WO2023057677A1 - System for managing rechargeable batteries of battery packs for electric vehicles - Google Patents

System for managing rechargeable batteries of battery packs for electric vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023057677A1
WO2023057677A1 PCT/ES2022/070636 ES2022070636W WO2023057677A1 WO 2023057677 A1 WO2023057677 A1 WO 2023057677A1 ES 2022070636 W ES2022070636 W ES 2022070636W WO 2023057677 A1 WO2023057677 A1 WO 2023057677A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
batteries
charge
total voltage
state
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PCT/ES2022/070636
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Marc MARC LLUSÀ MARTÍNEZ
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Torrot Electric Europa S.A.
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Publication of WO2023057677A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023057677A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of management and control of charging and discharging of electric vehicle battery packs in which the battery pack comprises batteries connected in parallel.
  • Electric vehicles such as electric cars, electric motorcycles, and electric boats, are powered by one or more electric motors powered by rechargeable electric batteries grouped into battery packs comprising a plurality of batteries connected in parallel.
  • BMS battery management system
  • Rechargeable battery failures can result in undercharging of the battery pack resulting in poor electrical power, duration and/or power of electrical power required to operate the vehicle's engine(s), or underdischarge of the battery pack in order to supply the power and duration of the same, required to enable an electrical supply of the motor(s) of the electric vehicle.
  • figure 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the system according to the invention
  • Figure 2 schematically shows the first charging stage performed by the system according to the invention
  • Figure 3 schematically shows the second charging stage performed by the system according to the invention
  • Figure 4 schematically shows the third charging stage performed by the system according to the invention
  • Figure 5 schematically shows the fourth charging stage performed by the system according to the invention
  • Figure 6 schematically shows the fifth charging stage performed by the system according to the invention
  • Figure 7 schematically shows iteration of the second loading stage
  • Figure 8 schematically shows the first determination stage in the download stage managed by the system according to the invention
  • Figure 9 schematically shows the second determination stage, the activation stage in the download stage managed by the system according to the invention
  • Figure 10 schematically shows the activation and connection stage in the download stage managed by the system according to the invention
  • figure 11 schematically shows the determination of a successive battery in the subsequent stage of determination of the discharge stage managed by the system according to the invention
  • figure 12 schematically shows the determination of
  • the means for carrying out the charging stage (A) comprise, first means for carrying out a first charging stage (A1) comprising determining (A.1.1) a first battery (7a) presenting the lowest total voltage, turn on (A.1.2) the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of said first battery (7a), establish (A.1.3) a charging current for the first battery (7a) and apply (A.1.4) the charging current charges the first battery (7a) by monitoring (A.1.5) its total voltage, until the total voltage of the first battery (7a) is equal to the total voltage of a successive battery (7e) of the group of batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) having a total voltage immediately higher; second means for carrying out a second charging stage (A.2) comprising switching on (A.2.1) the semiconductors (6a, 6b) of said successive battery (7e), establishing a charging current (A.2.2) for the successive battery and apply (A.2.3) the charging current to the successive battery by monitoring (A.2.4) its total voltage, until the total voltage
  • the system adjusts the charging current applied to each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) from the charger (4) so that the battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) is charged in a first stage. of charging in constant current mode up to a first level of battery charge, and a second stage of charging in constant voltage mode up to a second level of battery charge, keeping the charging current as high as possible without exceeding a maximum limit allowed during the first stage of charging and reducing the charging current gradually during the second stage of charging.
  • the system also monitors each battery to detect if it has at least one problem state selected from temperature overload states, current overload states, overvoltage states, and combinations thereof, interrupting the battery's charging process by turning off its charging semiconductor. discharge power, and transmits information comprising each trouble state to the power control unit.
  • the system performs a first determination stage (B.1) that comprises determining a first battery (7c) that presents a first voltage highest total and determining the state of charge of the first battery (7c), a second determination step (B.2) comprising determining at least one other battery that has a total voltage lower than the total voltage of the first battery (7c ) and that does not have a total voltage difference greater than a maximum allowed voltage difference with respect to the total voltage of the first battery (7c) and a state of charge that has a state of charge within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery (7c), a third determination stage (B.3) comprising determining whether the number of other batteries is at least equal to a minimum number of other batteries considered sufficient to deliver electrical power that allows the electric motor (3) to work at least in a first performance mode, and, when the number of other batteries is at least equal to said minimum number, an activation stage (B.4) in which the
  • the system performs a step of storing said number of other batteries, and at least one subsequent determination step (B.7), comprising each subsequent determination step (B. 7), determine (B.7.1) a successive battery having a successive higher total voltage that is less than the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase, determine (B.7.2) at least one additional successive battery which has a total voltage less than the total voltage of the successive battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase but which does not have a total voltage difference greater than a maximum allowable voltage difference with respect to the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase and a state of charge that has a state of charge within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery whose total voltage has been determined (B.7.1) in the preceding phase, determine (B.7.3) if the number of said successive additional batteries is at least equal to a minimum number of batteries considered sufficient to deliver electrical energy that allows the electric motor
  • the system determines whether the battery with the lowest total voltage of the successive additional batteries has a total voltage lower than the total voltage of the successive additional battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase but which does not present a total voltage difference greater than a maximum allowable difference with respect to the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage was determined in the preceding phase and a state of charge that presents a state of charge included within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase, it is considered that the successive additional batteries can deliver electrical energy that allows the electric motor operates in a reduced power mode, and features an activation stage in which the power control unit connects to said successive additional batteries and sends activation commands to turn on the power semiconductors of each of the batteries.
  • the system checks the state of charge of each of the batteries connected in parallel to the electronic controller, detects when the state of charge of a connected battery is lower than the state of charge of any one of the batteries that are not connected, check if the voltage of the connected batteries is within a range of voltages below the voltage of the disconnected battery.
  • the system according to the invention is particularly suitable for charging and discharging lithium ion batteries.
  • n B Ar Total number of batteries in the system.
  • ⁇ BAT Minimum number of batteries in the system for it to work at maximum performance.
  • BPV Total Battery Voltage.
  • SOC Battery State of Charge.
  • ABPV Maximum battery voltage difference allowed for the connection.
  • AVcon Voltage differential suitable for the connection of batteries in parallel in discharge. Loading operation.
  • the power semiconductors of each battery in the system are in the off state.
  • the ECU receives a complete set of information from each battery including Total Battery Voltage and State of Charge, respectively by their initials in English.
  • the ECU When the system is ready to charge, the ECU sends the corresponding commands to turn on both the charge and discharge power semiconductors of the battery whose BPV is the lowest in the system.
  • the other batteries have all semiconductors in the off state.
  • the ECU then enables the charger and sets a charging current.
  • the ECU will control the charging current of each battery to keep it as high as possible within the maximum allowable limit during the CC stage of charging or gradually reduce it during the CV stage by adjusting the current setting of the charger.
  • Steps 2.2.3 to 2.2.5 are repeated until all batteries in the system are charging all at once. 1.2.7. If during the charging process any of the batteries presents any problem, such as temperature overload, current overload, cell overvoltage or any other that requires stopping the procedure, the battery will turn off its own discharge power semiconductor and send its status to the ECU.
  • the ECU receives a complete set of information from each battery including Total Battery Voltage (BPV) and State of Charge (SOC).
  • BBV Total Battery Voltage
  • SOC State of Charge
  • the system Before allowing the power controller to draw power from the batteries, the system will decide which batteries are available to do so based on the following criteria:
  • the ECU looks for the battery whose BPV is the highest, BPVMax.
