锂离子一次电池、锂硫电池、钠锂离子电池、钠离子电池或镁离子电池等，本申请实施例对此并不限定。电池单体可呈圆柱体、扁平体、长方体或其它形状等，本申请实施例对此也不限定。电池单体一般按封装的方式分成三种：柱形电池单体、方体方形电池单体和软包电池单体，本申请实施例对此也不限定。
本申请的实施例所提到的电池是指包括一个或多个电池单体以提供更高的电压和容量的单一的物理模块。例如，本申请中所提到的电池可以包括电池模块或电池包等。电池一般包括用于封装一个或多个电池单体的箱体。箱体可以避免液体或其他异物影响电池单体的充电或放电。
电池单体包括电极组件和电解液，电极组件由正极片、负极片和隔离膜组成。电池单体主要依靠金属离子在正极片和负极片之间移动来工作。正极片包括正极集流体和正极活性物质层，正极活性物质层涂覆于正极集流体的表面，未涂敷正极活性物质层的集流体凸出于已涂覆正极活性物质层的集流体，未涂敷正极活性物质层的集流体层叠后作为正极极耳。以锂离子电池为例，正极集流体的材料可以为铝，正极活性物质可以为钴 酸锂、磷酸铁锂、三元锂或锰酸锂等。负极片包括负极集流体和负极活性物质层，负极活性物质层涂覆于负极集流体的表面，未涂敷负极活性物质层的集流体凸出于已涂覆负极活性物质层的集流体，未涂敷负极活性物质层的集流体层叠后作为负极极耳。负极集流体的材料可以为铜，负极活性物质可以为碳或硅等。隔膜的材质可以为PP或PE等。此外，电极组件可以是卷绕式结构，也可以是叠片式结构，本申请实施例并不限于此。
发明人发现在电池单体的使用寿命较低的问题后，对电池单体的结构和使用环境进行了分析和研究。经过对电池单体各工作过程的拆解分析，发明人发现，在电池单体的结构设计中，为了保证电池单体在装配的过程中能够通过夹持的方式进入电池单体的容纳腔内，且为了给电极组件的极片单元在充电过程中发生的膨胀预留空间，电池单体的群裕度不能过高。需要说明的时，群裕度表征电池单体内部的空隙率，群裕度越高，则电池单体的容纳腔内的空隙越小。在电池单体在化成的过程中，第一次对电池单体充电，其内部电极组件的极片单元首次发生膨胀，需要通过夹具夹持电池单体，以对电极组件的极片单元形成一定的夹持力，使得极片单元在化成的过程中朝着预定的方向发生膨胀。然而，正是由于电池单体的群裕度较低，夹具从外壳组件的外部夹持电池单体，对极片单元的夹持力不能达到预定值，极片单元无法朝着预定的方向膨胀，容易造成极片打皱的现象，如此严重影响极片单元的使用寿命，进而影响整个电池单体的使用寿命。且随着电池单体的循环充放电的进行，电解液不断被消耗，造成电池单体内电解液的不足，又无法对电池单体补充电解液，如此也严重影响了电池单体的使用寿命。
基于申请人发现的上述问题，发明人对电池单体的结构进行了改进，本申请实施例描述的技术方案适用于电池单体、包含电池单体的电池以及使用电池的用电装置。
用电装置可以是车辆、手机、便携式设备、笔记本电脑、轮船、航天器、电动玩具和电动工具等等。车辆可以是燃油汽车、燃气汽车或新能源汽车，新能源汽车可以是纯电动汽车、混合动力汽车或增程式汽车等；航天器包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等等；电动玩具包括固定式 或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等等；电动工具包括金属切削电动工具、研磨电动工具、装配电动工具和铁道用电动工具，例如，电钻、电动砂轮机、电动扳手、电动螺丝刀、电锤、冲击电钻、混凝土振动器和电刨等等。本申请实施例对上述用电设备不做特殊限制。
以下实施例为了方便说明，以用电装置为车辆为例进行说明。
如图1所示，车辆11的内部设置有电池10。电池10可以设置在车辆1的底部或头部或尾部。电池10可以用于车辆1的供电，例如，电池10可以作为车辆1的操作电源。
