WO2022228537A1 - 具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备及方法 - Google Patents

具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备及方法 Download PDF

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WO2022228537A1
WO2022228537A1 PCT/CN2022/090103 CN2022090103W WO2022228537A1 WO 2022228537 A1 WO2022228537 A1 WO 2022228537A1 CN 2022090103 W CN2022090103 W CN 2022090103W WO 2022228537 A1 WO2022228537 A1 WO 2022228537A1
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loading
axial
confining pressure
rock sample
strain
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PCT/CN2022/090103
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English (en)
French (fr)
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李海波
刘黎旺
李俊如
李晓锋
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中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
    • G01N3/12—Pressure testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
    • G01N2203/0019—Compressive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
    • G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
    • G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
    • G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
    • G01N2203/0256—Triaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along three normal axes of the specimen

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of material mechanics test, and relates to a medium strain rate test device and method with axial pressure and confining pressure servo-controlled loading, which are used to carry out medium strain rate dynamic triaxial tests of materials and obtain their stable mechanical properties.
  • the dynamic properties of materials under high strain rate loading conditions can be obtained through test equipment such as split Hopkinson compression bars or light gas guns.
  • the mechanical properties of materials under low strain rate and creep loading conditions can be obtained by conventional mechanical loading. system or creep test system, but the mechanical properties of medium strain rate loading conditions have been in a state of lack of understanding due to the limitations of test equipment.
  • the driving methods of the medium strain rate test equipment were often gas driving, explosive driving or gas-liquid mixing driving, resulting in uncontrollable axial loading and confining pressure of the sample, resulting in discrete test results, so the materials obtained in the past were medium
  • the unstable mechanical properties under strain rate loading conditions are largely caused by imperfect equipment, so the present invention proposes a medium strain rate dynamic triaxial test equipment with axial and confining pressure servo-controlled loading. This method can stably obtain the mechanical properties of the material under this dynamic loading condition.
  • the present invention provides a medium strain rate test equipment and method with axial pressure and confining pressure controlled loading, the equipment adopts an axial loading system and a confining pressure loading system to be fixed on the loading frame, At the same time, the high-frequency dynamic acquisition system is used to collect and record the mechanical properties of the material during the test, so as to solve the problem that the axial loading of the material and the uncontrollable confining pressure under the dynamic loading condition easily lead to the discrete test results.
  • a medium strain rate test equipment with controlled loading of axial compression and confining pressure including:
  • the axial loading system includes a first servo controller, an oil tank, an axial load sensor and an axial loading oil cylinder.
  • One end of the first servo controller is communicated with the loading oil cylinder, and the other end is communicated with the oil tank.
  • the loading oil cylinder and the axial load sensor are fixed on the loading frame, and the axial load sensor is connected in communication with the first servo controller for realizing axial pressure loading;
  • the confining pressure loading system includes a triaxial confining pressure chamber, a supercharger and a second servo controller.
  • the bottom of the triaxial confining pressure chamber is in contact with the loading oil cylinder, and the top is in contact with the axial load sensor.
  • One end of the supercharger is communicated with the triaxial confining pressure chamber, and the other end is communicated with the second servo controller, and the second servo controller is communicated with the oil tank for realizing circumferential pressure loading;
  • the high-frequency dynamic acquisition system includes a computer and a high-speed strain gauge, the high-speed strain gauge is connected to the three-axis confining pressure chamber, and the first servo controller, the second servo controller and the high-speed strain gauge are all connected to the The computer communication connection can realize the dynamic triaxial loading test and high-frequency data acquisition of the material during the loading process of the medium strain rate.
  • the axial loading system includes a rigid loading platform, an accumulator, a first high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline, a second high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline, an oil cylinder piston, a first oil pipe interface, and a second oil pipe interface. oil pipe interface;
  • the oil cylinder piston is arranged vertically and is slidably connected to the loading oil cylinder, and the rigid loading platform is horizontally arranged and fixed to the oil cylinder piston;
  • the loading oil cylinder is provided with a first oil pipe interface and a second oil pipe interface, and the first high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline and the second high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline are respectively connected with the first oil circuit transmission pipeline.
