WO2022230650A1 - ニッケル粉及びニッケル粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
ニッケル粉及びニッケル粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022230650A1 WO2022230650A1 PCT/JP2022/017518 JP2022017518W WO2022230650A1 WO 2022230650 A1 WO2022230650 A1 WO 2022230650A1 JP 2022017518 W JP2022017518 W JP 2022017518W WO 2022230650 A1 WO2022230650 A1 WO 2022230650A1
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- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- less
- nickel powder
- particles
- particle size
- Prior art date
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 264
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 112
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 74
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 20
- BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ni+2] BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 23
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- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical class [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCN JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical class [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010931 gold Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine hydrate Chemical compound O.NN IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- DPBLXKKOBLCELK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCN DPBLXKKOBLCELK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
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- YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver sulfate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000367 silver sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Ag+].CC(O)C([O-])=O LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MQHGEVXQSFWXCE-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver;cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]C(=O)C1CCCCC1 MQHGEVXQSFWXCE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SIGUVTURIMRFDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dioxidophosphanium Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][PH2]=O SIGUVTURIMRFDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001379 sodium hypophosphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005118 spray pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
- B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/15—Nickel or cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
- B22F2304/05—Submicron size particles
- B22F2304/054—Particle size between 1 and 100 nm
Definitions
- the present invention relates to nickel powder, and the present invention relates to a method for producing nickel particles.
- Nickel particles are generally used to form the internal electrodes of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). With the miniaturization and increase in capacity of MLCCs, there is a demand for further miniaturization of nickel particles used for forming internal electrodes. From this point of view, Patent Document 1 proposes a nickel powder having a 50% number diameter of 0.09 ⁇ m or less. According to the document, this nickel powder is produced by a vapor phase reduction method in which nickel chloride gas and a reducing gas are brought into contact, or a spray pyrolysis method in which a pyrolytic nickel compound is sprayed and thermally decomposed.
- the nickel powder described in Patent Document 1 contains fine nickel particles. However, since this nickel powder is produced by a vapor phase method, it is difficult to control the particle size, and as a result, the particle size distribution tends to be wide. Due to this, the nickel powder contains a relatively high proportion of coarse-grained nickel particles in addition to fine-grained nickel particles. The presence of coarse nickel particles may cause a short circuit between internal electrodes or a decrease in the withstand voltage of the MLCC.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a nickel powder that has fine particles and a low content of coarse particles, and a method that can easily produce such nickel powder.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a nickel powder in which the proportion of particles having a diameter of 1.5 times or more of D50 is 0.5% by number or less.
- the present invention provides a suitable method for producing the nickel powder
- FIG. 1(a) is a graph showing the measurement results of thermomechanical analysis of the nickel powder obtained in Example 2, and FIG. 1(b) shows the graph shown in FIG. 1(a) differentiated twice. It is a graph which shows a result.
- FIG. 2(a) is a schematic diagram showing the production process of the nickel powder of the present invention
- FIG. 2(b) is a schematic diagram showing the production process of the conventional nickel powder.
- 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of the nickel powder obtained in Example 2.
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope image of the nickel powder obtained in Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 1(a) is a graph showing the measurement results of thermomechanical analysis of the nickel powder obtained in Example 2
- FIG. 1(b) shows the graph shown in FIG. 1(a) differentiated twice. It is a graph which shows a result.
- FIG. 2(a) is a schematic diagram showing the production process of the nickel powder of the present invention
- FIG. 2(b) is a schematic diagram showing the production process of the conventional
- nickel powder that is an aggregate of fine nickel particles.
- nickel powder may refer to either a powder that is an aggregate of nickel particles or individual nickel particles that make up the powder, depending on the context.
- the nickel powder of the present invention is composed of fine nickel particles.
- the nickel particles consist of elemental nickel and incidental impurities, or consist of a nickel-based alloy and incidental impurities.
- the particle size of the nickel particles is measured by observing the nickel powder of the present invention with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, the nickel particles forming the nickel powder are photographed with an SEM at a magnification of 50,000 times, and the area of the photographed nickel particles is determined. A circle equivalent diameter is calculated from the area. A particle size distribution is determined based on the calculated equivalent circle diameter. In the particle size distribution, the abscissa indicates the equivalent circle diameter, and the ordinate indicates the number frequency.
- the number cumulative particle size at 50 % by number is defined as D50.
- the value of the particle size D50 defined in this way is preferably between 50 nm and 200 nm. Since the particle size D50 of the nickel powder of the present invention is within this range, when the nickel powder of the present invention is used for various purposes, for example, as an internal electrode of an MLCC, a short circuit between the internal electrodes is less likely to occur. There is an advantage. From the viewpoint of making this advantage more remarkable, the particle diameter D50 of the nickel powder is more preferably 50 nm or more and 180 nm or less, further preferably 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less, and 50 nm or more and 90 nm or less. More preferred.
- the equivalent circle diameter is obtained for 5000 or more nickel particles.
- Image analysis particle size distribution measurement software Mac-View manufactured by Mountec Co., Ltd.
- the minimum unit of nickel particles to be observed is determined by whether or not a particle interface recognized as an independent particle is observed by SEM. Therefore, even if an aggregate consisting of a plurality of particles is observed, if a particle interface is observed in the aggregate, the region defined by the particle interface is identified as one particle.
- the nickel particles constituting the nickel powder are fine particles and that the abundance ratio of coarse particles is small.
- the presence of coarse particles may cause a short circuit between the internal electrodes. This short circuit can be effectively prevented by reducing the proportion of coarse particles in the nickel powder.
- the abundance ratio of particles having a particle diameter of 1.5 times or more of D50 (hereinafter also referred to as "coarse particle abundance ratio") is 0.5% by number or less. is preferable, 0.3% by number or less is more preferable, and 0.1% by number or less is preferable.
- the nickel powder of the present invention be fine particles, have a low proportion of coarse particles, and have as uniform a particle size as possible.