  • the ECU searches for batteries whose BPV is in the range of BPVMax to (BPVMax-ABPV) and whose SOC is within the range of ASOC related to the battery with BPV Max .
  • the ECU sends the corresponding commands to them to turn on both the charge and discharge power semiconductors.
  • the other batteries have all semiconductors in the off state. The system is ready to deliver power to the motor controller.
  • the ECU stores the number of batteries available for this case and 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 are successively repeated, in order according to the highest BPV to lower, until the battery is tested with (HBAT - ⁇ BAT+ 1) BPV. 1.4.5.
  • the ECU analyzes the number of batteries available for BPVMax cases up to (OBAT - ⁇ BAT+1) BPV and as soon as it finds a case with ⁇ BAT-1 the system goes into reduced power mode.
  • the ECU checks if the remaining batteries are in the range of (n B AT - ⁇ BAT+2) BPV to ((OBAT - ⁇ BAT+2) BPV - ABPV) and whose SOC is within the battery related ASOC range with (n BAT - ⁇ BAT+2) BPV.
  • the control unit checks that their highest state of charge is less than that of any of the batteries that are not connected.
  • the control unit checks that the voltage of the batteries connected in parallel is in the -AV range with respect to the voltage of the disconnected battery. It is done to rule out batteries that might have high cell imbalance because the SOC is calculated from the cell with the lowest battery voltage, not the average voltage of all cells.
  • An unbalance voltage criterion can be checked along with the above to decide whether a battery can be connected or not. In this case, the imbalance level will settle after a few tests.
  • the control unit will control the current of all the batteries at all times and, in the event that any battery experiences a current in the direction of charge and greater than the maximum allowed, they will be disconnected from the group. Later it can be reconnected if it meets the connection criteria mentioned above. When the SOC of any of the parallel-connected batteries falls below the minimum discharge SOC, the system will disconnect the battery to maintain it at a DOD (“Depth of discharge”) recommended for automotive systems.
  • DOD Degree of discharge

Abstract

Disclosed is a management system (5) for managing rechargeable batteries of battery packs for electric vehicles, connected to a power control unit (1) connected to an electronic controller (2) of an electric motor (3) and to a battery charger (4), and which comprises a charge power semiconductor (6a) and a discharge power semiconductor (6b) for each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) of a battery pack of a plurality of batteries connected in parallel. The system comprises means for carrying out a step of charging (A) in which at least one battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) is connected to the charger (4), wherein the power control unit (1) activates the charger (4) and charge currents are applied to the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) until each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) reaches a pre-set maximum charge limit, and means for carrying out a step of discharging (B) the batteries in which at least one battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) is connected to the controller (1) of the electric motor.

Description

SISTEMA DE GESTIÓN DE BATERÍAS RECARGABLES DE PAQUETES DE BATERÍAS PARA VEHÍCULOS ELÉCTRICOS RECHARGEABLE BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR BATTERY PACKS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
CAMPO TÉCNICO DE LA INVENCIÓN TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención en el sector de la gestión y del control de la carga y descarga de paquetes de baterías de vehículos eléctricos en el que el paquete de baterías comprende baterías conectadas en paralelo. The present invention is in the field of management and control of charging and discharging of electric vehicle battery packs in which the battery pack comprises batteries connected in parallel.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA ANTERIOR A LA INVENCIÓN STATE OF THE ART PRIOR TO THE INVENTION
Los vehículos eléctricos, tales como coches eléctricos, motocicletas eléctricas y embarcaciones eléctricas, son impulsados por uno o más motores eléctricos alimentados por baterías eléctricas recargables agrupadas en paquetes de baterías que comprende una pluralidad de baterías conectadas en paralelo. Electric vehicles, such as electric cars, electric motorcycles, and electric boats, are powered by one or more electric motors powered by rechargeable electric batteries grouped into battery packs comprising a plurality of batteries connected in parallel.
Para monitorizar, regular y proteger las baterías, se prevé un sistema de gestión de baterías (BMS por sus siglas en inglés), generalmente en forma de circuito electrónico. To monitor, regulate, and protect batteries, a battery management system (BMS) is envisioned, usually in the form of an electronic circuit.
Los fallos en las baterías recargables pueden producir una carga deficiente del paquete de baterías que conlleva una alimentación eléctrica deficiente, en duración y/o potencia de la energía eléctrica que requiere el funcionamiento del motor o de los motores del vehículo, o una descarga deficiente del paquete de baterías a efectos de suministrar la potencia y duración de la misma, requerida para posibilitar una alimentación eléctrica del o de los motores del vehículo eléctrico. Rechargeable battery failures can result in undercharging of the battery pack resulting in poor electrical power, duration and/or power of electrical power required to operate the vehicle's engine(s), or underdischarge of the battery pack in order to supply the power and duration of the same, required to enable an electrical supply of the motor(s) of the electric vehicle.
Los sistemas de batería del estado de la técnica presentan incovenientes en cuanto a su simplicidad, coste, fiabilidad y/o celeridad para monitorizar, regular y proteger las baterías recargables de los paquetes de baterías de vehículos eléctricos. State of the art battery systems have drawbacks in terms of simplicity, cost, reliability, and/or speed in monitoring, regulating, and protecting rechargeable batteries in electric vehicle battery packs.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención tiene por objeto superar los inconvenientes del estado de la técnica mediante un sistema de gestión de baterías recargables de paquetes de baterías para vehículos eléctricos, conectada a una unidad de control de energía conectada a un controlador electrónico de un motor eléctrico y a un cargador de baterías, y que comprende un semiconductor de potencia de carga y un semiconductor de potencia de descarga para cada batería de un paquete de baterías de una pluralidad de baterías conectadas en paralelo, cuyas características básicas se definen en la reivindicación 1 The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the state of the art by means of a management system for rechargeable batteries for packs of batteries for electric vehicles, connected to a power control unit connected to an electronic controller of an electric motor and a battery charger, and comprising a charge power semiconductor and a discharge power semiconductor for each battery in a pack of batteries of a plurality of batteries connected in parallel, whose basic characteristics are defined in claim 1
Las reivindicaciones dependientes definen características correspondientes a realizaciones de la invención definida en la reivindicación 1. The dependent claims define features corresponding to embodiments of the invention defined in claim 1.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Los dibujos anexos forman parte integrante de la presente memoria, e ¡lustran características de realizaciones de la invención. Concretamente, la figura 1 muestra esquemáticamente una realización del sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 2 muestra esquemáticamente la primera etapa de carga realizada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 3 muestra esquemáticamente la segunda etapa de carga realizada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 4 muestra esquemáticamente la tercera etapa de carga realizada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 5 muestra esquemáticamente la cuarta etapa de carga realizada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 6 muestra esquemáticamente la quinta etapa de carga realizada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 7 muestra esquemáticamente iteración de la segunda etapa de carga; la figura 8 muestra esquemáticamente la primera etapa de determinación en la etapa de descarga gestionada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 9 muestra esquemáticamente la segunda etapa de determinación, a etapa de activación en la etapa de descarga gestionada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 10 muestra esquemáticamente la etapa de activación y conexión en la etapa de descarga gestionada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 11 muestra esquemáticamente la determinación de una sucesiva batería en la ulterior etapa de determinación de la etapa de descarga gestionada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 12 muestra esquemáticamente la determinación de una sucesiva batería adicional en la ulterior etapa de determinación de la etapa de descarga gestionada por el sistema conforme a la invención; la figura 13 muestra esquemáticamente la ulterior etapa de determinación. The attached drawings form an integral part of this specification, and illustrate features of embodiments of the invention. Specifically, figure 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the system according to the invention; Figure 2 schematically shows the first charging stage performed by the system according to the invention; Figure 3 schematically shows the second charging stage performed by the system according to the invention; Figure 4 schematically shows the third charging stage performed by the system according to the invention; Figure 5 schematically shows the fourth charging stage performed by the system according to the invention; Figure 6 schematically shows the fifth charging stage performed by the system according to the invention; Figure 7 schematically shows iteration of the second loading stage; Figure 8 schematically shows the first determination stage in the download stage managed by the system according to the invention; Figure 9 schematically shows the second determination stage, the activation stage in the download stage managed by the system according to the invention; Figure 10 schematically shows the activation and connection stage in the download stage managed by the system according to the invention; figure 11 schematically shows the determination of a successive battery in the subsequent stage of determination of the discharge stage managed by the system according to the invention; figure 12 schematically shows the determination of a successive additional battery in the subsequent stage of determination of the discharge stage managed by the system according to the invention; Figure 13 schematically shows the subsequent determination step.