  • the oil pipe interface is communicated with the second oil pipe interface, the first high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline and the second high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline are communicated with the first servo controller, and the second high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline is communicated with the first servo controller.
  • An accumulator is also arranged on the high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline, and the accumulator is communicated with the second high-frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline.
  • the confining pressure loading system includes a pressure gauge, a sealing sleeve and a rock sample, the rock sample is wrapped in the sealing sleeve, the top of the rock sample is in contact with the axial load sensor, and the bottom is in contact with the axial load sensor. contacting and connecting with the piston of the oil tank, and the sealing sleeve is arranged in the three-axis confining pressure chamber;
  • the rock sample is connected with the high-speed strain gauge
  • One end of the pressure gauge is connected to the supercharger, and the other end is connected to the triaxial confining pressure chamber.
  • the high-frequency dynamic acquisition system includes a non-contact displacement sensor, and the non-contact displacement sensor is fixed on the inner wall of the loading frame and communicates data with the first servo controller.
  • the loading frame is formed by one-time casting of steel material, and the rigidity is greater than or equal to 15GN/m.
  • the high-speed strain gauge is a multi-channel high-speed strain collection device, which directly measures and collects the axial and radial strains of the rock sample during the test.
  • the rock sample is cylindrical, and the ratio of the diameter to the height of the cylindrical shape is 0.2-0.8.
  • connection method of the high-speed strain gauge and the rock sample is as follows: a plurality of cross-shaped strain rosettes are circumferentially arranged at the midpoint of the height direction of the rock sample, and the high-speed strain gauge passes through the cross-shaped strain rosette.
  • the data lines are connected to cross-shaped rosettes on the rock specimen.
  • Step 1 The material to be tested is made into a standard cylindrical rock sample according to the test requirements.
  • the ratio of the diameter to the height of the rock sample is 0.5.
  • Step 2 Place the rock sample prepared in Step 1 in a standard triaxial confining pressure chamber, then connect the data line of the cross-shaped strain rose to the high-speed strain gauge, and start the The computer and the test operating software system are ready to start the test;
  • Step 3 According to the test requirements, operate the confining pressure loading system in the test operation software system to apply the corresponding confining pressure and data collection to the rock sample;
  • Step 4 After the confining pressure is applied, a specific axial displacement loading rate is selected by the axial loading system to complete the axial loading of the rock sample and data acquisition.
  • the medium strain rate dynamic triaxial test equipment with axial pressure and confining pressure servo control loading provided by the present invention, under the condition of axial pressure servo control, the equipment can realize the strain rate loading range of the sample is 10 -2 -10 2 /s (medium strain rate); in addition, in order to overcome the change of confining pressure caused by the lateral deformation of the specimen during loading, this equipment implements servo control on the confining pressure, realizing the Dynamic triaxial loading test of materials in ten milliseconds.
  • Fig. 1 is the three-dimensional structure diagram of the medium strain rate test equipment with axial compression and confining pressure control loading in the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is the left side view of the medium strain rate test equipment with axial compression and confining pressure controlled loading in the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view A-A of the medium strain rate test equipment with axial and confining pressure controlled loading in the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the medium strain rate test equipment with axial and confining pressure controlled loading in the present invention
  • Figure 5 shows the arrangement position of the cross-shaped strain rosettes on the surface of the rock sample; among them, the direction of the arrow in the figure is the direction of pressure loading;
  • Figure 6 is the change curve of the axial load of the sample with the loading time under different confining pressure conditions
  • Figure 7 is the variation curve of the axial stress of the specimen with the loading time under different confining pressure conditions
  • Figure 8 shows the relationship between the deviatoric stress and the axial strain, lateral strain and volumetric strain of a sample (the confining pressure is 10MPa).
  • the same reference numerals represent the same technical features, specifically: 1-loading frame, 2-rigid loading platform, 3-accumulator, 4-first high-frequency response oil transmission pipeline, 5-Second high-frequency response oil transmission pipeline, 6-First servo controller, 7-Oil tank, 8-Axial load sensor, 9-Triaxial confining pressure chamber, 10-Non-contact displacement sensor, 11- Pressure gauge, 12-supercharger, 13-computer, 14-second servo controller, 15-cylinder piston, 16-axial loading cylinder, 17-high-speed strain gauge, 91-sealing sleeve, 92-rock sample , 161-first oil pipe interface, 162-second oil pipe interface, 921-cross-shaped strain rosette.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides a medium strain rate test device with controlled loading of axial pressure and confining pressure, including a loading frame 1, an axial loading system, a confining pressure loading system, and a high-frequency dynamic acquisition System, preferably, the loading frame 1 is made of steel material with low elongation and high strength, and the rigidity is greater than or equal to 15GN/m. As the main body supporting other components, it can ensure that the loading system frame has high rigidity and Characteristics of high frequency response.
