WO2023059486A1 - Limitation pronostique de la puissance fournie par une pile à combustible pour une efficacité améliorée dans un engin mobile - Google Patents

Limitation pronostique de la puissance fournie par une pile à combustible pour une efficacité améliorée dans un engin mobile Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023059486A1
WO2023059486A1 PCT/US2022/044962 US2022044962W WO2023059486A1 WO 2023059486 A1 WO2023059486 A1 WO 2023059486A1 US 2022044962 W US2022044962 W US 2022044962W WO 2023059486 A1 WO2023059486 A1 WO 2023059486A1
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Prior art keywords
machine
fuel cell
storage device
energy storage
power
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PCT/US2022/044962
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English (en)
Inventor
Cameron Thomas Lane
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Caterpillar Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Caterpillar Inc. filed Critical Caterpillar Inc.
Priority to AU2022359858A priority Critical patent/AU2022359858A1/en
Priority to CA3233591A priority patent/CA3233591A1/fr
Priority to CN202280065457.3A priority patent/CN118043225A/zh
Publication of WO2023059486A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023059486A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
    • H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
    • H01M16/006—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/75—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using propulsion power supplied by both fuel cells and batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/40—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for controlling a combination of batteries and fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10—Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M10/4257—Smart batteries, e.g. electronic circuits inside the housing of the cells or batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04858—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
    • H01M8/04932—Power, energy, capacity or load of the individual fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04858—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
    • H01M8/04947—Power, energy, capacity or load of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
    • H02J7/143—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle with multiple generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/40—Working vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/421—Speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/60—Navigation input
    • B60L2240/62—Vehicle position
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/60—Navigation input
    • B60L2240/64—Road conditions
    • B60L2240/647—Surface situation of road, e.g. type of paving
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/30—The power source being a fuel cell
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to operating a mobile machine with electric power from a fuel cell and an energy storage device, and more particularly to prognostically limiting a power output of a fuel cell based on determining an expected efficiency gain condition.
  • Fuel cells consume hydrogen or another fuel source such as an alcohol fuel or traditional hydrocarbon fuel to generate electricity.
  • Most systems employing a fuel cell either as part of a hybrid design, or in a fully electric system, also utilize an energy storage device typically a battery.
  • the fuel cell is commonly arranged to provide electric power for operating the machine a majority of the time as well as maintaining a charge of the machine's on-board battery. Batteries have been demonstrated to effectively provide, or assist in providing, fast transient response to load changes as well as supplementing peak power loads. Fuel cells in these systems are often controlled to maintain charge of the battery such that between the battery and the fuel cell the total power can be provided to the machine that is desired at any given time.
  • a method of operating a machine includes supplying electric power from a fuel cell to a power bus connected to an electric motor and an energy storage device in a machine operated at a work site, and determining an expected efficiency gain condition based on at least one of terrain data of the work site or machine activity data of the machine. The method further includes prognostically limiting a power output of the fuel cell based on the determining an expected efficiency gain condition, and charging the energy storage device during occurrence of the expected efficiency gain condition.
  • a power system for a machine in another aspect, includes a fuel cell, an energy storage device, and a power bus electrically connected to the fuel cell and the energy storage device.
  • the power system further includes a power system control unit coupled to the fuel cell and the energy storage device.
  • the power system control unit is structured to receive at least one of terrain data of a work site or machine activity data of a machine, and to determine an expected efficiency gain condition based on the at least one of the terrain data of the work site or machine activity data of the machine.
  • the power system control unit is further structured to prognostically limit a power output of the fuel cell based on the determined expected efficiency gain condition, and to charge the energy storage device, using at least one of regenerative electric power from a regenerative energy device of the machine or electric power supplied by the fuel cell, during occurrence of the expected efficiency gain condition.
  • a control system for a power system in a machine includes a power system control unit structured for coupling to a fuel cell and an energy storage device each electrically connected to a power bus in a power system in a machine.
  • the power system control unit is further structured to receive at least one of terrain data of a work site or machine activity data of the machine, to receive location data of the machine, and to determine an expected efficiency gain condition based on the location data and the at least one of terrain data of the work site or machine activity data of the machine.