MODOS DE REALIZACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Como se puede apreciar en las figuras, el sistema de gestión (5) de baterías recargables (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) de paquetes de baterías para vehículos eléctricos, conectada a una unidad de control de energía (1) conectada a un controlador electrónico (2) de un motor eléctrico (3) y a un cargador (4) de baterías, y que comprende un semiconductor de potencia de carga (6a) y un semiconductor de potencia de descarga (6b) para cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) de un paquete de baterías de una pluralidad de baterías conectadas en paralelo, que comprende medios para realizar una etapa de obtención de información inicial en la que se determina (1.1), con los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) apagados, un voltaje total y un estado de carga de cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) , y se transmite el voltaje total y el estado de carga de cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) a la unidad de control de energía (1), medios para realizar una etapa de carga (A) en la que al menos una de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) están conectadas al cargador (4), en la que en la que la unidad de control de energía (1) habilita el cargador (4) y se aplican corrientes de carga a las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) hasta que cada una de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) alcanza un límite de nivel de carga máxima preestablecido, medios para realizar una etapa de descarga (B) de las baterías en la que al menos una de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) está conectada al controlador del motor eléctrico (1), As can be seen in the figures, the management system (5) of rechargeable batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) of battery packs for electric vehicles, connected to an energy control unit (1) connected to an electronic controller (2) of an electric motor (3) and a battery charger (4), and comprising a charge power semiconductor (6a) and a discharge power semiconductor (6b) for each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) of a battery pack of a plurality of batteries connected in parallel, comprising means for carrying out a step for obtaining initial information in which (1.1) is determined, with the power semiconductors (6a , 6b) of the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) turned off, a total voltage and state of charge of each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), and the total voltage and the state of charge of each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) to the power control unit (1), means for carrying out a charging stage (A) in which at least one of the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) are connected to the charger (4), wherein the power control unit (1) enables the charger (4) and charging currents are applied to the batteries (7a, 7b , 7c, 7d, 7e) until each of the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) reaches a preset maximum charge level limit, means for performing a discharge stage (B) of the batteries in the that at least one of the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) is connected to the electric motor controller (1),
Los medios para realizar la etapa de carga (A) comprenden, primeros medios para realizar una primera etapa de carga (A1) que comprende determinar (A.1.1) una primera batería (7a) que presenta el voltaje total más bajo, encender (A.1.2) los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de dicha primera batería (7a), establecer (A.1.3) una corriente de carga para la primera batería (7a) y aplicar (A.1.4) la corriente de carga a la primera batería (7a) monitorizando (A.1.5) su voltaje total, hasta que el voltaje total de la primera batería (7a) sea igual que el voltaje total de una sucesiva batería (7e) del grupo de baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) que presenta una voltaje total inmediatamente superior; segundos medios para realizar una segunda etapa de carga (A.2) que comprende encender (A.2.1) los semiconductores (6a, 6b) de dicha sucesiva batería (7e), establecer una corriente de carga (A.2.2) para la sucesiva batería y aplicar (A.2.3) la corriente de carga a la sucesiva batería monitorizando (A.2.4) su voltaje total, hasta que el voltaje total de la sucesiva batería (7e) sea igual que el voltaje total de una siguiente batería (7b) del grupo de baterías baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) que presenta una voltaje total inmediatamente superior; medios de iteración para iterar (A.3, A.4, A.5) la segunda etapa de carga (A.2) hasta que se está aplicando corriente de carga a todas las batería del grupo de baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), medios de finalización para finalizar la carga cuando cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) ha alcanzado su límite de nivel de carga máximo preestablecido. The means for carrying out the charging stage (A) comprise, first means for carrying out a first charging stage (A1) comprising determining (A.1.1) a first battery (7a) presenting the lowest total voltage, turn on (A.1.2) the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of said first battery (7a), establish (A.1.3) a charging current for the first battery (7a) and apply (A.1.4) the charging current charges the first battery (7a) by monitoring (A.1.5) its total voltage, until the total voltage of the first battery (7a) is equal to the total voltage of a successive battery (7e) of the group of batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) having a total voltage immediately higher; second means for carrying out a second charging stage (A.2) comprising switching on (A.2.1) the semiconductors (6a, 6b) of said successive battery (7e), establishing a charging current (A.2.2) for the successive battery and apply (A.2.3) the charging current to the successive battery by monitoring (A.2.4) its total voltage, until the total voltage of the successive battery (7e) is equal to the total voltage of a following battery (7b ) of the group of batteries batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) that presents a total voltage immediately higher; iteration means for iterating (A.3, A.4, A.5) the second charging stage (A.2) until charging current is being applied to all batteries in the battery group (7a, 7b, 7c , 7d, 7e), termination means for terminating charging when each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) has reached its preset maximum charge level limit.
El sistema ajusta la corriente de carga aplicada a cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) desde el cargador (4) de modo que se carga la batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) en una primera etapa de carga en modo de corriente constante hasta un primer nivel de carga de la batería, y una segunda etapa de carga en modo de voltaje constante hasta un segundo nivel de carga de la batería, manteniendo la corriente de carga lo más alta posible sin superar un límite máximo permitido durante la primera etapa de carga y reduciendo la corriente de carga paulatinamente durante la segunda etapa de carga. The system adjusts the charging current applied to each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) from the charger (4) so that the battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) is charged in a first stage. of charging in constant current mode up to a first level of battery charge, and a second stage of charging in constant voltage mode up to a second level of battery charge, keeping the charging current as high as possible without exceeding a maximum limit allowed during the first stage of charging and reducing the charging current gradually during the second stage of charging.
El sistema además monitoriza cada batería para detectar si presenta al menos un estado problemático seleccionado entre estados de sobrecarga de temperatura, estados de sobrecarga de corriente, estados de sobretensión y combinaciones de los mismos, interrumpiendo el proceso de carga de la batería apagando su semiconductor de potencia de descarga, y transmite información que comprende cada estado problemático a la unidad de control de energía. The system also monitors each battery to detect if it has at least one problem state selected from temperature overload states, current overload states, overvoltage states, and combinations thereof, interrupting the battery's charging process by turning off its charging semiconductor. discharge power, and transmits information comprising each trouble state to the power control unit.
Cuando todas las baterías en las que no se ha detectado ningún estado problemático han alcanzado su límite del nivel de carga máximo preestablecido, vuelve a realizar, en relación con las baterías en relación con las que se ha detectado al menos un estado problemático la primera etapa y, en caso necesario, la segunda etapa y al menos una iteración de la segunda etapa, hasta cuando han alcanzado su límite del nivel de carga máximo preestablecido. When all batteries for which no problem state has been detected have reached their preset maximum charge level limit, performs again, in relation to the batteries in relation to which at least one problem state has been detected, the first stage and, if necessary, the second stage and at least one iteration of the second stage, until when they have reached their preset maximum charge level limit.