  • the axial loading system includes a first servo controller 6 , an oil tank 7 , an axial load sensor 8 and an axial loading oil cylinder 16 , wherein the first servo controller 6 controls the oil tank 7 to input an input to the axial loading oil cylinder 16 hydraulic oil, so as to load the axial load, and the axial load sensor 8 is used to record the axial load of the rock sample 92, which is fed back to the first servo controller 6 to complete the servo control of the axial pressure.
  • the oil cylinder 16 is provided with a first oil pipe interface 161 and a second oil pipe interface 162.
  • the first oil pipe interface 161 and the second oil pipe interface 162 are respectively connected to the first high frequency response oil circuit transmission pipeline 4 and the second high frequency
  • the transmission pipeline 5 of the high-frequency response oil circuit, the transmission pipeline 4 of the first high-frequency response oil circuit and the transmission pipeline 5 of the second high-frequency response oil circuit are connected to the first servo controller 6.
  • An accumulator 3 is connected to the transmission pipeline 5 for maintaining the pressure and reducing the energy consumption of the system.
  • the inner wall of the loading frame 1 is provided with a vertically downward non-contact displacement sensor 10, the non-contact displacement sensor 10 is connected with the first servo controller 6, and the axial loading oil cylinder 16
  • the outer end of the oil cylinder piston 15 is provided with a horizontal rigid loading platform 2, which is used to maintain balance and make the non-contact displacement sensor 10 generate an induction signal during the lifting process, and the first servo controller 6 receives the piston axial load.
  • the axial load and displacement data collected by the sensor 8 and the non-contact displacement sensor 10, the oil tank 7 is communicated with the first servo controller 16 through an oil pipe, so as to achieve the control of the oil tank 7 to the first servo controller 16 through the first servo controller 16.
  • the purpose of supplying oil to the axial load cylinder 16 is to complete the application of the axial load.
  • the confining pressure loading system includes a triaxial confining pressure chamber 9 , a supercharger 12 and a second servo controller 14 .
  • the triaxial confining pressure chamber 9 and axial loading The top and bottom of the oil cylinder 16 are correspondingly arranged inside the loading frame 1 , the bottom of the rock sample 92 in the triaxial confining pressure chamber 9 is in contact with the oil cylinder piston 15 , and its top is in contact with the rock sample 92 arranged above the triaxial confining pressure chamber 4 .
  • the axial load sensor 8 is in contact and connected, the supercharger 12 communicates with the triaxial confining pressure chamber 9 through a gas pipe, and a pressure gauge 11 is also provided on the gas pipe, so that the actual pressure can be observed in real time.
  • the compressor 12 controls the internal pressure of the triaxial confining pressure chamber 9 by compressing the air
  • the second servo controller 14 controls the air pressure in the triaxial confining pressure chamber 4 through the supercharger 12, so as to realize the required confining pressure for the test.
  • the supercharger 12 is connected to the second servo controller 14, the second servo controller 14 is connected to the fuel tank 7, and the high-frequency dynamic acquisition system receives the triaxial confining pressure from the high-speed strain gauge 17 After obtaining the confining pressure data in the chamber 9, it is fed back to the second servo controller 14, so as to control the air pressure in the triaxial confining pressure chamber 4 through the supercharger 12, so as to realize the loading of the confining pressure required for the test. At the same time, the confining pressure change caused by the lateral deformation of the sample during the test is dynamically controlled.
  • the high-frequency dynamic acquisition system includes a computer 13, a high-speed strain gauge 17 and a non-contact displacement sensor 10, wherein the high-speed strain gauge 17 is connected to the rock sample 92 for recording
  • the load of the lateral confining pressure preferably, the high-speed strain gauge 17 is a multi-channel high-speed strain acquisition device, which can directly measure and collect the axial and radial strains of the rock sample 92 during the test process to analyze the sample's strain.