车辆1还可以包括控制器1b和马达1a。控制器1b用来控制电池10为马达1a供电，例如，用于车辆1的启动、导航和行驶时的工作用电需求。
在本申请一些实施例中，电池10不仅仅可以作为车辆1的操作电源，还可以作为车辆1的驱动电源，代替或部分地代替燃油或天然气为车辆11提供驱动动力。
参见图2所示，电池10包括电池单体30(图2未示出)。电池10还可以包括用于容纳电池单体30的箱体。
箱体用于容纳电池单体30，箱体可以是多种结构形式。
在一些实施例中，箱体可以包括底壳11和顶壳12。底壳11与顶壳12相互盖合。底壳11和顶壳12共同限定出用于容纳电池单体30的容纳空间。底壳11和顶壳12可以是均为一侧开口421的空心结构。底壳11的开口421侧盖合于顶壳12的开口421侧，则形成具有容纳空间的箱体。底壳11与顶壳12之间还可以设置密封件，以实现底壳1111与顶壳12的密封连接。
在实际运用中，底壳11可盖合于顶壳12的顶部。底壳11也可称之为上箱体，顶壳12也可以称之为下箱体。
底壳11和顶壳12可以是多种形状，例如，圆柱体、长方体等。在图2中，示例性地，底壳11与顶壳12均为长方体结构。
在电池10中，电池单体30可以是一个，也可以是多个。若电池单 体30为多个，多个电池单体30之间可串联或并联或混联。混联是指多个电池单体30中既有串联又有并联。多个电池单体30之间可直接串联或并联或混联在一起，再将多个电池单体30构成的整体容纳于箱体内，也可以是多个电池单体30先串联或并联或混联组成电池模块20。多个电池模块20再串联或并联或混联形成一个整体，并容纳于箱体内。
在一些实施例中，如图3所示，在电池10中，电池单体30为多个。多个电池单体30先串联或并联或混联组成电池模块20。多个电池模块20再串联或并联或混联形成一个整体，并容纳于箱体内。
在一些实施例，电池模块20中的多个电池单体30之间可通过汇流部件实现电连接，以实现电池模块20中的多个电池单体30的并联或串联或混联。
如图4所示，电池单体30包括壳体42、电极组件50、盖组件41和转接部件。壳体42具有开口421。电极组件50容纳于壳体42内。电极组件50包括极片单元51和极耳52。盖组件41包括端盖411、电极端子412和绝缘件。端盖411用于盖合于开口421。电极端子412安装于端盖411。绝缘件位于端盖411面向电极组件50的一侧。转接部件用于连接电极端子412和极耳52，以使极耳52与电极端子412电连接。其中，外壳组件40包括盖组件41和壳体42。
其中，壳体42可以是多种形状，比如，圆柱体、长方体等。壳体42的形状可以根据电极组件50的具体形状来确定。例如，若电极组件50为圆柱体结构，壳体42则可选用为圆柱体结构。若电极组件50为长方体结构，壳体42则可选用长方体结构。在图4中，示例性地，壳体42和电极组件50均为长方体结构。
壳体42的材质可以是多种，比如，铜、铁、铝、不锈钢、铝合金等，本申请实施例对此不作特殊限制。
容纳于壳体42内的电极组件50可以是一个或多个。在图4中，容纳于壳体42内的电极组件50为两个。
在一些实施例中，极片单元51包括正极片、负极片和隔离膜。电极组件50可以是由正极片、隔离膜和负极片通过卷绕形成的卷绕式结 构。电极组件50也可以是由正极片、隔离膜和负极片通过层叠布置形成的层叠式结构。
正极片可以包括正极集流体和正极活性物质层。正极活性物质层涂覆于正极集流体的表面。负极片可以包括负极集流体和负极活性物质层。负极活性物质层涂覆于负极集流体的表面。隔离膜在正极片与负极片之间，用于将正极片与负极片隔离，以降低正极片与负极片之间出现短路的风险。
其中，隔离膜的材质可以为PP(polypropylene，聚丙烯)或PE(polyethylene，聚乙烯)等。
电极组件50中的极耳52分为正极耳和负极耳。正极耳可以是正极集流体中未涂覆正极活性物质层的部分。负极耳可以是负极集流体中未涂覆负极活性物质层的部分。
