WO2023029118A1 - 垃圾焚烧厂acc自动燃烧控制方法 - Google Patents
垃圾焚烧厂acc自动燃烧控制方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M11/00—Safety arrangements
- F23M11/04—Means for supervising combustion, e.g. windows
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/12—Heat utilisation in combustion or incineration of waste
Definitions
- the invention relates to a combustion control method of a garbage incineration plant, in particular to an ACC automatic combustion control method of a garbage incineration plant, belonging to the field of solid waste treatment.
- waste incineration plants have a low investment rate in waste ACC automatic combustion control.
- Many process systems in the production and operation process require a lot of manual operation and intervention, which increases the intensity of manual work and leads to low economic benefits.
- Typical process systems include: waste feeding system, material layer thickness control system, combustion grate combustion system and flue gas purification system, etc.
- the material layer thickness control of the grate is not uniform and unstable, resulting in different action frequencies of the burning grate, which affects the burning status of the garbage;
- the automatic control of the flue gas purification system is unstable, resulting in large fluctuations in the data of environmental protection indicators, and even the phenomenon of indicators exceeding the standard.
- the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an ACC automatic combustion control method in a waste incineration plant, which solves at least one deficiency of the prior art.
- Calculation of the actual amount of garbage processed and the density of the garbage into the furnace calculate the actual amount of garbage processed and the density of the garbage into the furnace through the size of the silo and the change in the volume of the garbage fed;
- Estimation of low-level calorific value of garbage Invert and calculate the actual value of low-level calorific value of garbage according to the principle of heat balance;
- Calculation of garbage demand use the set value of main steam flow, supplementary fuel volume, main steam temperature, main steam pressure, feed water temperature and pressure, boiler outlet smoke temperature and garbage low-level calorific value, and calculate the garbage demand through NCV formula;
- the total air volume required for full combustion of garbage includes primary air volume, secondary air volume and furnace wall cooling air volume;
- the primary air demand is obtained by subtracting the secondary air volume from the total air volume demand
- Oxygen amount and furnace temperature control take the oxygen amount at the outlet of the economizer as the measurement value, and adjust the three temperature measurement values of the furnace chamber to meet the requirement of maintaining the first flue temperature for 2s within the range of 890°C-1050°C, and to control
- the oxygen content is between 5.5% and 8.5%.
- the oxygen content at the outlet of the economizer is used as the control target, and the PID adjustment is used to control the change of the output value of the secondary fan.
- the temperature of the first flue participates in auxiliary control to suppress the output value of the secondary fan. The change;
- Material layer thickness control The actual value ha of the material layer thickness is obtained from the primary air temperature, primary air volume of each section of the grate, and the differential pressure above and below the garbage material layer through complex calculation functions;
- Combustion control is mainly involved in the control of the pusher, the control of the grate in the drying section, the grate in the combustion section, and the grate in the burning section, and calculates the demand for garbage entering and leaving the furnace and the reference speed of garbage forward, and controls the pusher based on this reference speed , grate in the drying section, grate in the combustion section, and grate in the embers section.
- the calculated value is calculated from the actual amount of garbage to be processed, the demand for garbage, and the correction coefficient of the main steam pressure.
- Furnace garbage density and pusher cross-sectional area are calculated through functional relationships;
- Pusher control Calculate the feeding frequency of the pusher, the forward speed of the pusher and the advance Time, so as to control the action frequency of the pusher;
- Three-stage fire grate control According to the standard forward speed of garbage, the theoretical stroke of the fire grate, the compression coefficient, the moving time, the correction coefficient of the material layer thickness, the correction coefficient of the heat reduction rate, and the balance coefficient, the fire grate of each stage is calculated through the functional relationship Feeding frequency, waiting time of each section of grate, so as to control the operation frequency of each section of grate;
- Thermal ignition reduction rate control take the temperature of the upper part of the burner section as the control object, and when the temperature of the upper part of the combustion section is higher than the set value, the thermal ignition reduction rate control program is started;
- Main steam flow control use the set value of main steam flow, supplementary fuel volume, main steam temperature and pressure, feed water temperature and pressure, boiler outlet smoke temperature and garbage calorific value, and use the NCV formula to calculate the garbage demand;
- Main steam pressure control ensure that the main steam pressure is within the rated working condition
- Primary air temperature control By adopting the PID control loop, the function of the broken line f(x) between the low calorific value of the garbage and the primary air temperature is used as the temperature setting value to adjust the opening of the primary air steamer to maintain the primary air steamer.
- the air temperature at the outlet of the device is within the range of working conditions;
- Combustion map detection According to the combustion map of the waste incineration plant, it is divided into three major areas, namely the continuous operation area, the fuel injection stable combustion area, and the short-term overload area; the actual heat capacity of the waste is calculated, and according to the actual waste heat capacity The percentage of the rated heat capacity and the percentage of the actual garbage processing capacity to the rated processing capacity can be used to judge the state of the boiler combustion detection point at this time, and remind the operating personnel to pay attention;
- Furnace flame analysis system Observe the combustion status of the flame in the furnace through the camera, transmit the signal to the computer for image processing, analyze the flame characteristics, and then calculate the characteristic ratio of each area, convert it into control instructions, and control the feeder grate, primary Action correction of fans and left and right dampers;
- Main steam flow prediction system by reading the relevant characteristic values of main steam flow, using XGboost algorithm, predicting the advance value of main steam flow, calculating the correction coefficient through the deviation ratio, and correcting the reference speed of garbage advance;
- Main steam temperature prediction system by reading the relevant eigenvalues of the main steam temperature, using the XGboost algorithm, predicting the advance value of the main steam temperature, calculating the correction coefficient through the deviation ratio, and correcting the opening command of the desuperheating water regulating valve;
- Furnace temperature prediction system By reading the relevant characteristic values of the furnace temperature and using the XGboost algorithm, the advance value of the furnace temperature is predicted, and the correction coefficient is calculated through the deviation ratio, and the frequency of the pusher and the speed command of the three-stage primary fan are corrected;
- Flue gas purification control system by reading the characteristic values related to the content of flue gas components, using the XGboost algorithm to predict the advance values of NO X , HCL, and SO 2 in the flue gas, and calculate them with the values from CEMS to control the denitrification liquid
- the frequency of ammonia flow regulating valve, limestone slurry regulating valve, activated carbon feeder, and slaked lime feeder is to achieve the purpose of controlling the content of each component in flue gas emission.
- the sum of input heat Q i includes the following: Q m : heat brought in by garbage, Q CI : heat input by incinerator, Q PA : heat brought in by primary air, Q SA : heat brought in by secondary air; the sum of output heat Qo includes As follows: Q ST : steam output heat, Q SE : extraction steam output heat, Q FW : feed water input heat;
- NCV (1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/ ⁇ hst))*′b)/m* ⁇ hst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
- m garbage demand
- m'st main steam flow set value
- m'f supplementary fuel volume
- Ncv'f supplementary fuel calorific value
- ⁇ hst net enthalpy of superheated steam is steam enthalpy minus feed water Enthalpy value
- 'b Boiler heat transfer efficiency
- NCV Garbage calorific value
- Tb Boiler outlet flue temperature.
- NCV (1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/ ⁇ hst))*′b)/m* ⁇ hst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
- m′st (((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/ ⁇ hst)*m+(m′f/( ⁇ hst/Ncv′f))*′b (6)
- m′st calculated value of main steam flow
- m garbage demand
- m′f amount of supplementary fuel
- Ncv′f calorific value of supplementary fuel
- ⁇ hst net enthalpy of superheated steam is steam enthalpy minus feedwater enthalpy ′b: Boiler heat transfer efficiency
- NCV Garbage calorific value
- Tb Boiler outlet flue temperature
- F S the calculated value of steam flow
- CI the heat required to produce each ton of steam
- C6 the amount of combustion-supporting air required to generate a unit of heat
- Y 2 the theoretical air amount required
- Y 2 ′′ theoretical air volume at MCR point
- F S ′′ rated steam flow at MCR point
- CI′′ heat required for each ton of steam produced at MCR point
- control of the oxygen amount and furnace temperature is specifically designed
- the thickness control of the material layer is specifically:
- h a actual thickness of waste material layer
- C pr characteristic coefficient of incinerator
- KL liquid permeability
- ⁇ P differential pressure of material layer
- ⁇ air viscosity
- v air seepage velocity
- b Klinkenberg coefficient
- P average pressure
- a constant 7.32
- T absolute temperature K
- M gas molecular weight
- r radius of flow channel
- the porosity of porous media is 0.75;
- hc calculated value of garbage material layer thickness
- V garbage volume
- M garbage weight
- ⁇ garbage density
- v garbage forward speed
- the ratio of the actual value h a of the material layer thickness to the calculated value h c is used as the material layer correction coefficient KH to correct the operating frequency of each section of the grate, and then complete the adjustment of the frequency of each section of the grate.
- combustion map detection is specifically:
- the combustion map of the waste incineration plant it is divided into three major areas, which are the continuous operation area, the fuel injection stable combustion area, and the short-term overload area;
- combustion detection point is located in the fuel injection stable combustion area, the operator will be reminded to inject fuel to ensure the normal operation of the unit; if the combustion detection point is located in the short-term overload area, the operator will be reminded not to run continuously for more than 2 hours; if the combustion detection point If it is in the continuous operation area, the operating personnel are reminded to continue to maintain it and closely observe the combustion state.
- the present invention has the following advantages and effects:
- the present invention realizes the estimation of the low-level calorific value of the waste in the waste incineration plant and the calculation of the actual treatment capacity of the waste;
- the thickness of the material layer of the fire grate in the waste incineration plant of the present invention is accurately controlled, so that the waste is fully burned and the thermal efficiency is improved;
- the invention fully improves the automatic input rate of the ACC automatic combustion control system of the waste incineration plant, and reduces the manual operation intensity at the same time;
- the present invention is aimed at the feeding control of the pusher of the incinerator, and the frequency control of the three-stage grate is accurately controlled, avoiding the situation of partial material and partial burning of garbage;
- the present invention aims at the furnace temperature and oxygen control of waste incineration plants, so that the waste can be fully decomposed and burned, and the emission of flue gas pollutants can be reduced.
- the exhaust gas temperature at the outlet can be precisely controlled, and the treatment of the subsequent flue gas purification system can be reduced. pressure.
- Fig. 1 is a flow chart of the ACC automatic combustion control method in the waste incineration plant of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the control system of the ACC automatic combustion control method of the waste incineration plant according to the present invention.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of combustion map detection of an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 4 is a frame diagram of a furnace flame analysis system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the interface of the furnace flame analysis system according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the desulfurization XGboost algorithm of the embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a desulfurization BP neural network algorithm according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention is based on the combustion characteristics of China Tianying Waterleau reciprocating mechanical grate incinerator 800t/d ACC automatic combustion control system for waste incineration plants, where the designed MCR point: main steam flow : 65.8t/h, main steam pressure: 4.0MPa, main steam temperature: 400°C, garbage processing capacity: 33.333t/h, garbage calorific value: 6200kj/kg.
- a kind of garbage incineration plant ACC automatic combustion control method of the present invention specifically comprises the following steps:
- the sum of input heat Q i includes the following: Q m : heat brought in by garbage, Q CI : heat input by incinerator, Q PA : heat brought in by primary air, Q SA : heat brought in by secondary air; the sum of output heat Qo includes As follows: Q ST : steam output heat, Q SE : extraction steam output heat, Q FW : feed water input heat;
- the amount of supplementary fuel, the main steam temperature, the main steam pressure, the temperature and pressure of the feed water, the boiler outlet smoke temperature and the low-level heat value of the garbage and calculate the garbage demand through the NCV formula.