  • the power system control unit is further structured to prognostically limit a power output of the fuel cell based on the determined expected efficiency gain condition, and to charge the energy storage device during occurrence of the expected efficiency gain condition.
  • Fig. 1 is a side diagrammatic view of a machine, according to one embodiment
  • Fig. 2 is a diagram of a power system for a machine, according to one embodiment
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram of machine and power system states, according to one embodiment
  • Fig. 4 is another diagram of machine and power system states, according to one embodiment.
  • Fig. 5 is a flowchart of example methodology and logic flow, according to one embodiment.
  • Machine 8 includes a machine frame 10 with a cab 12 and a dump bed 14 supported thereon.
  • Ground-engaging elements 16 in the form of wheels support machine 8 upon a substrate at a work site 9.
  • Dump bed 14 can be raised and lowered, enabling machine 8 to load a material such as rock, ore, soil, et cetera, and transport the load to a desired dump location.
  • Machine 8 will typically be operated for use in a mining application, a construction site, or any of a variety of other known off-highway hauling machine applications, however, the present disclosure is not thereby limited.
  • machine 8 might be other than a hauling machine, such as a dozing machine or tractor, a wheel loader, a motor grader, a backhoe, an excavator, a shovel, or any of a wide variety of other types of equipment. Rather than a wheeled machine, machine 8 could be a track-type machine in some embodiments.
  • Machine 8 further includes a power system 18.
  • Power system 18 can include an entirely electric power system such that machine 8 is operated entirely or substantially entirely upon electric power, although various hybrid systems may fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • a transmission 20 is shown coupled to power system 18 and may be operated to vary machine 8 amongst several different gear ratios for propulsion.
  • Machine 8 could be autonomously operated, semi-autonomously operated, or manually operated. As will be further apparent from the following description, machine 8 is contemplated for extended range operation and increased efficiency in comparison with certain known strategies.
  • power system 18 may include electric power components 22 such as a fuel cell 23, an energy storage device 26, and an electric motor 30.
  • Electric motor 30 could be a main drive motor, one of a plurality of individual wheel motors, or an electric motor used for purposes other than propulsion in some embodiments such as an electric motor for operating a hydraulic pump onboard machine 8.
  • Electric power components 22 may further include an electric power bus 28 electrically connected to fuel cell 23 and energy storage device 26, and an inverter 33 electrically connected between power bus 28 and electric motor 30.
  • Electrical connection apparatus 48 including suitable cabling electrically connects fuel cell 23 and energy storage device 26 to power bus 28.
  • fuel cell 23 is a hydrogen fuel cell, fluidly connected to a hydrogen supply 35, storing hydrogen in a compressed gaseous state, for example.
  • Fuel cell 23 could utilize a different type of fuel in other instances such as an alcohol fuel, a hydrocarbon fuel, or still another.
  • Energy storage device 26 includes a battery 26 of any suitable type in a practical implementation. In other instances, energy storage device 26 could include one or more capacitors.
  • Power system 18 further includes a power control system 24.
  • Power control system 24 includes a power control unit 50 and a computer readable memory 31.
  • Power control system 24 may also include a receiver or antenna 29 that receives machine position data relative to operating machine 8 and navigating machine 8 at work site 9, for example.
  • Power control unit 50 can include any suitable electronic control unit having a central processing unit, such as a microprocessor or a microcontroller, or a field programmable gate array (FPGA).
  • Computer readable memory 31 stores executable program instructions as well as various data of or relating to machine 8 or to work site 9, which may be dynamic or non-dynamic data as further discussed herein, as well as various maps, tables, and other information used in operating machine 8 and controlling power system 18.
  • Computer readable memory 3 lean be any suitable volatile or non-volatile memory, including RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, EEPROM, FLASH, or still another.
  • Power control unit 50 can be resident on machine 10 as illustrated. In other embodiments, power control unit 50 could be off-board and located upon another working machine, at a site management trailer, or remote from the work site entirely.
  • An input 32 includes site conditions. Site conditions can include one or more of rolling resistance, temperature, elevation, wind speed, soil moisture, or various others.