En la etapa de descarga de (B) las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), el sistema realiza una primera etapa de determinación (B.1) que comprende determinar una primera batería (7c) que presenta un primer voltaje total más elevado y determinar el estado de carga de la primera batería (7c), una segunda etapa de determinación (B.2) que comprende determinar al menos otra batería que presenta un voltaje total menor que el voltaje total de la primera batería (7c) y que no presenta una diferencia de voltaje total mayor que una diferencia de voltaje máxima admitida con respecto al voltaje total de la primera batería (7c) y un estado de carga que presenta un estado de carga comprendido dentro de un rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de la primera batería (7c), una tercera etapa de determinación (B.3) que comprende determinar si el número de otras baterías es al menos igual que un número mínimo de otras baterías considerado suficiente para entregar potencia eléctrica que permite al motor eléctrico (3) funcione al menos en un primer modo de prestaciones, y, cuando el número de número de otras baterías es al menos igual que dicho número mínimo, una etapa de activación (B.4) en la que la unidad de control de energía (1) se conecta dicha primera batería (7a) y a dichas otras baterías y envía comandos de activación para encender los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de cada una de las otras baterías, y manteniéndose los semiconductores de potencia de las demás baterías en estado apagado, y dichas baterías cuyos semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) han sido activados a se conectan (B.5) al controlador electrónico (2), para suministrar (B.6) energía eléctrica al motor eléctrico (3). In the stage of discharging (B) the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), the system performs a first determination stage (B.1) that comprises determining a first battery (7c) that presents a first voltage highest total and determining the state of charge of the first battery (7c), a second determination step (B.2) comprising determining at least one other battery that has a total voltage lower than the total voltage of the first battery (7c ) and that does not have a total voltage difference greater than a maximum allowed voltage difference with respect to the total voltage of the first battery (7c) and a state of charge that has a state of charge within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery (7c), a third determination stage (B.3) comprising determining whether the number of other batteries is at least equal to a minimum number of other batteries considered sufficient to deliver electrical power that allows the electric motor (3) to work at least in a first performance mode, and, when the number of other batteries is at least equal to said minimum number, an activation stage (B.4) in which the unit power control unit (1), said first battery (7a) and said other batteries are connected and send activation commands to turn on the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of each one of the other batteries, and maintaining the power semiconductors of the other batteries in the off state, and said batteries whose power semiconductors (6a, 6b) have been activated are connected (B.5) to the electronic controller (2), to supply (B.6) electric power to the electric motor ( 3).
Cuando dicho número de otras baterías es inferior a dicho número mínimo, el sistema realiza una etapa de almacenamiento de dicho número de otras baterías, y al menos una ulterior etapa de determinación (B.7), comprendiendo cada ulterior etapa de determinación (B.7), determinar (B.7.1) una sucesiva batería que presenta un sucesivo voltaje total más elevado que es menor que el voltaje total de la batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente, determinar (B.7.2) al menos una sucesiva batería adicional que presenta un voltaje total menor que el voltaje total de la batería sucesiva cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente pero que no presenta una diferencia de voltaje total mayor que una diferencia de voltaje máxima admitida con respecto al voltaje total de la batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente y un estado de carga que presenta un estado de carga comprendido dentro de un rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de la primera batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado (B.7.1) en la fase precedente, determinar (B.7.3) si el número de dichas sucesivas baterías adicionales es al menos igual que un número mínimo de baterías considerado suficiente para entregar energía eléctrica que permite al motor eléctrico funcione con prestaciones al menos suficientes, realizar, cuando dicho número de sucesivas baterías adicionales es inferior a dicho número mínimo de sucesivas baterías adicionales, una sucesiva etapa de almacenamiento de dicho número de sucesivas baterías, y cuando el número de número de las sucesivas baterías adicionales es al menos igual que dicho número mínimo de baterías, una etapa de activación en la que conecta (B.7.4) la unidad de control de energía (1) a dichas sucesivas baterías adicionales y envía comandos de activación para encender los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de cada una de las sucesivas baterías adicionales, manteniendo los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de las demás baterías en estado apagado, y conecta (B.7.5) dichas baterías cuyos semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) han sido activados se al controlador electrónico (2), para suministrar (B.7.6) energía eléctrica al motor eléctrico (3). When said number of other batteries is less than said minimum number, the system performs a step of storing said number of other batteries, and at least one subsequent determination step (B.7), comprising each subsequent determination step (B. 7), determine (B.7.1) a successive battery having a successive higher total voltage that is less than the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase, determine (B.7.2) at least one additional successive battery which has a total voltage less than the total voltage of the successive battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase but which does not have a total voltage difference greater than a maximum allowable voltage difference with respect to the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase and a state of charge that has a state of charge within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery whose total voltage has been determined (B.7.1) in the preceding phase, determine (B.7.3) if the number of said successive additional batteries is at least equal to a minimum number of batteries considered sufficient to deliver electrical energy that allows the electric motor to function with at least sufficient performance, perform, when said number of successive additional batteries is less than said minimum number of successive additional batteries, a successive stage of storage of said number of successive batteries, and when the number of successive additional batteries is at least equal to said minimum number of batteries, an activation stage in which it connects (B.7.4) the power control unit (1) to said successive additional batteries and sends activation commands to turn on the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of each of the successive batteries additional batteries, keeping the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of the other batteries in the off state, and connects (B.7.5) said batteries whose power semiconductors (6a, 6b) have been activated to the electronic controller (2), to supply (B.7.6) electric power to the electric motor (3).
Cuando en la última ulterior etapa de determinación, el sistema determina si la batería con un voltaje total más bajo de las sucesivas baterías adicionales presenta un voltaje total menor que el voltaje total de la sucesiva batería adicional cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente pero que no presenta una diferencia de voltaje total mayor que una diferencia máxima admitida con respecto al voltaje total de la batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente y un estado de carga que presenta un estado de carga comprendido dentro de un rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de la primera batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente, se considera que las sucesivas baterías adicionales pueden entregar energía eléctrica que permite al motor eléctrico funcione en un modo de potencia reducida, y realza una etapa de activación en la que la unidad de control de energía se conecta a dichas sucesivas baterías adicionales y envía comandos de activación para encender los semiconductores de potencia de cada una de las baterías. When in the last subsequent determination step, the system determines whether the battery with the lowest total voltage of the successive additional batteries has a total voltage lower than the total voltage of the successive additional battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase but which does not present a total voltage difference greater than a maximum allowable difference with respect to the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage was determined in the preceding phase and a state of charge that presents a state of charge included within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase, it is considered that the successive additional batteries can deliver electrical energy that allows the electric motor operates in a reduced power mode, and features an activation stage in which the power control unit connects to said successive additional batteries and sends activation commands to turn on the power semiconductors of each of the batteries.
A medida que las baterías en paralelo conectadas al controlador electrónico se van descargando, el sistema comprueba el estado de carga de cada una de las baterías conectadas en paralelo al controlador electrónico, detecta cuando el estado de carga de una batería conectada es inferior al estado de carga de una cualquiera de las baterías que no están conectadas, verifica si el voltaje de las baterías conectadas se encuentra dentro de un intervalo de voltajes debajo del voltaje de la batería desconectada. As the batteries in parallel connected to the electronic controller are discharging, the system checks the state of charge of each of the batteries connected in parallel to the electronic controller, detects when the state of charge of a connected battery is lower than the state of charge of any one of the batteries that are not connected, check if the voltage of the connected batteries is within a range of voltages below the voltage of the disconnected battery.
