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Definitions

• Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to electron-accepting compounds and more specifically, but not by way of limitation, to compounds containing electron-accepting and electron donating units, the compounds being suitable for use as an electron-accepting material in a photoresponsive device.
• Electron-accepting non-fullerene compounds are known.
• Non-fullerene acceptors with nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocycle cores for the applications in organic solar cells discloses non-fullerene acceptors with pyrazine or pyridazine as the cores.
• CN110379926 discloses an organic solar cell based on a benzodithiazole near-infrared receptor.
• CN112608333 discloses a small molecule based on a bisthiadiazole carbazole derivative.
• CN112259687 discloses a ternary fullerene organic solar cell.
• the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I): wherein:
• a 1 is a divalent heteroaromatic electron-accepting group
• a 2 and A 3 are each independently a monovalent electron-accepting group
• D 1 and D 2 independently in each occurrence is an electron-donating group
• B 1 and B 2 independently in each occurrence is a bridging group; x 1 and x 2 are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; y 1 and y 2 are each independently at least 1; and z 1 and z 2 are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that at least one of z 1 and z 2 is at least 1.
• the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I): wherein:
• a 1 is a divalent heteroaromatic electron-accepting group comprising at least 3 fused rings
• a 2 and A 3 are each independently a monovalent electron-accepting group
• D 1 and D 2 independently in each occurrence is an electron-donating group
• B 1 and B 2 independently in each occurrence is a bridging group; x 1 and x 2 are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; y 1 and y 2 are each independently at least 1; and z 1 and z 2 are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that at least one of x 1 , x 2 , z 1 and z 2 is at least 1.
• Figure 1 illustrates an organic photoresponsive device according to some embodiments
• Figure 2 shows absorption spectra of a compound according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and an unbridged comparative compound
• Figure 3 shows external quantum efficiencies vs wavelength of an organic photodetector containing a compound according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and an organic photodetector containing an unbridged comparative compound;
• Figure 4 shows dark current density vs voltage for the devices of Figure 3.
• references to a layer “over” another layer when used in this application means that the layers may be in direct contact or one or more intervening layers are may be present. References to a layer “on” another layer when used in this application means that the layers are in direct contact. References to a specific atom include any isotope of that atom unless specifically stated otherwise.
• a compound of formula (I) as described herein may be provided in a bulk heterojunction layer of a photoresponsive device, preferably a photodetector, in which the bulk heterojunction layer is disposed between an anode and a cathode.
• the bulk heterojunction layer comprises or consists of an electron-donating material and an electron-accepting compound of formula (I) as described herein.
• the bulk heterojunction layer contains two or more accepting materials and / or two or more electron-accepting materials.
• the weight of the electron-donating material(s) to the electronaccepting material(s) is from about 1 :0.5 to about 1 :2, preferably about 1 : 1.1 to about 1 :2.
• the electron-donating material has a type II interface with the electron-accepting material, i.e. the electron-donating material has a shallower HOMO and LUMO that the corresponding HOMO and LUMO levels of the electron-accepting material.
• the compound of formula (I) has a HOMO level that is at least 0.05 eV deeper, optionally at least 0.10 eV deeper, than the HOMO of the electron-donating material.
• the gap between the HOMO level of the electron-donating material and the LUMO level of the electron-accepting compound of formula (I) is less than 1.4 eV.
• HOMO and LUMO levels of materials as described herein are as measured by square wave voltammetry (SWV).
• the current at a working electrode is measured while the potential between the working electrode and a reference electrode is swept linearly in time.
• the difference current between a forward and reverse pulse is plotted as a function of potential to yield a voltammogram. Measurement may be with a CHI 660D Potentiostat.
• the apparatus to measure HOMO or LUMO energy levels by SWV may comprise a cell containing 0.1 M tertiary butyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate in acetonitrile; a 3 mm diameter glassy carbon working electrode; a platinum counter electrode and a leak free Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
• Ferrocene is added directly to the existing cell at the end of the experiment for calculation purposes where the potentials are determined for the oxidation and reduction of ferrocene versus Ag/AgCl using cyclic voltammetry (CV).
• the sample is dissolved in toluene (3 mg / ml) and spun at 3000 rpm directly on to the glassy carbon working electrode.
• LUMO 4.8-E ferrocene (peak to peak average) - E reduction of sample (peak maximum).