- the particle size distribution curve is sharp.
- the sharpness of the particle size distribution curve can be evaluated by the coefficient of variation of particle size.
- the coefficient of variation is a value defined by ( ⁇ /D 50 ) ⁇ 100 (%), where ⁇ (nm) is the standard deviation of the particle size in the particle size distribution.
- the nickel powder of the present invention preferably has a coefficient of variation of 14% or less from the viewpoint of improving the surface smoothness of the internal electrodes of the MLCC formed from the nickel powder.
- the coefficient of variation is more preferably 13% or less, and even more preferably 12% or less. The closer the coefficient of variation is to 0%, the more the surface smoothness of the internal electrodes is improved.
- the nickel particles constituting the nickel powder have high crystallinity.
- the high crystallinity of the nickel particles means that the nickel powder of the present invention is resistant to heat shrinkage at low temperatures. In other words, when the nickel powder of the present invention is subjected to the sintering process, the heat shrinkage end temperature rises.
- the high end temperature of heat shrinkage due to sintering means that when manufacturing an MLCC using the nickel powder of the present invention, the end temperature of heat shrinkage of the nickel powder in the sintering step, which is one of the manufacturing steps, is the same as that of the dielectric powder. This is advantageous in that the temperature can be brought as close as possible to the sintering temperature.
- Bringing the heat shrinkage end temperature of the nickel powder close to the sintering temperature of the dielectric powder means that the shrinkage degrees of the nickel powder and the dielectric powder are close to each other. Therefore, increasing the heat shrinkage end temperature of the nickel powder of the present invention is advantageous from the viewpoint of effectively preventing the occurrence of defects caused by the incompatibility of the degree of shrinkage between the nickel powder and the dielectric powder. be.
- a method of evaluating the crystallinity of nickel particles by Cs/ D50 which is the ratio of the crystallite size Cs (nm) to the particle size D50 (nm), is often used in the technical field of metal powders.
- the higher the Cs/ D50 value the higher the crystallinity of the nickel particles.
- the nickel powder of the present invention preferably has a Cs/D 50 value of 0.3 or more, more preferably 0.34 or more, and even more preferably 0.38 or more. .
- the larger the value of Cs /D 50 the higher the heat shrinkage end temperature of nickel powder.
- the shrinkage end temperature can be made sufficiently high, and from this point of view, the value of Cs/ D50 is more preferably 0.55 or less, even more preferably 0.50 or less.
- the value of the crystallite size Cs itself is preferably 15 nm or more and 70 nm or less, more preferably 18 nm or more and 70 nm or less, and more preferably 23 nm or more and 70 nm or less, from the viewpoint of sufficiently increasing the heat shrinkage end temperature of the nickel powder. is more preferable.
- the crystallite size in the present specification is a value measured by the WPPF (whole powder pattern fitting) method. be.
- the Scherrer method is known as a method for measuring the crystallite size. Therefore, in the present invention, the WPPF method, which is less likely to cause such problems, was adopted. The details of the method for measuring the crystallite size based on the WPPF method will be described in Examples described later.
- the nickel powder of the present invention preferably has a high heat shrinkage end temperature during sintering.
- the heat shrinkage end temperature is 650 ° C. or more and 1000 ° C. or less, so that the heat shrinkage end temperature of the nickel powder in the sintering step, which is one step of manufacturing the MLCC, is as close to the sintering temperature of the dielectric powder as possible. It is preferable from the viewpoint of bringing closer.
- the heat shrinkage end temperature is preferably 680° C. or higher and 980° C. or lower, and more preferably 700° C. or higher and 980° C. or lower.
- the thermal shrinkage end temperature of the nickel powder is measured by thermomechanical analysis (TMA).
- TMA thermomechanical analysis
- the TMA measurement conditions are 1 vol% hydrogen/99 vol% nitrogen atmosphere and a heating rate of 10°C/min.
- FIG. 1(a) shows the TMA measurement results obtained for the nickel powder obtained in Example 2, which will be described later.
- the peak top temperature of the upwardly convex peak is defined as the heat shrinkage end temperature.
- FIG. 1(b) shows a graph obtained by differentiating the graph of FIG. 1(a) twice.
- the temperature indicated by the arrow is the heat shrinkage end temperature.
- the nickel powder of the present invention preferably has a high heat shrinkage end temperature and a low degree of heat shrinkage.
- the low degree of thermal shrinkage of the nickel powder causes defects due to the incompatibility of the degree of shrinkage between the nickel powder and the dielectric powder in the sintering process, which is one process of manufacturing MLCCs.
- the nickel powder used in the present invention preferably has a heat shrinkage at 900° C. of 30% or less, more preferably 28% or less, and even more preferably 25% or less. The closer the amount of heat shrinkage of the nickel powder is to zero, the better.
- the thermal contraction amount of the nickel powder is measured by TMA in the same manner as the thermal contraction end temperature described above.
- the rate of temperature increase is 10° C./min.
- the amount of displacement (%) on the vertical axis of the graph obtained by TMA measurement is the amount of thermal shrinkage referred to in this specification.
- the nickel particles that constitute it consist of a nickel element and unavoidable impurities, or consist of a nickel-based alloy and unavoidable impurities.
- the amount of unavoidable impurities in the nickel particles is as small as possible, from the viewpoint of preventing troubles that may occur when producing MLCCs using the nickel powder of the present invention, This is preferable from the viewpoint of maintaining the quality of MLCC.
- the amount of carbon contained in the nickel powder is as small as possible. Carbon tends to be mixed due to organic substances used in the production of the nickel powder of the present invention. Since this organic substance is relatively hydrophilic, when preparing a paste in the process of producing an MLCC electrode using the nickel powder of the present invention, the solvent used for the paste (this solvent is hydrophobic), Due to the low affinity with the organic matter (which is relatively hydrophilic as described above), properties of the paste, such as fluidity, may deteriorate. If the fluidity of the paste deteriorates, it causes the inconvenience that the surface of the sintered film formed from the paste becomes rough.