在本申请实施例中，参见图4所示，盖组件41的端盖411用于盖合于壳体42的开口421，以形成用于容纳电池单体30的密闭空间，密闭空间还可用于容纳电解质，例如电解液。盖组件41的电极端子412为用于输出电池单体30的电能的输出部件，盖组件41中的电极端子412可以是一个，也可以是两个。
壳体42的开口421可以一个，也可以是两个。若壳体42的开口421为一个，则盖组件41可以是一个。若壳体42的开口421为两个，则盖组件41可以是两个。两个盖组件41中的端盖411分别盖合于两个开口421。
在一些实施例中，如图4所示，壳体42的开口421为一个，盖组件41也为一个。盖组件41中可以设置两个电极端子412。盖组件41中的一个电极端子412通过一个转接部件与电极组件50的一个极耳52(正极耳)电连接。盖组件41中的另一个电极端子412通过另一个转接部件与电极组件50的另一个极耳52(负极耳)电连接。
在另一些实施例中，壳体42的开口421为两个。两个开口421设置在壳体42相对的两侧。盖组件41为两个。两个盖组件41分别盖合于壳体42的两个开口421处。在这种情况下，盖组件41中的电极端子412 可以是一个。一个盖组件41中的电极端子412通过一个转接部件与电极组件50的一个极耳52(正极耳)电连接；另一个盖组件41的电极端子412通过另一个转接部件与电极组件50的另一个极耳52(负极耳)电连接。
如图5至图7所示，根据本申请实施例提供的电池单体30，电池单体30包括外壳组件40、电极组件50以及弹性件60。外壳组件40具有容纳腔40a，电极组件50容纳于容纳腔40a内，弹性件60容纳于容纳腔40a内，弹性件60附接于电极组件50，弹性件60具有用于容纳电解液的空隙结构60a，且弹性件60配置为在电极组件50膨胀时变形，以释放电解液。
具体地，容纳腔40a为在外壳组件40内部形成的密闭的空间，用于容纳电解液且不会引起电解液的泄露。
弹性件60附接于电极组件50，可以是接触连接，也可以是粘接或者通过连接件连接。设置弹性件60附接于电极组件50，即设置弹性件60与电极组件50可以相互传递作用力。可以通过电极组件50对弹性件60施加挤压力，或者通过弹性件60对电极组件50施加挤压力。而在弹性件60挤压后恢复形变时，则会对电极组件50施加挤压力。
在电极组件50发生膨胀时，会对弹性件60形成一定的挤压力，弹性件60在挤压力的作用下会产生压缩变形，而在电极组件50恢复形变的过程中，弹性件60受到的挤压力逐渐减小，以使弹性件60至少能够恢复部分形变。
弹性件60可以仅仅附接于电极组件50，也可以同时附接于电极组件50和外壳组件40。一个电池单体30内弹性件60的数量可以为一个，也可以为多个，多个弹性件60的大小和形状可以相同，也可以不相同，根据弹性件60的设置位置及周围电极组件50和外壳组件40的结构具体设置。
弹性件60的具体材料不做限制，其需要具有一定的产生形变的能力，并能够恢复至少部分形变。另外，弹性件60在工作过程中，弹性件60的材料不易与电解液发生化学反应。
弹性件60可以呈片状、块状，或者其它不规则形状，只要能够产生形变，并能够恢复至少部分形变即可。另外，弹性件60可以与电极组件50的部分表面附接，也可以围合在电极组件50的整个外表面。
孔隙结构60a形成于弹性体60内部，并与容纳腔40a连通，孔隙结构60a可以为类似于海绵体的结构。弹性体60在自然状态下，孔隙结构60a能够储存电解液，在电极组件50发生膨胀时，弹性体60产生压缩形变，孔隙结构60a受到挤压作用而释放电解液。可以理解的是，可以设置弹性件60的一部分结构形成有孔隙结构60a，也可以设置弹性件60的全部结构形成有孔隙结构60a。
