WO2023047137A1 - Validation de cavitation - Google Patents

Validation de cavitation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023047137A1
WO2023047137A1 PCT/GB2022/052428 GB2022052428W WO2023047137A1 WO 2023047137 A1 WO2023047137 A1 WO 2023047137A1 GB 2022052428 W GB2022052428 W GB 2022052428W WO 2023047137 A1 WO2023047137 A1 WO 2023047137A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
samples
cavitation
cavitation noise
statistical analysis
sensor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2022/052428
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
David Stanley JONES
Original Assignee
Jones David Stanley
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Jones David Stanley filed Critical Jones David Stanley
Priority to GB2405636.8A priority Critical patent/GB2625976A/en
Publication of WO2023047137A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023047137A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H3/00—Measuring characteristics of vibrations by using a detector in a fluid
    • G01H3/005—Testing or calibrating of detectors covered by the subgroups of G01H3/00
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B3/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
    • B08B3/04—Cleaning involving contact with liquid
    • B08B3/10—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration
    • B08B3/12—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration by sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B2201/00—Indexing scheme associated with B06B1/0207 for details covered by B06B1/0207 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
    • B06B2201/70—Specific application
    • B06B2201/71—Cleaning in a tank

Definitions

  • Example embodiments relate to apparatus and methods for cavitation validation.
  • Ultrasonic cleaning typically involves immersing an item to be cleaned in a tank of cleaning liquid, then directing ultrasonic pressure waves into the tank.
  • the pressure waves produce micro-cavitation in the liquid, which has a cleaning effect at the surface of the item to be cleaned.
  • Another problem encountered when trying to provide an effective clean is verifying that the cleaning apparatus is functioning correctly during a cleaning operation, with sufficient ultrasonic energy being provided to ensure the effectiveness of the cleaning process. For example, if there is a failure, or drop-off in performance with the systems used to generate the ultrasonic pressure waves it may not become apparent until after the cleaning operation has finished, if at all.
  • Example embodiments aim to address one or more problems associated with the prior art, for example those problems set out above.
  • a cavitation validation apparatus for use in determining the ultrasonic activity in the tank of an ultrasonic cleaning system, the apparatus comprising: a sensor; a filter; a memory; and a processor; wherein the sensor is arranged to generate an output in response to cavitation noise detected in the tank of an ultrasonic cleaning system and pass the output to the filter; wherein in response the filter is arranged to generate a cavitation noise signal; and wherein the processor is arranged to sample the cavitation noise signal to produce a plurality of cavitation noise samples, store the cavitation noise samples in the memory, and perform a statistical analysis of the cavitation noise samples in order to determine ultrasonic activity.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus is useful in determining not just an instantaneous representative determination of ultrasonic activity, rather a statistical analysis of samples over time and/or space can be performed in order to determine ultrasonic activity in in the tank of an ultrasonic cleaning system.
  • the processor is arranged to store the result of the statistical analysis in the memory.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises a clock and/or calendar function.
  • the processor is arranged to store the result of the statistical analysis in the memory alongside a time and/or a date at which the cavitation noise samples were stored, for example a time and/or a date derived from the clock and/or calendar function.
  • the processor is arranged to store output of the statistical analysis in the memory.
  • the processor is arranged to store the result of the statistical analysis in the memory alongside an identifier for the samples, such as an identifier of the ultrasonic cleaning system from which the samples were derived.
  • the memory comprises a removable component, for example a memory card.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises an interface for a removable memory, for example a USB memory interface.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises an interface for a removable memory, for example a memory card slot.
  • the memory is associated with an external device, for example an external data logging or data processing device, e.g. a computer.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises an interface for a computer, for example a USB interface.
  • the cavitation validation interface comprises an interface for a computer that includes a data cable.
  • the processor is arranged to sample the cavitation noise signal and store the cavitation noise samples according to a predetermined measurement regime.
  • the processor is arranged to sample the cavitation noise signal according to a predetermined measurement regime to produce sets of samples obtained in separate time windows, for example time windows of fixed and/or common duration between one another.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises a depth indicator, to indicate a first measurement depth.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises a plurality of depth indicators indicating a corresponding plurality of measurement depths.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises three depth indicators.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises one or more depth indicators provided in fixed position relative to the sensor, for example attached to the sensor.
  • the sensor is attached to a probe, and one or more depth indicators are provided on the probe.
  • the sensor comprises a hydrophone.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises a measurement cycle start control.
  • the measurement cycle start control comprises a start button.
  • the start button is provided in fixed position relative to the hydrophone, for example attached to the hydrophone.
  • the hydrophone is attached to a probe and the measurement cycle start control is attached to the probe.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises a measurement cycle indicator, operable by the processor to indicate the start and/or finish of a measurement cycle.
  • the measurement cycle indicator comprises an audio output unit.
  • the measurement cycle indicator comprises a visual output unit.
