WO2023004993A1 - 一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统 - Google Patents

一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统 Download PDF

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WO2023004993A1
WO2023004993A1 PCT/CN2021/121991 CN2021121991W WO2023004993A1 WO 2023004993 A1 WO2023004993 A1 WO 2023004993A1 CN 2021121991 W CN2021121991 W CN 2021121991W WO 2023004993 A1 WO2023004993 A1 WO 2023004993A1
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urine
tank
activated carbon
biomass
agricultural
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PCT/CN2021/121991
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王树荣
潘煜
王家乐
邢博
朱玲君
李允超
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Zhejiang University
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Zhejiang University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/286—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using natural organic sorbents or derivatives thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/3078—Thermal treatment, e.g. calcining or pyrolizing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/3085—Chemical treatments not covered by groups B01J20/3007 - B01J20/3078
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
    • C05F3/06—Apparatus for the manufacture
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
    • E03B1/00—Methods or layout of installations for water supply
    • E03B1/04—Methods or layout of installations for water supply for domestic or like local supply
    • E03B1/041—Greywater supply systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
    • E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
    • E03B3/02—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from rain-water
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F1/00—Methods, systems, or installations for draining-off sewage or storm water
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
    • E03F5/10—Collecting-tanks; Equalising-tanks for regulating the run-off; Laying-up basins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/005—Black water originating from toilets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/002—Construction details of the apparatus
    • C02F2201/007—Modular design
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/40—Liquid flow rate
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/108—Rainwater harvesting
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of environmental sanitation equipment, in particular to a urine cascade treatment system based on activated carbon derived from agricultural and forestry waste.
  • the toilet is not only an indispensable infrastructure in people's daily life, but also a key symbol that reflects the degree of social progress and the development of human civilization.
  • Rural areas of our country produce about 400 million tons of urine every year. If it is allowed to be discharged at will, it will seriously pollute domestic water and groundwater.
  • urine accounts for less than 1% of the total waste water, about 80% of the nitrogen load and about 50% of the phosphorus load in domestic sewage come from urine.
  • the centralized collection of urine as fertilizer will bring obvious economic benefits, and strengthen the improvement of barren land, which will help the protection of the ecological environment.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art, and propose a urine cascade treatment system based on activated carbon from agricultural and forestry wastes. liquid, and can be recycled in combination with the collected rainwater to achieve the purpose of self-supply water. After the activated carbon is saturated, it is taken out as a biochar-based slow-release fertilizer.
  • the present invention proposes a urine cascade treatment system based on activated carbon from agricultural and forestry wastes, including a double-tank series device and a water storage tank, the entrance of the double-tank series device is connected to the urine outlet of the toilet , the outlet of the double-tank series device is connected to the water storage tank, the double-tank series device includes biomass tanks and multi-layer carbon tanks arranged in sequence along the direction of urine treatment, and biomass is stored in the biomass tanks.
  • biomass is stored in the biomass tanks.
  • the raw material for the above-mentioned activated carbon is taken from the biomass soaked in urine in the biomass tank.
  • the activated carbon is obtained by mechanically mixing raw materials and activators, placing them under a nitrogen atmosphere, and staying at a pyrolysis temperature of 650-850° C. for 1 hour.
  • post-treatments of pickling, water washing and drying are also included.
  • the activator is potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate, and the mass ratio of raw material:activator is 5:1-10:1.
  • the biomass is agricultural and forestry waste
  • the activated carbon raw material is obtained from the agricultural and forestry waste soaked in urine for 4-8 hours in the biomass tank.
  • a first inlet pipe is provided above one side of the biomass tank, the first inlet pipe is connected to the urine outlet of the toilet, and a first outflow pipe is provided above the other side of the biomass tank , the first outflow pipe is connected to the multi-layer carbon tank, the first inlet pipe and the first outflow pipe are arranged obliquely downward along the urine flow direction, and the connecting position of the first inlet pipe and the biomass tank higher than the connection position between the first outflow pipe and the biomass tank.
  • detachable carbon cartridges are arranged in sequence from top to bottom inside the multi-layer carbon tank to hold activated carbon. pool.
  • a flow monitoring unit is also included, the flow monitoring unit is connected to the inlet port of the double-tank series device, and is used for monitoring the flow of urine processed by the double-tank series device, and sends an alarm message when the accumulated water flow reaches a set value.
  • the flow monitoring unit includes a power supply, and a single-chip microcomputer electrically connected to the power supply, a Hall water flow meter, and a WIFI module.
  • the single-chip microcomputer is electrically connected to the Hall water flow meter and the WIFI module. Remote communication between the module and the mobile phone.
  • the Hall water flowmeter is used to monitor the flow of urine processed by the double tank series device in real time. When the accumulated water flow reaches the set value, the single-chip microcomputer receives the signal and transmits the signal to the mobile phone through the WIFI module. Send a message.
  • the outlet of the water storage tank is connected to the toilet flush port of the toilet through a water pressure driving device.