本申请实施例提供的电池单体30，在容纳腔40a内设置弹性件60，可以有效地降低外壳组件40和电极组件50之间的空隙，即提高电池单体30的群裕度。在电池单体30化成过程中，需要通过夹具夹持电池单体30。由于电池单体60的群裕度较高，夹具对电极组件50的夹持力可以达到预设值，从而保证了电极组件50在化成过程中受到的夹持力的大小和方向，使得电池单体30朝着预设的方向发生膨胀，有效地降低了电极组件50的极片单元51发生打皱的风险，提高电池单体30的使用寿命。同时，保证夹具对电极组件50的具有一定的夹持力，可以在夹具夹持的过程中，挤出电解液中的气泡，降低电极组件50出现界面黑斑或者析锂的可能性。另外，电极组件50在循环的过程中会发生膨胀，电极组件50发生膨胀时，夹具对电极组件50的夹持力也会增大，而由于弹性件60与电极组件50抵接，夹具的夹持力的增大会引起弹性件60产生压缩形变，即通过弹性件60的形变降低夹具对电极组件50的夹持力的增加量，有利于保证电极组件50在充放电循环过程中的性能稳定性。再有，弹性件60的储液室60a能够储存电解液，在弹性件60被压缩的过程中，可以释放出电解液供电池单体30循环消耗，如此，可以进一步提高电池单体30的使用寿命。
弹性件60内的孔隙结构60a的尺寸不做限制，可以是毫米级的，也可以是微米级的。另外，孔隙结构60a在弹性件60内的分布方式可以是呈一定的规则分布，也可以是随意分布。另外，孔隙结构60a在弹性件 60中所占的比例也不做限制。
在一些实施例中，弹性件60的孔隙率为30％～70％。具体地，弹性件60的孔隙率可以为30％、40％、50％、60％或者70％等。
孔隙率表征弹性件60中孔隙结构60a的体积与弹性件60在自然状态下总体积的百分比，其反映弹性件60的密实程度。孔隙率越大，弹性件60内能够储存的电解液的量越多，孔隙率越小，则弹性件60越密实，其在受到挤压后恢复形变的能力也越好。
因此，设置弹性件60的空隙率为30％～70％，可以很好地平衡弹性件60的储液能力和弹性件60恢复形变的能力，使得弹性件60在储液能力和恢复形变的能力上取得综合后的较好效果。
在一些实施例中，弹性件60的材料包括聚丙烯和橡胶中的至少一者。
具体地，弹性件60的材料可以仅包括聚丙烯，也可以仅包括橡胶，或者既包括聚丙烯又包括橡胶。
可以理解的是，聚丙烯和橡胶都不易与电解液发生化学反应，且具有较好的弹性，且二者能够经过制造形成稳定的海绵结构体。
在一些实施例中，电极组件50设置为多个，多个电极组件50依次布置，至少两个电极组件50之间设有弹性件60。
具体地，多个电极组件50可以沿电池单体30的厚度方向依次设置，也可以沿电池单体30的长度方向依次设置，还可以同时沿电池单体30的厚度方向和长度方向依次设置。如图5示出了两个电极组件50沿电池单体30的长度方向依次设置的实施方式，图6示出了四个电极组件50沿电池单体30的厚度方向依次设置的实施方式。弹性件60边缘可以与电极组件50的边缘平齐，也可以超出电极组件50的边缘，或者位于电极组件50的边缘的内部。弹性件60可以呈片状，夹设在相邻两电极组件50之间，可以在每相邻的两个电极组件50之间均设置弹性件60，也可以在其中的两个相邻的电极组件50之间设置弹性件60。
设置电池单体30包括多个电极组件50，可以有效地提高电池单体10的电容量。而将弹性件60设置在至少两个电极组件50之间，在电池单 体30化成过程中个，可以使夹具对弹性件60两侧的电极组件50都能够保持一定的夹持力，从而使弹性件60两侧的电极组件50都能够朝着预设的方向发生膨胀变形。且当弹性件60两侧的电极组件50发生膨胀时，都会对弹性件60造成一定的挤压，挤出弹性件60的孔隙结构60a中的电解液，供弹性件60两侧的电极组件50在充放电循环中消耗。
在一些实施例中，弹性件60的数量为多个，多个弹性件60分别与电极组件50抵接。
具体地，多个弹性件60的形状可以相同，也可以不相同，可以附接于电极组件50之间，也可以附接于电极组件50和外壳组件40之间。