• HOMO 4.8-E ferrocene (peak to peak average) + E oxidation of sample (peak maximum).
• the compound of formula (I) has an absorption peak greater than 1000 nm, more preferably greater than 1100 nm or 1200 nm.
• absorption spectra of materials as described herein are measured using a Cary 5000 UV-VIS-NIR Spectrometer. Measurements were taken from 300 nm to 2500 nm using a PbSmart NIR detector for extended photometric range with variable slit widths (down to 0.01 nm) for optimum control over data resolution.
• Absorption data are obtained by measuring the intensity of transmitted radiation through a solution sample. Absorption intensity is plotted vs. incident wavelength to generate an absorption spectrum. Solution absorption may be measured from a 0.015 mg / ml solution in a quartz cuvette and comparing to a cuvette containing the solvent only.
• the electron-accepting compound has formula (I):
• D 1 and D 2 independently in each occurrence is an electron-donating group.
• a 1 , A 2 and A 3 are each independently an electron-accepting group.
• B 1 and B 2 in each occurrence are independently a bridging group.
• x 1 and x 2 are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0 or 1.
• y 1 and y 2 are each independently at least 1, preferably 1, 2 or 3, more preferably 1.
• z 1 and z 2 are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1.
• Each of the electron-accepting groups A 1 , A 2 and A 3 has a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level that is deeper (i.e., further from vacuum) than the LUMO of either of the electron-donating groups D 1 or D 2 , preferably at least 1 eV deeper.
• the LUMO levels of electron-accepting groups and electron-donating groups may be as determined by modelling the LUMO level of these groups, in which each bond to adjacent group is replaced with a bond to a hydrogen atom. Modelling may be performed using Gaussian09 software available from Gaussian using Gaussian09 with B3LYP (functional) and LACVP* (Basis set).
• a 1 comprises at least 3 fused rings.
• a 1 may be a polycyclic heteroaromatic group which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• a preferred group, A 1 of formula (I) is a group of formula (II): wherein:
• R 2 groups are selected from
• C1-20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 wherein R 7 is a C1-12 hydrocarbyl, COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, preferably phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; and a group selected from wherein Z 40 , Z 41 , Z 42 and Z 43 are each independently CR 13 or N wherein R 13 in each occurrence is H or a substituent, preferably a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group; Y 40 and Y 41 are each independently O, S, NX 71 wherein X 71 is CN or COOR 40 ; or CX 60 X 61 wherein X 60 and X 61 is independently CN, CF3 or COOR 40 ; W 40 and W 41 are each independently O, S, NX 71 or CX 60 X 61 wherein
• R 2 Exemplary substituents of an aromatic or heteroaromatic group R 2 are F, CN, NO2, and C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• R 7 as described anywhere herein may be, for example, C1-12 alkyl, unsubstituted phenyl; or phenyl substituted with one or more C1-6 alkyl groups.
• the replaced C atom may be a terminal C atom of the alkyl group or a non-terminal C- atom.
• non-terminal C atom of an alkyl group as used anywhere herein means a C atom other than the C atom of the methyl group at the end of an n-alkyl chain or the C atoms of the methyl groups at the ends of a branched alkyl chain.
• the resulting group may be an anionic group comprising a countercation, e.g., an ammonium or metal countercation, preferably an ammonium or alkali metal cation.
• a countercation e.g., an ammonium or metal countercation, preferably an ammonium or alkali metal cation.
• a C atom of an alkyl substituent group which is replaced with another atom or group as described anywhere herein is preferably a non-terminal C atom, and the resultant substituent group is preferably non-ionic.
• Exemplary monocyclic heteroaromatic groups Ar 1 are oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole and 1,4-diazine which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• Thiadiazole is particularly preferred.
• Exemplary polycyclic heteroaromatic groups Ar 1 are groups of formula (V):
• X 1 and X 2 are each independently selected from N and CR 3 wherein R 3 is H or a substituent, optionally H or a substituent R 2 as described above.
• X 3 , X 4 , X 5 and X 6 are each independently selected from N and CR 3 with the proviso that at least one of X 3 , X 4 , X 5 and X 6 is CR 3 .
• each R 4 of any NR 4 or PR 4 described anywhere herein is independently selected from H; Ci -20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms other than the C atom bound to N or P may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; and phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more C1-12 alkyl groups wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• each R 5 is CN, COOR 40 ; or CX 60 X 61 wherein X 60 and X 61 is independently CN, CF3 or COOR 40 and R 40 in each occurrence is H or a substituent, preferably H or a C1-20 hydrocarb yl group.