- the nickel powder of the present invention it is preferable to treat the surface of the nickel particles with a hydrophobic organic substance after reducing the amount of organic-derived carbon mixed during production. If the hydrophobic organic substance is present on the surface of the nickel particles, the affinity between the solvent used in the paste and the hydrophobic organic substance present on the surface of the nickel particles during the preparation of the paste in the process of producing the electrode of the MLCC. Since it is higher, the properties of the paste, such as fluidity, may be improved. From the above viewpoints, in the nickel powder of the present invention, the carbon (C) element content is preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 2.5% by mass or less, and 2% by mass or less. More preferably.
- the value of carbon element content/specific surface area is 0.01 g/(m 2 /g) or more and 0.35 g/(m 2 /g) or less. is preferably 0.03 g/(m 2 /g) or more and 0.30 g/(m 2 /g) or less, and 0.05 g/(m 2 /g) or more and 0.27 g/(m 2 /g) or less, more preferably 0.05 g/(m 2 /g) or more and 0.20 g/(m 2 /g) or less.
- the amounts of alkali metal elements, halogen elements, and sulfur elements be as small as possible.
- Alkali metal elements include, for example, sodium element and potassium element. If these elements are mixed into the MLCC, they may contribute to deterioration of the performance of the MLCC.
- halogen elements include chlorine elements. Since halogen elements and sulfur elements are corrosive elements, the MLCC manufacturing apparatus may be corroded by these elements.
- the sodium element content is preferably 50 ppm or less, more preferably 30 ppm or less, and even more preferably 10 ppm or less.
- the content of potassium element is preferably 50 ppm or less, more preferably 30 ppm or less, and even more preferably 10 ppm or less.
- the chlorine element content is preferably 500 ppm or less, more preferably 300 ppm or less, and even more preferably 50 ppm or less.
- the elemental sulfur content is preferably 500 ppm or less, more preferably 300 ppm or less, and even more preferably 50 ppm or less.
- the ppm referred to in this specification is based on mass.
- the contents of sodium, potassium, and sulfur can be measured by ICP emission spectrometry using a solution obtained by dissolving nickel powder in an acid, for example. Chlorine can be measured by ion chromatography.
- nickel powder is produced by a so-called polyol method.
- the polyol method is a method in which a polyol is used as a solvent that also serves as a reducing agent, and the chemical species of nickel is present in the polyol and heated to cause a reduction reaction to generate nickel particles. .
- nickel hydroxide is added to a mixed solution containing polyol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (hereinafter also referred to as “PVP”) and polyethyleneimine (hereinafter also referred to as “PEI”) to form a reaction solution.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PEI polyethyleneimine
- the polyol contained in the reaction solution is used both as a solvent and as a reducing agent for nickel hydroxide.
- polyols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, polyethylene glycol and the like can be used.
- These polyols can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- ethylene glycol is preferable because it has a high reduction performance due to a large ratio of hydroxy groups to its molecular weight, and it is liquid at room temperature and is excellent in handleability.
- the amount of polyol may be appropriately adjusted according to the amount of nickel hydroxide in the reaction solution, so there is no need to set a particular limitation.
- the concentration of the polyol in the reaction liquid within the range of 50% by mass or more and 99.8% by mass or less.
- PVP is used as a dispersant for nickel hydroxide.
- PVP is preferable because it has a remarkable effect as a dispersant and can sharpen the particle size distribution of the nickel particles generated by the reduction.
- the molecular weight of these PVPs may be appropriately adjusted according to their water-solubility and dispersibility.
- the amount of PVP in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of nickel hydroxide converted to nickel. By setting the viscosity within this range, a sufficient dispersion effect can be exhibited without excessively increasing the viscosity of the reaction liquid.
- PVP preferably has a number average molecular weight of 5,000 to 200,000, particularly 5,000 to 150,000, particularly 5,000 to 100,000, from the viewpoint of sufficiently uniform adsorption on the particle surface and suppression of aggregation.
- PEI has the function of reducing the number of nickel ions in the reaction solution while nickel nuclei are being produced in the reaction solution, thereby preventing nucleation and nucleus growth from proceeding at the same time. This is because (a) PEI has an unshared electron pair that interacts with nickel ions, and is capable of forming a coordinate bond with nickel ions, and (b) PEI is the unshared electron pair. and (c) PEI has hydrogen bonding sites that can interact with the surface of nickel hydroxide present in the reaction solution in an undissolved state. is.
- PEI in the reaction solution enables the nucleation of nickel and the growth of the generated nuclei to occur sequentially, as shown in FIG. 2(a). As a result, a fine nickel powder having a uniform particle size can be successfully obtained. In contrast, in the conventional production of nickel powder by reduction, as shown in FIG. Variation in diameter is likely to occur. From the above point of view, it is more advantageous to use a branched PEI than a straight chain PEI. From the same point of view, it is also preferable to use PEI having a number average molecular weight of 600 or more and 10,000 or less, particularly 800 or more and 5,000 or less, and particularly 1,000 or more and 3,000 or less.
- the amount of PEI in the reaction solution is appropriately set according to the amount of PVP, provided that the ratio of PVP and PEI satisfies the above range.
- the reaction solution can also contain a noble metal catalyst.
- a noble metal catalyst for example, a noble metal compound such as a water-soluble salt of a noble metal can be used.
- water-soluble salts of noble metals include water-soluble salts of palladium, silver, platinum, gold and the like.
- the noble metal catalyst can be used by adding it in the form of the compound described above or in the form of an aqueous solution in which the compound is dissolved in water.
- the amount of the noble metal catalyst contained in the reaction solution is 0.01 parts by mass or more and 5 parts by mass or less, particularly 0.01 parts by mass or more and 1 part by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of nickel hydroxide converted to nickel. is preferred.
- the slurry containing each of the above components is heated while being stirred to reduce nickel hydroxide.