  • a machine current route input is shown at 34, and can include coordinates defining or affecting a preestablished machine navigation route at work site 9, such as a route to and from, or inclusive of, a loading location and a dumping location, for example.
  • An input 36 includes machine location, which may be a present machine location at work site 9 indicated, for example, by global or local positioning signals received by way of antenna 29.
  • Machine idle time 38 is another input that can be directly or indirectly related to a time that machine 8 is expected to remain idled waiting, for instance, to receive or dump a load of material at a location at work site 9. It will be appreciated that machine idle time 34 can be dynamic, varying for instance based upon progress of other machines loading or dumping, backups caused by other machines, a number of other machines in a fleet of machines of which machine 8 is a part that are presently waiting to receive a load or dump a load as the case may be.
  • a site operational information input is shown at 40 and can include, for example, factors such as a number of machines currently in use, cycle times for loading and/or dumping, shift change information, or a variety of other types of operational information.
  • Future power requirements are shown at 42 and can include data representative of expected electric power machine 8 is expected to need for performing a given task, completing a shift, traveling a prescribed distance, or any other conceivable future power requirement.
  • Machine performance input is shown at 44 and may include factors specific to operation of machine 8 relative to efficiency, speed, or still other factors.
  • a future regenerative energy input is shown at 46 and can include stored information relating, for example, to an expected part of a travel path of machine 8 that descends a slope, where machine 8 slows down on a level grade, or performs an operation where regenerative energy is available such as lowering dump bed 14.
  • Fuel cell efficiency can vary as a function of output power as noted above. It has been observed that operating a fuel cell such as fuel cell 23 at partial load will consume less fuel, in the illustrated case hydrogen, over the course of a work cycle. Thus, if the performance requirements for operating machine 8 can be satisfied by operating fuel cell 23 at a partial load, less fuel will be consumed and a range of machine 8 or other measure of capability can be extended. It has also been observed that if battery charge is fully maintained even where unnecessary, the capacity for capturing regenerative energy is limited. The present disclosure balances these factors by selectively operating fuel cell 23 at a reduced or limited power output, at times, and selectively load sharing with energy storage device 26, at times, to take advantage of regenerative energy opportunities that would otherwise be lost or less than fully realized.
  • Power system 18, and power system control unit 50 in particular, may be structured to control an electric power output of fuel cell 23 while also selectively controlling charging and discharging energy storage device 26 to best take advantage of various opportunities for harvesting regenerative energy and operating fuel cell 23 at partial load while still satisfying performance requirements.
  • power system control unit 50 is coupled to fuel cell 23 and energy storage device 26, and structured to receive at least one of terrain data of work site 9 or machine activity data of machine 8.
  • Terrain data in this context may include previously stored data indicative of locations, distance, and grade(s) of a travel path at work site 9 to be traversed by machine 8.
  • Machine activity data can be data indicative of machine activities that are expected to take place such as raising bed 14, lowering bed 14, slowing a ground speed of machine 8 idling machine 8, or digging, dozing, or various other machine activities in different embodiments.
  • Terrain data and potentially also machine activity data will typically be gathered on-site, such as by navigating machine 8 to perform a predefined work cycle and storing the data, or gathered from another machine such as service truck, a drone, or another fleet machine similar to machine 8, operated to scan and record properties or characteristics of work site 9.
  • Power system control unit 50 may be further structured to determine an expected efficiency gain condition based on the at least one of terrain data of the work site or machine activity data of machine 8, and typically also based on machine location data.
  • An expected efficiency gain condition means a scenario where at least one of fuel cell 23 or energy storage device 26 can be selectively operated as described herein to increase operational efficiency in terms of energy usage, speed, time, or still another measure of efficiency.
  • Selective operation means reducing power output, increasing power output, turning on, turning off, charging, discharging.
  • An expected efficiency gain condition can be a machine idling condition, or a regenerative energy availability condition such as descending a slope or braking machine 8, for example, as further discussed herein.
  • Power system control unit 50 may be further structured to prognostically limit a power output of fuel cell 23, based on the determined expected efficiency gain condition. This means that a power output of fuel cell 23 can be selectively limited in anticipation of a subsequent expected efficiency gain condition to be exploited.