  • the collected data is transmitted to the computer 13 for recording, and fed back to the second servo controller 14 to complete the servo control of the lateral pressure;
  • the axial and lateral strains of the sample are determined to complete the displacement servo control;
  • the second servo controller 14 dynamically regulates the confining pressure change caused by the lateral deformation of the sample during the test process according to the confining pressure data collected by the high-speed strain gauge 17;
  • the first servo controller 6 communicates with the computer 13 to achieve the purpose of collecting axial displacement and axial load data.
  • the first servo controller 6 and the second servo controller 14 are both connected to the computer. 13 is connected, and the rock sample 92 test is carried out through the test operation software system built in the computer 13.
  • the test operation software system is written in Visual C++ language and has a human-computer interface, which can carry out real-time control of the entire test process.
  • the rock sample 92 is cylindrical, and the ratio of the diameter to the height of the cylindrical shape is 0.2-0.8.
  • the connection method of the high-speed strain gauge 17 and the rock sample 92 is as follows: a plurality of cross-shaped strain rosettes 921 are circumferentially arranged at the midpoint of the rock sample 92 in the height direction, and the high-speed strain gauge 17 is connected to the rock sample 92 through a data line.
  • the cross-shaped strain rose 921 of the rock sample 92 is used to measure the axial strain and lateral strain of the rock sample during the loading process.
  • Step 1 Make the material to be tested into a standard cylindrical rock sample 92 according to the test requirements, the ratio of the diameter to the height of the rock sample 92 is 0.5; before the test, arrange a cross at the midpoint of the rock sample 92 in the height direction Type rosettes to measure axial and lateral strains during the test;
  • Step 2 Place the rock sample 92 prepared in Step 1 in the standard triaxial confining pressure chamber 4, then connect the data cable of the cross-shaped strain rose 921 to the high-speed strain gauge 17, and start the computer 13 and the test operation software The system is ready to start the test;
  • Step 3 According to the test requirements, operate the confining pressure loading system in the test operation software system to apply the corresponding confining pressure to the rock sample and collect data;
  • Step 4 After the confining pressure is applied, a specific axial displacement loading rate is selected by the axial loading system to complete the axial loading of the rock sample 92 and data acquisition.
  • the rock sample 92 is tested by using the medium strain rate test equipment provided by the present invention with controlled loading of axial pressure and confining pressure.
  • the rock sample 92 adopts a cylindrical rock sample with a diameter of 30mm and a height of 60mm.
  • the sample 92 is placed in the triaxial confining pressure chamber 4, and different confining pressure (10, 20, 30, 40, 50MPa) conditions are loaded through the confining pressure loading system servo control, and different loads are loaded through the axial loading system servo control.
  • Dynamic triaxial tests were performed on rock samples.
  • a cross-shaped strain rose 921 is arranged at the midpoint of the rock sample in the height direction to measure the axial strain and lateral strain of the sample during the loading process.
  • the strain data is obtained by the high-speed strain gauge 17 during the loading process. Real-time collection.
  • the change curves of the axial load and axial stress of the rock sample 92 with the loading time As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 , the change curves of the axial load and axial stress of the rock sample 92 with the loading time. With the increase of loading time, the load and stress in the axial direction of the rock sample first showed an increasing trend, and their values suddenly decreased after reaching the peak value. The curve results are in line with the characteristics of brittle failure of rock materials. In addition, the increase of confining pressure will lead to an overall increasing trend of peak load and peak strength of the same type of specimen.
  • the strain rate of the rock sample can be obtained where ⁇ t is the test loading time, and ⁇ is the change in axial strain during the loading time.
  • ⁇ t is the test loading time
  • ⁇ is the change in axial strain during the loading time.
  • the change curves of axial stress, axial strain, lateral strain and volumetric strain of a rock sample tested see Fig. 8).
  • the variation curves of the deviatoric stress and axial strain, lateral strain and volumetric strain of a sample are similar to the static test results, which verifies the effectiveness of the device.