  • the outdoor toilet circulating water unit includes a rainwater collection unit and a pressurized water driving device
  • the storage tank is used to store the rainwater collected by the rainwater collection unit
  • the double tank series device Purified urine is treated, and the reservoir is connected to the inlet of the pressurized water driving device for providing a water source for flushing the toilet, and the outlet of the pressurized water driving device is connected to the toilet flushing port of the toilet.
  • the pressurized water drive device includes a support frame, a foldable bucket, a sponge, and a pedal.
  • the foldable bucket is installed in the support frame.
  • the water inlet pipe of the foldable bucket is connected to the reservoir, and the outlet pipe is connected to the toilet.
  • the inside of the bucket is filled with sponge, and there is a pedal on the top.
  • the pedal is installed on the support frame through several guide pulleys. When the pedal is pressed down, it drives the folding bucket to compress, so that the internal water is discharged.
  • the rainwater collection unit includes the roof of the outdoor toilet body and the drainpipe, the roof is inclined downward, several grooves are evenly distributed on the roof, and a water collection tank is provided at the lower end of the roof.
  • the lower ends of the several grooves are all connected to the sump, the outlet of the sump is connected to the inlet of the drainage pipe, and the outlet of the drainage pipe is connected to the water storage tank.
  • the multi-layer carbon canister includes a left shell, a right shell, a fixed rod and a carbon cartridge, one or both of the left shell and the right shell are rotatably mounted on the fixed rod,
  • the combination of the two forms a complete cylindrical structure, and a sealing ring and several locks are installed at the opening and closing of the two.
  • the sealing ring can ensure the tightness of the combination of the two, and the lock is used to lock the two Locking after combination
  • the left housing and the right housing are provided with a number of partitions arranged at intervals from top to bottom in sequence, and a cavity for installing a carbon cartridge is formed between the upper and lower adjacent partitions.
  • Activated carbon is stored in the carbon box, except for the bottom layer of carbon box, the bottom of the other carbon boxes are densely covered with small holes.
  • the activated carbon in the system is taken out after a period of time after the urine is purified, and can be used as a nitrogen-rich biochar-based slow-release fertilizer to achieve high-quality return to the field.
  • the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer has high nitrogen and potassium content, and no heavy metal elements will cause secondary pollution. Compared with chemical fertilizers, the slow-release effect of nutrients is significant, which can help build a zero-carbon emission model of agricultural and forestry waste, and will greatly promote the construction of rural revitalization.
  • the system has the functions of rainwater collection and urine purification and recycling to meet the water demand of outdoor toilets. Efficient self-sufficiency, no need to build complicated water pipe network and drainage pipe network, ensuring the flexibility of setting outdoor toilets.
  • the biomass tank and multi-layer carbon tank are based on the principle of simplicity and convenience.
  • the carbon box can be disassembled and assembled flexibly, which can minimize labor costs and improve the economy of the operation and management of outdoor toilets.
  • the water pressure driving device in the system uses human body weight as the power source to realize zero-energy toilet flushing, without the need for energy-consuming equipment such as water pumps, which can effectively save energy and ensure the independence of outdoor toilet construction.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a urine cascade treatment system based on agricultural and forestry waste source activated carbon of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is straw charcoal adsorption time curve
  • Fig. 3 is the leaching contrast curve of straw charcoal urea fertilizer
  • Fig. 4 is a comparison diagram of the growth of seeds cultivated by common urea group and straw charcoal group
  • Figure 5 is a comparative measurement diagram of samples of the ordinary urea group and the straw charcoal group.
  • the present invention is a urine cascade treatment system based on agricultural and forestry waste source activated carbon, comprising a double-tank series device and a water storage tank, the entrance of the double-tank series device is connected to the urine outlet of the toilet, so The outlet of the double-tank series device is connected to the water storage tank, and the double-tank series device includes biomass tanks and multi-layer carbon tanks arranged in sequence along the direction of urine treatment, and biomass is stored in the biomass tanks for the treatment of Urine undergoes primary adsorption, and several layers of activated carbon are arranged in the multi-layer carbon tank for secondary adsorption of urine, and the urine after being adsorbed and purified by a double-tank series device is collected into a reservoir, and the activated carbon The raw material for the biomass was taken from the urine-soaked biomass in the biomass tank.
  • the invention utilizes the biomass tank to perform a slight adsorption on the urine, and the covering of the sawdust and straw chips used for lightly adsorbing the urine on the upstream of the double-tank series device and the auxiliary pressurized water flushing operation can effectively achieve the deodorizing effect.
  • the biochar obtained by direct pyrolysis of biomass has underdeveloped pore structure and lack of functional groups, so it is difficult to achieve efficient adsorption of urea. After activation and nitrogen doping, the biochar has a relatively developed pore structure and abundant nitrogen-containing functional groups, which can efficiently adsorb urea.
  • the present invention adopts the biochar obtained by pyrolysis of sawdust and straw chips containing urea to achieve self-doping of nitrogen, enriches the pore structure and specific surface area, and is placed downstream of the double-tank series device to strengthen the adsorption of urea in urine for the second time. .