  • Power system control unit 50 is further structured to charge energy storage device 26, using at least one of regenerative electric power from a regenerative energy device of machine 8 or electric power supplied by fuel cell 23, during occurrence of the expected efficiency gain condition.
  • transmission 20 can operate as a regenerative energy device by operating electric motor 30 in a generator mode, for example.
  • Individual wheel motors could analogously serve as a regenerative energy device, as well as components in a hydraulic system during lowering bed 14, for example.
  • Those skilled in the art will contemplate still other regenerative energy devices and/or strategies that could be used.
  • Diagram 100 includes illustrations of example machine and power system functioning over the course of time.
  • a grade chart is shown at 101 and represents a grade of a substrate across which machine 8 is traveling.
  • a grade trace 110 includes an uphill segment 112, a flat segment 114, and a downhill segment 116.
  • Diagram 100 also includes a chart 102 representing total power produced by power system 18 over the relevant period of time.
  • a power trace 120 shows total power.
  • a region 122 defined by trace 120 represents a regeneration opportunity corresponding, for example, to downhill segment 116.
  • a chart 103 represents fuel cell power output, including a power output trace 130.
  • Trace 130 shows example fuel cell power output according to the present disclosure, and a typical fuel cell power output trace for a known strategy is shown at 132. It can be noted fuel cell power output according to the present disclosure is limited during a time where fuel cell power output in trace 132 is not limited. Limiting a power output according to the present disclosure can include limiting power output to a level that is greater than zero.
  • a chart 104 shows battery state of charge, and includes a charge trace 140 representing battery state of charge according to the present disclosure, in comparison to a trace 142 showing battery state of charge according to a typical known strategy.
  • Diagram 200 includes a chart 201 illustrating a ground speed of machine 8, a chart 202 illustrating fuel cell power output, and a chart 203 illustrating battery state of charge.
  • Chart 201 includes a ground speed trace 210 showing a stable ground speed initially, then braking of machine 8, followed by ground speed of zero where machine 8 is at a machine idling condition.
  • the machine idling condition is another example of an expected efficiency gain condition determined by power control unit 50. It will also be appreciated the machine idling condition may precede one of a loading action or a dumping action by machine 8.
  • a power output trace 220 in chart 202 shows fuel cell output according to the present disclosure in comparison with a trace 220 showing fuel cell output according to a typical known strategy. It can be seen that in the known strategy fuel cell output is maintained at a relatively high level, such as a full load level, then reduced as ground speed drops, followed by fuel cell output at a reduced level while ground speed is zero and machine 8 is idling. According to the present disclosure, and as shown by trace 220, fuel cell power output is prognostically limited and maintained while ground speed is zero and machine 8 is idling.
  • a trace 230 shows battery charge state according to the present disclosure reducing as energy storage device 26 discharges to share the load demand on power bus 28 with fuel cell 23.
  • battery state of charge 230 increases relatively steeply as energy storage device 26 is regeneratively charged using braking energy of machine 8. Subsequent to the harvesting of regenerative energy battery state of charge 230 continues to increase as energy storage device 26 is charged using electric power supplied by fuel cell 23. It can also be appreciated from diagram 200 that the present disclosure enables a battery state of charge to be reduced, then replenished by prognostically limiting a power output of fuel cell 23, whereas in the typical strategy 232 battery state of charge remains at a target state of charge. This also enables fuel cell 23 to operate at a partial load associated with increased efficiency, extending a range of machine 8 or otherwise improving over typical strategies.
  • a flowchart 300 beginsing at a block 305 to populate memory 31 in control system 24.
  • memory 31 can be populated with a variety of types of data, including terrain data of work site 9, site condition data, and a various other types of information including but not limited to the data inputs depicted in Fig. 2.
  • flowchart 300 can advance to a block 310 to dispatch machine 8.
  • Dispatching machine 8 can include autonomously dispatching machine 8 with a dispatching control signal, instructing an operator to commence navigating machine 8 according to a prescribed or planned travel path, or some other dispatching mechanism.
  • flowchart 300 may advance to a block 320 to supply electric power from fuel cell 23 to power bus 28. At this point, machine 8 will be operated on electric power produced by fuel cell 23 and/or drawn from energy storage 26 depending upon operating conditions and/or various other considerations known to those skilled in the art. From block 320, flowchart 300 may advance to a block 330 to navigate a route, including a route to a loading location, a dumping location, to traverse a grading or dozing route, or still another.