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Abstract

一种具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备和方法，设备包括加载框架（1）、轴向加载系统、围压加载系统和高频动态应变采集系统，围压加载系统用于对放置于三轴围压室（9）内的岩石试样（92）加载试验所需围压，并动态调控试验过程中岩石试样（92）侧向变形引起的围压变化；轴向加载系统用于加载试验所需轴向载荷，并采集轴向位移、荷载数据；同时还通过高速高频动态应变采集系统反馈的岩石试样（92）轴向与侧向的应变，以完成位移伺服控制。该装置和方法采用高频响与高精度的伺服测控器与伺服阀对岩石试样的轴向及侧向压力进行实时控制，可在消除以往试验设备加载不可控的前提下对试样进行中等应变率加载条件下的动态三轴试验，得到更加精确与稳定的材料力学特性。

Description

具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备及方法 技术领域
本发明属于材料力学试验技术领域，涉及具有一种轴压与围压伺服控制加载的中等应变率试验设备及方法，用以开展材料中等应变率动态三轴试验并得到其稳定的力学特性。
背景技术
越来越多的工程项目建设在地震多发且高抗震设防地震烈度(地震动参数)地区，地震诱发的岩体边坡破坏及洞室失稳是此类工程建设与运营所面临的难点问题。一般而言，地震荷载频率为几十Hz以内，岩石在这些荷载频率的作用下的动荷载应变范围约在10 -2～10 2/s(中等应变率)。因此，在开始此类项目建设前，该场地岩石在10 -2～10 2/s应变率范围岩石动态力学特性需得到充分的了解以更好地对项目建设进行评估。
目前，材料高应变率加载条件下的动力学特性可通过分离式霍普金森压杆或轻气炮等试验设备得到，材料低应变率和蠕变加载条件下的力学特性可通过常规的力学加载系统或蠕变试验系统获得，但中等应变率加载条件的力学特性由于试验设备的限制一直以来处于缺乏了解的状态。早期，中等应变率试验设备的驱动方式往往为气体驱动、炸药爆炸驱动或气液混合驱动，导致试样轴向加载与围压的不可控，从而造成试验结果较离散，故以往得到的材料中等应变率加载条件下的不稳定的力学特性很大程度上是由设备不完善所造成的，故本发明提出了一种具有轴压与围压伺服控制加载的中等应变率动三轴试验设备与方法，可较稳定地获得材料在此动态加载条件下的力学特性。
发明内容
针对现有技术的以上缺陷或改进需求，本发明提供一种具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备及方法，该设备采用轴向加载系统和围压 加载系统固定于加载框架，同时采用高频动态采集系统对试验过程材料的力学特性进行采集和记录，以解决动态加载条件下的材料轴向加载与围压不可控容易造成试验结果离散的问题。
为实现上述目的，按照本发明的一个方面，提供一种具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，包括：
加载框架、轴向加载系统、围压加载系统以及高频动态采集系统；
所述轴向加载系统包括第一伺服控制器、油箱、轴向载荷传感器以及轴向加载油缸，所述第一伺服控制器一端与所述加载油缸连通，另一端与所述油箱连通，所述加载油缸和所述轴向载荷传感器固定于所述加载框架上，所述轴向载荷传感器与所述第一伺服控制器通信连接，用于实现轴向压力加载；
所述围压加载系统包括三轴围压室、增压器以及第二伺服控制器，所述三轴围压室底部与所述加载油缸接触连接，顶部与所述轴向载荷传感器接触连接，所述增压器一端与所述三轴围压室连通，另一端与所述第二伺服控制器连通，所述第二伺服控制器与所述油箱连通，用于实现周向压力加载；
所述高频动态采集系统包括计算机和高速应变仪，所述高速应变仪与所述三轴围压室连接，所述第一伺服控制器、第二伺服控制器以及高速应变仪均与所述计算机通信连接，实现中等应变速率加载过程材料的动态三轴加载试验及数据高频采集。
进一步地，所述轴向加载系统包括刚性加载平台、蓄能器、第一高频响油路传输管路、第二高频响油路传输管路、油缸活塞、第一油管接口以及第二油管接口；
所述油缸活塞竖向设置，与所述加载油缸滑动连接，所述刚性加载平台水平设置，固定于所述油缸活塞；