• a 1 groups of formula (II) are preferably selected from groups of formulae (Ila) and (lib) :
• the two R 1 groups may or may not be linked.
• each R 1 is independently selected from H; F; CN; NO 2 ; Ci -20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , CO, COO, NR 4 , PR 4 , or Si(R 3 ) 2 wherein R 3 and R 4 are as described above and one or more H atoms may be replaced with F; and aryl or heteroaryl, preferably phenyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• Substituents of the aryl or heteroaryl group may be selected from one or more of F; CN; NO 2 ; and C1-20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , CO, COO and one or more H atoms may be replaced with F.
• the group of formula (lib) has formula (IIb-1) or (IIb-2):
• Ar 2 is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, preferably benzene, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. Ar 2 may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents R 2 as described above.
• Exemplary electron-accepting groups of formula (II) include, without limitation:
• Ak 1 is a C1-20 alkyl group
• Divalent electron-accepting groups other than formula (II) are optionally selected from formulae (IVa)-(IVj):
• R 23 in each occurrence is a substituent, optionally C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more nonadj acent C atoms other than the C atom attached to Z 1 may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• R 25 in each occurrence is independently H; F; CN; NO2; C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more nonadj acent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; an aromatic group, optionally phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from F and C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adj acent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO; or wherein Z 40 , Z 41 , Z 42 and Z 43 are each independently CR 13 or N wherein R 13 in each occurrence is H or a substituent, preferably a Ci-2o hydrocarbyl group;
• Y 40 and Y 41 are each independently O, S, NX 71 wherein X 71 is CN or COOR 40 ; or CX 60 X 61 wherein X 60 and X 61 is independently CN, CF3 or COOR 40 ;
• W 40 and W 41 are each independently O, S, NX 71 wherein X 71 is CN or COOR 40 ; or CX 60 X 61 wherein X 60 and X 61 is independently CN, CF3 or COOR 40 ; and
• R 40 in each occurrence is H or a substituent, preferably H or a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group.
• Z 1 is N or P.
• T 1 , T 2 and T 3 each independently represent an aryl or a heteroaryl ring, optionally benzene, which may be fused to one or more further rings.
• Substituents of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , where present, are optionally selected from non-H groups of R 25 .
• R 12 in each occurrence is a substituent, preferably a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group.
• Ar 5 is an arylene or heteroarylene group, optionally thiophene, fluorene or phenylene, which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more non-H groups selected from R 25 . Electron-Accepting Groups A 2 and A 3
• the monovalent acceptor Groups A 2 and A 3 may each independently be selected from any such units known to the skilled person.
• a 2 and A 3 may be the same or different, preferably the same.
• Exemplary monovalent acceptor units include, without limitation, units of formulae (Illa)-
• U is a 5- or 6-membered ring which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents and which may be fused to one or more further rings.
• N atom of formula (Ille) may be unsubstituted or substituted.
• R 10 is H or a substituent, preferably a substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; and an aromatic group, optionally phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from F and C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO.
• R 10 is H.
• J is O or S, preferably O.
• R 13 in each occurrence is a substituent, optionally C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non- adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• R 15 in each occurrence is independently H; F; C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; aromatic group Ar 2 , optionally phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from F and C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO; or a group selected from:
• R 16 is H or a substituent, preferably a substituent selected from:
• Ar 3 in each occurrence is independently an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, preferably thiophene, and w is 1, 2 or 3;
• Ci-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• Ar 6 is a 5-membered heteroaromatic group, preferably thiophene or furan, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• Substituents of Ar 3 and Ar 6 are optionally selected from C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• T 1 , T 2 and T 3 are each independently as described above.
• Ar 8 is a fused heteroaromatic group which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more non-H substituents R 10 , and which is bound to an aromatic C atom of B 2 and to a boron substituent of B 2 .
• Preferred groups A 2 and A 3 are groups having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon bond which is bound directly to D 1 or D 2 or, if present to B 2 .
• At least one of A 2 and A 3 are a group of formula (IIIa-1):
• R 10 is as described above; each X 7 -X 10 is independently CR 12 or N wherein R 12 in each occurrence is H or a substituent selected from C1-20 hydrocarbyl and an electron withdrawing group.