Cuando el estado de carga de cualquiera de las baterías en paralelo conectadas al controlador electrónico cae debajo de un límite inferior del nivel de carga predeterminado, el sistema desconecta esa batería. When the state of charge of any of the batteries in parallel connected to the electronic controller falls below a lower limit of the predetermined charge level, the system disconnects that battery.
El sistema conforme a la invención es particularmente adecuado para cargar y descargar baterías de ion litio. The system according to the invention is particularly suitable for charging and discharging lithium ion batteries.
A continuación de describe el funcionamiento de una realización del sistema conforme a la invención. Se emplearán acrónimoos que tiene los siguiente significados: nBA-r: Número total de baterías del sistema. The operation of an embodiment of the system according to the invention is described below. Acronyms will be used with the following meanings: n B Ar: Total number of batteries in the system.
¡BAT: Número mínimo de baterías del sistema para que funcione en máximas prestaciones. ¡BAT: Minimum number of batteries in the system for it to work at maximum performance.
BPV: Voltaje total de Batería. SOC: Estado de Carga de batería. BPV: Total Battery Voltage. SOC: Battery State of Charge.
ABPV: Diferencia de voltaje de batería máximo permitido para la conexión.ABPV: Maximum battery voltage difference allowed for the connection.
Asoc: Diferencial del estado de carga de batería máximo permitido para la conexión. Asoc: Differential of the maximum battery charge state allowed for the connection.
AVcon: Diferencial de voltaje apto para la conexión de baterías en paralelo en descarga. Operación de carga. AVcon: Voltage differential suitable for the connection of batteries in parallel in discharge. Loading operation.
1.1. Estado inicial de los semiconductores de potencia. 1.1. Initial state of power semiconductors.
Los semiconductores de potencia de cada batería del sistema están en estado apagado. La ECU recibe de cada batería un conjunto completo de información en el que se encuentra el Voltaje total de Batería y el Estado de Carga, respectivamente por sus iniciales en inglés. The power semiconductors of each battery in the system are in the off state. The ECU receives a complete set of information from each battery including Total Battery Voltage and State of Charge, respectively by their initials in English.
1.2. Estrategia de carga. 1.2. Load strategy.
1.2.1. Cuando el sistema está listo para cargar, la ECU envía los comandos correspondientes para encender tanto los semiconductores de potencia de carga como de descarga de la batería cuyo BPV es el más bajo del sistema. Las otras baterías tienen todos los semiconductores en estado apagado. 1.2.1. When the system is ready to charge, the ECU sends the corresponding commands to turn on both the charge and discharge power semiconductors of the battery whose BPV is the lowest in the system. The other batteries have all semiconductors in the off state.
1.2.2. Luego, la ECU habilita el cargador y establece una corriente de carga. 1.2.2. The ECU then enables the charger and sets a charging current.
1.2.3. A medida que aumenta el BPV de la batería o las baterías que se están cargando, la tensión total aplicada por el cargador que es (BPV + (lcarga*RDsoN)) se acerca al BPV inmediatamente superior. La RDSON es la suma de las resistencias internas de ambos semiconductores de potencia. 1.2.3. As the BPV of the battery or batteries being charged increases, the total voltage applied by the charger which is (BPV + (lcharge*RDsoN)) approaches the next higher BPV. The RDSON is the sum of the internal resistances of both power semiconductors.
1.2.4. Cuando el voltaje aplicado por el cargador es igual al BPV inmediatamente más alto, entonces la ECU envía los comandos correspondientes para encender tanto el semiconductor de potencia de carga como el de descarga a esa batería. 1.2.4. When the voltage applied by the charger equals the next higher BPV, then the ECU sends the corresponding commands to turn on both the charge and discharge power semiconductors to that battery.
1.2.5. La ECU controlará la corriente de carga de cada batería para mantenerla lo más alta posible sin superar el límite máximo permitido durante la etapa de carga CC o la irá reduciendo paulatinamente durante la etapa CV ajustando la configuración actual del cargador.1.2.5. The ECU will control the charging current of each battery to keep it as high as possible within the maximum allowable limit during the CC stage of charging or gradually reduce it during the CV stage by adjusting the current setting of the charger.
1.2.6. Los pasos de 2.2.3 a 2.2.5 se repiten hasta que todas las baterías del sistema se estén cargando todas a la vez. 1.2.7. Si durante el proceso de carga cualquiera de las baterías presenta algún problema, como sobrecarga de temperatura, sobrecarga de corriente, sobretensión de la celda o cualquier otra que requiera detener el procedimiento, la batería apagará su propio semiconductor de potencia de descarga y enviará su estado a la ECU. 1.2.6. Steps 2.2.3 to 2.2.5 are repeated until all batteries in the system are charging all at once. 1.2.7. If during the charging process any of the batteries presents any problem, such as temperature overload, current overload, cell overvoltage or any other that requires stopping the procedure, the battery will turn off its own discharge power semiconductor and send its status to the ECU.
El resto de las baterías continuará el proceso de carga. The rest of the batteries will continue the charging process.
Al final del proceso de carga, si las baterías que tenían problemas están listas para cargarse nuevamente, el sistema reiniciará el proceso de carga sobre ellas. At the end of the charging process, if the batteries that had problems are ready to be charged again, the system will restart the charging process on them.
Operación de descarga. Download operation.
1.3. Estado inicial de los semiconductores de potencia. 1.3. Initial state of power semiconductors.
Inicialmente los semiconductores de potencia de cada batería del sistema están en estado apagado. La ECU recibe de cada batería un conjunto completo de información en la que se encuentran el Voltaje total de Batería (BPV) y el Estado de Carga (SOC). Initially the power semiconductors of each battery in the system are in the off state. The ECU receives a complete set of information from each battery including Total Battery Voltage (BPV) and State of Charge (SOC).
1.4. Selección inicial de baterías disponibles. 1.4. Initial selection of batteries available.
Antes de permitir que el controlador de potencia obtenga energía de las baterías, el sistema decidirá qué baterías están disponibles para hacerlo de acuerdo con los siguientes criterios: Before allowing the power controller to draw power from the batteries, the system will decide which batteries are available to do so based on the following criteria:
1.4.1. La ECU busca la batería cuyo BPV es el más alto, BPVMax. 1.4.1. The ECU looks for the battery whose BPV is the highest, BPVMax.
1.4.2. La ECU busca las baterías cuyo BPV está en el rango de BPVMax a (BPVMax-ABPV) y cuyo SOC esté dentro del rango de ASOC relacionado con la batería con BPVMax. 1.4.2. The ECU searches for batteries whose BPV is in the range of BPVMax to (BPVMax-ABPV) and whose SOC is within the range of ASOC related to the battery with BPV Max .
1.4.3. Si el número de baterías que cumplen los criterios anteriores es mayor o igual que ¡BAT, la ECU les envía los comandos correspondientes para encender tanto los semiconductores de potencia de carga como los de descarga. Las otras baterías tienen todos los semiconductores en estado apagado. El sistema está listo para entregar potencia al controlador del motor. 1.4.3. If the number of batteries meeting the above criteria is greater than or equal to ¡BAT, the ECU sends the corresponding commands to them to turn on both the charge and discharge power semiconductors. The other batteries have all semiconductors in the off state. The system is ready to deliver power to the motor controller.