  • the adsorption process of nitrogen-doped biochar to urea can be described by several consecutive steps from outside to inside: the first step is the liquid film diffusion process: urea molecules diffuse through the solution to the surface of biochar particles; the second is the particle diffusion process : Urea molecules diffuse further in the macropore, mesopore, and micropore structure of biochar; the last is the process of adsorption and fixation, in which urea molecules are fixed on the adsorption sites of nitrogen-doped biochar to complete the adsorption.
  • the main driving forces of the adsorption process include: micropore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and Lewis acid-base interaction.
  • Micropore filling means that when the pore diameter of biochar is 1-2 times the size of urea molecules, such micropores will have a stronger attraction to urea molecules, and the closer the pore size is to the size of urea molecules, the stronger the force will be. powerful. Hydrogen bonding can occur between the oxygen and nitrogen atoms on the biochar and the hydrogen atoms of the amino groups in the urea molecule, and between the hydroxyl and carboxyl hydrogen atoms on the biochar and the oxygen atoms on the urea molecule. The electrostatic attraction occurs between the mutually attractive anions and cations generated by the ionization of functional groups on urea molecules or biochar, which is conducive to the occurrence of the adsorption process.
  • the preparation method of the activated carbon is as follows: the raw materials and the activator are mechanically mixed, placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, and kept at a pyrolysis temperature of 650-850° C. for 1 hour. Too low pyrolysis temperature is not conducive to the formation of micropores and high specific surface area activated carbon, and too high pyrolysis temperature can lead to deformation, collapse and blockage of activated carbon micropores, resulting in a decrease in adsorption capacity.
  • the activator required for the preparation of the activated carbon is potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate, and the mass ratio of raw material:activator is 5:1-10:1. The addition of activator can increase the yield and prepare activated carbon with more micropores and mesopores.
  • the preparation of activated carbon also includes post-treatment steps of pickling, water washing and drying after pyrolysis;
  • the pickling step is specifically: the activated carbon obtained after pyrolysis is soaked and washed with 1mol ⁇ L -1 hydrochloric acid.
  • the water washing step specifically includes: after filtering, wash the activated carbon with deionized water, and use pH test paper to detect the acidity and alkalinity of the filtrate until the filtrate is neutral. Finally, it was dried overnight in an oven at 110°C.
  • the biomass uses agricultural and forestry wastes, including straw, bamboo chips and wood chips, etc.
  • the activated carbon raw material is taken from the agricultural and forestry wastes soaked in urine for 4-8 hours in the biomass tank, and the biomass Both activated carbon and activated carbon are stored in biomass tanks and multi-layer carbon tanks after being packed in filter bags.
  • a first inlet pipe is provided above one side of the biomass tank, and the first inlet pipe is connected to the urine outlet of the toilet.
  • a first outflow pipe is provided above the other side of the biomass tank, the first outflow pipe is connected to the multi-layer carbon tank, and the first inlet pipe and the first outflow pipe are inclined downward along the urine flow direction set, and the connection position between the first inlet pipe and the biomass tank is higher than the connection position between the first outflow pipe and the biomass tank.
  • the interior of the multi-layer carbon tank is provided with several layers of detachable activated carbon sequentially from top to bottom, and the bottom of the multi-layer carbon tank is connected with a second outflow pipe, and the second outflow pipe is connected to the reservoir .
  • the multi-layer carbon canister has a structure that can be opened and closed on the left and right, specifically, it includes a left casing, a right casing, a fixing rod, and a carbon cartridge. One or both of them are rotatably mounted on the fixed rod, and the two are combined to form a complete cylindrical structure, and a sealing ring and several locks are installed at the opening and closing of the two.
  • the right housing is provided with a number of partitions arranged at intervals from top to bottom in sequence, and a cavity for installing a carbon cartridge is formed between the two adjacent partitions above and below.
  • the carbon cartridge stores activated carbon, except for the bottom one. Outside the first layer of carbon cartridges, the bottom of the rest of the carbon cartridges are densely covered with small holes.
  • a buckle for fixing the carbon cartridge is added in the left or right casing to prevent the carbon cartridge from easily slipping out of the partition when the tank is opened. When it is necessary to replace the internal activated carbon, first open the lock, and then unfold the left casing 1.
  • One or both of the right shells open the buckle and remove the carbon box to replace the activated carbon inside, which is easy to disassemble and replace the activated carbon.
  • the flow monitoring unit includes a power supply, and a single-chip microcomputer electrically connected to the power supply, a Hall water flow meter, and a WIFI module.
  • the power supply provides a power supply voltage of 5V for the device
  • the single-chip microcomputer is electrically connected with the Hall water flowmeter and the WIFI module
  • the single-chip microcomputer communicates with the mobile phone through the WIFI module
  • the Hall water flowmeter is used for Real-time monitoring of the flow of urine processed by the double-tank series device.
  • the single-chip microcomputer receives the signal and sends a message to the mobile phone through the WIFI module, informing the maintenance personnel that the biomass tank and multi-layer carbon tank need to be replaced Biomass, activated carbon.