可以理解的是，设置弹性件60的数量为多个，可以根据实际需求在容纳腔40a内对应的位置设置弹性件60，以保证电池单体30化成过程中夹具对电极组件50各个位置的夹持力，提高电池单体30群裕度的同时，进一步降低电极组件50的极片单元51发生打皱的可能性，提高电池单体30的使用寿命。
一个电池单体30内的电极组件50的数量可以是一个，也可以是多个。在电极组件50的数量为一个的实施例中，弹性件60可以抵接在电极组件50与壳体42之间。而在电极组件50的数量为多个的实施例中，弹性件60可以抵接在电极组件50与壳体42之间，也可以抵接在相邻两电极组件50之间。
在电池单体30包括多个电极组件50的实施例中，电极组件50的数量可以是奇数个，也可以是偶数个。
在一些实施例中，弹性件60的两侧分布的电极组件50的数量差为一，即电极组件50的数量为奇数个，且弹性件60尽可能地位于多个电极组件50的中间，如此设置，在电池单体30循环充放电的过程中，弹性件60两侧的电极组件50膨胀对弹性件60分别形成挤压力，由于弹性件60两侧的电极组件50的数量差较少，从而弹性件60两侧受到的挤压力较为接近，受力较为平衡，有利于保持弹性件60结构的稳定性。
在另一些实施例中，如图5和图6所示，弹性件60的两侧分布的电极组件50的数量相同，即设置电极组件50的数量为偶数个，且弹性件 60位于多个电极组件50的正中间，在电池单体30循环充放电的过程中，弹性件60两侧的电极组件50的膨胀量基本相同，从而对弹性件60的两侧面的挤压力基本相当，弹性件60的受力较为平衡，有利于保持弹性件60结构的稳定性。
在一些实施例中，任意相邻的两个电极组件50之间设有弹性件60。
如此设置，可以进一步提高电池单体30的群裕度，并在电池单体30的化成过程中，保证夹具对每一个电极组件50的夹持力的大小和方向，使得每一个电极组件50均沿着预定的方向发生膨胀。
弹性件60可以附接于电极组件50的任意面上，这里不做限制。
在一些实施例中，电极组件50包括沿第一方向X相对设置的两个宽面50a和沿第二方向Y相对设置的两个窄面50b，窄面50b连接两个宽面50a，窄面50b的至少部分为弧形，弹性件60附接于宽面50a。
具体地，宽面50a为扁平的平面，窄面50b具有一定的弧形，在电极组件50沿极片单元51的厚度方向发生膨胀，因此沿垂直于宽面50a的方向的膨胀力最大。
因此，设置弹性件60附接于宽面50a，在电池单体30的化成过程中，可以更好地控制夹具对电极组件50沿垂直于宽面50a的夹持力，可以更好地控制电极组件50的膨胀方向和膨胀量，降低电极组件50沿垂直于宽面50a的方向过多地发生膨胀的可能性。
在一些实施例中，外壳组件40包括壳体42和盖组件41，壳体42具有开口421，弹性件60抵接于壳体42和电极组件50之间，盖组件41覆盖于开口421，以密封壳体42并形成容纳腔40a。
具体地，壳体42可以是一端开口421，盖组件41为一个，壳体42还可以两端开口421，两个盖组件41分别覆盖于两个相对的开口421，以在电池单体30内部形成密闭的容纳腔40a。如此设置，在电池单体30的化成过程中，有利于将夹具对壳体42的夹持力传递给电极组件50
在一些实施例中个，弹性件60粘接于电极组件50。可以理解的是，通过设置弹性件60粘接于电极组件50，可以提高弹性件60和电极组 件50之间连接的稳定性，保持弹性件60在容纳腔40a内的位置和姿态的稳定性，进而保证弹性件60性能的稳定性。
在一些实施例中，可以设置弹性件60位于壳体42和电极组件50之间的部分空间中。在另一些实施例中，也可以设置弹性件60位于壳体42和电极组件50之间的全部空间中，即弹性件60围合在电极组件50的外部，以使电极组件50和壳体42隔离，如此一来，在电池单体30的化成过程中，夹具对电池单体30的夹持力均需通过弹性件60传递给电极组件50，在电极组件50膨胀的过程中，夹具对电极组件50夹持力上升的幅度较小，有利于电极组件50夹持力的稳定性。