  • flowchart 300 advances to a block 340 to determine an expected efficiency gain condition.
  • determining an expected efficiency gain condition can include a determination that machine 8 is expected to traverse a segment of a route, such as a downhill segment, slow down, or arrive at an idling location, a dumping location, or otherwise satisfy a state where an efficiency gain can be realized.
  • flowchart 300 may advance to a block 350 to prognostically limit a power output of fuel cell 23 as described herein.
  • flowchart 300 may advance to a block 360 to discharge energy storage device 26.
  • memory 31 stores site condition data including, potentially among other things, rolling resistance data, temperature data, or altitude data.
  • any or all of these types of data, and still others, can be information used by power system control unit 50 in prognostically limiting a power output of fuel cell 23 and/or charging or discharging energy storage device 26.
  • fuel cell 23 might be reduced in power output to a lesser relative extent than where rolling resistance is lower as machine power requirements might thereby be higher and regenerative energy availability lower.
  • Ambient temperature and/or altitude may also affect machine power requirements, fuel cell or battery charging or discharging efficiency, or still other factors, and thus serve as bases for whether or the extent to which fuel cell power output is to be reduced and/or whether or the extent to which battery state of charge is to manipulated and exploited.
  • discharging energy storage device 36 can include sharing a load demand of power bus 28 with fuel cell 23. It should be appreciated, however, that discharging energy storage device 26 could include discharging energy storage device 26 for purposes other than load sharing, such as operating a pump to pressurize an accumulator in a hydraulic system of machine 8, for instance.
  • flowchart 300 may advance to a block 370 to charge energy storage device 26 during occurrence of the expected efficiency gain condition.
  • charging energy storage device 26 during occurrence of an efficiency gain condition can include regeneratively charging energy storage device 26.
  • charging energy storage device 26 during occurrence of the efficiency gain condition could include charging energy storage device 26 using electric power produced by fuel cell 23, or potentially a sequential or even simultaneous combination of regenerative and fuel cell charging.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

Le fonctionnement d'un engin (8) comprend la fourniture d'énergie électrique en provenance d'une pile à combustible (23) à un bus de puissance (28) relié à un moteur électrique (30) et à un dispositif de stockage d'énergie (26) dans un engin (8) fonctionnant sur un chantier, et la détermination d'une condition attendue de gain d'efficacité sur la base de données topographiques du chantier et/ou de données d'activité d'engin (8) de l'engin (8). Le fonctionnement d'un engin (8) comprend en outre la limitation pronostique d'une puissance fournie par la pile à combustible (23) sur la base de la détermination d'une condition attendue de gain d'efficacité, et le chargement du dispositif de stockage d'énergie (26) pendant la survenue de la condition attendue de gain d'efficacité à l'aide d'un dispositif à récupération d'énergie (20) et/ou de la pile à combustible (21). Le dispositif de stockage d'énergie (26) peut être déchargé pendant la limitation pronostique d'une puissance fournie par la pile à combustible (23) de manière à partager une demande de charge du bus de puissance entre la pile à combustible et le dispositif de stockage d'énergie (26). Sont également divulgués un appareil et une logique de commande associés.
PCT/US2022/044962 2021-10-04 2022-09-28 Limitation pronostique de la puissance fournie par une pile à combustible pour une efficacité améliorée dans un engin mobile WO2023059486A1 (fr)

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AU2022359858A AU2022359858A1 (en) 2021-10-04 2022-09-28 Prognostic limitation to fuel cell power output for improved efficiency in mobile machine
CA3233591A CA3233591A1 (fr) 2021-10-04 2022-09-28 Limitation pronostique de la puissance fournie par une pile a combustible pour une efficacite amelioree dans un engin mobile
CN202280065457.3A CN118043225A (zh) 2021-10-04 2022-09-28 对燃料电池电力输出的预测限制以提高移动机器的效率

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US20230107318A1 (en) 2023-04-06
AU2022359858A1 (en) 2024-05-02

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