  • the outlet of the water storage tank is connected to the toilet flush port of the toilet through a pressurized water driving device.
  • the outdoor toilet circulating water unit includes a rainwater collection unit and a pressurized water drive device
  • the rainwater collection unit is used to collect rainwater on the roof of the outdoor toilet
  • the water storage tank is used to store
  • the rainwater collected by the rainwater collection unit and the urine treated and purified by the double-tank series device are connected to the inlet of the pressurized water drive device to provide water for flushing the toilet.
  • the pressurized water drive device The outlet is connected to the toilet flush port of the toilet.
  • the overall urine treatment system is arranged in high and low positions, relying on the gravity of the urine itself and the water pressure driving device to realize the water cycle.
  • the heights of each device from the ground are, from high to low, respectively: toilet, double-tank series device, water storage tank, and pressurized water drive device.
  • the pressurized water driving device includes a support frame, a foldable bucket, a sponge, and a pedal.
  • the foldable bucket is installed in the support frame. Connected to the toilet, the inside of the folding bucket is filled with sponge, and there is a pedal on the top.
  • the pedal is installed on the support frame through several guide pulleys. When the pedal is pressed and moves down, the folding bucket is driven to compress to discharge the internal water.
  • the rainwater collection unit includes the roof of the outdoor toilet body and the drainpipe, the roof is inclined downward, and several grooves are evenly distributed on the roof, and the lower part of the roof A sump is provided at the end, and the lower ends of several grooves are all connected to the sump, the outlet of the sump is connected to the inlet of the drain pipe, and the outlet of the drain pipe is connected to the reservoir.
  • the small-leaf high-yielding king cowpea seeds were selected to be stimulated by soaking them in warm water at 55°C, and after stirring for 15 minutes, the paper bed method was used for breeding (the seeds were spread on a filter paper-covered culture medium). dish, add 5ml of deionized water), and put it in a 30°C oven for 30h.
  • Several seeds with approximately the same growth conditions after germination were selected and divided into urea group and straw charcoal group.