- NCV (1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/ ⁇ hst))*′b)/m* ⁇ hst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
- m garbage demand
- m'st main steam flow set value
- m'f supplementary fuel volume
- Ncv'f supplementary fuel calorific value
- ⁇ hst net enthalpy of superheated steam is steam enthalpy minus feed water Enthalpy value
- 'b Boiler heat transfer efficiency
- NCV Garbage calorific value
- Tb Boiler outlet flue temperature.
- NCV calculation formula is quoted from: "Technology of Waste Incineration in Theory and Practice", 1995 ed.by Reimann, VDI "Steam Tables", 1968 ed.by Schmidt.
- the total air volume required to fully burn the garbage includes primary air volume, secondary air volume and furnace wall cooling air volume; the deduction process is as follows:
- NCV (1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/ ⁇ hst))*′b)/m* ⁇ hst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
- m′st (((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/ ⁇ hst)*m+(m′f/( ⁇ hst/Ncv′f))*′b (6)
- m′st calculated value of main steam flow
- m garbage demand
- m′f amount of supplementary fuel
- Ncv′f calorific value of supplementary fuel
- ⁇ hst net enthalpy of superheated steam is steam enthalpy minus feedwater enthalpy ′b: Boiler heat transfer efficiency
- NCV Garbage calorific value
- Tb Boiler outlet flue temperature
- F S the calculated value of steam flow
- CI the heat required to produce each ton of steam
- C6 the amount of combustion-supporting air required to generate a unit of heat
- Y 2 the theoretical air amount required
- Y 2 ′′ theoretical air volume at MCR point
- F S ′′ rated steam flow at MCR point
- CI′′ heat required for each ton of steam produced at MCR point
- the primary air demand is obtained by subtracting the secondary air volume from the total air volume demand. Its control principle is based on the broken line f(x) function relationship between the low-level calorific value of the garbage and the air volume of the primary fan in the drying section, the air volume of the primary fan in the combustion section, and the air volume of the primary fan in the burning section. Three air distribution ratios are obtained, and these three air distribution ratios are: The sum of the ratios is 100%, and the demand for primary air is distributed according to the corresponding air distribution ratio of the primary fans in each section, so that it can meet the air volume demand for waste incineration. There is a small amount of fire wire on the row.
- the air volume control of the primary fan in the drying section, the air volume control of the primary fan in the combustion section, and the air volume control of the primary fan in the combustion section are put into C mode, then the whole system operates according to the ACC automatic combustion control mode, and automatically according to the actual setting value. Adjust relevant parameter values to meet automatic combustion control. Among them, the total air volume demand (obtained in S4), the low calorific value of garbage (obtained in S2), and the measured value of secondary air volume, the calculated primary air demand is 89246Nm3/h.
- the air distribution ratios of the broken line f(x) function of the low calorific value and the air volume of the primary fan in the drying section, the air volume of the primary fan in the combustion section, and the air volume of the primary fan in the burning section are: 35.125%, 44.875%, and 20%, respectively.
- the demand for primary air is distributed according to the corresponding air distribution ratio of the primary fans of each section, so as to control the primary fans of the three sections to meet the air volume requirements of waste combustion.
- the PID adjustment is used to control the change of the output value of the secondary fan, and the temperature of the first flue is involved in the auxiliary control to suppress the change of the output value of the secondary fan.
- the secondary fan control When the unit is running under working conditions, the secondary fan control is put into automatic mode, the primary air volume control of the drying section, the primary air volume control of the combustion section, and the primary air volume control of the combustion section are put into C mode.
- the measured temperatures at the lower part of the furnace are: 1085°C, 1082°C, 1086°C, and the oxygen contents at the outlet of the economizer are: 5.38%, 5.38%.
- the output value of the control loop of the secondary fan is blocked and reduced, so that the output value will no longer decrease, but the output value can be increased to control the temperature of the lower part of the furnace. , kept within the operating range.
- the oxygen content at the outlet of the economizer measured at the same time is: 5.38%, 5.38%, and the average oxygen content is 5.388%.
- the average value of oxygen is 5.388% and less than 5.5%, so increase the oxygen correction coefficient, increase the primary air volume control of the drying section, the primary air volume control of the combustion section, and the primary air volume control of the burning section, so as to maintain the oxygen content at the outlet of the economizer range of working conditions.
- the thickness of the garbage material layer of the grate piece cannot be accurately measured and observed.
- the operating personnel indirectly monitor the outlet wind pressure of each section of the primary fan, and observe the flame of garbage incineration, or check the combustion of the flame through the fire viewing hole on site.
- the actual value ha of the thickness of the material layer of the present invention is obtained by a complicated calculation function from the primary air temperature of each section of the fire grate, the primary air volume, and the differential pressure above and below the garbage material layer; in general: the thickness of the material layer in the drying section is controlled at 800- 1000mm, the thickness of the material layer in the combustion section is controlled at 500-600mm, and the thickness of the material layer in the burnout section is controlled at 200-300mm.
- h a actual thickness of garbage layer
- C pr characteristic coefficient of incinerator
- KL liquid permeability (MD)
- ⁇ P differential pressure of material layer
- ⁇ air viscosity (Mpa s)
- v air seepage Velocity
- b Klinkenberg coefficient (MPa)
- P average pressure (MPa); a: constant 7.32
- T absolute temperature K
- M gas molecular weight
- r radius of flow channel ( ⁇ m);
- the porosity of porous media is 0.75;
- Formula (9) is quoted from the article "Calculation and Operation Analysis of Garbage Layer Thickness on Mechanical Grate Incinerator Bed Surface” by Hu Hongming.
- hc calculated value of garbage material layer thickness
- V garbage volume
- M garbage weight
- ⁇ garbage density
- v garbage forward speed
- the ratio of the actual value h a of the material layer thickness to the calculated value h c is used as the material layer correction coefficient KH to correct the operating frequency of each section of the grate, and then complete the adjustment of the frequency of each section of the grate.
- the material layer correction coefficient KH is greater than 1, the action frequency of the three-stage grate increases, thereby increasing the feeding speed. Conversely, when the material layer correction coefficient KH is less than 1, the three-stage grate action frequency decreases, thereby reducing the feeding speed.
- Combustion control is mainly involved in the control of the pusher, the control of the grate in the drying section, the grate in the combustion section, and the grate in the burning section, and calculates the demand for garbage entering and leaving the furnace and the reference speed of garbage forward, and controls the pusher and drying section based on this reference speed
- the calculated value of the grate, the grate of the combustion section, and the grate of the embers section is calculated from the actual amount of garbage processed (obtained in S1), the demand for garbage (obtained in S3), and the main steam pressure correction coefficient (obtained in S13).
- the quantity of waste to be discharged into the furnace is calculated from the density of waste into the furnace (received in S1), the cross-sectional area of the pusher (width, height) and other parameters through functional relationship calculation. Its size directly affects the action frequency of the rear pusher and the action frequency of the three-stage grate, and plays a decisive role in the amount of garbage fed.
- the pusher control is to calculate the feeding frequency, The advance speed and advance time of the pusher control the action frequency of the pusher to ensure that each pusher feeds synchronously, and can also perform asynchronous feeding according to the balance coefficient.
- a pusher fails it will be withdrawn automatically, and other pushers can continue to run synchronously. It can also be run in a single cycle to troubleshoot a faulty pusher.
- the feeding is uneven, adjust the asynchronous operation of the pusher through the balance coefficient, and slowly correct the feeding balance to achieve uniform feeding.
- the three-stage grate frequency control is based on the reference speed of garbage advancing (obtained in S7), the theoretical stroke of the grate, the compression coefficient, the waiting time, the correction coefficient of material layer thickness (obtained in S8), and the correction coefficient of burning reduction rate (obtained in S11). Result), balance coefficient and other parameters, calculate the feeding frequency of each section of grate and the waiting time of each section of grate through the functional relationship, so as to control the action frequency of each section of grate and ensure the synchronous feeding of each pusher. It is also possible to adjust the balance coefficient to control the action frequency of each section of the grate according to the deviation of the material layer, so as to keep feeding synchronously.
- the thermal ignition reduction rate control is based on the temperature of the upper part of the grate in the emberization section as the control object.
- the thermal ignition reduction rate control program is started.
- the control of thermal ignition reduction rate is mainly to allow the garbage to be fully burned on each section of the grate, to improve the recovery and utilization of the calorific value of the garbage incineration, thereby improving the thermal efficiency of the garbage.
- the heat reduction rate control program includes: heat correction of the primary fan in the embering section, heat correction of the fire grate in the combustion section, and heat fire correction of the fire grate in the fire section.
- the heat loss rate control is converted through the coefficient function relationship after the PID output value, so that the value is converted between 0 and 2, and if the value is 1, no correction will be made. If the value is between 0 ⁇ 1 and 1 ⁇ 2, adjust accordingly.
- the thermal ignition reduction rate control is put into the automatic mode, and the measured temperature of the upper part of the grate in the emberization section is 470°C higher than the set value of the upper part temperature of the emberization section of the grate, which is 450°C, and the thermal ignition reduction rate control program is started to make
- the heat correction coefficient of the primary fan in the combustion section is increased to 1.103, the fire correction coefficient of the fire grate in the combustion section is reduced to 0.897, and the heat correction coefficient of the fire grate in the fire section is reduced to 0.897, and then the output changes of these three devices are adjusted. on the contrary.
- the thermal ignition reduction rate control program is started to reduce the thermal burn correction coefficient of the primary fan in the burner segment and the burner grate at the burner section.
- the hot glow correction coefficient increases, and the hot glow correction coefficient of the fire grate in the ember section increases.
- the demand for garbage is calculated inversely through the NCV formula.
- the main steam pressure is used as the target parameter, and the drum pressure is monitored at the same time (because the drum pressure is better than the main steam pressure, which can better reflect the boiler combustion status); the main steam flow is used as feed-forward compensation (the main steam flow is better than the main steam pressure. It can better reflect the external heat load demand), calculate the main steam pressure correction coefficient, and correct the boiler combustion and primary air volume to keep the main steam pressure within the target range.
- the broken line f(x) function of the low calorific value of the waste and the primary air temperature is used as the temperature setting value to adjust the opening of the primary air steamer to maintain the air temperature at the outlet of the primary air steamer. within the operating range.
- the primary air temperature control is put into C mode.
- the function of the low calorific value of the garbage (obtained in the S2 link) and the broken line f(x) of the primary air temperature is used as the temperature setting value.
- the temperature setting value at this time It is: 226.3 °C, and the opening degree of the regulating valve of the primary steamer is automatically controlled to keep the air temperature within the range of the set value.
- the higher the calorific value of the garbage the lower the primary air temperature.
- the lower the calorific value of the garbage the higher the primary air temperature.
- the function of the broken line f(x) between the low-level calorific value of the garbage and the secondary air temperature is used as the temperature setting value to adjust the opening of the secondary air steam preheater to maintain the air temperature at the outlet of the steam preheater. within the operating range.
- the secondary air temperature control is put into C mode.
- the function of the broken line f(x) between the low calorific value of the garbage (obtained in S2) and the secondary air temperature is used as the temperature setting value.
- the temperature setting at this time The fixed value is: 168.5°C, and the opening degree of the regulating valve of the secondary steamer is automatically controlled to keep the air temperature within the range of the set value.
- the higher the calorific value of the garbage the lower the secondary air temperature. Conversely, the lower the calorific value of the garbage, the higher the secondary air temperature.