• the electron withdrawing group is F, Cl, Br or CN, more preferably F, Cl or CN;
• X 60 and X 61 is independently CN, CF3 or COOR 40 wherein R 40 in each occurrence is H or a substituent, preferably H or a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group.
• R 40 in each occurrence is H or a substituent, preferably H or a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group.
• X 60 and X 61 are each CN.
• the Ci -20 hydrocarbyl group R 12 may be selected from C1-20 alkyl; unsubstituted phenyl; and phenyl substituted with one or more C1-12 alkyl groups.
• Exemplary groups of formula (Hid) include:
• Exemplary groups of formula (Ille) include:
• An exemplary group of formula (Illj) is: wherein Ak is a C1-12 alkylene chain in which one or more C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , CO or COO; An is an anion, optionally -SOs’; and each benzene ring is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from substituents described with reference to R 10 .
• Groups of formula (IIIo) are bound directly to a bridging group B 2 substituted with a -B(R 14 )2 wherein R 14 in each occurrence is a substituent, optionally a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group; — > is a bond to the boron atom -B(R 14 )2 of R 3 or R 6 ; and — is the bond to B 2 .
• R 14 is selected from C1-12 alkyl; unsubstituted phenyl; and phenyl substituted with one or more C1-12 alkyl groups.
• the group of formula (IIIo), the B 2 group and the B(R 14 )2 substituent of B 2 may be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered ring.
• Bridging units B 1 and B 2 are preferably each selected from vinylene, arylene, heteroarylene, arylenevinylene and heteroarylenevinylene wherein the arylene and heteroarylene groups are monocyclic or bicyclic groups, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• Bridging units B 1 and B 2 preferably are monocyclic or fused bicyclic arylene or heteroarylene groups, more preferably monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroarylene groups.
• each B 1 is preferably the same. If z 1 and z 2 are each at least 1 then each B 2 is preferably the same.
• B 1 and B 2 are independently selected from units of formulae (Via) - (VIn):
• R 55 is H or a substituent
• R 8 in each occurrence is independently H or a substituent, preferably H or a substituent selected from F; CN; NO2; C1-20 alkyl wherein one or more nonadj acent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; and -B(R 14 )2 wherein R 14 in each occurrence is a substituent, optionally a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group.
• R 8 groups of formulae (Via), (VIb) and (Vic) may be linked to form a bicyclic ring, for example thienopyrazine.
• R 8 is preferably H, C1-20 alkyl, -COO-C1-19 alkyl, C1-19 alkoxy or C1-19 thioalkyl. Electron-Donating Groups D 1 and D 2
• Electron-donating groups preferably are fused aromatic or heteroaromatic groups, more preferably fused heteroaromatic groups containing 3 or more rings.
• Particularly preferred electron-donating groups comprise fused thiophene or furan rings, optionally fused rings containing thiophene or furan rings and one or more rings selected from benzene, cyclopentadiene, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran and piperidine rings, each of said rings being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• D 1 and D 2 may be the same or different. Preferably they are the same.
• Exemplary electron-donating groups D 1 and D 2 include groups of formulae (Vlla)-(VIIp): (Vllh) (Vlli) wherein Y A in each occurrence is independently O, S or NR 55 , Z A in each occurrence is O, CO, S, NR 55 or C(R 54 )2; R 51 , R 52 R 54 and R 55 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; and R 53 independently in each occurrence is a substituent.
• R 51 and R 52 independently in each occurrence are selected from H; F; C1-20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; and an aromatic or heteroaromatic group Ar 3 which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• Ar 3 may be an aromatic group, e.g., phenyl.
• the one or more substituents of Ar 3 may be selected from C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• each R 54 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Substituents of Ar 7 are preferably selected from F; Cl; NO2; CN; and C1-20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , CO or COO and one or more H atoms may be replaced with F.
• Ar 7 is phenyl.
• each R 51 is H.
• R 53 independently in each occurrence is selected from C1-20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F; and phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more C1-12 alkyl groups wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , COO or CO and one or more H atoms of the alkyl may be replaced with F.
• R 55 as described anywhere herein is H or C1-30 hydrocarbyl group.
• D 1 and D 2 are each independently a group of formula (Vila).