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Abstract

一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，包括双罐串联装置和蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置的入口连接厕所的尿液排出口，所述双罐串联装置的出口连接蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置包括沿尿液处理方向依次设置的生物质罐和多层炭罐，所述生物质罐中存放有生物质，用于对尿液进行一次吸附，所述多层炭罐内设有若干层活性炭，用于对尿液进行二次吸附，经双罐串联装置吸附净化后的尿液收集到蓄水池中，所述活性炭的原料取自生物质罐中经尿液浸泡过的生物质。该系统综合利用农林生物质以及吸附尿液后生物质热解得到的活性炭处理尿液，并可结合收集到的雨水进行循环利用，达到自给水的目的，活性炭吸附饱和后取出作为生物炭基缓释肥。

Description

一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统 【技术领域】
本发明涉及环境卫生设备的技术领域，特别是一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统。
【背景技术】
我国农林废弃物资源丰富，每年产生约9亿吨农业废弃物和3亿吨林业废弃物。每年产生的7亿吨秸秆中含氮300多万吨，含磷70多万吨，含钾近700万吨，相当于全国目前化肥施用量的1/4，是农业生产中重要的有机肥源。但是秸秆等农林废弃物长期以来得不到有效利用，而往往采取就地焚烧的简单处理方式，造成了严重的环境污染。
厕所不仅是人们在日常生活中不可或缺的基础设施，而且也是体现社会进步程度和人类文明发展的一个关键标志。我国农村每年产生尿液约4亿吨，若任其随意排放，则会严重污染生活用水和地下水。虽然尿液占废水总量不到1％，但生活污水中80％左右的氮负荷及50％左右的磷负荷均来自尿液。而将尿液集中收集作为肥料利用将会带来明显的经济效益，并强化对贫瘠土地的改良，有助于生态环境的保护。
由于存在各种卫生隐患，因此不鼓励直接以尿液作为肥料，需进一步探索养分回收方法。生物炭因其环境(碳负过程)和经济价值得到越来越多的研究，其高比表面积和丰富的官能团是用作吸附剂的一大优势。吸附饱和后的活性炭可用在农田中，起到调节土壤、营养缓释的作用。因此，利用来源广泛的农林废弃物，设计出一种可综合利用收集雨水的户外厕所尿液处理系统，满足自给 水需求的同时得到成本低廉的生物质缓释肥是十分有前景的。
【发明内容】
本发明的目的就是解决现有技术中的问题，提出一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，该系统综合利用农林生物质以及吸附尿液后生物质热解得到的活性炭处理尿液，并可结合收集到的雨水进行循环利用，达到自给水的目的，活性炭吸附饱和后取出作为生物炭基缓释肥。
为实现上述目的，本发明提出了一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，包括双罐串联装置和蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置的入口连接厕所的尿液排出口，所述双罐串联装置的出口连接蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置包括沿尿液处理方向依次设置的生物质罐和多层炭罐，所述生物质罐中存放有生物质，用于对尿液进行一次吸附，所述多层炭罐内设有若干层活性炭，用于对尿液进行二次吸附，经双罐串联装置吸附净化后的尿液收集到蓄水池中，所述活性炭的原料取自生物质罐中经尿液浸泡过的生物质。
作为优选，所述活性炭为原料与活化剂经机械混合后置于氮气氛围下，在热解温度为650-850℃下停留1h获得。
作为优选，所述原料与活化剂在热解后还包括酸洗、水洗及干燥的后处理。
作为优选，所述活化剂为氢氧化钾、碳酸钾或碳酸氢钾，原料：活化剂质量比为5：1-10：1。
作为优选，所述生物质采用农林废弃物，所述活性炭原料取自所述生物质罐中浸泡过尿液4-8h后的农林废弃物，所述生物质和活性炭均通过滤袋盛装后分别存放在生物质罐、多层炭罐中。
作为优选，所述生物质罐一侧的上方设有第一进口管，所述第一进口管与厕所的尿液排出口相连，所述生物质罐另一侧的上方设置有第一流出管，所述 第一流出管与多层炭罐相连，所述第一进口管、第一流出管均沿尿液流动方向倾斜向下设置，且所述第一进口管与生物质罐的连接位置高于所述第一流出管与生物质罐的连接位置。
作为优选，所述多层炭罐的内部自上至下依次设有若干层可拆卸炭盒盛装活性炭，所述多层炭罐的下部连接第二流出管，所述第二流出管接入蓄水池。
作为优选，还包括流量监控单元，所述流量监控单元与双罐串联装置进口端相连，用于监控双罐串联装置所处理尿液的流量，当累计水流量达到设定值时发出警报消息。
作为优选，所述流量监控单元包括电源，以及与电源电性连接的单片机、霍尔水流量计、WIFI模块，所述单片机与霍尔水流量计、WIFI模块电性连接，所述单片机通过WIFI模块与手机的远程通讯，所述霍尔水流量计用于实时监测双罐串联装置所处理尿液的流量，当累计水流量达到设定值时，所述单片机接收信号并通过WIFI模块向手机发送消息。
作为优选，所述蓄水池的出口通过压水驱动装置连接到厕所的马桶冲水口。