- combustion detection point is located in the fuel injection stable combustion area, the operator will be reminded to inject fuel to ensure the normal operation of the unit; if the combustion detection point is located in the short-term overload area, the operator will be reminded not to run continuously for more than 2 hours; if the combustion detection point If it is in the continuous operation area, the operating personnel are reminded to continue to maintain it and closely observe the combustion state.
- the camera is used to observe the flame combustion status in the furnace, the signal is transmitted to the computer for image processing, and the flame characteristics are analyzed, and then the characteristic ratio of each area is calculated, which is converted into a control command, and the feeder
- the fire grate, the primary fan and the left and right air doors are corrected.
- image acquisition and transmission module image processing module
- flame characteristic analysis module flame characteristic analysis module
- regional flame characteristic ratio calculation module regional flame characteristic ratio conversion control module.
- Image acquisition and transmission module according to the actual furnace area of the incinerator, set up a high-temperature surveillance camera on the back arch of the incinerator (if the combustion area is too large, add one to the front arch) to monitor the combustion flame inside the furnace in real time, and the monitoring area covers For the entire grate area, the image is transmitted to the computer image processing module for processing.
- Image processing module convert the collected video from analog video signal to digital signal (sampling, pixel quantization, compression encoding), format conversion, data extraction, feature label writing and other steps, and output image data sets containing flame brightness feature labels.
- the image processing module contains the following functions:
- Sampling discretizes the image in space, which is to define how many points are used to describe an image.
- the sampling point is to use the gray value of some points in space to represent the image.
- the quality of the sampling result is measured by the image resolution. To put it simply, a continuous image in two-dimensional space is equally spaced horizontally and vertically into small squares of a rectangular network structure, that is, pixels, and an image is sampled into a set composed of a limited number of pixels.
- the gray value of each pixel obtained after sampling is converted from analog to discrete, that is, quantized. After quantization, the image is represented as a matrix of integers. Each pixel has two attributes: position and grayscale. Positions are represented by rows and columns. The gray scale represents the integer of the lightness and darkness of the pixel position, and the gray scale is generally 0-255 (8bit quantization).
- the amount of image data obtained after digitization is very large, so encoding technology is used to compress the amount of information.
- the median filtering method is used to reduce the noise of the image.
- the median filtering method is a nonlinear smoothing technique, which sets the gray value of each pixel to the gray value of all pixels in a certain neighborhood window of the point. median value.
- the principle is to replace the value of a point in a digital image or digital sequence with the median value of each point in a neighborhood of the point, so that the surrounding pixel values are close to the real value, thereby eliminating isolated noise points.
- the digitized video image is in RGB format, that is, each color can be represented by the ratio of red, green, and blue.
- RGB format cannot represent the changes in image brightness and color difference, and is not suitable for computer processing of flame images.
- the RGB format image is converted to the YCrCb format that can represent brightness and color difference.
- RGB format YCrCb format
- Y represents the brightness, that is, the grayscale value
- hue and saturation are represented by Cr and Cb respectively, where Cr reflects the difference between the red part of the RGB input signal and the brightness value of the RGB signal.
- Cb reflects the difference between the blue part of the RGB input signal and the brightness value of the RGB signal, which is the so-called color difference signal.
- each pixel with coordinates fix its relative position, write the YCrCb data of each pixel in the form of labels, and obtain the data set of the entire frame image composed of pixels containing labels.
- the camera collects the video of the furnace flame and outputs an analog video signal in PAL format;
- the flame feature analysis module classifies the flame brightness according to the brightness data "Y" of the image data with position information and YCrCb information output by the image processing module,
- Brightness 100-75 is a bright flame, displayed in red
- a brightness of 75-50 is a medium-bright flame, displayed in orange;
- Brightness 50-25 is a low-brightness flame, displayed in yellow
- Brightness 25-0 is no fire, displayed in black.
- the regional flame feature ratio calculation module is to output the image brightness feature segmentation data output by the flame feature analysis module through the process of regional gridding, partitioning, color proportion calculation, unit area weight ratio calculation, etc., and output the flame The process of weighting proportional data for image regions.
- Fine meshing of the flame area of the furnace the furnace is divided into several units according to the physical position of the combustion area, left and right, and accurately corresponds to the area of the flame image.
- Unit area weight ratio calculation first define the weights of the three colors in the furnace flame, multiply the calculated color area ratio of the unit area by the weight, and then sum to get the flame weight value of the unit area , such as the calculation formula
- WV the weight value of the unit area
- Su the total area of the unit area
- Sr the red area value of the unit area
- So the orange area value of the unit area
- Sy the yellow area value of the unit area
- Flame partition weight ratio value According to the calculation method of unit area weight ratio, the weight ratio values of all partitions (A1, B1...G4) in the furnace combustion area are calculated respectively, and output with the area position label.
- the regional flame feature ratio conversion control module partitions the flame weight ratio value carrying the position label according to the combustion area, adds the flame weight values of the combustion area, compares the flame weight values of the combustion area, and calculates the left and right side dampers respectively , Correction instructions for grate and primary fan.
- the flame distribution of each section of the grate should be: no fire in the drying section, full fire in the burning section, and no fire in the burning section;
- the comparison between the drying section and the combustion section is: the weight value of the ideal working condition of the drying section plus the combustion section is compared with the weight value of the combustion section;
- the comparison between the burning section and the burning section is: the weight value of the burning section is compared with the weight value of the ideal working condition of the burning section plus the burning section.
- first set parameters on the man-machine interface including flame area, flame brightness threshold, color weight value and area weight bias value;
- the furnace flame analysis system observes the combustion status of the flame in the furnace through the camera, transmits the signal to the computer for image processing, analyzes the flame characteristics, and then calculates the characteristic ratio of each area, which is converted into a control command. After the system is stable , Gradually put into the correction of the feeder, grate, primary fan and left and right dampers, and at the same time, the area position of the furnace flame can be observed in real time on the man-machine interface.
- the advance value of the main steam flow is predicted, and the correction coefficient is calculated through the deviation ratio to correct the reference speed of the garbage.
- the main steam flow prediction control system is put into use.
- the main steam flow prediction value drops, the deviation ratio calculation is performed with the actual value, and then the CEMS measurement signal is used for limiting processing, and the speed of the pusher and the grate is increased in advance.
- the advance value of the main steam temperature is predicted, and the correction coefficient is calculated through the deviation ratio to correct the opening command of the desuperheating water regulating valve.
- the main steam temperature prediction control system is put into use.
- the opening of the superheater desuperheating water valve is reduced in advance through the calculation of the deviation ratio with the actual value;
- the Proportional calculation of the deviation from the actual value increases the opening of the desuperheating water valve of the superheater in advance; intervenes in the system in advance through the predicted value to eliminate the lagging problem of the main steam temperature control response.
- the advance value of the furnace temperature is predicted, and the correction coefficient is calculated through the deviation ratio, and the frequency of the pusher and the speed command of the three-stage primary fan are corrected; when the unit is running, it is put into the furnace
- the opening degree of the three primary fans is increased in advance and the operating speed of the pusher is increased in advance through the calculation of the deviation ratio with the actual value; when the predicted value of the furnace temperature increases, the The actual value is calculated in proportion to the deviation, the opening of the three primary fans is reduced in advance, and the operating speed of the pusher is reduced in advance; the system is intervened in advance through the predicted value to eliminate the lagging problem of the furnace temperature control response.
- the advance values of NO X , HCL, and SO 2 in the flue gas are predicted, and calculated with the values from CEMS to control the denitrification liquid ammonia flow regulating valve, limestone Adjust the frequency of the slurry valve, activated carbon feeder, and slaked lime feeder to achieve the purpose of controlling the content of each component in the flue gas emission.
- the desulfurization FGD control scheme in flue gas purification through the reading of furnace flue gas temperature, flue gas pressure, oxygen content, primary and secondary air pressure and flow rate, screens important parameter factors through XGboost algorithm, and reads them through OPC communication DCS system furnace flue temperature, flue gas pressure, oxygen content, primary and secondary air pressure flow and other parameters, input value algorithm module, after algorithm calculation and sorting, the first 12 relevant important parameters are output to the BP neural network algorithm.
- the data is input into the BP neural network algorithm, and the structure of the BP neural network algorithm is shown in Figure 7.
- the predicted value of SO 2 is calculated by passing 12 input points through 5 neural network nodes in the hidden layer.
- the SO 2 value is predicted by XGboost and desulfurization BP neural network algorithm, the predicted value of limestone concentration is converted through the calcium-sulfur ratio, and the PID adjustment is performed with the actual SO 2 content, and the PID adjustment parameters are output to DCS System, to counter-control the slaked lime feeding valve, convert the saturation temperature through the outlet of the reaction tower, and adjust the saturated temperature through PID.
- the difference between the predicted value of SO 2 and the measured value of SO 2 in the control loop is used as the feed-forward of PID, and the PID adjustment parameters are output to DCS system to counter-control the limestone water supply valve to achieve the goal of stably controlling the SO 2 value.
- the denitrification SNCR control scheme in the flue gas purification by reading the furnace flue gas temperature, flue gas pressure, oxygen content, primary and secondary air pressure flow and CEMS parameters, the important parameter factors are screened by the XGboost algorithm, and the data are input into the BP neural network after the XGboost algorithm is screened
- the network algorithm predicts the predicted value of NOX in the flue gas.
- the denitrification SNCR control is based on the original denitrification control, and the deviation between the predicted value of NO X and the measured value of NO X is used as the PID adjustment feedforward to intervene in the output of the ammonia water regulating valve in advance.
- the denitrification SNCR dilution water adjustment converts the solution quality by setting the ammonia concentration, and calculates the dilution water flow set value.
- the output of the dilution water regulating valve is controlled by PID regulation.
- Dilution water flow set value (1 ⁇ Ammonia water concentration set value-Ammonia water flow*3600) ⁇ 3600
- the NO X value is predicted by the XGboost and denitrification BP neural network algorithm, and the ammonia water regulating valve passes through the cascade control loop, and the deviation value between the measured NO X value and the predicted NO X value is input
- the main tune PID controller is used as feedforward, and the output value of the main tune PID is automatically set as the auxiliary tune set value and the measured ammonia water flow rate for PID adjustment through the setting formula, and the opening degree of the ammonia water regulating valve is output.
- the dilution water regulating valve converts the ammonia water concentration setting value through the solvent formula and the measured flow rate of the dilution water for PID adjustment, and outputs the opening degree of the dilution water regulating valve. Realize the goal of stabilizing the NO X value.
- the deacidification control scheme in the flue gas purification by reading the furnace flue gas temperature, flue gas pressure, oxygen content, primary and secondary air pressure flow, the amount of garbage entering the furnace and CEMS parameters, the important parameter factors are screened by the XGboost algorithm, and the XGboost algorithm is screened
- the final data is input into the BP neural network algorithm to predict the predicted value of HCL in the flue gas.
- the deacidification control switches the SO 2 and HCL control loops by comparing the deviation between the measured and predicted values of HCL and SO 2 .
- the two sets of control loops are controlled by two independent PID controllers. Control loop.
- the HCL value is predicted by inputting deacidification parameters through DCS, and the deviation between the predicted value of HCL and the measured value is compared with the deviation between the predicted value of SO 2 and the measured value, and the one with the largest deviation is selected.
- the slaked lime feed valve is controlled by the PID regulator outputting adjustment parameters.
- XGboost algorithm is an open source algorithm of GBDT (Gradient Boosting Decision Tree) decision tree invented by Dr. Chen Tianqi of Washington University. This algorithm is suitable for classification and regression problems.