• Exemplary groups of formula (Vila) include, without limitation: wherein He in each occurrence is independently a C1-20 hydrocarbyl group, e.g., C1-20 alkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or aryl substituted with one or more C1-12 alkyl groups.
• the aryl group is preferably phenyl.
• y 1 and y 2 are each 1.
• At least one of y 1 and y 2 is greater than 1.
• the chain of D 1 and / or D 2 groups, respectively may be linked in any orientation.
• D 1 is a group of formula (Vila) and y 1 is 2, -[D ⁇ y ⁇ may be selected from any of: Electron-donating material
• a bulk heterojunction layer as described herein comprises an electron-donating material and a compound of formula (I) or (X) as described herein.
• Exemplary donor materials are disclosed in, for example, WO2013051676, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the electron-donating material may be a non-polymeric or polymeric material.
• the electron-donating material is an organic conjugated polymer, which can be a homopolymer or copolymer including alternating, random or block copolymers.
• the conjugated polymer is preferably a donor-acceptor polymer comprising alternating electron-donating repeat units and electron-accepting repeat units.
• the electron-donating polymer is a conjugated organic polymer with a low bandgap, typically between 2.5 eV and 1.5 eV, preferably between 2.3 eV and 1.8 eV.
• the electron-donating polymer has a HOMO level no more than 5.5 eV from vacuum level.
• the electron-donating polymer has a HOMO level at least 4.1 eV from vacuum level.
• polymers selected from conjugated hydrocarbon or heterocyclic polymers including polyacene, polyaniline, polyazulene, polybenzofuran, polyfluorene, polyfuran, polyindenofluorene, polyindole, polyphenylene, polypyrazoline, polypyrene, polypyridazine, polypyridine, polytriarylamine, poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(3 -substituted thiophene), poly(3,4-bi substituted thiophene), polyselenophene, poly(3 -substituted selenophene), poly(3,4- bisubstituted selenophene), poly(bisthiophene), poly (terthiophene), poly(bisselenophene), poly(terselenophene), polythieno[2,3-b]thiophene, polythieno[3,2-b]thiophene, polybenzothiophen
• donor polymers are copolymers of polyfluorenes and polythiophenes, each of which may be substituted, and polymers comprising benzothiadiazole-based and thiophene-based repeating units, each of which may be substituted.
• a particularly preferred donor polymer comprises donor unit (Vila) provided as a repeat unit of the polymer, most preferably with an electron-accepting repeat unit, for example divalent electron-accepting units as described herein provided as polymeric repeat units.
• the compound of formula (I) or (X) as described herein is the only electron-accepting material of a bulk heterojunction layer.
• the bulk heterojunction layer contains a compound of formula (I) or (X) and one or more further electron-accepting materials.
• the one or more further electronaccepting materials may be selected from non-fullerene acceptors and fullerenes.
• Non-fullerene acceptors are described in, for example, Cheng et. al., “Next-generation organic photovoltaics based on non-fullerene acceptors”, Nature Photonics volume 12, pages 131-142 (2016), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, and which include, without limitation, PDI, ITIC, ITIC, IEICO and derivatives thereof, e.g., fluorinated derivatives thereof such as ITIC-4F and IEICO-4F.
• Exemplary fullerene electron-accepting compounds are Ceo, C70, C76, C78 and Cs4 fullerenes or a derivative thereof, including, without limitation, PCBM-type fullerene derivatives including phenyl -Cei -butyric acid methyl ester (CeoPCBM), TCBM-type fullerene derivatives (e.g. tolyl-Cei-butyric acid methyl ester (CeoTCBM)), and ThCBM-type fullerene derivatives (e.g. thienyl -Cei-butyric acid methyl ester (CeoThCBM).
• PCBM-type fullerene derivatives including phenyl -Cei -butyric acid methyl ester (CeoPCBM)
• TCBM-type fullerene derivatives e.g. tolyl-Cei-butyric acid methyl ester (CeoTCBM)
• Fullerene derivatives may have formula (V): wherein A, together with the C-C group of the fullerene, forms a monocyclic or fused ring group which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
• Exemplary fullerene derivatives include formulae (Va), (Vb) and (Vc): wherein R 20 -R 32 are each independently H or a substituent.
• Substituents R 20 -R 32 are optionally and independently in each occurrence selected from the group consisting of aryl or heteroaryl, optionally phenyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; and C1-20 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , CO or COO and one or more H atoms may be replaced with F.