  • the measurement cycle indicator comprises a traffic light arrangement, operable to indicate the start and end of a measurement cycle.
  • the measurement cycle indicator is arranged to generate a stop indicator, to indicate that a measurement cycle is not in operation.
  • the measurement indicator is arranged to generate a go indicator, to indicate that a measurement cycle is in operation.
  • the measurement cycle indicator is arranged to generate a get-ready indicator, to indicate a measurement cycle is about to commence.
  • the measurement cycle indicator comprises a buzzer.
  • the measurement cycle indicator comprises one or more LEDs.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus comprises a display.
  • the processor is arranged to generate an instantaneous output indicative of the measured ultrasonic activity and to pass the instantaneous output to the display.
  • the display is operable by the processor to show the instantaneous output.
  • the display is operable by the processor to show the operational status of the apparatus, according to a predetermined measurement regime.
  • the display comprises an LCD.
  • the processor is arranged to take an average of a plurality of samples to produce a set of aggregated data points. In one example, the processor is arranged to store and analyse the samples as raw samples. In one example, the processor is arranged to store and analyse the samples as aggregated data points. In one example, the processor is arranged to take a plurality of samples within 1 second. In one example, the processor is arranged to sample at greater than 5 samples/second, for example at 10 samples/second. In one example, the processor is arranged to aggregate samples every second, or for example within a 20 second measurement window. In one example, the processor is arranged to perform the statistical analysis on the samples as represented by the aggregated data points, such that reference to sample values and the like corresponds to the values of the aggregated data points.
  • the processor is arranged to perform the statistical analysis to generate one or more of: a maximum sample value; a minimum sample value; a spread value corresponding to the difference between maximum and minimum sample values; a mean value corresponding to the arithmetic mean of the sample values; a standard deviation of the sample values; a coefficient of variation corresponding to the ratio of the standard deviation relative to the mean; a number of samples below the mean; a number of samples above the mean.
  • the generated outputs, in particular the mean value enable ongoing measurement, for example by comparing samples generated at one time to be compared to samples generated at another. In healthcare this is relevant to validation of stability in operation of the apparatus, and analysis with thus be useful in determining transducer degradation or the like, which up to this point has not been observable or measurable in a convenient or reliable manner.
  • the processor is arranged to reference a predetermined safety zone value stored in the memory, above which the effect of the ultrasonic activity is determined to be sufficient for an intended cleaning operation. In one example, the processor is arranged to perform the statistical analysis to generate: a number of samples above the safety zone value; and a number of samples below the safety zone value. In one example, the processor is arranged to perform the statistical analysis according to a predetermined measurement regime, in a plurality of time windows. In one example, the processor is arranged to repeat the statistical analysis for samples obtained in a plurality of time windows, according to a predetermined measurement regime. In one example, the time window(s) are of predetermined duration, for example of equal duration as between measurements. In one example, the time windows are greater than 5 seconds, such as greater than 10 seconds. In one example, the time windows are less than 60 seconds, for example less than 40 seconds. In one example, the time windows are 20 seconds.
  • the processor is arranged to perform the statistical analysis three times, once in each of three separate time windows.
  • the time windows are of a duration that is determined to enable the sensor to be moved through a tank volume.
  • the time windows are of a duration that is determined to enable the sensor to be moved through a tank volume at a single predetermined depth.
  • the processor is arranged to repeat the statistical analysis for samples obtained in a plurality of time windows, according to a predetermined measurement regime that involves moving the sensor through a tank volume at different depths, for example at one of two depths, or three depths, or more.
  • the predetermined measurement regime involves a plurality of time windows, for one or more measurements at a first depth, and one or more measurements at a second depth.
  • the processor is arranged to compare the statistical analysis of different measurement instances on a periodic basis, for example twice or more, on a daily, weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis, and compare the outcome of the statistical analysis performed at different times compared to validate cavitation performance over time.
  • a cavitation validation method for determining the ultrasonic activity in the tank of an ultrasonic cleaning system comprising: generating a sensor output in response to cavitation noise detected in the tank of an ultrasonic cleaning system; filtering the sensor output to generate a cavitation noise signal; sampling the cavitation noise signal to produce a plurality of cavitation noise samples; storing the cavitation noise samples in a memory; and performing a statistical analysis of the cavitation noise samples in order to determine ultrasonic activity.
  • the method comprises storing the result of the statistical analysis in the memory. In one example, the method comprises storing the result of the statistical analysis in the memory alongside a time and/or a date at which the cavitation noise samples were stored. In one example, the method comprises storing the result of the statistical analysis in the memory alongside an identifier for the samples, such as an identifier of the ultrasonic cleaning system from which the samples were derived.
  • the method comprises storing the samples and/or result of the statistical analysis in a removable memory component, for example a memory card.
  • the method comprises storing the samples and/or result of the statistical analysis in an external device, for example an external data logging or data processing device such as a computer.
  • the method comprises sampling the cavitation noise signal and storing the cavitation noise samples according to a predetermined measurement regime.