- the present invention uses the XGboost classification function to screen the importance of key parameters affecting the smoke index, matches the parameters with a high weight ratio of the influencing factors, sorts the parameters from high to low, and inputs the screened parameters into the BP neural network.
- BP (back propagation) neural network algorithm is a multi-layer feed-forward neural network trained according to the error reverse propagation algorithm. Through its own training input parameters, it uses the gradient descent method to search for technology, in order to make the actual output value of the network and the expected output value.
- the mean square error of the error is the minimum, and the learning rule and the output result of the nearest expected output value are obtained when the input value is given.
- the parameters of the present invention are screened by the XGboost algorithm and enter the input end of the BP neural network algorithm, and pass through the hidden layer through the weight transmission and feedback. Calculate the predicted value of the key parameters of the flue gas.
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Abstract
一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，包含垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度演算、垃圾低位热值估算、垃圾需求量演算、总风量需求推演、一次风量控制、氧量、炉膛温度控制、料层厚度控制、燃烧控制、推料器控制、三段炉排控制、热灼减率控制、主蒸汽流量控制、主蒸汽压力控制、一次风温控制、二次风温控制、燃烧图检测、炉膛火焰分析系统、主汽流量预测系统、主汽温度预测系统、炉膛温度预测系统、烟气净化控制系统。实现了垃圾焚烧厂的垃圾低位热值的估算和垃圾实际处理量的计算，炉排的料层厚度得到准确的控制，使得垃圾充分燃烧，提高了热效率，自动投入率得到充分提高，同时降低人工的操作强度。
Description
本发明涉及一种垃圾焚烧厂燃烧控制方法，特别是一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，属于固废处理领域。
随着国内垃圾焚烧发电行业激烈的发展趋势，其中对垃圾焚烧发电项目的环保要求和对垃圾自动燃烧控制的自动化程度越来越高，其是评判垃圾焚烧发电项目品质的重要标准之一。目前国内垃圾焚烧厂对垃圾ACC自动燃烧控制的投入率较低，生产运营过程中许多工艺系统需要大量的人工操作与干预，因此增加了人工的工作强度，而且导致经济效益低。其中典型的工艺系统如：垃圾给料系统，料层厚度控制系统，燃烧炉排燃烧系统以及烟气净化系统等。
同时考虑到国内城市生活垃圾的特点：混合收集、成分复杂多变、密度不稳定、含水率较高、低位热值LHV不稳定等。导致了国内垃圾焚烧项目自动燃烧系统的控制效果不佳，进而使得环保指标不易达标。
目前国内现有的垃圾焚烧厂自动燃烧控制主要存在以下问题：
1、入炉垃圾的低位热值难以确定和密度不稳定，滞后时间长，难以控制，导致自动燃烧控制效果较差；
2、推料器动作频率和焚烧炉排动作频率配合度不完整，运行中时长出现焚烧炉排垃圾偏料、偏烧的情况；
3、炉排的料层厚度控制不均匀，不稳定，导致燃烧炉排的动作频率不一，影响垃圾的燃烧状况；
4、垃圾焚烧炉的自动燃烧控制效果较差，导致锅炉主蒸汽流量和主汽压力波动较大，机组运行不经济；
5、炉渣热灼减率的控制较高，垃圾燃烧不充分，垃圾残渣量增加，且降低燃烧的热效率；
6、垃圾焚烧厂许多工艺系统控制不稳定，多处工艺系统在手动控制运行，增加工人的工作强度，且效率低下；
7、烟气净化系统的自动控制不稳定，导致环保指标数据波动较大，甚至出现指标超标现象。
因此，垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制的有效投入率需要得到充分提高，所以当前为止迫切需要研发一种适用于垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制的技术方法。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，解决现有技术的至少一项不足。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明所采用的技术方案是：
一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于包含以下步骤：
垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度演算：通过料仓尺寸及投料垃圾体积变化计算垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度；
垃圾低位热值估算：根据热平衡原理反演算出垃圾的低位热值的实际值；
垃圾需求量演算：利用主蒸汽流量设定值、补充燃料量、主蒸汽温度、主蒸汽压力、给水温度压力、锅炉出口烟温和垃圾低位热值，通过NCV公式反算计算出垃圾需求量；
总风量需求推演：使垃圾充分燃烧所需的总风量包括一次风量、二次风量和炉墙冷却风量；
一次风量控制：一次风需求量由总风量需求量减去二次风量所得；
氧量、炉膛温度控制：以省煤器出口氧量为测量值、炉膛3个温度测量值进行调整，既要满足第一烟道温度在890℃-1050℃范围内保持2s需求，又要控制氧量在5.5％-8.5％之间，以省煤器出口氧量为控制目标，采用PID调节控制二次风机输出值的变化，同时第一烟道温度参与辅助控制，抑制二次风机输出值的变化；
料层厚度控制：料层厚度实际值ha由各段炉排一次风温、一次风量、垃圾料层上下面的差压通过复杂的计算函数得出；
燃烧控制：燃烧控制主要参与推料器控制，干燥段炉排、燃烧段炉排、燃烬段炉排的控制，计算出入炉垃圾需求量和垃圾前进基准速度，以此基准速度控制推料器、干燥段炉排、燃烧段炉排、燃烬段炉排，其计算值是由垃圾实际处理量、垃圾需求量、主蒸汽压力修正系数，演算出的入炉垃圾需求量，同时再由入炉垃圾密度、推料器截面积，经过函数关系计算所得；
推料器控制：根据垃圾前进基准速度、推料器的理论行程、压缩系数、后退速度、停留时间、平衡系数，通过函数关系计算出推料器的给料频率、推料器前进速度以及前进时间，从而控制推料器动作频率；
三段炉排控制：根据垃圾前进基准速度、炉排的理论行程、压缩系数、移动时间、料层厚度修正系数、热灼减率修正系数、平衡系数，通过函数关系计算出各段炉排的给料频率、各段炉排的等待时间，从而控制各段炉排动作频率；
热灼减率控制：以燃烬段炉排上部温度为控制对象，燃烬段上部温度高于设定值时，启动热灼减率控制程序；
主蒸汽流量控制：利用主蒸汽流量设定值、补充燃料量、主蒸汽温度压力、给水温度压力、锅炉出口烟温和垃圾热值，通过NCV公式反算出垃圾需求量；
主蒸汽压力控制：保证主蒸汽压力在额定工况内；
一次风温控制：通过采用PID控制回路，其中以垃圾低位热值与一次风温的折线f(x)函数作为温度设定值，调整一次风蒸预器调门开度大小，维持一次风蒸预器出口风温在工况范围内；
二次风温控制：通过采用PID控制回路，其中以垃圾低位热值与二次风温的折线f(x)函数作为温度设定值，调整二次风蒸预器调门开度大小，维持蒸预器出口风温在工况范围内；
燃烧图检测：根据垃圾焚烧厂的燃烧图，将其分三大区域，分别为连续运行区、投油稳燃区、短时间超负荷区；计算出实际垃圾的热容量，根据实际垃圾的热容量占额定热容量的百分比和实际垃圾的处理量占额定处理量的百分比，判断此时锅炉燃烧检测点处于何种状态，并提醒运行人员注意；
炉膛火焰分析系统：通过摄像机观察炉膛内的火焰燃烧状况，将信号传输至计算机进行图像处理，分析出火焰特征，进而计算出各区域特征比例，转化成控制指令，对给料器炉排、一次风机和左右风门进行动作修正；
主汽流量预测系统：通过读取主蒸汽流量相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出主蒸汽流量的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对垃圾前进基准速度进行修正；
主汽温度预测系统：通过读取主蒸汽温度相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出主蒸汽温度的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对减温水调节阀的开度指令进行修正；
炉膛温度预测系统：通过读取炉膛温度相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出炉膛温度的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对推料器频率和三段一次风机转速指令进行修正；
烟气净化控制系统：通过读取烟气成分含量相关的特征数值，使用XGboost算法，预测出烟气中的NO
X、HCL、SO
2的提前值，与CEMS来的数值进行计算，控制脱硝液氨流量调节阀、石灰石浆液调阀、活性炭给料器、消石灰给料器的频率，以达到控制烟气排放各成分含量的目的。
进一步地，所述垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度演算具体为：根据垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾料斗仓的尺寸结构图，由垃圾仓料位测量值与垃圾仓容积的折线f(x)函数，求出垃圾仓的实时体积；当垃圾吊车在炉口位置投料前到垃圾投料后一设定时间内采集数据中，求出垃圾体积变化的最大值和最小值，计算出本次投料增加的垃圾体积量；在垃圾吊投料时采集垃圾吊车每次抓取的垃圾重量，由ρ＝M/V公式，求出本次投料垃圾仓垃圾的密度，然后累计多次密度值，取其平均值；同时考虑垃圾仓内存在垃圾堆积形成的垃圾压实系数，求出入炉垃圾密度；垃圾吊两次投料的体积差乘以密度平均值得到两次投料间重量变化量，垃圾吊本次称重数据加上重量变化量后再除以两次投料时间间隔得到实时垃圾处理量。
进一步地，所述垃圾实时低位热值估算具体为：
根据锅炉的热平衡原理，首先确定焚烧炉的输入热量总和＝输出热量总和
(Q
i＝Qo)； (1)
其中，输入热量总和Q
i包括如下：Q
m：垃圾带入热量，Q
CI：焚烧炉输入热量，Q
PA：一次风带入热量，Q
SA：二次风带入热量；输出热量总和Qo包括如下：Q
ST：蒸汽输出热量，Q
SE：抽汽输出热量，Q
FW：给水输入热量；
空气介质热量计算公式
(Q＝C*(T
o-T
A)*F*ρ)， (2)
其中，Q：热量，C：空气比热，F：体积流量，ρ：空气密度，T
O：风温，T
A：环境温度；
汽水介质热量计算公式
(Q＝F*h)， (3)