• Substituents of aryl or heteroaryl, where present, are optionally selected from C1-12 alkyl wherein one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced with O, S, NR 7 , CO or COO and one or more H atoms may be replaced with F.
• the bulk heterojunction layer may be formed by any process including, without limitation, thermal evaporation and solution deposition methods.
• the bulk heterojunction layer is formed by depositing a formulation comprising the electron-donating material(s), the electron-accepting material(s) and any other components of the bulk heterojunction layer dissolved or dispersed in a solvent or a mixture of two or more solvents.
• the formulation may be deposited by any coating or printing method including, without limitation, spin-coating, dip-coating, roll-coating, spray coating, doctor blade coating, wire bar coating, slit coating, ink jet printing, screen printing, gravure printing and flexographic printing.
• the one or more solvents of the formulation may optionally comprise or consist of benzene substituted with one or more substituents selected from chlorine, Ci-io alkyl and Ci-io alkoxy wherein two or more substituents may be linked to form a ring which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Ci-6 alkyl groups, optionally toluene, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes, tetramethylbenzenes, anisole, indane and its alkyl-substituted derivatives, and tetralin and its alkyl-substituted derivatives.
• substituents selected from chlorine, Ci-io alkyl and Ci-io alkoxy wherein two or more substituents may be linked to form a ring which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Ci-6 alkyl groups, optionally toluene, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes, tetramethylbenzenes,
• the formulation may comprise a mixture of two or more solvents, preferably a mixture comprising at least one benzene substituted with one or more substituents as described above and one or more further solvents.
• the one or more further solvents may be selected from esters, optionally alkyl or aryl esters of alkyl or aryl carboxylic acids, optionally a Ci-io alkyl benzoate, benzyl benzoate or dimethoxybenzene.
• a mixture of trimethylbenzene and benzyl benzoate is used as the solvent.
• a mixture of trimethylbenzene and dimethoxybenzene is used as the solvent.
• the formulation may comprise further components in addition to the electron-accepting material, the electron-donating material and the one or more solvents.
• adhesive agents defoaming agents, deaerators, viscosity enhancers, diluents, auxiliaries, flow improvers colourants, dyes or pigments, sensitizers, stabilizers, nanoparticles, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents and inhibitors may be mentioned.
• a polymer or composition as described herein may be provided as an active layer of an organic electronic device.
• a bulk heterojunction layer of an organic photoresponsive device more preferably an organic photodetector, comprises a composition as described herein.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an organic photoresponsive device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
• the organic photoresponsive device comprises a cathode 103, an anode 107 and a bulk heterojunction layer 105 disposed between the anode and the cathode.
• the organic photoresponsive device may be supported on a substrate 101, optionally a glass or plastic substrate.
• Each of the anode and cathode may independently be a single conductive layer or may comprise a plurality of layers.
• At least one of the anode and cathode is transparent so that light incident on the device may reach the bulk heterojunction layer.
• both of the anode and cathode are transparent.
• the transmittance of a transparent electrode may be selected according to an emission wavelength of a light source for use with the organic photodetector.
• Figure 1 illustrates an arrangement in which the cathode is disposed between the substrate and the anode.
• the anode may be disposed between the cathode and the substrate.
• the organic photoresponsive device may comprise layers other than the anode, cathode and bulk heterojunction layer shown in Figure 1.
• a hole-transporting layer is disposed between the anode and the bulk heterojunction layer.
• an electron-transporting layer is disposed between the cathode and the bulk heterojunction layer.
• a work function modification layer is disposed between the bulk heterojunction layer and the anode, and/or between the bulk heterojunction layer and the cathode.
• the area of the OPD may be less than about 3 cm 2 , less than about 2 cm 2 , less than about 1 cm 2 , less than about 0.75 cm 2 , less than about 0.5 cm 2 or less than about 0.25 cm 2 .
• each OPD may be part of an OPD array wherein each OPD is a pixel of the array having an area as described herein, optionally an area of less than 1 mm 2 , optionally in the range of 0.5 micron 2 - 900 micron 2 .
• the substrate may be, without limitation, a glass or plastic substrate.
• the substrate can be an inorganic semiconductor.
• the substrate may be silicon.
• the substrate can be a wafer of silicon.
• the substrate is transparent if, in use, incident light is to be transmitted through the substrate and the electrode supported by the substrate.
• the bulk heterojunction layer contains a polymer as described herein and an electronaccepting compound.