作为优选，还包括户外厕所循环用水单元，所述户外厕所循环用水单元包括雨水收集单元和压水驱动装置，所述蓄水池用于储存雨水收集单元所收集的雨水、以及经双罐串联装置处理净化后的尿液，所述蓄水池与压水驱动装置的入口相连，用于提供冲厕的水源，所述压水驱动装置的出口连接厕所的马桶冲水口。
作为优选，所述压水驱动装置包括支撑框架、折叠水桶、海绵、踏板，所述折叠水桶安装于支撑框架内，所述折叠水桶的进水管连接蓄水池，出水管连接马桶，所述折叠水桶内部填充海绵，上方具有踏板，所述踏板通过若干个导向滑轮安装在支撑框架上，所述踏板受压下移时，驱动折叠水桶压缩，使内部 存水排出。
作为优选，所述雨水收集单元包括户外厕所本体的屋顶、排水管，所述屋顶呈倾斜向下设置，所述屋顶上均布有若干个凹槽，所述屋顶的低位端设有集水槽，若干个凹槽的低位端均接入集水槽，所述集水槽的出口连接排水管的进口，所述排水管的出口连接蓄水池。
作为优选，所述多层炭罐包括左壳体、右壳体、固定杆和炭盒，所述左壳体与所述右壳体中的一个或两者可转动地安装在固定杆上，两者组合后形成一完整的筒状结构，且在两者的开合处安装有密封圈和若干个锁扣，密封圈可以保证两者组合后的密封性，设置锁扣用于对两者组合后进行锁定，所述左壳体与右壳体内均设有若干自上至下依次间隔布置的隔板，上下方相邻的两个隔板之间形成用于安装炭盒的容腔，所述炭盒内存放有活性炭，除最下面一层炭盒外其余炭盒底部均密布小孔。
本发明的有益效果：
1、系统中的活性炭在净化尿液后一段时间后取出，可作为一种富氮的生物炭基缓释肥料实现高质还田。生物炭基缓释肥氮钾含量高，无重金属元素产生二次污染。相较于化学肥料，营养缓释效果显著，可助力构建农林废弃物零碳排放模式，将极大推动乡村振兴建设。
2、系统兼具雨水收集和尿液净化循环利用功能，满足户外厕所用水需求。高效自给，无需建设复杂的自来水管网和排水管网，保证了户外厕所设置的灵活性。
3、生物质罐和多层炭罐以简洁方便为原则，炭盒拆装灵活，可最大程度减少人力成本，提升了户外厕所运行管理的经济性。
4、系统中的压水驱动装置以人体重力为动力源实现零能耗冲厕，无需水泵 等耗能设备，可有效节约能源，保证了户外厕所建设的独立性。
本发明的特征及优点将通过实施例结合附图进行详细说明。
【附图说明】
图1是本发明一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统的框图；
图2是秸秆炭吸附时间曲线；
图3是秸秆炭尿素肥料淋溶对比曲线；
图4是普通尿素组与秸秆炭组培育种子的生长情况的对比图；
图5是普通尿素组与秸秆炭组样品对比测量图。
【具体实施方式】
参阅图1，本发明是一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，包括双罐串联装置和蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置的入口连接厕所的尿液排出口，所述双罐串联装置的出口连接蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置包括沿尿液处理方向依次设置的生物质罐和多层炭罐，所述生物质罐中存放有生物质，用于对尿液进行一次吸附，所述多层炭罐内设有若干层活性炭，用于对尿液进行二次吸附，经双罐串联装置吸附净化后的尿液收集到蓄水池中，所述活性炭的原料取自生物质罐中经尿液浸泡过的生物质。
本发明利用生物质罐对尿液进行一次轻度吸附，且用于轻度吸附尿液的木屑秸秆屑等在双罐串联装置上游的覆盖及辅助压水冲厕操作能有效达到除臭效果。
生物质直接热解得到的生物炭孔隙结构不发达，官能团欠缺，难以实现尿素的高效吸附。经活化、氮掺杂后，生物炭具有较为发达孔结构以及丰富的含氮官能团，可对尿素进行高效的吸附。本发明采用含有尿素的木屑秸秆屑等热解得到的生物炭因实现了氮的自掺杂，丰富了孔道结构和比表面积，安置在双 罐串联装置下游能二次强化吸附尿液中的尿素。
氮掺杂生物炭对尿素的吸附过程可由由外到内的几个连续的步骤进行描述：第一步为液膜扩散过程：尿素分子通过溶液扩散到生物炭颗粒的表面；之后是颗粒扩散过程：尿素分子在生物炭的大孔、介孔、微孔的结构中进一步扩散；最后是吸附固定的过程，尿素分子在氮掺杂生物炭的吸附位点上固定，从而完成吸附。吸附过程主要的驱动力包括：微孔填充作用、氢键作用、静电吸引作用以及路易斯酸碱作用。微孔填充是指当生物炭的微孔孔径是尿素分子大小的1-2倍时，该类微孔会对尿素分子产生较强的吸引力，同时孔径大小越接近尿素分子大小，作用力越强。氢键作用可发生在生物炭上的氧、氮原子与尿素分子中氨基的氢原子之间，也可发生在生物炭上的羟基、羧基上的氢原子与尿素分子上的氧原子之间。静电吸引作用则发生在尿素分子或生物炭上官能团发生电离而产生的互相吸引的阴阳离子之间，有利于吸附过程的发生。
进一步地，所述活性炭的制备方法为：原料与活化剂经机械混合后置于氮气氛围下，在热解温度为650-850℃下停留1h。热解温度过低不利于形成微孔和高比表面积活性炭，热解温度过高可导致活性炭微孔变形、坍塌和堵塞，从而导致吸附能力下降。所述活性炭制备时所需的活化剂为氢氧化钾、碳酸钾或碳酸氢钾，原料：活化剂质量比为5：1-10：1。活化剂的加入可提高产率，制备微孔及中孔数量较多的活性炭。
活性炭制备时，在热解后还包括酸洗、水洗及干燥的后处理步骤；酸洗步骤具体为：热解后得到的活性炭用1mol·L -1盐酸浸泡洗涤。水洗步骤具体为：过滤后，用去离子水洗涤活性炭，利用PH试纸检测滤液酸碱性，直到滤液呈中性。最后在110℃烘箱中干燥过夜。
进一步地，所述生物质采用农林废弃物，包括秸秆、竹屑和木屑等，所述 活性炭原料取自所述生物质罐中浸泡过尿液4-8h后的农林废弃物，所述生物质和活性炭均通过滤袋盛装后分别存放在生物质罐、多层炭罐中。