其中：Q：热量，F：质量流量，h：焓值；
根据热平衡原理由(1)(2)(3)公式，反演算推出垃圾的低位热值LHV实际值。
进一步地，所述垃圾需求量演算具体为：
根据NCV计算公式
NCV＝(1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/m*Δhst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
推导出垃圾需求量
m＝((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/(((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/Δhst) (5)
其中，m：垃圾需求量；m′st：主蒸汽流量设定值；m′f：补充燃料量；Ncv′f：补充燃料热值；Δhst：过热蒸汽净焓值为蒸汽焓值减去给水焓值；′b：锅炉换热效率；NCV：垃圾热值；Tb：锅炉出口烟温。
进一步地，所述总风量需求推演具体为：
1)根据NCV计算公式
NCV＝(1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/m*Δhst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
推导出主蒸汽流量计算值的公式如下：
m′st＝(((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/Δhst)*m+(m′f/(Δhst/Ncv′f))*′b (6)
其中，m′st：主蒸汽流量计算值，m：垃圾需求量，m′f：补充燃料量，Ncv′f：补充燃料热值；Δhst：过热蒸汽净焓值为蒸汽焓值减去给水焓值；′b：锅炉换热效率；NCV：垃圾热值；Tb：锅炉出口烟温；
2)由风量需求公式
Y
2＝F
S*CI*C6； (7)
其中，F
S：蒸汽流量计算值；CI：产生每吨蒸汽需要的热量；C6：产生单位热量需要的助燃的空气量；Y
2：需要的理论空气量；
产生单位热量需要的助燃的空气量
C6＝Y2″/(FS″*CI″) (8)
其中，Y
2″：MCR点理论空气量；F
S″：MCR点额定蒸汽流量；CI″：MCR点产生每吨蒸汽需要的热量；
3)由理论空气量乘以过量空气系数λ得到总风量需求。
进一步地，所述氧量、炉膛温度控制具体为
当氧量在5.5％-8.5％范围之外时，调整氧量对一次风需求量计算回路进行修正：
1)当氧量小于5.5％，则增大氧量修正系数，增大各段一次风量的控制，满足氧量的需求；
2)当氧量大于8.5％，则减小氧量修正系数，减小各段一次风量的控制，满足氧量的需求；
当第一烟道下部温度范围在890℃-1050℃之外时，闭锁二次风机输出值的变化：
1)其温度变化速率、数值高于预设值时，闭锁减二次风机控制回路的输出值，使其输出值不再降低，但可以增加输出值，从而控制炉膛下部温度，保持在工况范围内，保持炉膛温度需求；
2)其温度变化速率、数值低于预设值时，闭锁增二次风机控制回路的输出值，使其输出值不再增加，但可以减低输出值，从而控制炉膛下部温度，保持在工况范围内，保持炉膛温度需求。
进一步地，所述料层厚度控制具体为：
料层厚度实际值计算公式如下：
其中，h
a：垃圾料层厚度实际值；C
pr：焚烧炉特性系数；KL：液体渗透率；ΔP：料层差压；μ：空气粘度；v：空气渗流速度；b：Klinkenberg系数；P：平均压力；a：常数7.32；T：绝对温度K；M：气体分子量；r：通流孔道半径；
多孔介质孔隙率0.75；
料层厚度计算值h
C由垃圾需求量、入炉垃圾需求量、垃圾密度、垃圾前进基准速度、炉渣出渣率、各段炉排宽度，根据V＝M/ρ和hc＝V/v计算得到；
其中，hc：垃圾料层厚度计算值，V：垃圾体积，M：垃圾重量，ρ：垃圾密度，v：垃圾前进速度；
将料层厚度实际值h
a与计算值h
c的比值，作为料层修正系数KH，使其对各段炉排的动作频率进行修正，进而完成各段炉排频率的调整。
进一步地，所述燃烧图检测具体为：
根据垃圾焚烧厂的燃烧图，将其分三大区域，分别为连续运行区、投油稳燃区、短时间超负荷区；根据公式MW＝Q*m/3600得出实际垃圾的热容量，由垃圾低位热值和垃圾处理量计算出实际垃圾的热容量；根据实际垃圾的热容量占额定热容量的百分比和实际垃圾的处理量占额定处理量的百分比，判断此时锅炉燃烧检测点处于何种状态，并提醒运行人员注意；
如若燃烧检测点位于投油稳燃区，则提醒运行人员进行投入燃油，确保机组正常运行；如若燃烧检测点位于短时间超负荷区，则提醒运行人员不要连续运行超过2小时；如若燃烧检测点位于连续运行区，则提醒运行人员继续保持，且密切观察燃烧状态。
本发明与现有技术相比，具有以下优点和效果：
1、本发明实现了垃圾焚烧厂的垃圾低位热值的估算和垃圾实际处理量的计算；
2、本发明垃圾焚烧厂炉排的料层厚度得到准确的控制，使得垃圾充分燃烧，提高了热效率；
3、本发明针对垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制系统的自动投入率得到充分提高，同时降低人工的操作强度；
4、本发明针对焚烧炉的推料器给料控制，三段炉排的频率控制得到准确的控制，避免了垃圾的偏料、偏烧的情况；
5、本发明针对垃圾焚烧厂的炉膛温度及氧量控制，使垃圾的充分分解和燃烧，降低烟气污染物的排放量，同时精准的控制出口排烟温度，减少后续烟气净化系统的处理压力。
图1是本发明的垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法的流程图。
图2是本发明的垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法的控制系统示意图。
图3是本发明的实施例的燃烧图检测示意图。
图4是本发明的实施例的炉膛火焰分析系统框架图。
图5是本发明的实施例的炉膛火焰分析系统界面示意图。
图6是本发明的实施例的脱硫XGboost算法示意图。
图7是本发明的实施例的脱硫BP神经网络算法示意图。
为了详细阐述本发明为达到预定技术目的而所采取的技术方案，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清晰、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明的部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例，并且，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，本发明的实施例中的技术手段或技术特征可以替换，下面将参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本发明。
如图1和图2所示，本发明为基于中国天楹Waterleau往复式机械炉排焚烧炉800t/d的燃烧特性进行的垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制系统，其中设计的MCR点：主蒸汽流量：65.8t/h、主蒸汽压力：4.0MPa、主蒸汽温度：400℃、垃圾处理量：33.333t/h、垃圾热值：6200kj/kg。本发明的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，具体包含以下步骤：
S1、垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度演算
根据垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾料斗仓的尺寸结构图，由垃圾仓料位测量值与垃圾仓容积的折线f(x)函数，求出垃圾仓的实时体积；当垃圾吊车在炉口位置投料前6秒到垃圾投料后72秒的采 集数据中，求出垃圾体积变化的最大值和最小值，计算出本次投料增加的垃圾体积量；在垃圾吊投料时采集垃圾吊车每次抓取的垃圾重量，由ρ＝M/V公式，求出本次投料垃圾仓垃圾的密度，然后累计15次密度值，取其平均值；同时考虑垃圾仓内存在垃圾堆积形成的垃圾压实系数，求出入炉垃圾密度；垃圾吊两次投料的体积差乘以密度平均值得到两次投料间重量变化量，垃圾吊本次称重数据加上重量变化量后再除以两次投料时间间隔得到实时垃圾处理量。
测量垃圾料斗仓的尺寸结构，将各段的长、宽、高以及倾斜角度输入到相应参数设定里，同时压实系数、2段炉排间距、每段炉排的距离、燃烬段出口垃圾密度等参数，计算出垃圾的入炉密度以及垃圾实际处理量。
S2、垃圾低位热值估算
根据锅炉的热平衡原理，首先确定焚烧炉的输入热量总和＝输出热量总和
(Q
i＝Qo)； (1)
其中，输入热量总和Q
i包括如下：Q
m：垃圾带入热量，Q
CI：焚烧炉输入热量，Q
PA：一次风带入热量，Q
SA：二次风带入热量；输出热量总和Qo包括如下：Q
ST：蒸汽输出热量，Q
SE：抽汽输出热量，Q
FW：给水输入热量；
空气介质热量计算公式
(Q＝C*(T
o-T
A)*F*ρ)， (2)
其中，Q：热量，C：空气比热，F：体积流量，ρ：空气密度，T
O：风温，T
A：环境温度；
汽水介质热量计算公式
(Q＝F*h)， (3)
其中：Q：热量，F：质量流量，h：焓值；
根据热平衡原理由(1)(2)(3)公式，反演算推出垃圾的低位热值LHV实际值。
S3、垃圾需求量演算
利用主蒸汽流量设定值、补充燃料量、主蒸汽温度、主蒸汽压力、给水温度压力、锅炉出口烟温和垃圾低位热值，通过NCV公式反算计算出垃圾需求量。
根据NCV计算公式
NCV＝(1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/m*Δhst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
推导出垃圾需求量
m＝((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/(((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/Δhst) (5)
其中，m：垃圾需求量；m′st：主蒸汽流量设定值；m′f：补充燃料量；Ncv′f：补充燃料热值；Δhst：过热蒸汽净焓值为蒸汽焓值减去给水焓值；′b：锅炉换热效率；NCV：垃圾热值；Tb：锅炉出口烟温。
其中，NCV计算公式引自：“Technology of Waste Incineration in Theory and Practice”，1995 ed.by Reimann，VDI“Steam Tables”，1968 ed.by Schmidt。
S4、总风量需求推演
使垃圾充分燃烧所需的总风量包括一次风量、二次风量和炉墙冷却风量；其推演过程如下：
1)根据NCV计算公式
NCV＝(1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/m*Δhst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)
推导出主蒸汽流量计算值的公式如下：
m′st＝(((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/Δhst)*m+(m′f/(Δhst/Ncv′f))*′b (6)
其中，m′st：主蒸汽流量计算值，m：垃圾需求量，m′f：补充燃料量，Ncv′f：补充燃料热值；Δhst：过热蒸汽净焓值为蒸汽焓值减去给水焓值；′b：锅炉换热效率；NCV：垃圾热值；Tb：锅炉出口烟温；
2)由风量需求公式
Y
2＝F
S*CI*C6； (7)
其中，F
S：蒸汽流量计算值；CI：产生每吨蒸汽需要的热量；C6：产生单位热量需要的助燃的空气量；Y
2：需要的理论空气量；
产生单位热量需要的助燃的空气量
C6＝Y2″/(FS″*CI″) (8)
其中，Y
2″：MCR点理论空气量；F
S″：MCR点额定蒸汽流量；CI″：MCR点产生每吨蒸汽需要的热量；
3)由理论空气量乘以过量空气系数λ得到总风量需求。
其中，公式(7)(8)引自文章《一种生活垃圾焚烧炉自动燃烧热灼减率控制系统的制作方法》一文)。
S5、一次风量控制