• the bulk heterojunction layer may consist of these materials or may comprise one or more further materials, for example one or more further electron-donating materials and / or one or more further electron-accepting compounds.
• a circuit may comprise the OPD connected to a voltage source for applying a reverse bias to the device and / or a device configured to measure photocurrent.
• the voltage applied to the photodetector may be variable.
• the photodetector may be continuously biased when in use.
• a photodetector system comprises a plurality of photodetectors as described herein, such as an image sensor of a camera.
• a sensor may comprise an OPD as described herein and a light source wherein the OPD is configured to receive light emitted from the light source.
• the light source has a peak wavelength of at least 900 nm or at least 1000 nm, optionally in the range of 1000-1500 nm.
• a material comprising an electron-accepting unit of formula (I) may be used for the detection of light at longer wavelengths, particularly 1300- 1400 nm.
• the light from the light source may or may not be changed before reaching the OPD.
• the light may be reflected, filtered, down-converted or up- converted before it reaches the OPD.
• the organic photoresponsive device as described herein may be an organic photovoltaic device or an organic photodetector.
• An organic photodetector as described herein may be used in a wide range of applications including, without limitation, detecting the presence and / or brightness of ambient light and in a sensor comprising the organic photodetector and a light source.
• the photodetector may be configured such that light emitted from the light source is incident on the photodetector and changes in wavelength and/or brightness of the light may be detected, e.g., due to absorption by, reflection by and/or emission of light from an object, e.g. a target material in a sample disposed in a light path between the light source and the organic photodetector.
• the sample may be a non-biological sample, e.g. a water sample, or a biological sample taken from a human or animal subject.
• the sensor may be, without limitation, a gas sensor, a biosensor, an X-ray imaging device, an image sensor such as a camera image sensor, a motion sensor (for example for use in security applications) a proximity sensor or a fingerprint sensor.
• a ID or 2D photosensor array may comprise a plurality of photodetectors as described herein in an image sensor.
• the photodetector may be configured to detect light emitted from a target analyte which emits light upon irradiation by the light source or which is bound to a luminescent tag which emits light upon irradiation by the light source.
• the photodetector may be configured to detect a wavelength of light emitted by the target analyte or a luminescent tag bound thereto.
• Band gap and absorption spectra Figure 2 shows the absorption spectra for Compound Example 1 and an unbridged comparative compound illustrated in Table 1 in o-dichlorobenzene solution.
• Compound Example 2 has a smaller H0M0-LUM0 band gap as measured by square wave voltammetry than the Comparative Compound.
• a device having the following structure was prepared:
• Cathode / Donor Acceptor layer / Anode
• ITO indium-tin oxide
• PEIE polyethyleneimine
• a mixture of a donor polymer and Compound Example 1 (acceptor) in a donor : acceptor mas ratio of 1 :0.8 was deposited over the modified ITO layer by bar coating from a 15 mg / ml solution in o-dichlorobenzene. The film was dried at 80°C to form a ca. 500 nm thick bulk heterojunction layer
• An anode stack of MoOs (10 nm) and ITO (50 nm) was formed over the bulk heterojunction by thermal evaporation (MoOs) and sputtering (ITO).
• the donor polymer shown below, has a donor repeat unit of formula (Vila) and an acceptor repeat unit.
• the donor polymer may be prepared as described in WO2013/051676, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Comparative Device 1 was prepared as described for Device
• Comparative Compound 1 was used in placed of Compound Example 1 and the donor polymer / Comparative Compound 1 mixture was deposited from 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene:methylbenzoate 50:50 v/v solvent mixture:
• Acceptor units A 1 preferably have a modelled LUMO of at least 2.9 eV or at least 3.0 eV from vacuum level.
• Compound Example 1 has a smaller band gap, as measured by square wave voltammetry, than Comparative Compound 1. As shown in the first two entries of Table 5, this smaller band gap is also observed in the modelled energy levels for the corresponding model compounds, which differ from Compound Example 1 and Comparative Compound 1 only in that alkyl groups are methyl for simplicity of calculation. This is indicative of the accuracy of the model.
• Table 7 compares a compound having a bridge and a donor group between acceptor groups and two donor groups between acceptor groups. Although band gaps are similar, the HOMO of the compound containing two donor groups is considerably shallower, which can be expected to result in lower compound stability. Table 7

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