  • the method comprises sampling the cavitation noise signal according to a predetermined measurement regime to produce sets of samples obtained in separate time windows, for example time windows of fixed and/or common duration between one another.
  • the method comprises arranging the sensor at a predetermined depth, for example by aligning a depth indicator with a liquid surface, to indicate a first measurement depth.
  • the method comprises sampling the cavitation noise signal according to a predetermined measurement regime to produce sets of samples obtained at different predetermined depths, for example a different depth in each time window.
  • the method comprises operating a measurement cycle start control. In one example, the method comprises operating a start button. In one example, the method comprises operating a start button provided in fixed position relative to the sensor, for example attached to the sensor. In one example, the method comprises operating a measurement cycle start control on a probe that is attached to the sensor.
  • the method comprises indicating indicate the start and/or finish of a measurement cycle.
  • the method comprises providing an audio output to indicate the start/and or finish of a measurement cycle.
  • the method comprises providing a visual output to indicate the start/and or finish of a measurement cycle.
  • the method comprises operating a measurement cycle indicatorthat comprises a traffic light arrangement, to indicate the start and end of a measurement cycle.
  • the method comprises operating a measurement cycle indicator that comprises a traffic light arrangement to generate a stop indicator, to indicate that a measurement cycle is not in operation.
  • the method comprises operating a measurement cycle indicator that comprises a traffic light arrangement measurement to generate a go indicator, to indicate that a measurement cycle is in operation.
  • the method comprises operating a measurement cycle indicator that comprises a traffic light arrangement to generate a get-ready indicator, to indicate a measurement cycle is about to commence.
  • the method comprises generating an instantaneous output indicative of the measured ultrasonic activity and outputting the same. In one example, the method comprises showing the operational status of the apparatus, according to a predetermined measurement regime.
  • the method comprises taking an average of a plurality of samples to produce a set of aggregated data points. In one example, the method comprises storing and analysing the samples as raw samples. In one example, the method comprises storing and analysing the samples as aggregated data points. In one example, the processor is arranged to take a plurality of samples within 1 second. In one example, the processor is arranged to sample at greater than 5 samples/second, for example at 10 samples/second. In one example, the processor is arranged to aggregate samples every second, or for example within a 20 second measurement window. In one example, the method comprises performing statistical analysis on the samples as represented by the aggregated data points, such that reference to sample values and the like corresponds to the values of the aggregated data points.
  • the method comprises performing the statistical analysis to generate one or more of: a maximum sample value; a minimum sample value; a spread value corresponding to the difference between maximum and minimum sample values; a mean value corresponding to the arithmetic mean of the sample values; a standard deviation of the sample values; a coefficient of variation corresponding to the ratio of the standard deviation relative to the mean; a number of samples below the mean; a number of samples above the mean.
  • the method comprises storing a predetermined safety zone value stored, above which the effect of the ultrasonic activity is determined to be sufficient for an intended cleaning operation. In one example, the method comprises performing the statistical analysis to generate: a number of samples above the safety zone value; and a number of samples below the safety zone value.
  • the method comprises performing the statistical analysis according to a predetermined measurement regime, in a plurality of time windows. In one example, the method comprises repeating the statistical analysis for samples obtained in a plurality of time windows, according to a predetermined measurement regime.
  • the time window(s) are of predetermined duration, for example of equal duration as between measurements. In one example, the time windows are greater than 5 seconds, such as greater than 10 seconds. In one example, the time windows are less than 60 seconds, for example less than 40 seconds. In one example, the time windows are 20 seconds.
  • the method comprises performing the statistical analysis three times, once in each of three separate time windows.
  • the time windows are of a duration that is determined to enable the sensor to be moved through a tank volume.
  • the time windows are of a duration that is determined to enable the sensor to be moved through a tank volume at a single predetermined depth.
  • the method comprises repeating the statistical analysis for samples obtained in a plurality of time windows, according to a predetermined measurement regime that involves moving the sensor through a tank volume at different depths, for example at one of two depths, or three depths, or more.
  • the method comprises performing a predetermined measurement regime that involves a plurality of time windows, for one or more measurements at a first depth, and one or more measurements at a second depth. In one example, the method comprises performing the statistical analysis nine times, once in each of three separate time windows for each of three different measurement depths.
  • the method is performed on a periodic basis, for example twice or more, on a daily, weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis, and the outcome of the statistical analysis at different times compared to validate cavitation performance over time.
  • the method is performed using the apparatus as set out above.
  • Figure 1 shows a cavitation validation apparatus in use with an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus and a computer
  • Figure 2 shown a schematic block diagram of the cavitation validation apparatus of Figure 1 ;
  • Figure 3 shows example data from a cavitation validation operation.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a cavitation validation apparatus 100.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus 100 is shown in use, determining the ultrasonic activity in the tank 201 of an ultrasonic cleaning system 200, and providing data to a computer 300.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus 100 comprises a sensor 101 that is received in a probe 102.
  • the probe 102 has three depth markers 103, and is detachably coupled to a connecting cable 106 by a connector 104.