1.4.4. Si la cantidad de baterías que cumplen los criterios anteriores es inferior a ¡BAT, la ECU almacena el número de baterías disponibles para este caso y se repiten sucesivamente los apartados 3.2.1 a 3.2.3., de forma ordenada según BPV de más alto a más bajo, hasta que se analiza la batería con (HBAT - ¡BAT+ 1) BPV. 1.4.5. La ECU analiza el número de baterías disponibles para los casos de BPVMax hasta (OBAT - ¡BAT+1) BPV y tan pronto encuentra un caso con ¡BAT-1 el sistema pasa a funcionar en modo de potencia reducida. 1.4.4. If the number of batteries that meet the above criteria is less than ¡BAT, the ECU stores the number of batteries available for this case and 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 are successively repeated, in order according to the highest BPV to lower, until the battery is tested with (HBAT - ¡BAT+ 1) BPV. 1.4.5. The ECU analyzes the number of batteries available for BPVMax cases up to (OBAT - ¡BAT+1) BPV and as soon as it finds a case with ¡BAT-1 the system goes into reduced power mode.
1.4.6. De lo contrario, si el número de baterías para cada caso de BPVMax hasta (OBAT - ¡BAT+1) BPV es inferior a (¡BAT-1) entonces la ECU busca la batería (nBAT - ¡BAT+2) BPV. 1.4.6. Otherwise, if the number of batteries for each case of BPVMax up to (OBAT - ¡BAT+1) BPV is less than (¡BAT-1) then the ECU searches for the battery (n B AT - ¡BAT+2) BPV .
1.4.7. La ECU verifica si las baterías restantes están en el rango de (nBAT - ¡BAT+2) BPV a ((OBAT - ¡BAT+2) BPV - ABPV) y cuyo SOC está dentro del rango de ASOC relacionado con la batería con (nBAT - ¡BAT+2) BPV. 1.4.7. The ECU checks if the remaining batteries are in the range of (n B AT - ¡BAT+2) BPV to ((OBAT - ¡BAT+2) BPV - ABPV) and whose SOC is within the battery related ASOC range with (n BAT - ¡BAT+2) BPV.
1.4.8. Si las baterías restantes cumplen con los criterios anteriores, entonces el sistema está listo para suministrar potencia al motor en un modo de potencia reducida. 1.4.8. If the remaining batteries meet the above criteria, then the system is ready to supply power to the engine in a reduced power mode.
1.4.9. De lo contrario, el sistema no puede trabajar solamente con una batería. Estrategia de descarga. 1.4.9. Otherwise, the system cannot work with only one battery. download strategy.
1.5.1. A medida que las baterías conectadas en paralelo se descargan, la unidad de control comprueba que el estado de carga más alto de ellas sea menor que el de cualquiera de las baterías que no están conectadas. 1.5.1. As the parallel-connected batteries discharge, the control unit checks that their highest state of charge is less than that of any of the batteries that are not connected.
1.5.2. Cuando se cumple este criterio para una batería desconectada, la unidad de control comprueba que el voltaje de las baterías conectadas en paralelo está en el rango de -AVcon respecto al voltaje de la batería desconectada. Se hace para descartar las baterías que podrían tener un desequilibrio alto de las celdas porque el SOC se calcula a partir de la celda con el voltaje más bajo de la batería y no con el voltaje promedio de todas las celdas. 1.5.2. When this criterion is met for a disconnected battery, the control unit checks that the voltage of the batteries connected in parallel is in the -AV range with respect to the voltage of the disconnected battery. It is done to rule out batteries that might have high cell imbalance because the SOC is calculated from the cell with the lowest battery voltage, not the average voltage of all cells.
1.5.3. Se puede verificar un criterio de voltaje de desequilibrio junto con lo mencionado anteriormente para decidir si una batería puede conectarse o no. En este caso, el nivel de desequilibrio se establecerá después de algunas pruebas. 1.5.3. An unbalance voltage criterion can be checked along with the above to decide whether a battery can be connected or not. In this case, the imbalance level will settle after a few tests.
1.5.4. La unidad de control controlará en todo momento la corriente de todas las baterías y, en caso de que alguna batería experimente una corriente en la dirección de carga y mayor a la máxima permitida, se desconectarán del grupo. Más tarde se puede reconectar si cumple con los criterios de conexión mencionados anteriormente. Cuando el SOC de cualquiera de las baterías conectadas en paralelo cae por debajo del SOC mínimo de descarga, el sistema desconectará la batería para mantenerla en un DOD (“Depth of discharge" o Profundidad de descarga) recomendado para sistemas de automoción. 1.5.4. The control unit will control the current of all the batteries at all times and, in the event that any battery experiences a current in the direction of charge and greater than the maximum allowed, they will be disconnected from the group. Later it can be reconnected if it meets the connection criteria mentioned above. When the SOC of any of the parallel-connected batteries falls below the minimum discharge SOC, the system will disconnect the battery to maintain it at a DOD (“Depth of discharge”) recommended for automotive systems.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Sistema de gestión (5) de baterías recargables de paquetes de baterías para vehículos eléctricos, conectada a una unidad de control de energía (1) conectada a un controlador electrónico (2) de un motor eléctrico (3) y a un cargador (4) de baterías, y que comprende un semiconductor de potencia de carga (6a) y un semiconductor de potencia de descarga (6b) para cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) de un paquete de baterías de una pluralidad de baterías conectadas en paralelo, que comprende medios para realizar una etapa de obtención de información inicial en la que se determina (1.1), con los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) apagados, un voltaje total y un estado de carga de cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) , y se transmite el voltaje total y el estado de carga de cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) a la unidad de control de energía (1), medios para realizar una etapa de carga (A) en la que al menos una de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) están conectadas al cargador (4), en la que en la que la unidad de control de energía (1) habilita el cargador (4) y se aplican corrientes de carga a las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) hasta que cada una de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) alcanza un límite de nivel de carga máxima preestablecido, medios para realizar una etapa de descarga (B) de las baterías en la que al menos una de las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) está conectada al controlador del motor eléctrico (1), caracterizado porque los medios para realizar la etapa de carga (A) comprenden, primeros medios para realizar una primera etapa de carga (A1) que comprende determinar (A.1.1) una primera batería (7a) que presenta el voltaje total más bajo, encender (A.1.2) los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de dicha primera batería (7a), establecer (A.1.3) una corriente de carga para la primera batería (7a) y aplicar (A.1.4) la corriente de carga a la primera batería (7a) monitorizando (A.1.5) su voltaje total, hasta que el voltaje total de la primera batería (7a) sea igual que el voltaje total de una sucesiva batería (7e) del grupo de baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) que presenta una voltaje total inmediatamente superior; segundos medios para realizar una segunda etapa de carga (A.2) que comprende encender (A.2.1) los semiconductores (6a, 6b) de dicha sucesiva batería (7e), establecer una corriente de carga (A.2.2) para la sucesiva batería y aplicar (A.2.3) la corriente de carga a la sucesiva batería monitorizando (A.2.4) su voltaje total, hasta que el voltaje total de la sucesiva batería (7e) sea igual que el voltaje total de una siguiente batería (7b) del grupo de baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) que presenta una voltaje total inmediatamente superior; medios de iteración para iterar (A.3, A.4, A.5) la segunda etapa de carga (A.2) hasta que se está aplicando corriente de carga a todas las baterías del grupo de baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), medios de finalización para finalizar la carga cuando cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) ha alcanzado su límite de nivel de carga máximo preestablecido. 1. Management system (5) of rechargeable batteries of battery packs for electric vehicles, connected to an energy control unit (1) connected to an electronic controller (2) of an electric motor (3) and to a charger (4 ) of batteries, and comprising a charge power semiconductor (6a) and a discharge power semiconductor (6b) for each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) of a battery pack of a plurality of batteries connected in parallel, comprising means for carrying out a step for obtaining initial information in which (1.1) is determined, with the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) turned off , a total voltage and state of charge of each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), and the total voltage and state of charge of each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) is transmitted to the power control unit (1), means for carrying out a charging stage (A) in which at least one of the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) are connected to the charger (4), in the which in which the power control unit (1) enables the charger (4) and charge currents are applied to the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) until each of the batteries (7a, 7b , 7c, 7d, 7e) reaches a preset maximum charge level limit, means for carrying out a discharge stage (B) of the batteries in which at least one of the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) is connected to the electric motor controller (1), characterized in that the means for carrying out the charging stage (A) comprise, first means for carrying out a first charging stage (A1) which comprises determining (A.1.1) a first battery ( 7a) presenting the lowest total voltage, turning on (A.1.2) the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of said first battery (7a), setting (A.1.3) a charging current for the first battery (7a) and applying (A.1.4) the charging current to the first battery (7a) by monitoring (A.1.5) its total voltage, until the total voltage of the first battery (7a) is equal to the total voltage of a successive battery (7e) of the group of batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) that presents a total voltage immediately higher; second means for carrying out a second charging stage (A.2) comprising switching on (A.2.1) the semiconductors (6a, 6b) of said successive battery (7e), establishing a charging current (A.2.2) for the successive battery and apply (A.2.3) the charging current to the succeeding battery by monitoring (A.2.4) its total voltage, until the total voltage of the successive battery (7e) is equal to the total voltage of a next battery (7b) of the group of batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) that presents an immediately higher total voltage; iteration means for iterating (A.3, A.4, A.5) the second charging stage (A.2) until charging current is being applied to all batteries in the battery group (7a, 7b, 7c , 7d, 7e), termination means for terminating charging when each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) has reached its preset maximum charge level limit.