- the heating temperature depends on the type of polyol used, but is preferably 150° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower, more preferably 170° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower, and still more preferably 190° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower under atmospheric pressure. can successfully reduce nickel hydroxide.
- Reduction of nickel hydroxide produces nickel particles in the liquid.
- decomposition of PVP and PEI may occur to produce hydrophilic organics.
- this organic matter adheres to the surfaces of the nickel particles, the surfaces of the nickel particles become hydrophilic.
- properties of the paste such as fluidity, may deteriorate.
- nickel powder For the purpose of further reducing the amount of carbon contained in the nickel powder, it is preferable to treat the nickel powder after washing with water or the nickel powder that has not undergone washing with a basic aqueous solution. This treatment makes it possible to further remove the hydrophilic organic matter existing on the surfaces of the nickel particles.
- basic aqueous solutions for treating nickel powder include aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, quaternary ammonium salts, and ammonia. mentioned.
- aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, etc. can be used.
- These solutes of basic aqueous solution can be used individually or in combination of 2 or more types.
- tetramethylammonium hydroxide, ammonia, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium hydrogen carbonate are preferable because they do not contain alkali metal elements.
- the pH of the basic aqueous solution is preferably 7.5 or more and 14.0 or less, more preferably 9.0 or more and 14.0 or less.
- the treatment with the basic aqueous solution is preferably carried out until the amount of carbon contained in the nickel powder after washing is 0.10 g/(m 2 /g) or less.
- Nickel powder subjected to this treatment has a high affinity with the organic solvent contained in the paste when it is used to prepare a paste, so the characteristics of the paste, such as fluidity, are advantageous. There is Good fluidity of the paste is advantageous in that the surface of the sintered film formed from the paste can be made smooth.
- Treatment with a hydrophobic organic substance is carried out to the extent that the amount of carbon contained in the treated nickel powder does not exceed the amount of carbon contained in the nickel powder immediately after synthesis (that is, before washing with water or before treatment with a basic aqueous solution). This is preferable from the viewpoint of preventing the hydrophobic organic matter excessively adsorbed on the particles from eluting into the paste.
- hydrophobic organic matter examples include various fatty acids and aliphatic amines.
- fatty acids and aliphatic amines it is preferable to use a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid or an aliphatic amine having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, particularly from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, because a paste having good properties can be prepared.
- fatty acids or aliphatic amines include benzoic acid, capric pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, pentylamine, hexyl amine, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, laurylamine, oleylamine, stearylamine and the like.
- sulfur-containing organic compounds such as thiols and mercaptans can also be used as hydrophobic organics.
- decanethiol, dodecanethiol and stearyl mercaptan can be used.
- a polymer containing a carboxyl group, a polymer containing an amino group, or the like can also be used as the hydrophobic organic substance.
- Hydrophobic organic matter can be used individually by 1 type, or in combination of 2 or more types, respectively.
- a commercially available product can also be used as the hydrophobic organic substance. Examples of such commercially available products include ESLEEM (registered trademark) manufactured by NOF Corporation.
- the nickel powder produced by the above method is used in various fields, taking advantage of its fine and uniform particle size. It is particularly suitable for forming internal electrodes of MLCCs.
- Example 1 445 g of ethylene glycol, 64 g of nickel hydroxide particles, 12 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.14 g of polyethyleneimine, and 0.06 ml of an aqueous palladium nitrate solution (concentration: 100 g/l) were added to a 500 ml beaker to prepare a slurry. .
- the polyethylenimine was branched and had a number average molecular weight of 1,800.
- the number average molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone was 40,000.
- the slurry was heated while being stirred, and a reduction reaction was carried out at 198° C. for 6 hours. After that, the heating was stopped to complete the reduction, and the mixture was naturally cooled to room temperature. In this way, a large number of nickel microparticles were produced.
- Example 2 Nickel powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of polyethyleneimine was changed to 0.2 g and the aqueous palladium nitrate solution was changed to 0.13 ml.
- Nickel powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone in Example 1 was changed to 14 g, the amount of polyethyleneimine to 0.28 g, and the amount of palladium nitrate aqueous solution to 0.18 ml.
- Nickel powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 18 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.3 g of polyethyleneimine, and 0.8 ml of the palladium nitrate aqueous solution were used.
- Example 5 A magnet was placed at the bottom of the beaker containing the nickel particle dispersion obtained by the reduction reaction of Example 1 to attract the nickel particles to the magnet. Under this condition, the supernatant of the dispersion was removed. After removing the magnet, 50 g of pure water was added and mixed, and the dispersion was stirred for 10 minutes. A magnet was again placed in the bottom of the beaker to attract the nickel particles to the magnet. Under this condition, the supernatant of the dispersion was removed. After removing the magnet, 50 g of a 5% aqueous ammonia solution was added and the dispersion was stirred for 10 minutes. A magnet was again placed in the bottom of the beaker to attract the nickel particles to the magnet.
- Esleem registered trademark
- C2093I manufactured by NOF Corporation
- Example 6 Surface-treated nickel particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the nickel particle dispersion liquid obtained by the reduction reaction in Example 2 was used.
- Example 7 Surface-treated nickel particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the nickel particle dispersion liquid obtained by the reduction reaction in Example 3 was used.
- Example 8 Surface-treated nickel particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the nickel particle dispersion liquid obtained by the reduction reaction in Example 4 was used.
- nickel powder was produced in an aqueous system. Specifically, 900 g of nickel sulfate hexahydrate, 35 g of citric acid, and 12.5 g of sodium phosphinate were dissolved in 1 L of pure water to obtain an aqueous solution. The obtained aqueous solution was added over 10 minutes to 760 g of an aqueous solution having a sodium hydroxide concentration of 25% and the temperature of the solution was maintained at 60° C. to precipitate nickel hydroxide. While maintaining the liquid temperature of this suspension at 80° C., 940 g of hydrazine monohydrate was added over 5 minutes to reduce nickel hydroxide to nickel to obtain nickel powder.