  • the probe also comprises a start button 105.
  • the connecting cable 106 is attached to the body 107 of the cavitation validation apparatus 100.
  • various electronic components as discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 2.
  • Externally visible on the body 107 of the cavitation validation apparatus 100 are a graphic LCD display 108, a memory card slot 109, LED indicators 110; a sound signalling device 111 and a data cable 1 12 for connecting to the computer 300.
  • the ultrasonic cleaning system 200 further comprises cleaning solution 204 in the tank 201 and an ultrasonic transducer 202 for generating cavitation bubbles 203 in the cleaning solution.
  • the probe 102 is placed in the tank 201 such that the sensor 101 is located at a predetermined depth. Vibrations generated by the ultrasonic transducer 202 create gradient pressure within the cleaning solution 204 in the tank 201 , which results in cavitation bubbles 203 in the low- pressure areas. Such bubbles grow until they hit the high-pressure region, and then collapse, generating shock waves and other acoustic disturbances. The ensemble of cavitation bubbles generates a generally complex acoustic signal called cavitation noise.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus 100 By filtering this noise and storing a statistical analysis of samples of the cavitation noise, the cavitation validation apparatus 100 is useful in determining not just an instantaneous representative determination of ultrasonic activity. Validation of the effective generation cavitation bubbles, and therefore the associated cleaning effect can be determined readily, throughout the volume of the tank 201 and the data stored to enable subsequent comparisons and checks to take place.
  • FIG. 2 shown a schematic block diagram of the cavitation validation apparatus 100 of Figure 1 , connected to a computer 300 in the form of a PC.
  • the probe 102 incorporating the sensor is shown, with the connector 104 and associated start button 105.
  • the start button is connected directly to a processor 116.
  • the output of the sensor is fed from the probe to an impedance matching amplifier 112, then through a filter 113 to select representative frequencies corresponding to cavitation noise.
  • An RMS unit 114 performs initial smoothing, then an AC/DC converter 115 performs analogue-to-digital conversion before passing digital values to the processor 116 as samples.
  • SD card 109 that operates as a memory accessible to the processor 116, and the user interface components in the form of the LCD display 108, LEDs 110 and buzzer 1 11.
  • a signal from the sensor 101 is fed from the probe 102 through the connector 104 to the impedance matching amplifier 112.
  • the connector is suitably a BNC type.
  • the impedance matching amplifier 112 matches the impedance of the sensor 102 with the input impedance of the filter 113.
  • the amplified signal goes to the filter 113, which selects components of the cavitation noise spectrum, reflecting the level of cavitation activity.
  • this signal is converted by RMS converter 114 into a DC voltage proportional to the rms value of the noise.
  • RMS converter 114 Through the AC/DC converter 115 a digital signal is fed to the processor 116.
  • the processor 116 is provided in the form of a microcontroller that controls the timing and the number of measurements, records the results on the SD-card 109 memory, or interfaces with a program on the personal computer 300 via a USB interface. Further the processor 116 is arranged to display information on the LCD display 108, and to control operation of the LED indicator 110 and buzzer 1 11.
  • a control button 105 is built into the handle of the sensor, so that the operator can readily control the start of a measurement operation, without needing to manipulate controls on the body 107 of the cavitation validation apparatus.
  • the cavitation validation apparatus 100 is equipped with a program of processing data, to perform a statistical analysis of the results received. This allows a user to record data of the cavitation activity and simultaneously display them on a computer monitor in a real time.
  • the measurement results are saved in the form of graphs and tables as separate files automatically based on the storage algorithm selected by the operator. Range switching during data recording is performed automatically or manually.
  • the processor is programmed to perform statistical processing of data, namely: it calculates the average value during the registration, the maximum and minimum values, the spread of values in one measurement cycle, the number of points below and above the mean value, and the number of points that are below and correspondingly above a predetermined threshold referred to as a safety zone.
  • ongoing verification of the proper operation of an ultrasonic cleaning system can be determined as a shift in the mean or an increase in out of range measurements can be detected when comparing a current set of measurements with those taken previously.
  • the CVD is designed to measure at three depth levels, and to take three sets of measurements per level. Duration of data collecting of a single measurement is chosen to be 20 seconds, with a sample rate of 10Hz. The above statistics are calculated separately for each measurement, for each level and for all three levels together.
  • the program has the ability to store measurement data, graphs, and statistical information.
  • Figure 3 shows example data from measurements taken at each of three depth levels.
  • the results of the measurements characterize not only the level of cavitation activity, but also the degree of heterogeneity of the cavitation region in space and time.
  • the memory card is inserted and the device is not connected to the computer, the measurement results are recorded on the card. If the instrument is connected to a computer via USB, the results are transferred to the computer.
  • the display will say “Level 1, Run 1 Press buton” and all LED indicators are off.
  • the program will show you 3 timing diagrams and calculate max, min, mean, spread, STD, CV, N_below_mean, N_below_SZ (or N_above_mean, N_above_SZ) values of each reading and the same statistical values of all 3 readings.
  • Spread value is the difference between max and min values.
  • Mean value is the sum of the results of all measurements divided by the number of measurements.
  • CV is Standard Deviation relative to mean value.
  • N_below_mean (N_above_mean) is the number of points below (above) mean value.
  • N_below_SZ (N_above_SZ) is the number of points that below (above) Safety Zone.
  • USB cable to device and computer.
  • checkbox “AutoSave Data” data will be saved in directory with current data in file “HHMMLXRY.TXT”, where HH is hour, MM is minute, X is level number and Y is run number.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