2. Sistema, según la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque ajusta la corriente de carga aplicada a cada batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) desde el cargador (4) de modo que se carga la batería (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) en una primera etapa de carga en modo de corriente constante hasta un primer nivel de carga de la batería, y una segunda etapa de carga en modo de voltaje constante hasta un segundo nivel de carga de la batería, manteniendo la corriente de carga lo más alta posible sin superar un límite máximo permitido durante la primera etapa de carga y reduciendo la corriente de carga paulatinamente durante la segunda etapa de carga. 2. System according to claim 1, characterized in that it adjusts the charging current applied to each battery (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) from the charger (4) so that the battery (7a, 7b, 7c) is charged. , 7d, 7e) in a first charge stage in constant current mode up to a first battery charge level, and a second charge stage in constant voltage mode up to a second battery charge level, maintaining current charge as high as possible without exceeding a maximum allowable limit during the first stage of charging and gradually reducing the charging current during the second stage of charging.
3. Sistema, según la reivindicación 1 o 2, caracterizado porque monitoriza cada batería para detectar si presenta al menos un estado problemático seleccionado entre estados de sobrecarga de temperatura, estados de sobrecarga de corriente, estados de sobretensión y combinaciones de los mismos, interrumpiendo el proceso de carga de la batería apagando su semiconductor de potencia de descarga, y transmite información que comprende cada estado problemático a la unidad de control de energía. 3. System, according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it monitors each battery to detect if it has at least one problem state selected from temperature overload states, current overload states, overvoltage states and combinations thereof, interrupting the battery charging process by turning off its discharge power semiconductor, and transmits information comprising each trouble state to the power control unit.
4. Sistema, según la reivindicación 3, caracterizado porque, cuando todas las baterías en las que no se ha detectado ningún estado problemático han alcanzado su límite del nivel de carga máximo preestablecido, vuelve a realizar, en relación con las baterías en relación con las que se ha detectado al menos un estado problemático la primera etapa y, en caso necesario, la segunda etapa y al menos una iteración de la segunda etapa, hasta cuando han alcanzado su límite del nivel de carga máximo preestablecido. 4. System according to claim 3, characterized in that, when all the batteries in which no problem state has been detected have reached their pre-established maximum charge level limit, it performs again, in relation to the batteries in relation to the that at least one problem state has been detected in the first stage and, if necessary, the second stage and at least one iteration of the second stage, until they have reached their preset maximum charge level limit.
5. Sistema, según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones precedentes, caracterizado 14 porque en la etapa de descarga de (B) las baterías (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), realiza una primera etapa de determinación (B.1) que comprende determinar una primera batería (7c) que presenta un primer voltaje total más elevado y determinar el estado de carga de la primera batería (7c), una segunda etapa de determinación (B.2) que comprende determinar al menos otra batería que presenta un voltaje total menor que el voltaje total de la primera batería (7c) y que no presenta una diferencia de voltaje total mayor que una diferencia de voltaje máxima admitida con respecto al voltaje total de la primera batería (7c) y un estado de carga que presenta un estado de carga comprendido dentro de un rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de la primera batería (7c), una tercera etapa de determinación (B.3) que comprende determinar si el número de otras baterías es al menos igual que un número mínimo de otras baterías considerado suficiente para entregar potencia eléctrica que permite al motor eléctrico (3) funcione al menos en un primer modo de prestaciones, y cuando el número de número de otras baterías es al menos igual que dicho número mínimo, una etapa de activación (B.4) en la que la unidad de control de energía (1) se conecta dicha primera batería (7a) y a dichas otras baterías y envía comandos de activación para encender los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de cada una de las otras baterías, y manteniéndose los semiconductores de potencia de las demás baterías en estado apagado, y dichas baterías cuyos semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) han sido activados a se conectan (B.5) al controlador electrónico (2), para suministrar (B.6) energía eléctrica al motor eléctrico (3). 5. System according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized 14 because in the stage of discharging (B) the batteries (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e), it performs a first determination stage (B.1) that comprises determining a first battery (7c) that presents a first voltage highest total and determining the state of charge of the first battery (7c), a second determination step (B.2) comprising determining at least one other battery that has a total voltage lower than the total voltage of the first battery (7c ) and that does not have a total voltage difference greater than a maximum allowed voltage difference with respect to the total voltage of the first battery (7c) and a state of charge that has a state of charge within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery (7c), a third determination stage (B.3) comprising determining whether the number of other batteries is at least equal to a minimum number of other batteries considered sufficient to deliver electrical power that allows the electric motor (3) to work at least in a first performance mode, and when the number of other batteries is at least equal to said minimum number, an activation stage (B.4) in which the unit of power control (1) said first battery (7a) and said other batteries are connected and activation commands are sent to turn on the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of each of the other batteries, and maintaining the power semiconductors of the other batteries. other batteries in the off state, and said batteries whose power semiconductors (6a, 6b) have been activated are connected (B.5) to the electronic controller (2), to supply (B.6) electric power to the electric motor (3 ).