一次风需求量由总风量需求量减去二次风量所得。其控制原理根据垃圾的低位热值与干燥段一次风机风量，燃烧段一次风机风量，燃烬段一次风机风量的折线f(x)函数关系，得到3个配风比，且这3个配风比之和为100％，将一次风需求量按照各段一次风机对应配风比进行分配，从而使其满足垃圾燃烧的风量需求，同时将焚烧垃圾的火线控制在燃烧段炉排上，其他炉排上有少量火线。
当机组工况运行，分别将干燥段一次风机风量控制，燃烧段一次风机风量控制，燃烬段一次风机风量控制投入C模式，则整套系统按照ACC自动燃烧控制模式运行，根据实际设定值自动调节相关参数值，使其满足自动燃烧控制。其中总风量需求(S4环节所得)、垃圾低位热值(S2环节所得)、二次风量测量值，计算出一次风需求量为89246Nm3/h。同时由低位热值与干燥段一次风机风量，燃烧段一次风机风量，燃烬段一次风机风量的折线f(x)函数配风比分别为：35.125％，44.875％，20％。将一次风需求量按照各段一次风机对应配风比进行分配，从而控制三段一次风机，使其满足垃圾燃烧的风量需求。
S6、氧量、炉膛温度控制
以省煤器出口氧量为测量值、炉膛3个温度测量值进行调整，既要满足第一烟道温度在890℃-1050℃范围内保持2s需求，又要控制氧量在5.5％-8.5％之间，以省煤器出口氧量为控制目标，采用PID调节控制二次风机输出值的变化，同时第一烟道温度参与辅助控制，抑制二次风机输出值的变化。
当氧量在5.5％-8.5％范围之外时，调整氧量对一次风需求量计算回路进行修正：
1)当氧量小于5.5％，则增大氧量修正系数，增大各段一次风量的控制，满足氧量的需求；
2)当氧量大于8.5％，则减小氧量修正系数，减小各段一次风量的控制，满足氧量的需求；
当第一烟道下部温度范围在890℃-1050℃之外时，闭锁二次风机输出值的变化：
1)其温度变化速率、数值高于预设值时，闭锁减二次风机控制回路的输出值，使其输出值不再降低，但可以增加输出值，从而控制炉膛下部温度，保持在工况范围内，保持炉膛温度需求；
2)其温度变化速率、数值低于预设值时，闭锁增二次风机控制回路的输出值，使其输出值不再增加，但可以减低输出值，从而控制炉膛下部温度，保持在工况范围内，保持炉膛温度需求。
当机组工况运行，分别将二次风机控制投入自动模式、干燥段一次风量控制、燃烧段一次风量控制、燃烬段一次风量控制投入C模式。此时测量的炉膛下部温度分别为：1085℃，1082℃，1086℃，省煤器出口氧含量分别为：5.38％，5.38％。此时第一烟道下部温度平均值1084.3℃高于预设值1050℃时闭锁减二次风机控制回路的输出值，使其输出值不再降低，但可以增加输出值，从而控制炉膛下部温度，保持在工况范围内。
同时测量的省煤器出口氧含量分别为：5.38％，5.38％，氧量平均值为5.388％在5.5％-8.5％范围之外时，调整氧量对一次风需求量计算回路进行修正。此时氧量平均值为5.388％小于5.5％，因此增大氧量修正系数，增大干燥段一次风量控制、燃烧段一次风量控制、燃烬段一次风量控制，从而保持省煤器出口氧含量的工况范围。
S7、料层厚度控制
炉排片的垃圾料层厚度不能准确的测量与观察，通常运行人员间接地监视各段一次风机出口风压大小，以及观察垃圾焚烧的火焰，或者到现场通过观火孔检查火焰的燃烧情况。本发明的料层厚度实际值ha由各段炉排一次风温、一次风量、垃圾料层上下面的差压通过复杂的计算函数得出；一般情况下：干燥段料层厚度控制在800-1000mm，燃烧段料层厚度控制在500-600mm，燃烬段料层厚度控制在200-300mm。
料层厚度实际值计算公式如下：
其中，h
a：垃圾料层厚度实际值；C
pr：焚烧炉特性系数；KL：液体渗透率(MD)；ΔP：料层差压；μ：空气粘度(Mpa·s)；v：空气渗流速度；b：Klinkenberg系数(MPa)；P：平均压力(MPa)；a：常数7.32；T：绝对温度K；M：气体分子量；r：通流孔道半径(μm)；
多孔介质孔隙率0.75；
公式(9)引自文章《机械炉排式焚烧炉床面垃圾层厚计算及运行分析》胡洪铭一文。
料层厚度计算值h
C由垃圾需求量(S3环节所得)、入炉垃圾需求量(S7环节所得)、垃圾密度(S1环节所得)、垃圾前进基准速度(S7环节所得)、炉渣出渣率、各段炉排宽度等参数，根据V＝M/ρ和hc＝V/v计算得到；
其中，hc：垃圾料层厚度计算值，V：垃圾体积，M：垃圾重量，ρ：垃圾密度，v：垃圾前进速度；
将料层厚度实际值h
a与计算值h
c的比值，作为料层修正系数KH，使其对各段炉排的动作频率进行修正，进而完成各段炉排频率的调整。当料层修正系数KH大于1时，三段炉排动作频率增大，从而增加给料速度。反之，当料层修正系数KH小于1时，三段炉排动作频率减小，从而降低给料速度。
S8、燃烧控制
燃烧控制主要参与推料器控制，干燥段炉排、燃烧段炉排、燃烬段炉排的控制，计算出入炉垃圾需求量和垃圾前进基准速度，以此基准速度控制推料器、干燥段炉排、燃烧段炉排、燃烬段炉排，其计算值是由垃圾实际处理量(S1环节所得)、垃圾需求量(S3环节所得)、主蒸汽压力修正系数(S13环节所得)，演算出的入炉垃圾需求量，同时再由入炉垃圾密度(S1环节所得)，推料器截面积(宽度、高度)等参数，经过函数关系计算所得。其的大小直接影响后面推料器动作频率以及三段炉排动作频率，对垃圾的给料量起着决定性的作用。
S9、推料器控制
推料器控制是根据垃圾前进基准速度(S7环节所得)、推料器的理论行程、压缩系数、后退速度、停留时间、平衡系数等参数，通过函数关系计算出推料器的给料频率、推料器前进速度、以及前进时间，从而控制推料器动作频率，保证各个推料器同步给料，也可以根据平衡系数进行异步给料。当某个推料器出现故障，撤出自动，其他推料器可以继续同步运行。也可以单周期运行，用来检修故障的推料器。当给料不均匀时，通过平衡系数，调整推料器异步运行，慢慢纠正给料平衡，使其达到给料均匀。
S10、三段炉排控制
三段炉排频率控制是根据垃圾前进基准速度(S7环节所得)、炉排的理论行程、压缩系数、等待时间、料层厚度修正系数(S8环节所得)、热灼减率修正系数(S11环节所得)、平衡系数等参数，通过函数关系计算出各段炉排的给料频率、各段炉排的等待时间，从而控制各段炉排动作频率，保证各个推料器同步给料。也可根据料层偏料情况，调整平衡系数来控制各段炉排的动作频率，使其保持同步给料。当某个炉排出现故障，撤出自动，其他炉排可以继续同步运行。也可以单周期运行，用来检修故障的炉排。当给料不均匀时，通过平衡系数，调整推料器异步运行，慢慢纠正给料平衡，使其达到给料均匀。
S11、热灼减率控制
热灼减率控制是以燃烬段炉排上部温度为控制对象，燃烬段上部温度高于设定值时，启动热灼减率控制程序。热灼减率的控制主要让垃圾在各段炉排上充分燃烧，提高垃圾焚烧热值的回收利用，从而提高垃圾热效率。热灼减率控制程序包括：燃烬段一次风机热灼修正、燃烧段炉排热灼修正、燃烬段炉排热灼修正。热灼减率控制通过PID输出值后经系数函数关系转化，使其值转为0～2之间，其值为1，则不作修正。若其值为0～1和1～2之间，分别做相应的调整。
如当机组工况运行，将热灼减率控制投入自动模式，燃烬段炉排上部温度测量值470℃大于燃烬段炉排上部温度设置值450℃，启动热灼减率控制程序，使燃烬段一次风机热灼修正系数增大至1.103、燃烧段炉排热灼修正系数减小至0.897、燃烬段炉排热灼修正系数减小至0.897，进而调整这3个设备输出变化。反之。则燃烬段炉排上部温度测量值430℃小于燃烬段炉排上部温度设置值450℃，启动热灼减率控制程序，使燃烬段一次风机热灼修正系数减小、燃烧段炉排热灼修正系数增大、燃烬段炉排热灼修正系数增大。
S12、主蒸汽流量控制
利用主蒸汽流量设定值、补充燃料量、主蒸汽温度压力、给水温度压力、锅炉出口烟温和垃圾热值，通过NCV公式反算出垃圾需求量。
S13、主蒸汽压力控制
保证主蒸汽压力在额定工况内。采用以主蒸汽压力为目标参数，同时监测汽包压力，(因为汽包压力优于主蒸汽压力更能反应锅炉燃烧状况)；以主蒸汽流量作为前馈补偿(主蒸汽流量优于主蒸汽压力更能反应外界热负荷需求)，计算出主蒸汽压力修正系数，对锅炉燃烧及一次风风量进行修正，以保持主蒸汽压力在目标范围。
S14、一次风温控制
通过采用PID控制回路，其中以垃圾低位热值与一次风温的折线f(x)函数作为温度设定值，调整一次风蒸预器调门开度大小，维持一次风蒸预器出口风温在工况范围内。当机组工况运行，将一次风温控制投入C模式，此时垃圾低位热值(S2环节所得)与一次风温的折线f(x)函数作 为温度设定值，此时的温度设定值为：226.3℃，自动控制一次蒸预器调阀开度变化，使风温维持在设定值范围内。垃圾热值越高，一次风温越低。反之，垃圾热值越低，一次风温越高。
S15、二次风温控制
通过采用PID控制回路，其中以垃圾低位热值与二次风温的折线f(x)函数作为温度设定值，调整二次风蒸预器调门开度大小，维持蒸预器出口风温在工况范围内。当机组工况运行，将二次风温控制投入C模式，此时垃圾低位热值(S2环节所得)与二次风温的折线f(x)函数作为温度设定值，此时的温度设定值为：168.5℃，自动控制二次蒸预器调阀开度变化，使风温维持在设定值范围内。垃圾热值越高，二次风温越低。反之，垃圾热值越低，二次风温越高。
S16、燃烧图检测
如图3所示，根据垃圾焚烧厂的燃烧图，将其分三大区域，分别为连续运行区(abcd f′e′a区)，投油稳燃区(gg′e′f′feg区)，短时间超负荷区(iba e′g′hi区)；根据公式MW＝Q*m/3600得出实际垃圾的热容量，由垃圾低位热值和垃圾处理量计算出实际垃圾的热容量；根据实际垃圾的热容量占额定热容量的百分比和实际垃圾的处理量占额定处理量的百分比，判断此时锅炉燃烧检测点处于何种状态，并提醒运行人员注意；
如若燃烧检测点位于投油稳燃区，则提醒运行人员进行投入燃油，确保机组正常运行；如若燃烧检测点位于短时间超负荷区，则提醒运行人员不要连续运行超过2小时；如若燃烧检测点位于连续运行区，则提醒运行人员继续保持，且密切观察燃烧状态。
S17、炉膛火焰分析系统
如图4和图5所示，通过摄像机观察炉膛内的火焰燃烧状况，将信号传输至计算机进行图像处理，分析出火焰特征，进而计算出各区域特征比例，转化成控制指令，对给料器炉排、一次风机和左右风门进行动作修正。
主要分为图像采集传输模块、图像处理模块、火焰特征分析模块、区域火焰特征比例计算模块、区域火焰特征比例转换控制模块等五部分，实施过程如下：
图像采集传输模块：根据焚烧炉实际炉膛面积，在焚烧炉后拱设置一台(燃烧区域面积过大时在前拱增加一台)耐高温监视摄像机，实时监视炉膛内部焚烧火焰状况，监测面积覆盖整个炉排区域，将影像传输至计算机图像处理模块进行处理。
图像处理模块：将采集来的视频经过视频模拟信号转数字信号(采样、像素量化、压缩编码)、格式转换、数据提取、特征标签写入等步骤，输出含有火焰亮度特征标签的图像数据集。
图像处理模块包含以下功能：
a)模拟视频转数字视频(采样、像素量化、压缩编码)
采样将图像在空间上离散化，就是定义要用多少点来描述一幅图像，采样点是用空间上部分点的灰度值代表图像，采样结果质量的高低就是用图像分辨率来衡量。简单来讲，对二维空间上连续的图像在水平和垂直方向上等间距地分割成矩形网状结构的微小方格即像素点，一副图像就被采样成有限个像素点构成的集合。
把采样后所得的各像素的灰度值从模拟量到离散量的进行转换即量化。量化后，图像就被表示成一个整数矩阵。每个像素具有两个属性：位置和灰度。位置由行、列表示。灰度表示该像素位置上亮暗程度的整数，灰度级一般为0-255(8bit量化)。
数字化后得到的图像数据量十分巨大，因此采用编码技术来压缩其信息量。
接下来使用中值滤波方法降低图像的噪声，中值滤波法是一种非线性平滑技术，它将每一 像素点的灰度值设置为该点某邻域窗口内的所有像素点灰度值的中值。原理是把数字图像或数字序列中一点的值用该点的一个邻域中各点值的中值代替，让周围的像素值接近的真实值，从而消除孤立的噪声点。
b)格式转换
数字化后的视频图像为RGB格式，即每种颜色都可以使用红绿蓝三种颜色的比例来表示，然而RGB格式的图像无法表示图像亮度及色差的变化，不适合计算机处理火焰图像，因此将RGB格式图像转换为可以表示亮度、色差的YCrCb格式。
依据ITU-R BT.601标准(601-4：1994.7./601-5：1995.10)，RGB格式与YCrCb格式的转换算法如下：
Y’＝0.257*R′+0.504*G′+0.098*B′+16
Cb′＝-0.148*R′-0.291*G′+0.439*B′+128
Cr′＝0.439*R′-0.368*G′-0.071*B′+128
c)亮度特征数据提取