进一步地，所述生物质罐一侧的上方设有第一进口管，所述第一进口管与厕所的尿液排出口相连。所述生物质罐另一侧的上方设置有第一流出管，所述第一流出管与多层炭罐相连，所述第一进口管、第一流出管均沿尿液流动方向倾斜向下设置，且所述第一进口管与生物质罐的连接位置高于所述第一流出管与生物质罐的连接位置。
进一步地，所述多层炭罐的内部自上至下依次设有若干层可拆卸的活性炭，所述多层炭罐的下方连接第二流出管，所述第二流出管接入蓄水池。在本实施例中，所述多层炭罐为左右可开合的结构，具体地，包括左壳体、右壳体、固定杆和炭盒，所述左壳体与所述右壳体中的一个或两者可转动地安装在固定杆上，两者组合后形成一完整的筒状结构，且在两者的开合处安装有密封圈和若干个锁扣，所述左壳体与右壳体内均设有若干个自上至下依次间隔布置的隔板，上下方相邻的两个隔板之间形成用于安装炭盒的容腔，所述炭盒内存放有活性炭，除最下面一层炭盒外其余炭盒底部均密布小孔。左壳体或右壳体内增设用于固定炭盒的卡扣，避免打开罐体时炭盒从隔板中轻易滑出，当需要更换内部的活性炭时，先打开锁扣，然后展开左壳体、右壳体中的一个或两者，打开卡扣后取下炭盒更换内部的活性炭，拆装方便，易于更换活性炭。
进一步地，还包括流量监控单元，所述流量监控单元与双罐串联装置的进口端相连，用于监控双罐串联装置所处理尿液的流量，当累计水流量达到设定值时发出警报消息。具体地，在本实施例中，所述流量监控单元包括电源，以及与电源电性连接的单片机、霍尔水流量计、WIFI模块，所述单片机采用MSP430F5529芯片，所述WIFI模块采用ESP8266-01，所述电源为该装置提供 5V的供电电压，所述单片机与霍尔水流量计、WIFI模块电性连接，所述单片机通过WIFI模块与手机的远程通讯，所述霍尔水流量计用于实时监测双罐串联装置所处理尿液的流量，当累计水流量达到设定值时，所述单片机接收信号并通过WIFI模块向手机发送消息，告知维护人员需要更换生物质罐和多层炭罐内的生物质、活性炭。
进一步地，所述蓄水池的出口通过压水驱动装置连接到厕所的马桶冲水口。
进一步地，还包括户外厕所循环用水单元，所述户外厕所循环用水单元包括雨水收集单元和压水驱动装置，所述雨水收集单元用于收集户外厕所屋顶的雨水，所述蓄水池用于储存雨水收集单元所收集的雨水、以及经双罐串联装置处理净化后的尿液，所述蓄水池与压水驱动装置的入口相连，用于提供冲厕的水源，所述压水驱动装置的出口连接厕所的马桶冲水口。其中，整体尿液处理系统呈高低位布置，依靠尿液自身重力和压水驱动装置实现水循环。各装置离地面高度由高到低分别为：马桶、双罐串联装置、蓄水池、压水驱动装置。
具体地，在本实施例中，所述压水驱动装置包括支撑框架、折叠水桶、海绵、踏板，所述折叠水桶安装于支撑框架内，所述折叠水桶的进水管连接蓄水池，出水管连接马桶，所述折叠水桶内部填充海绵，上方具有踏板，所述踏板通过若干个导向滑轮安装在支撑框架上，所述踏板受压下移时，驱动折叠水桶压缩，使内部存水排出。
具体地，在本实施例中，所述雨水收集单元包括户外厕所本体的屋顶、排水管，所述屋顶呈倾斜向下设置，所述屋顶上均布有若干个凹槽，所述屋顶的低位端设有集水槽，若干个凹槽的低位端均接入集水槽，所述集水槽的出口连接排水管的进口，所述排水管的出口连接蓄水池。
本发明性能检测：
(1)将收集来的农林生物质废弃物玉米秸秆浸泡于2％尿素溶液中4h。
(2)将浸泡尿素溶液4h后的玉米秸秆与碳酸氢钾以10：1.8的质量比机械混合，送入管式炉中以10℃/min的升温速率升至800℃，停留1h。将热解后得到的秸秆炭先后用1mol/L的盐酸和去离子水洗涤，送入烘箱干燥。其余样品在制备过程中改变秸秆在尿素溶液中的浸泡时间、热解温度以及秸秆与碳酸氢钾质量比，实验操作均按照以上方法执行。
(3)将得到的秸秆炭浸泡于2％尿素溶液中，设置吸附时间分别为2h、4h、7h、14h、16h。使用岛津UV2600紫外可见分光光度计得到吸附后各溶液中的尿素浓度，得到尿素浓度时间曲线，如图2所示，秸秆炭吸附时间实验结果如表1所示。
表1 秸秆炭吸附时间实验结果
Figure PCTCN2021121991-appb-000001
由实验可得：单位质量秸秆炭的尿素吸附量随吸附时间的增大而增大，且吸附16h后秸秆炭单位吸附量可达91.3mg·g -1。
(4)在塑料柱中由下到上依次铺2g石英砂、0.18g吸附尿素16h后的秸秆炭、0.8g石英砂。以100μL/min流速进行淋溶实验。分别取出0.5ml淋溶10min、23min、36min、49min、62min、75min后的溶液，测定尿素浓度。另以等质量普通尿素肥料(生产商为安徽晋能化工股份有限公司，氮含量≥46.4％)进行相同的实验操作，得到秸秆炭与尿素肥料的淋溶对比曲线，如图3所示，秸秆炭 淋溶实验结果如表2所示。
表2 秸秆炭淋溶实验结果
Figure PCTCN2021121991-appb-000002
由实验可知，同普通尿素肥料相比，活性炭样品具有一定的缓释效果。
(5)为验证所得活性炭缓释肥与普通尿素肥料的肥效，选用小叶高产王豇豆种子以55℃温水浸种激发，搅拌15min后，采用纸床法育种(将种子平铺在铺有滤纸的培养皿中，加入5ml去离子水)，并放入30℃烘箱中30h。挑选出发芽后的生长情况大致相同的若干种子，分为尿素组和秸秆炭组。将等质量的普通尿素肥料、浸泡22h后的秸秆炭与2ml水混合后加入培养皿中，继续在30℃烘箱中培育。培育1d后，将秸秆炭组豇豆苗用去离子水洗去表面的炭，记录并对比分析实验结果，如图4、图5所示，普通尿素组与秸秆炭组培育效果对比分析如表3所示。
表3 普通尿素组与秸秆炭组培育效果对比分析
Figure PCTCN2021121991-appb-000003
实验发现：秸秆炭组豇豆芽发育情况更好，在培育相同时间后尿素组水分明显蒸干，证明了所得生物炭基肥料的保水保肥作用。烂根现象的发生有可能是因为开始施加普通尿素肥料时尿素浓度大，造成烧苗，这也反向证明了生物炭基肥料的营养缓释效果。