6. Sistema, según la reivindicación 5, caracterizado porque, cuando dicho número de otras baterías es inferior a dicho número mínimo, realiza una etapa de almacenamiento de dicho número de otras baterías, y al menos una ulterior etapa de determinación (B.7), comprendiendo cada ulterior etapa de determinación (B.7) determinar (B.7.1) una sucesiva batería que presenta un sucesivo voltaje total más elevado que es menor que el voltaje total de la batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente, determinar (B.7.2) al menos una sucesiva batería adicional que presenta un voltaje total menor que el voltaje total de la batería sucesiva cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente pero que no presenta una diferencia de voltaje total mayor que una diferencia de voltaje máxima admitida 15 con respecto al voltaje total de la batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente y un estado de carga que presenta un estado de carga comprendido dentro de un rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de la primera batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado (B.7.1) en la fase precedente, determinar (B.7.3) si el número de dichas sucesivas baterías adicionales es al menos igual que un número mínimo de baterías considerado suficiente para entregar energía eléctrica que permite al motor eléctrico funcione con prestaciones al menos suficientes, realizar, cuando dicho número de sucesivas baterías adicionales es inferior a dicho número mínimo de sucesivas baterías adicionales, una sucesiva etapa de almacenamiento de dicho número de sucesivas baterías, y cuando el número de número de las sucesivas baterías adicionales es al menos igual que dicho número mínimo de baterías, una etapa de activación en la que conecta (B.7.4) la unidad de control de energía (1) a dichas sucesivas baterías adicionales y envía comandos de activación para encender los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de cada una de las sucesivas baterías adicionales, manteniendo los semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) de las demás baterías en estado apagado, y conecta (B.7.5) dichas baterías cuyos semiconductores de potencia (6a, 6b) han sido activados se al controlador electrónico (2), para suministrar (B.7.6) energía eléctrica al motor eléctrico (3). System, according to claim 5, characterized in that, when said number of other batteries is less than said minimum number, it performs a step of storing said number of other batteries, and at least one subsequent determination step (B.7). , each subsequent determination step (B.7) comprising determining (B.7.1) a successive battery having a successively higher total voltage that is less than the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage was determined in the preceding phase, determine (B.7.2) at least one additional successive battery that has a total voltage less than the total voltage of the successive battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase but does not have a total voltage difference greater than a difference of maximum voltage allowed 15 with respect to the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase and a state of charge that presents a state of charge comprised within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery whose voltage total has been determined (B.7.1) in the preceding phase, determine (B.7.3) if the number of said successive additional batteries is at least equal to a minimum number of batteries considered sufficient to deliver electrical energy that allows the electric motor to operate with at least sufficient performance, performing, when said number of successive additional batteries is less than said minimum number of successive additional batteries, a successive step of storing said number of successive batteries, and when the number of successive additional batteries is at least equal to said minimum number of batteries, an activation stage in which it connects (B.7.4) the power control unit (1) to said successive additional batteries and sends activation commands to turn on the power semiconductors (6a , 6b) of each of the successive additional batteries, keeping the power semiconductors (6a, 6b) of the other batteries in the off state, and connects (B.7.5) said batteries whose power semiconductors (6a, 6b) have been The electronic controller (2) is activated to supply (B.7.6) electric power to the electric motor (3).
7. Sistema, según la reivindicación 5 o 6, caracterizado porque la diferencia máxima admitida con respecto al voltaje total de la primera batería es de -20mV. 7. System according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the maximum difference allowed with respect to the total voltage of the first battery is -20mV.
8. Sistema, según la reivindicación 5, 6 o 7, caracterizado porque el rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de la primera batería es de + 1%. 8. System according to claim 5, 6 or 7, characterized in that the range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery is +1%.
9. Método, según la reivindicación 5, 6, 7 u 8, caracterizado porque el número mínimo de las otras baterías es 3. 9. Method according to claim 5, 6, 7 or 8, characterized in that the minimum number of other batteries is 3.
10. Sistema, según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 6 a 9, caracterizado porque la diferencia máxima admitida con respecto al voltaje total de cada sucesiva batería adicional es de -20mV. 16 10. System according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the maximum difference allowed with respect to the total voltage of each successive additional battery is -20mV. 16
11. Sistema, según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 6 a 10, caracterizado porque el rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de cada sucesiva batería adicional batería es de + 1%. 11. System according to any one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the range of energy states around the state of charge of each successive additional battery is +1%.
12. Sistema, según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 6 a 11 , caracterizado porque el número mínimo de las sucesivas baterías adicionales es 3. 12. System according to any one of claims 6 to 11, characterized in that the minimum number of successive additional batteries is 3.
13. Sistema, según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 6 a 12, caracterizado porque el sistema realiza una última ulterior etapa de determinación en la que el número mínimo de las sucesivas baterías adicionales es 2. 13. System according to any one of claims 6 to 12, characterized in that the system performs a final stage of determination in which the minimum number of successive additional batteries is 2.
14. Sistema, según la reivindicación 13, caracterizado porque, cuando en la última ulterior etapa de determinación, el sistema determina si la batería con un voltaje total más bajo de las sucesivas baterías adicionales presenta un voltaje total menor que el voltaje total de la sucesiva batería adicional cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente pero que no presenta una diferencia de voltaje total mayor que una diferencia máxima admitida con respecto al voltaje total de la batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente y un estado de carga que presenta un estado de carga comprendido dentro de un rango de estados de energía alrededor del estado de carga de la primera batería cuyo voltaje total se ha determinado en la fase precedente, se considera que las sucesivas baterías adicionales pueden entregar energía eléctrica que permite al motor eléctrico funcione en un modo de potencia reducida, y realza una etapa de activación en la que la unidad de control de energía se conecta a dichas sucesivas baterías adicionales y envía comandos de activación para encender los semiconductores de potencia de cada una de las baterías. 14. System according to claim 13, characterized in that, when in the last subsequent determination step, the system determines whether the battery with the lowest total voltage of the successive additional batteries has a total voltage lower than the total voltage of the successive additional battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase but which does not present a total voltage difference greater than a maximum difference allowed with respect to the total voltage of the battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase and a state of charge that presents a state of charge included within a range of energy states around the state of charge of the first battery whose total voltage has been determined in the preceding phase, it is considered that the successive additional batteries can deliver electrical energy that allows the motor to electric works in a reduced power mode, and features an activation stage in which the power control unit connects to said successive additional batteries and sends activation commands to turn on the power semiconductors of each of the batteries.
15. Método, según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 5 a 14, caracterizado porque el sistema, a medida que las baterías en paralelo conectadas al controlador electrónico se van descargando, comprueba el estado de carga de cada una de las baterías conectadas en paralelo al controlador electrónico, detecta cuando el estado de carga de una batería conectada es inferior al estado de carga de una cualquiera de las baterías que no están conectadas, verifica si el voltaje de las baterías conectadas se encuentra dentro de un 17 intervalo de voltajes debajo del voltaje de la batería desconectada. 15. Method according to any one of claims 5 to 14, characterized in that the system, as the batteries in parallel connected to the electronic controller discharge, checks the state of charge of each of the batteries connected in parallel to the controller. electronic, detects when the state of charge of a connected battery is lower than the state of charge of any of the batteries that are not connected, verifies if the voltage of the connected batteries is within a 17 range of voltages below the voltage of the disconnected battery.
16. Sistema, según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 5 a 15, caracterizado porque, cuando el estado de carga de cualquiera de las baterías en paralelo conectadas al controlador electrónico cae debajo de un límite inferior del nivel de carga predeterminado, el sistema desconecta esa batería. 16. System, according to any one of claims 5 to 15, characterized in that, when the state of charge of any of the batteries in parallel connected to the electronic controller falls below a lower limit of the predetermined charge level, the system disconnects that battery. .
17. Sistema, según la reivindicación 16, caracterizado porque el límite inferior del nivel de carga es el 20% de carga. 17. System according to claim 16, characterized in that the lower limit of the charge level is 20% charge.
18. Sistema, según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones precedentes, caracterizado porque es un sistema para cargar y descargar baterías de ion litio. 18. System according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is a system for charging and discharging lithium ion batteries.
PCT/ES2022/070636 2021-10-08 2022-10-07 System for managing rechargeable batteries of battery packs for electric vehicles WO2023057677A1 (en)

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