在一些实施例中，电极组件50包括极片单元51和伸出极片单元51的极耳52，弹性件60附接于极片单元51。
具体地，极耳52用于使极片单元51与盖组件41的电极端子412电连接，便于电池单体30进行正常的充放电。在电池单体30充放电过程中，发生膨胀的主要为极片单元51，因此设置弹性件60与极片单元51附接即可实现上述技术效果。
虽然已经参考优选实施例对本申请进行了描述，但在不脱离本申请的范围的情况下，可以对其进行各种改进并且可以用等效物替换其中的部件。尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本申请并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种电池单体(30)，包括：
    外壳组件(40)，具有容纳腔(40a)；
    电极组件(50)，容纳于所述容纳腔(40a)内；
    弹性件(60)，容纳于所述容纳腔(40a)内，所述弹性件(60)附接于所述电极组件(50)，所述弹性件(60)具有用于容纳电解液的孔隙结构(60a)，且所述弹性件(60)被配置为在所述电极组件(50)膨胀时变形，以释放所述电解液。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电池单体，其中，所述弹性件(60)的孔隙率30％～70％。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的电池单体，其中，所述电极组件(50)设置为多个，多个所述电极组件(50)依次布置；
    至少相邻的两个所述电极组件(50)之间设有所述弹性件(60)。
  4. 根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述弹性件(60)的两侧分布的所述电极组件(50)的数量相同。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的电池单体，其中，任意相邻的两个所述电极组件(50)之间设有所述弹性件(60)。
  6. 根据权利要求1至5任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述电极组件(50)包括沿第一方向(X)相对设置的两个宽面(50a)和沿第二方向(Y)相对设置的两个窄面(50b)，所述窄面(50b)连接两个所述宽面(50a)，所述窄面(50b)的至少部分为弧形；
    所述弹性件(60)附接于所述宽面(50a)。
  7. 根据权利要求1至6任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述外壳组件(40)包括壳体(42)和盖组件(41)，所述壳体(42)具有开口(421)，所述弹性件(60)设置于所述壳体(42)和所述电极组件(50)之间，所述盖组件(41)覆盖于所述开口(421)，以密封所述壳体(42)并形成所述容纳腔(40a)。
  8. 根据权利要求1至7任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述弹性件(60)粘接于所述电极组件(50)。
  9. 一种电池(10)，包括多个如权利要求1至8任一项所述的电池单体(30)。
  10. 一种用电装置，包括如权利要求9所述的电池(10)，所述电池(10)用于提供电能。
PCT/CN2022/119263 2021-10-13 2022-09-16 电池单体、电池以及用电装置 WO2023061147A1 (zh)

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