上述实施例是对本发明的说明，不是对本发明的限定，任何对本发明简单变换后的方案均属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (14)

  1. 一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：包括双罐串联装置和蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置的出口连接蓄水池，所述双罐串联装置包括沿尿液处理方向依次设置的生物质罐和多层炭罐，所述生物质罐中存放有生物质，用于对尿液进行一次吸附，所述多层炭罐内设有若干层活性炭，用于对尿液进行二次吸附，经双罐串联装置吸附净化后的尿液收集到蓄水池中，所述活性炭的原料取自生物质罐中经尿液浸泡过的生物质。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述活性炭为原料与活化剂经机械混合后置于氮气氛围下，在热解温度为650-850℃下停留1h获得。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述原料与活化剂在热解后还包括酸洗、水洗及干燥的后处理。
  4. 如权利要求2所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述活化剂为氢氧化钾、碳酸钾或碳酸氢钾，原料：活化剂质量比为5：1-10：1。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述生物质采用农林废弃物，所述活性炭原料取自所述生物质罐中浸泡过尿液4-8h后的农林废弃物，所述生物质和活性炭均通过滤袋盛装后分别存放在生物质罐、多层炭罐中。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述生物质罐一侧的上方设有第一进口管，所述第一进口管与厕所的尿液排出口相连，所述生物质罐另一侧的上方设置有第一流出管，所述第一流出管与多层炭罐相连，所述第一进口管、第一流出管均沿尿液流动方向倾斜向下设置，且所述第一进口管与生物质罐的连接位置高于所述第一流出管与生物质罐的连接位置。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述多层炭罐的内部自上至下依次设有若干层可拆卸炭盒盛装活性炭，所述多层炭罐的下部连接第二流出管，所述第二流出管接入蓄水池。
  8. 如权利要求1至7中任意一项所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：还包括流量监控单元，所述流量监控单元与双罐串联装置进口端相连，用于监控双罐串联装置所处理尿液的流量，当累计水流量达到设定值时发出警报消息。
  9. 如权利要求8所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述流量监控单元包括电源，以及与电源电性连接的单片机、霍尔水流量计、WIFI模块，所述单片机与霍尔水流量计、WIFI模块电性连接，所述单片机通过WIFI模块与手机的远程通讯，所述霍尔水流量计用于实时监测双罐串联装置所处理尿液的流量，当累计水流量达到设定值时，所述单片机接收信号并通过WIFI模块向手机发送消息。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述蓄水池的出口通过压水驱动装置连接到厕所的马桶冲水口。
  11. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：还包括户外厕所循环用水单元，所述户外厕所循环用水单元包括雨水收集单元和压水驱动装置，所述蓄水池用于储存雨水收集单元所收集的雨水、以及经双罐串联装置处理净化后的尿液，所述蓄水池与压水驱动装置的入口相连，用于提供冲厕的水源，所述压水驱动装置的出口连接厕所的马桶冲水口。
  12. 如权利要求11所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述压水驱动装置包括支撑框架、折叠水桶、海绵、踏板，所述折叠水桶安装于支撑框架内，所述折叠水桶的进水管连接蓄水池，出水管连 接马桶，所述折叠水桶内部填充海绵，上方具有踏板，所述踏板通过若干个导向滑轮安装在支撑框架上，所述踏板受压下移时，驱动折叠水桶压缩，使内部存水排出。
  13. 如权利要求11所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述雨水收集单元包括户外厕所本体的屋顶、排水管，所述屋顶呈倾斜向下设置，所述屋顶上均布有若干个凹槽，所述屋顶的低位端设有集水槽，若干个凹槽的低位端均接入集水槽，所述集水槽的出口连接排水管的进口，所述排水管的出口连接蓄水池。
  14. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于农林废弃物源活性炭的尿液级联处理系统，其特征在于：所述多层炭罐包括左壳体、右壳体、固定杆和炭盒，所述左壳体与所述右壳体中的一个或两者可转动地安装在固定杆上，两者组合后形成一完整的筒状结构，且在两者的开合处安装有密封圈和若干个锁扣，所述左壳体与右壳体内均设有若干个自上至下依次间隔布置的隔板，上下方相邻的两个隔板之间形成用于安装炭盒的容腔，所述炭盒内存放有活性炭，除最下面一层炭盒外其余炭盒底部均密布小孔。
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