Appareil et procédé de validation de cavitation destinés à être utilisés dans la détermination du capteur d'activité ultrasonore, d'un filtre, d'une mémoire et d'un processeur. Le capteur est conçu pour générer une sortie en réponse à un bruit de cavitation détecté dans le réservoir d'un système de nettoyage par ultrasons et transmettre la sortie au filtre ; le filtre étant conçu en réponse pour générer un signal de bruit de cavitation. Le processeur est conçu pour échantillonner le signal de bruit de cavitation pour produire une pluralité d'échantillons de bruit de cavitation, stocker les échantillons de bruit de cavitation dans la mémoire et effectuer une analyse statistique des échantillons de bruit de cavitation afin de déterminer une activité ultrasonore.
PCT/GB2022/052428 2021-09-27 2022-09-26 Validation de cavitation WO2023047137A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2405636.8A GB2625976A (en) 2021-09-27 2022-09-26 Cavitation validation

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2113792.2 2021-09-27
GBGB2113792.2A GB202113792D0 (en) 2021-09-27 2021-09-27 Cavitation validation

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WO2023047137A1 true WO2023047137A1 (fr) 2023-03-30

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5462604A (en) * 1993-02-22 1995-10-31 Shibano; Yoshihide Method of oscillating ultrasonic vibrator for ultrasonic cleaning
US20200298288A1 (en) * 2017-04-19 2020-09-24 Honda Electronics Co., Ltd. Sound-pressure analyzer and a method in the high-intensity acoustic field, and an ultrasonic cleaner and an ultrasonic processor
CN112729836A (zh) * 2020-11-30 2021-04-30 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 一种循环改进型的水轮机空蚀初生状态判别系统及其方法

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5462604A (en) * 1993-02-22 1995-10-31 Shibano; Yoshihide Method of oscillating ultrasonic vibrator for ultrasonic cleaning
US20200298288A1 (en) * 2017-04-19 2020-09-24 Honda Electronics Co., Ltd. Sound-pressure analyzer and a method in the high-intensity acoustic field, and an ultrasonic cleaner and an ultrasonic processor
CN112729836A (zh) * 2020-11-30 2021-04-30 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 一种循环改进型的水轮机空蚀初生状态判别系统及其方法

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GB202405636D0 (en) 2024-06-05
GB2625976A (en) 2024-07-03

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