- Example 2 In this comparative example, PEI was not used in Example 1. Further, a nickel powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the palladium nitrate aqueous solution was changed to 0.4 ml.
- the crystallite size can be calculated using the WPPF method from the diffraction peak derived from nickel obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement. The conditions for the X-ray diffraction measurement will be described in detail in Examples described later.
- the measurement holder was covered with the nickel powder to be measured, and smoothed with a glass plate so that the thickness of the nickel powder layer was 0.5 mm and the measurement surface was smooth.
- analysis was performed using analysis software under the following conditions. The analysis was corrected using data obtained from lanthanum hexaboride powder (SRM660 series), a reference material provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Crystallite size was calculated using the WPPF method.
- SRM660 series lanthanum hexaboride powder
- NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
- a solution was obtained by dissolving 1.00 g of nickel powder in 50 ml of a 15% nitric acid aqueous solution. This solution was introduced into an ICP emission spectrometer (PS3520VDDII manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Co., Ltd.) to measure the contents of sodium, potassium and sulfur. Also, 1.00 g of nickel powder was added to 20.0 ml of pure water, and 2 ml of 2.5 g/l silver nitrate aqueous solution and 10 ml of 70% nitric acid aqueous solution were added and heated at 90°C.
- ICP emission spectrometer PS3520VDDII manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Co., Ltd.
- This aqueous solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, and 1 ml of a 1.5 g/l potassium bromide aqueous solution was added. The resulting precipitate was suction filtered, washed with pure water, dissolved in 20 mL of a 10 g/l thiourea aqueous solution, and filtered. This solution was introduced into an ion chromatograph analyzer (930 CompactICFlex manufactured by Metrohm Japan Co., Ltd.) to measure the chlorine content. Furthermore, the amount of carbon contained in the nickel powder was measured by the following method before washing with water (C1), after treatment with a basic aqueous solution (C2), and after surface treatment (C3).
- a carbon/sulfur analyzer (CS844 manufactured by LECO Japan LLC) was used. 0.50 g of nickel powder of Examples and Comparative Examples was placed in a magnetic crucible and measured. Oxygen gas (purity: 99.5%) was used as the carrier gas. Analysis time was 40 seconds.
- the specific surface area was measured by the nitrogen adsorption method using "Macsorb” manufactured by Mountec Co., Ltd. based on the BET method. The amount of powder measured was 0.2 g. Preliminary degassing conditions were 80° C. for 30 minutes under vacuum.
- EXSTAR 6000 manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc. was used as a TMA measuring device. 500 mg of nickel powder was placed in a stainless steel cup of ⁇ 5.0 mm and pressed at 1.0 MPa to produce pellets. The obtained pellet was used as a sample to be measured, and set in a measuring device. The sample was heated at 10° C./min in a 1 vol % hydrogen/99 vol % nitrogen atmosphere. Measurement was started from room temperature (25° C.), and a graph showing the relationship between temperature and displacement (%) was obtained.
- the wet thickness of the coating film was 35 ⁇ m.