在YCrCb格式视频中，“Y”表示明亮度，也就是灰阶值，而色调与饱和度分别用Cr和Cb来表示其中Cr反映了RGB输入信号红色部分与RGB信号亮度值之间的差异而Cb反映的是RGB输入信号蓝色部分与RGB信号亮度值之间的差异此即所谓的色差信号。
d)亮度特征数据标签写入
将每个像素点以坐标表示，固定其相对位置，将每个像素点的YCrCb数据以标签形式写入，得到以含有标签的像素点组成的整帧图像的数据集合。
图像处理模块对具体步骤如下：
a)摄像机采集炉膛火焰视频，输出PAL格式模拟视频信号；
b)通过视频采集卡将摄像机输出的PAL格式视频信号转化为数字视频信号；
c)将分辨率800*600，每秒30帧，RGB格式的数字视频信号，进行降噪处理；
d)将降噪后的RGB格式图像转化为YCrCb格式；
e)将每个像素点以坐标表示，固定其相对位置；
f)将每个像素点的YCrCb数据以标签形式写入，标记位置；
g)输出带位置信息和YCrCb信息的图像数据。
火焰特征分析模块，火焰特征分析模块将图像处理模块输出的带位置信息和YCrCb信息的图像数据，根据亮度数据“Y”，将火焰亮度进行分级，
亮度100-75为高亮火焰，用红色展示；
亮度75-50为中亮火焰，用橙色展示；
亮度50-25为低亮火焰，用黄色展示；
亮度25-0为无火，用黑色展示。
并按所在的亮度区间进行判断分类，分为高亮火焰、中亮火焰、低亮火焰和无火状态，并标注相应的颜色输出。
区域火焰特征比例计算模块，区域火焰特征比例计算模块是将火焰特征分析模块输出的图像亮度特征分段数据经过区域网格化、分区、颜色占比计算、单位区域权重比例计算等过程，输出火焰图像区域权重比例数据的过程。
区域火焰特征比例计算模块的处理过程如下：
炉膛火焰区域精细网格化：将炉膛按燃烧区域、左右等物理位置划分成若干单元，准确对应火焰图像的区域。
单元区域颜色面积占比计算：火焰特征图像的单元区域内，以像素为单元，分别求出红色、橙色、黄色所占的面积，计算出对应整个单元面积的比例；
单元区域权重比例计算：首先定义三种颜色在炉膛火焰中的权重，将计算得出的单位区域颜色面积占比分别乘以所占的权重，再求和即可得出单元区域的火焰权重值，如计算公式
WV＝(Sr/Su)*90％+(So/Su)*60％+(Sy/Su)*30％
式中，WV：单元区域权重值；Su：单元区域面积总值；Sr：单元区域红色面积值；So：单元区域橙色面积值；Sy：单元区域黄色面积值；
火焰分区权重比例值：依据单元区域权重比例计算方法，分别求出炉膛燃烧区域所有分区(A1、B1……G4)的权重比例值，并携带区域位置标签输出。
区域火焰特征比例转换控制模块，将携带位置标签的火焰权重比例值按所在燃烧区域进行分区，将燃烧区域的火焰权重值相加，将燃烧区域的火焰权重值进行比较，分别计算出左右侧风门，炉排、一次风机的修正指令。
由于理想工况下炉排各段的火焰分布应该是：干燥段无火，燃烧段满火，燃烬段无火；
因此，对应各部分的比较应该是：
干燥段与燃烧段比较为：干燥段加燃烧段理想工况的权重值与燃烧段的权重值相比；
燃烧段与燃烬段比较为：燃烧段的权重值与燃烬段加燃烧段理想工况的权重值相比。
在系统投入时，首先在人机界面设置参数，包括火焰区域、火焰亮度阈值、颜色权重值和区域权重偏置数值；
当机组运行时，炉膛火焰分析系统通过摄像机观察炉膛内的火焰燃烧状况，将信号传输至计算机进行图像处理，分析出火焰特征，进而计算出各区域特征比例，转化成控制指令，在系统稳定后，逐步投入给料器、炉排、一次风机和左右风门的修正，同时可以在人机界面实时观察炉膛火焰的区域位置。
S18、主汽流量预测系统
通过读取主蒸汽流量相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出主蒸汽流量的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对垃圾前进基准速度进行修正。机组运行时，投入主汽流量预测控制系统，当主蒸汽流量预测值下降时，经过与实际值进行偏差比例运算，再经CEMS测量信号进行限幅处理，提前增加推料器、炉排的速度和一次风量；当主蒸汽流量预测值增加时，经过与实际值进行偏差比例运算，再经CEMS测量信号进行限幅处理，提前减小推料器、炉排的速度和一次风量；通过预测到的数值对系统进行提前干预，消除主汽流量控制响应的滞后问题。
S19、主汽温度预测系统
通过读取主蒸汽温度相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出主蒸汽温度的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对减温水调节阀的开度指令进行修正。机组运行时，投入主汽温度预测控制系统，当主蒸汽温度预测值下降时，经过与实际值进行偏差比例运算，提前减小过热器减温水阀的开度；当主蒸汽流量预测值增加时，经过与实际值进行偏差比例运算，提前增加过热器减温水阀的开度；通过预测到的数值对系统进行提前干预，消除主汽温度控制响应的滞后问题。
S20、炉膛温度预测系统
通过读取炉膛温度相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出炉膛温度的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对推料器频率和三段一次风机转速指令进行修正；机组运行时，投入炉膛温度预测系统，当炉膛温度预测值下降时，经过与实际值进行偏差比例运算，提前增加三台一次风机的开度，提前增加推料器的运行速度；当炉膛温度预测值增加时，经过与实际值进行偏差比例运算，提前减小三台一次风机的开度，提前降低推料器的运行速度；通过预测到的数值对系统进行提前干预，消除炉膛温度控制响应的滞后问题。
S21、烟气净化控制系统
通过读取烟气成分含量相关的特征数值，使用XGboost算法，预测出烟气中的NO
X、HCL、SO
2的提前值，与CEMS来的数值进行计算，控制脱硝液氨流量调节阀、石灰石浆液调阀、活性炭给料器、消石灰给料器的频率，以达到控制烟气排放各成分含量的目的。
1)脱硫FGD控制方案
如图6所示，烟气净化中脱硫FGD控制方案，通过读取炉膛烟温、烟气压力、氧量、一、二次风压力流量经过XGboost算法筛选重要参数因子，通过OPC通讯方式读取DCS系统炉膛烟温、烟气压力、氧量、一、二次风压力流量等参数，输入值算法模块，经过算法计算排序出前12个相关重要参数输出至BP神经网络算法。
经过XGboost算法筛选后数据输入BP神经网络算法，BP神经网络算法结构如附图7所示。通过12个输入点经过隐含层5个神经网络节点传递，计算出SO
2的预测值。
通过DCS系统中预测参数表内参数，通过XGboost和脱硫BP神经网络算法预测出SO
2值，经过钙硫比换算出石灰石浓度预测值，与实际SO
2含量进行PID调节，输出PID调节参数至DCS系统，来反控消石灰给料阀，通过反应塔出口烟温换算饱和温度通过PID调节，控制回路中SO
2预测值与SO
2实测值的差值作为PID的前馈，输出PID调节参数至DCS系统，来反控石灰石给水阀，实现稳控SO
2值目标。
2)脱硝SNCR控制方案
烟气净化中脱硝SNCR控制方案，通过读取炉膛烟温、烟气压力、氧量、一、二次风压力流量及CEMS参数经过XGboost算法筛选重要参数因子，经过XGboost算法筛选后数据输入BP神经网络算法预测出烟气中的NOX的预测值。
脱硝SNCR控制在原有脱硝控制基础上，通过NO
X预测值与NO
X实测值的偏差作为PID调节前馈，提前干预氨水调节阀输出。
氨水设定值公式：氨水流量设定值＝氨水流量MAX×(1-(PID输出值×效率/10000))
脱硝SNCR稀释水调节通过设定氨水浓度换算出溶液质量，通过计算得出稀释水流量设定值。通过PID调节控制稀释水调节阀输出。
稀释水设定值公式：溶剂值÷3600
稀释水流量设定值＝(1÷氨水浓度设定值-氨水流量*3600)÷3600
具体实施方式：通过DCS系统中预测参数表内参数，通过XGboost和脱硝BP神经网络算法预测出NO
X值，氨水调节阀通过串级控制回路，实测NO
X值和预测NO
X值的偏差值输入主调PID控制器作为前馈，主调PID输出值通过设定公式自动设定为副调设定值与实测氨水流量作PID调节，输出氨水调节阀开度。稀释水调节阀通过氨水浓度设定值通过溶剂公式换算与稀释水实测流量作PID调节，输出稀释水调节阀开度。实现稳控NO
X值目标。
3)干法脱酸控制方案
烟气净化中脱酸控制方案，通过读取炉膛烟温、烟气压力、氧量、一、二次风压力流量、入炉垃圾量及CEMS参数经过XGboost算法筛选重要参数因子，经过XGboost算法筛选后数据输入BP神经网络算法预测出烟气中的HCL的预测值。
脱酸控制通过比较HCL和SO
2实测值和预测值偏差的数值来切换SO
2和HCL控制回路，两套控制回路由两个独立的PID调节控制器控制，消石灰给料阀调节取偏差最大的控制回路。在系统运行过程中，通过DCS输入脱酸参数来预测出HCL值，通过HCL预测值和实测值的偏差与SO
2预测值与实测值的偏差做比较，取偏差最大的一项。通过PID调节器输出调节参数来控制消石灰给料阀。
XGboost算法是由华盛顿大学陈天奇博士发明的GBDT(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree)决策树类开源算法，该算法适用于分类、回归类问题。本发明使用XGboost分类功能筛选影响烟气指标关键参数的重要性，匹配影响因子权重占比高的参数，通过从高到低排序后筛选参数，并把筛选后的参数输入值BP神经网络。BP(back propagation)神经网络算法是一种按照误差逆向传播算法训练的多层前馈神经网络，通过自身训练输入参数，利用梯度下降法搜索技术，以期使网络的实际输出值和期望输出值的误差均方差为最小，并且学习规则并在给定的输入值时得到最近期望输出值的输出结果，本发明由XGboost算法筛选后参数进入BP神经网络算法输入端，通过隐藏层经过权重传递及反向计算出烟气关键参数的预测值。
以上所述，仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，虽然本发明已以较佳实施例揭露如上，然而并非用以限定本发明，任何熟悉本专业的技术人员，在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内，当可利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许更动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例，但凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容，依据本发明的技术实质，在本发明的精神和原则之内，对以上实施例所作的任何简单的修改、等同替换与改进等，均仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