- This coating film was sintered at 350° C. for 10 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a sintered film.
- the surface roughness Rz of the obtained sintered film was measured using SURFCOM 130A.
- the measurement conditions were an evaluation length of 6.0 mm and a measurement speed of 0.6 mm/s.
- the nickel powder obtained in each example has a high heat shrinkage end temperature and a small surface roughness Rz of the sintered film.
- the nickel powder obtained in Comparative Example 1 has a low heat shrinkage end temperature and a large surface roughness Rz of the sintered film.
- the nickel powder obtained in Comparative Example 2 had a high heat shrinkage end temperature, the surface roughness Rz of the sintered film was large due to the presence of many coarse particles.
- a nickel powder that has fine grains and a low content of coarse grains. Therefore, this nickel powder is suitably used, for example, as a material for forming internal electrodes of MLCCs. Moreover, according to the present invention, such nickel powder can be easily produced.
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Abstract
Description
D50が50nm以上200nm以下であり、
D50の1.5倍以上の粒径を有する粒子の存在割合が0.5個数%以下である、ニッケル粉を提供するものである。
水酸化ニッケル粒子、ポリオール、ポリビニルピロリドン及びポリエチレンイミンを含む液を加熱してニッケル粒子を製造する方法であって、
1質量部のポリエチレンイミンに対して、ポリビニルピロリドンを30質量部以上200質量部以下用いる、ニッケル粒子の製造方法を提供するものである。
粗大粒子存在割合は0%に近ければ近いほど、内部電極間の短絡発生の防止に有効であるが、0.01%程度に粗大粒子存在割合が低ければ、内部電極間の短絡発生を効果的に防止できる。
粗大粒子の尺度として、D50の1.5倍以上の粒径を有する粒子を選定した理由は、D50の1.5倍以上の粒径では、導電膜を形成した際に導電膜の表面が粗くなる一因となり、そのことがMLCCの内部電極間の短絡発生とに極めて深く関与していることを本発明者が見出したことによるものである。
変動係数は0%に近ければ近いほど、内部電極の表面平滑性の一層に寄与するが、5%程度に変動係数が低ければ、十分に満足すべき程度に内部電極の表面を平滑にできる。
Cs/D50はその値が大きいほどニッケル粉の熱収縮終了温度の上昇に寄与するところ、本発明においては、Cs/D50の値が好ましくは0.6以下であれば、ニッケル粉の熱収縮終了温度を十分に高くすることが可能であり、この観点からCs/D50の値は0.55以下であることが更に好ましく、0.50以下であることが一層好ましい。
WPPF法に基づく結晶子サイズの測定方法の詳細については後述する実施例において説明する。
TMAによって測定された温度と変位量との関係のグラフを2回微分して得られるグラフにおいて、上に凸のピークにおけるピークトップの温度を熱収縮終了温度と定義する。図1(b)には、図1(a)のグラフを2回微分して得られたグラフが示されている。図1(b)において、矢印で示される温度が、熱収縮終了温度である。2回微分のグラフに2以上のピークが観察される場合には、最も高温側に観察されるピークに着目し、そのピークにおけるピークトップの温度を熱収縮終了温度とする。
ニッケル粉の熱収縮量は、上述した熱収縮終了温度と同様に、TMAによって測定する、TMAの測定雰囲気は、1体積%水素/99体積%窒素雰囲気とする。昇温速度は10℃/minとする。TMA測定によって得られるグラフの縦軸である変位量(%)が、本明細書にいう熱収縮量のことである。
また、本発明のニッケル粉においては、製造時に混入する有機物由来の炭素の量を低減させた後に、ニッケル粒子の表面を疎水性有機物で処理をすることが好ましい。疎水性有機物がニッケル粒子の表面に存在していると、MLCCの電極を作製する工程におけるペースト調製時に、該ペーストに用いられる溶媒と、ニッケル粒子の表面に存在する疎水性有機物との親和性が高くなることから、ペーストの特性、例えば流動性が良好になる場合がある。
以上の観点から、本発明のニッケル粉においては、炭素(C)元素の含有量が3質量%以下であることが好ましく、2.5質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、2質量%以下であることが一層好ましい。
同様の観点から、本発明のニッケル粉においては、炭素元素の含有量/比表面積の値が、0.01g/(m2/g)以上0.35g/(m2/g)以下であることが好ましく、0.03g/(m2/g)以上0.30g/(m2/g)以下であることが更に好ましく、0.05g/(m2/g)以上0.27g/(m2/g)以下であることが一層好ましく、0.05g/(m2/g)以上0.20g/(m2/g)以下であることが一層好ましい。
アルカリ金属元素としては例えばナトリウム元素やカリウム元素が挙げられる。これらの元素がMLCCに混入するとMLCCの性能低下の一因となることがある。
ハロゲン元素としては例えば塩素元素などが挙げられる。ハロゲン元素や硫黄元素は、腐食性の元素であることから、MLCCの製造装置が、これらの元素によって腐食されるおそれがある。
以上の観点から、本発明のニッケル粉においては、ナトリウム元素の含有量が50ppm以下であることが好ましく、30ppm以下であることが更に好ましく、10ppm以下であることが一層好ましい。
カリウム元素の含有量については、50ppm以下であることが好ましく、30ppm以下であることが更に好ましく、10ppm以下であることが一層好ましい。
塩素元素の含有量については、500ppm以下であることが好ましく、300ppm以下であることが更に好ましく、50ppm以下であることが一層好ましい。
硫黄元素の含有量については、500ppm以下であることが好ましく、300ppm以下であることが更に好ましく、50ppm以下であることが一層好ましい。
なお本明細書にいうppmは質量基準である。ナトリウム、カリウム、硫黄の含有量は、ニッケル粉を例えば酸で溶解した溶解液を対象としたICP発光分光分析法によって測定することができる。塩素は、イオンクロマトグラフ法によって測定することができる。