- 一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于包含以下步骤：垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度演算：通过料仓尺寸及投料垃圾体积变化计算垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度；垃圾低位热值估算：根据热平衡原理反演算出垃圾的低位热值的实际值；垃圾需求量演算：利用主蒸汽流量设定值、补充燃料量、主蒸汽温度、主蒸汽压力、给水温度压力、锅炉出口烟温和垃圾低位热值，通过NCV公式反算计算出垃圾需求量；总风量需求推演：使垃圾充分燃烧所需的总风量包括一次风量、二次风量和炉墙冷却风量；一次风量控制：一次风需求量由总风量需求量减去二次风量所得；氧量、炉膛温度控制：以省煤器出口氧量为测量值、炉膛3个温度测量值进行调整，既要满足第一烟道温度在890℃-1050℃范围内保持2s需求，又要控制氧量在5.5％-8.5％之间，以省煤器出口氧量为控制目标，采用PID调节控制二次风机输出值的变化，同时第一烟道温度参与辅助控制，抑制二次风机输出值的变化；料层厚度控制：料层厚度实际值ha由各段炉排一次风温、一次风量、垃圾料层上下面的差压通过计算函数得出；燃烧控制：燃烧控制主要参与推料器控制，干燥段炉排、燃烧段炉排、燃烬段炉排的控制，计算出入炉垃圾需求量和垃圾前进基准速度，以此基准速度控制推料器、干燥段炉排、燃烧段炉排、燃烬段炉排，其计算值是由垃圾实际处理量、垃圾需求量、主蒸汽压力修正系数，演算出的入炉垃圾需求量，同时再由入炉垃圾密度、推料器截面积，经过函数关系计算所得；推料器控制：根据垃圾前进基准速度、推料器的理论行程、压缩系数、后退速度、停留时间、平衡系数，通过函数关系计算出推料器的给料频率、推料器前进速度以及前进时间，从而控制推料器动作频率；三段炉排控制：根据垃圾前进基准速度、炉排的理论行程、压缩系数、移动时间、料层厚度修正系数、热灼减率修正系数、平衡系数，通过函数关系计算出各段炉排的给料频率、各段炉排的等待时间，从而控制各段炉排动作频率；热灼减率控制：以燃烬段炉排上部温度为控制对象，燃烬段上部温度高于设定值时，启动热灼减率控制程序；主蒸汽流量控制：利用主蒸汽流量设定值、补充燃料量、主蒸汽温度压力、给水温度压力、锅炉出口烟温和垃圾热值，通过NCV公式反算出垃圾需求量；主蒸汽压力控制：保证主蒸汽压力在额定工况内；一次风温控制：通过采用PID控制回路，其中以垃圾低位热值与一次风温的折线f(x)函数作为温度设定值，调整一次风蒸预器调门开度大小，维持一次风蒸预器出口风温在工况范围内；二次风温控制：通过采用PID控制回路，其中以垃圾低位热值与二次风温的折线f(x)函数作为温度设定值，调整二次风蒸预器调门开度大小，维持蒸预器出口风温在工况范围内；燃烧图检测：根据垃圾焚烧厂的燃烧图，将其分三大区域，分别为连续运行区、投油稳燃区、短时间超负荷区；计算出实际垃圾的热容量，根据实际垃圾的热容量占额定热容量的百分比和实际垃圾的处理量占额定处理量的百分比，判断此时锅炉燃烧检测点处于何种状态， 并提醒运行人员注意；炉膛火焰分析系统：通过摄像机观察炉膛内的火焰燃烧状况，将信号传输至计算机进行图像处理，分析出火焰特征，进而计算出各区域特征比例，转化成控制指令，对给料器炉排、一次风机和左右风门进行动作修正；主汽流量预测系统：通过读取主蒸汽流量相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出主蒸汽流量的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对垃圾前进基准速度进行修正；主汽温度预测系统：通过读取主蒸汽温度相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出主蒸汽温度的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对减温水调节阀的开度指令进行修正；炉膛温度预测系统：通过读取炉膛温度相关特征值，使用XGboost算法，预测出炉膛温度的提前值，通过偏差比例计算出修正系数，对推料器频率和三段一次风机转速指令进行修正；烟气净化控制系统：通过读取烟气成分含量相关的特征数值，使用XGboost算法，预测出烟气中的NO X、HCL、SO 2的提前值，与CEMS来的数值进行计算，控制脱硝液氨流量调节阀、石灰石浆液调阀、活性炭给料器、消石灰给料器的频率，以达到控制烟气排放各成分含量的目的。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于：所述垃圾实际处理量及入炉垃圾密度演算具体为：根据垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾料斗仓的尺寸结构图，由垃圾仓料位测量值与垃圾仓容积的折线f(x)函数，求出垃圾仓的实时体积；当垃圾吊车在炉口位置投料前到垃圾投料后一设定时间内采集数据中，求出垃圾体积变化的最大值和最小值，计算出本次投料增加的垃圾体积量；在垃圾吊投料时采集垃圾吊车每次抓取的垃圾重量，由ρ＝M/V公式，求出本次投料垃圾仓垃圾的密度，然后累计多次密度值，取其平均值；同时考虑垃圾仓内存在垃圾堆积形成的垃圾压实系数，求出入炉垃圾密度；垃圾吊两次投料的体积差乘以密度平均值得到两次投料间重量变化量，垃圾吊本次称重数据加上重量变化量后再除以两次投料时间间隔得到实时垃圾处理量。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于：所述垃圾实时低位热值估算具体为：根据锅炉的热平衡原理，首先确定焚烧炉的输入热量总和＝输出热量总和(Q i＝Qo)； (1)其中，输入热量总和Q i包括如下：Q m：垃圾带入热量，Q CI：焚烧炉输入热量，Q PA：一次风带入热量，Q SA：二次风带入热量；输出热量总和Qo包括如下：Q ST：蒸汽输出热量，Q SE：抽汽输出热量，Q FW：给水输入热量；空气介质热量计算公式(Q＝C*(T o-T A)*F*ρ)， (2)其中，Q：热量，C：空气比热，F：体积流量，ρ：空气密度，T O：风温，T A：环境温度；汽水介质热量计算公式(Q＝F*h)， (3)其中：Q：热量，F：质量流量，h：焓值；根据热平衡原理由(1)(2)(3)公式，反演算推出垃圾的低位热值LHV实际值。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于：所述垃圾需求量演算具体为：根据NCV计算公式NCV＝(1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/m*Δhst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)推导出垃圾需求量m＝((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/(((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/Δhst) (5)其中，m：垃圾需求量；m′st：主蒸汽流量设定值；m′f：补充燃料量；Ncv′f：补充燃料热值；Δhst：过热蒸汽净焓值为蒸汽焓值减去给水焓值；′b：锅炉换热效率；NCV：垃圾热值；Tb：锅炉出口烟温。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于：所述总风量需求推演具体为：1)根据NCV计算公式NCV＝(1.133*((m′st-m′f*(Ncv′f/Δhst))*′b)/m*Δhst+0.008*Tb)/1.085 (4)推导出主蒸汽流量计算值的公式如下：m′st＝(((NCV*1.085-0.008*Tb)/1.133)/Δhst)*m+(m′f/(Δhst/Ncv′f))*′b (6)其中，m′st：主蒸汽流量计算值，m：垃圾需求量，m′f：补充燃料量，Ncv′f：补充燃料热值；Δhst：过热蒸汽净焓值为蒸汽焓值减去给水焓值；′b：锅炉换热效率；NCV：垃圾热值；Tb：锅炉出口烟温；2)由风量需求公式Y 2＝F S*CI*C6； (7)其中，F S：蒸汽流量计算值；CI：产生每吨蒸汽需要的热量；C6：产生单位热量需要的助燃的空气量；Y 2：需要的理论空气量；产生单位热量需要的助燃的空气量C6＝Y2″/(FS″*CI″) (8)其中，Y 2″：MCR点理论空气量；F S″：MCR点额定蒸汽流量；CI″：MCR点产生每吨蒸汽需要的热量；3)由理论空气量乘以过量空气系数λ得到总风量需求。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于：所述氧量、炉膛温度控制具体为当氧量在5.5％-8.5％范围之外时，调整氧量对一次风需求量计算回路进行修正：1)当氧量小于5.5％，则增大氧量修正系数，增大各段一次风量的控制，满足氧量的需求；2)当氧量大于8.5％，则减小氧量修正系数，减小各段一次风量的控制，满足氧量的需求；当第一烟道下部温度范围在890℃-1050℃之外时，闭锁二次风机输出值的变化：1)其温度变化速率、数值高于预设值时，闭锁减二次风机控制回路的输出值，使其输出值不再降低，但可以增加输出值，从而控制炉膛下部温度，保持在工况范围内，保持炉膛温度需求；2)其温度变化速率、数值低于预设值时，闭锁增二次风机控制回路的输出值，使其输出值不再增加，但可以减低输出值，从而控制炉膛下部温度，保持在工况范围内，保持炉膛温度需求。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于：所述料层厚度控制具体为：料层厚度实际值计算公式如下：
其中，h a：垃圾料层厚度实际值；C pr：焚烧炉特性系数；KL：液体渗透率；ΔP：料层差压；μ：空气粘度；v：空气渗流速度；b：Klinkenberg系数；P：平均压力；a：常数7.32；T：绝对温度K；M：气体分子量；r：通流孔道半径；多孔介质孔隙率0.75；
料层厚度计算值h C由垃圾需求量、入炉垃圾需求量、垃圾密度、垃圾前进基准速度、炉渣出渣率、各段炉排宽度，根据V＝M/ρ和hc＝V/v计算得到；其中，hc：垃圾料层厚度计算值，V：垃圾体积，M：垃圾重量，ρ：垃圾密度，v：垃圾前进速度；将料层厚度实际值h a与计算值h c的比值，作为料层修正系数KH，使其对各段炉排的动作频率进行修正，进而完成各段炉排频率的调整。 - 根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾焚烧厂ACC自动燃烧控制方法，其特征在于：所述燃烧图检测具体为：根据垃圾焚烧厂的燃烧图，将其分三大区域，分别为连续运行区、投油稳燃区、短时间超负荷区；根据公式MW＝Q*m/3600得出实际垃圾的热容量，由垃圾低位热值和垃圾处理量计算出实际垃圾的热容量；根据实际垃圾的热容量占额定热容量的百分比和实际垃圾的处理量占额定处理量的百分比，判断此时锅炉燃烧检测点处于何种状态，并提醒运行人员注意；如若燃烧检测点位于投油稳燃区，则提醒运行人员进行投入燃油，确保机组正常运行；如若燃烧检测点位于短时间超负荷区，则提醒运行人员不要连续运行超过2小时；如若燃烧检测点位于连续运行区，则提醒运行人员继续保持，且密切观察燃烧状态。
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| JP2004309122A (ja) * | 2003-03-26 | 2004-11-04 | Jfe Engineering Kk | 火格子式ごみ焼却炉の燃焼制御方法及びごみ焼却炉 |
| CN103234207A (zh) * | 2012-11-28 | 2013-08-07 | 上海康恒环境工程有限公司 | 一种生活垃圾焚烧炉自动燃烧垃圾料层厚度控制系统 |
| CN103423750A (zh) * | 2013-09-04 | 2013-12-04 | 南京科远自动化集团股份有限公司 | 一种垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧控制方法 |
| CN110145745A (zh) * | 2019-05-16 | 2019-08-20 | 绿色动力环保集团股份有限公司 | 一种多驱动逆推式垃圾焚烧炉acc控制方法及系统 |
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| CN116974201A (zh) * | 2023-08-07 | 2023-10-31 | 江苏秦郡环保科技有限公司 | 基于浮力分选的垃圾焚烧炉渣回收控制方法及系统 |
| CN116974201B (zh) * | 2023-08-07 | 2024-01-23 | 江苏秦郡环保科技有限公司 | 基于浮力分选的垃圾焚烧炉渣回收控制方法及系统 |
| CN117387077A (zh) * | 2023-12-12 | 2024-01-12 | 江苏恩菲环保装备有限公司 | 一种基于燃料调控供应的焚烧炉 |
| CN117387077B (zh) * | 2023-12-12 | 2024-03-12 | 江苏恩菲环保装备有限公司 | 一种基于燃料调控供应的焚烧炉 |
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| CN113701160A (zh) | 2021-11-26 |
| CN113701160B (zh) | 2023-07-07 |
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