ポリオールとしては、例えばエチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコール、1,2-プロパンジオール、ジプロピレングリコール、1,2-ブタンジオール、1,3-ブタンジオール、1,4-ブタンジオール、2,3-ブタンジオール1,5-ペンタンジオール及びポリエチレングリコール等を用いることができる。これらのポリオールは単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。これらのポリオールのうちエチレングリコールは、分子量に対してヒドロキシ基が占める割合が大きいために還元性能が高く、また常温で液状であり取り扱い性に優れることから好ましい。
以上の観点から、PEIとして、直鎖状のものを用いるよりも、分岐鎖状のものを用いることが有利である。同様の観点から、数平均分子量が600以上10000以下、特に800以上5000以下、とりわけ1000以上3000以下であるPEIを用いることも好ましい。
塩基性水溶液のpHは好ましくは7.5以上14.0以下であり、更に好ましく9.0以上14.0以下である。塩基性水溶液による処理は、水洗後のニッケル粉に含まれる炭素の量が、0.10g/(m2/g)以下となるまで行うことが好ましい。
脂肪酸及び脂肪族アミン以外に、チオール及びメルカプタンなどの硫黄含有有機化合物も、疎水性有機物として用いることができる。例えばデカンチオール、ドデカンチオール及びステアリルメルカプタンなどを用いることができる。
更に、カルボキシル基を含む高分子及びアミノ基を含む高分子等を、疎水性有機物として用いることもできる。
疎水性有機物は、それぞれ1種を単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
前記疎水性有機物として市販品も用いることができる。そのような市販品としては、例えば日油株式会社のエスリーム(登録商標)などが挙げられる。
500mlのビーカーに、445gのエチレングリコール、64gの水酸化ニッケル粒子、12gのポリビニルピロリドン、0.14gのポリエチレンイミン、及び0.06mlの硝酸パラジウム水溶液(濃度:100g/l)を加えスラリーを調製した。ポリエチレンイミンは分岐鎖状のものであり、数平均分子量は1800であった。ポリビニルピロリドンの数平均分子量は40000であった。スラリーを撹拌しながら加熱し、198℃で6時間還元反応を行った。その後、加熱を停止して還元を終了させ、室温まで自然放冷した。このようにして、多数のニッケル微粒子を生成させた。
実施例1において、ポリエチレンイミンを0.2g、硝酸パラジウム水溶液を0.13mlに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にしてニッケル粉を得た。
実施例1において、ポリビニルピロリドンを14g、ポリエチレンイミンを0.28g、硝酸パラジウム水溶液を0.18mlに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にしてニッケル粉を得た。
実施例1において、ポリビニルピロリドンを18g、ポリエチレンイミンを0.3g、硝酸パラジウム水溶液を0.8mlに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にしてニッケル粉を得た。
実施例1の還元反応によって得られたニッケル粒子分散液を含むビーカーの底に磁石を配置してニッケル粒子を磁石に引き寄せた。この状態下に、前記分散液の上澄みを除去した。
磁石を取り除いた後、純水50gを加えて混合して分散液を10分撹拌した。磁石を再びビーカーの底に配置してニッケル粒子を磁石に引き寄せた。この状態下に、分散液の上澄みを除去した。
磁石を取り除いた後、5%アンモニア水溶液50gを添加して分散液を10分撹拌した。磁石を再びビーカーの底に配置してニッケル粒子を磁石に引き寄せた。この状態下に、分散液の上澄みを除去した。
磁石を取り除いた後、純水50gを加えて混合して分散液を10分撹拌した。磁石を再びビーカーの底に配置してニッケル粒子を磁石に引き寄せた。この状態下に、分散液の上澄みを除去することで、残存するアンモニアを除去した。
次いで、メタノール50gを加えて10分撹拌し、上澄みの除去を磁石によって3回繰り返して溶媒をメタノールに置換した。
0.8gのエスリーム(登録商標)C2093I(日油株式会社製)を5gのメタノールに溶解した液を、ニッケル粒子の分散液に加えて60分撹拌した。その後、磁石を用いて上澄みを除去して、表面処理されたニッケル粒子を得た。
実施例2の還元反応によって得られたニッケル粒子分散液を用いた以外は実施例5と同様の操作を行い、表面処理されたニッケル粒子を得た。
実施例3の還元反応によって得られたニッケル粒子分散液を用いた以外は実施例5と同様の操作を行い、表面処理されたニッケル粒子を得た。
実施例4の還元反応によって得られたニッケル粒子分散液を用いた以外は実施例5と同様の操作を行い、表面処理されたニッケル粒子を得た。
本比較例では水系でニッケル粉を製造した。詳細には、硫酸ニッケル・6水和物900g、クエン酸35g、ホスフィン酸ナトリウム12.5gを純水1Lに溶解させて水溶液を得た。得られた水溶液を、液温を60℃に維持した水酸化ナトリウム濃度25%の水溶液760gに10分間にわたって添加して、ニッケルの水酸化物を析出させた。この懸濁液の液温を80℃に維持しながら、ヒドラジン・1水和物940gを5分間にわたって添加して、ニッケルの水酸化物をニッケルに還元し、ニッケル粉を得た。
本比較例では、実施例1においてPEIを用いなかった。また、硝酸パラジウム水溶液を0.4mlに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にしてニッケル粉を得た。
実施例及び比較例で得られたニッケル粉について、上述の方法で粒度分布を測定し、粒径D50、粗大粒子存在割合及び変動係数を求めた。SEMとして日本電子株式会社製のJSM-7100Fを用いた。
また、以下の方法でWPPF法に基づく結晶子サイズを求めた。
以上の結果を以下の表1に示す。また、実施例2及び比較例2で得られたニッケル粉のSEM像を図3及び図4に示す。
結晶子サイズは、X線回折測定によって得られるニッケルに由来する回折ピークから、WPPF法を用いて算出することができる。X線回折測定の条件は、後述する実施例にて詳述する。
<装置構成>
波長
・ターゲット:Cu
・波長タイプ:Kα1
・Kα1:1.54059(Å)
・Kα2:1.54441(Å)
・Kβ:1.39225(Å)
・Kα12強度比:0.4970
・水平偏光率:0.500
回折装置
・ゴニオメーター:SmartLab
・アタッチメントベース:Zステージ単独
・アタッチメント:ASC6-反射
<測定条件>
・光学系属性:集中法
・CBO選択スリット:BB
・入射平行スリット:Soller_slit_5.0deg
・入射スリット:2/3deg
・長手制限スリット:10.0mm
・受光スリット1:20.000mm
・受光平行スリット:Soller_slit_5.0deg
・受光スリット2:20.000mm
・アッテネーター:Open
・検出器:D/teX Ultra250
・スキャン軸:2θ/θ
・スキャンモード:連続
・スキャン範囲:5.0000~140.0000deg
・ステップ幅:0.0100deg
・スキャンスピード/計測時間:2.015572deg/min
・データ点数:13501点
・管電圧:45kV
・管電流:200mA
・HV:0.00
測定対象のニッケル粉を測定ホルダに敷き詰め、ニッケル粉からなる層の厚さが0.5mmで、且つ測定表面が平滑となるように、ガラスプレートを用いて平滑化した。
・解析用ソフトウェア:Rigaku製PDXL2
・解析手法:WPPF法
・データ処理:自動プロファイル処理
(リガク社 PDXLユーザーマニュアル p.305)
以下の方法でニッケル粉に含まれる不純物元素の量を定量した。更に、ニッケル粉の比表面積を以下の方法で測定した。それらの結果を以下の表2に示す。
1.00gのニッケル粉を15%硝酸水溶液50mlに溶解させて溶解液を得た。この溶解液を、ICP発光分光分析装置(株式会社日立ハイテクサイエンス製PS3520VDDII)に導入して、ナトリウム、カリウム及び硫黄の含有量を測定した。
また、1.00gのニッケル粉を純水20.0mlに加え、更に2.5g/l硝酸銀水溶液を2ml、70%硝酸水溶液を10ml加えて90℃で加熱した。この水溶液を常温まで放冷し、1.5g/l臭化カリウム水溶液を1ml加えた。得られた沈殿物を吸引ろ過後、純水で洗浄し、10g/lチオ尿素水溶液20mLに溶解させ、ろ過した。この溶解液を、イオンクロマトグラフ分析装置(メトロームジャパン株式会社製930CompactICFlex)に導入して、塩素の含有量を測定した。
更に、ニッケル粉に含まれる炭素の量を、水洗前(C1)、塩基性水溶液による処理後(C2)、及び表面処理後(C3)において、以下の方法で測定した。
炭素・硫黄分析装置(LECOジャパン合同会社製CS844)を用いた。実施例及び比較例のニッケル粉0.50gを磁性坩堝に入れて測定した。キャリアガスは酸素ガス(純度:99.5%)とした。分析時間は40秒とした。
比表面積は、BET法に基づき、株式会社マウンテック製の「Macsorb」を用い、窒素吸着法で測定した。測定粉末の量は0.2gとした。予備脱気条件は真空下、80℃で30分間とした。
実施例及び比較例で得られたニッケル粉について、以下の方法で、ニッケル粉を含む焼結膜の表面粗さRz、並びに熱収縮終了温度及び熱収縮量を測定した。更に、焼結膜の製造に用いた塗布液の粘度を測定した。それらの結果を以下の表3に示す。
TMAの測定装置としてセイコーインスツル株式会社製のEXSTAR 6000を用いた。500mgのニッケル粉をφ5.0mmのステンレス製カップに入れ、1.0MPaで加圧成形してペレットを製造した。得られたペレットを測定対象試料として用い、これを測定装置にセットした。1体積%水素/99体積%窒素雰囲気下に試料を10℃/minで昇温させた。室温(25℃)から測定を開始し、温度と変位量(%)との関係を示すグラフを得た。
4gのターピネオールに0.1gのエチルセルロースを溶解させ、次いで5gのニッケル粉を添加して混合物を得た。この混合物を、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製の「あわとり練太郎(登録商標)」)を用いて混合した。次いで、この混合物を3本ロールに4回通して解砕した。3本ロールのギャップは8μmに設定した。このようして塗布液を得た。
この塗布液の粘度(25℃)を、サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック社製のHAAKE RheoStress3000を用いて測定した。
この塗布液を、ガラス基板に塗布して塗膜を形成した。塗膜の湿潤厚みは35μmであった。この塗膜を、窒素雰囲気で350℃、10分間で焼結させて焼結膜を得た。
得られた焼結膜の表面粗さRzを、SURFCOM 130Aを用いて測定した。測定条件は、評価長さ6.0mm、測定速度0.6mm/sとした。
これに対して、比較例1で得られたニッケル粉は、熱収縮終了温度が低く且つ焼結膜の表面粗さRzの値が大きいものであることが分かる。
比較例2で得られたニッケル粉は、熱収縮終了温度は高いものの、粗粒が多く存在することに起因して、焼結膜の表面粗さRzの値が大きくなってしまった。
また、実施例1ないし4と、実施例5ないし8との対比から明らかなとおり、還元によって得られたニッケル粉を塩基性水溶液で処理することで、塗布液の粘度が低下し、そのことに起因して焼結膜の表面の平滑性が向上することが分かる。
Claims (13)
- 走査型電子顕微鏡による測定から算出された円相当直径に基づく粒度分布において、累積個数50個数%における個数累積粒径をD50としたとき、
D50が50nm以上200nm以下であり、
D50の1.5倍以上の粒径を有する粒子の存在割合が0.5個数%以下である、ニッケル粉。 - 前記粒度分布における粒径の標準偏差をσ(nm)としたとき、(σ/D50)×100(%)の値が14%以下である、請求項1に記載のニッケル粉。
- WPPF法によって測定された結晶子サイズをCs(nm)としたとき、Cs/D50の値が0.3以上0.6以下である、請求項1又は2に記載のニッケル粉。
- ナトリウム元素の含有量が50ppm以下であり、カリウム元素の含有量が50ppm以下であり、塩素元素の含有量が500ppm以下であり、且つ、硫黄元素の含有量が500ppm以下である、請求項1ないし3のいずれか一項に記載のニッケル粉。
- 1体積%水素/99体積%窒素雰囲気下、900℃での熱収縮量が30%以下である、請求項1ないし4のいずれか一項に記載のニッケル粉。
- 1体積%水素/99体積%窒素雰囲気下、昇温速度10℃/minでの熱収縮終了温度が650℃以上1000℃以下である、請求項1ないし5のいずれか一項に記載のニッケル粉。
- 炭素元素の含有量/比表面積の値が、0.01g/(m2/g)以上0.35g/(m2/g)以下である、請求項1ないし6のいずれか一項に記載のニッケル粉。
- 水酸化ニッケル粒子、ポリオール、ポリビニルピロリドン及びポリエチレンイミンを含む液を加熱してニッケル粒子を製造する方法であって、
1質量部のポリエチレンイミンに対して、ポリビニルピロリドンを30質量部以上200質量部以下用いる、ニッケル粒子の製造方法。 - 前記液を150℃以上200℃以下に加熱する、請求項8に記載の製造方法。
- 前記ポリオールとして、エチレングリコールを用いる、請求項8又は9に記載の製造方法。
- 前記ポリエチレンイミンとして、数平均分子量が600以上10000以下である分岐鎖ポリエチレンイミンを用いる、請求項8ないし10のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 製造されたニッケル粒子を水洗するか、又は塩基性水溶液で処理する、請求項8ないし11いずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 水洗後のニッケル粒子、又は前記塩基性水溶液で処理した後のニッケル粒子を、疎水性有機物によって処理する、請求項12に記載の製造方法。
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JP2006161128A (ja) * | 2004-12-09 | 2006-06-22 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | ニッケルスラリー及びその製造方法並びに該ニッケルスラリーを用いたニッケルペースト又はニッケルインキ |
WO2009060803A1 (ja) * | 2007-11-05 | 2009-05-14 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. | 銅微粒子とその製造方法及び銅微粒子分散液 |
WO2017056741A1 (ja) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-06 | 東邦チタニウム株式会社 | ニッケル粉及びニッケルペースト |
JP2017179551A (ja) * | 2016-03-31 | 2017-10-05 | 新日鉄住金化学株式会社 | ニッケル粒子、導電性ペースト、内部電極及び積層セラミックコンデンサ |
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WO2009060803A1 (ja) * | 2007-11-05 | 2009-05-14 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. | 銅微粒子とその製造方法及び銅微粒子分散液 |
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