所述加载油缸上设有贯通的第一油管接口和第二油管接口，所述第一 高频响油路传输管路和所述第二高频响油路传输管路分别与所述第一油管接口和所述第二油管接口连通，所述第一高频响油路传输管路和所述第二高频响油路传输管路与所述第一伺服控制器连通，所述第二高频响油路传输管路上还设有蓄能器，所述蓄能器与所述第二高频响油路传输管路连通。
进一步地，所述围压加载系统包括压力计、密封套筒和岩石试样，所述岩石试样包裹于密封套筒内，所述岩石试样顶部与所述轴向载荷传感器接触连接，底部与所述油箱活塞接触连接，所述密封套筒设于所述三轴围压室内；
所述岩石试样与所述高速应变仪传感连接；
所述压力计一端连接增压器，另一端连通所述三轴围压室。
进一步地，所述高频动态采集系统包括非接触式位移传感器，所述非接触式位移传感器固定于所述加载框架内壁，与所述第一伺服控制器数据互通。
进一步地，所述加载框架采用钢质材料一次性铸造成型且刚度为大于等于15GN/m。
进一步地，所述高速应变仪为多通道高速应变采集设备，对试验过程中岩石试样轴向及径向应变进行直接测量并采集。
进一步地，其特征在于，所述岩石试样为圆柱形，所述圆柱形直径与高度的比例为0.2～0.8。
进一步地，其特征在于，所述高速应变仪与岩石试样连接方式为：在岩石试样高度方向的中点处周向布置多个十字型应变花，所述高速应变仪通过十字型应变花的数据线连接在岩石试样上的十字型应变花上。
按本发明的另一个方面，提供一种基于上述具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备的使用方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤一：将待测材料按照试验要求制作成标准的圆柱形的所述岩石试样，所述岩石试样直径与高度的比例为0.5，试验前，在所述岩石试样高度 方向的中点位置布置所述十字型应变花以便测量试验过程中的轴向应变与侧向应变；
步骤二：将所述步骤一准备好的所述岩石试样放置在标准的三轴围压室中，后将所述十字型应变花的数据线与所述高速应变仪进行连接，启动所述计算机及所述试验操作软件系统准备开始试验；
步骤三：按照试验要求，在试验操作软件系统中操作围压加载系统对所述岩石试样施加相应的围压及数据采集；
步骤四：在围压施加完毕后，通过轴向加载系统选定特定的轴向位移加载速率以完成所述岩石试样轴向加载及数据采集。
总体而言，通过本发明所构思的以上技术方案与现有技术相比，能够取得下列有益效果：
1.本发明提供的具有轴压与围压伺服控制加载的中等应变率动三轴试验设备，在轴向压力伺服控制的条件下，该设备可实现试样的应变率加载范围为10 -2-10 2/s(中等应变率)；另外，为克服试样在加载过程中侧向变形而引起的围压的变化，此设备对围压实施伺服控制，实现了在中等应变率加载过程数十毫秒的时间内材料的动态三轴加载试验。
2.岩石试验在中等应变率试验，加载很快，大概数十毫秒，同时径向的压力由于试样的侧向变形会发生变化，所以要在这么短的时间内对压力进行伺服控制是相当困难的；本发明摒弃了传统中等应变率设备中气体驱动、爆炸驱动及气-液混合驱动的加载方式，采用高频响与高精度的伺服测控器与伺服阀对岩石试样的轴向及侧向压力进行实时控制，可在消除以往试验设备加载不可控的前提下对试样进行中等应变率加载条件下的动态三轴试验，得到更加精确与稳定的材料力学特性。
附图说明
图1是本发明中，具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备的三维结构图；
图2是本发明中，具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备的左视图；
图3是本发明中，具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备的剖面图A-A；
图4是本发明中，具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备的原理图；
图5是岩石试样表面十字型应变花布置位置；其中，图中箭头的方向为压力加载方向；
图6是不同围压条件下试样轴向荷载随加载时间的变化曲线；
图7是不同围压条件下试样轴向应力随加载时间的变化曲线；
图8是某一试样偏应力与轴向应变、侧向应变和体积应变的变化关系(围压为10MPa)。
在所有附图中，同样的附图标记表示相同的技术特征，具体为：1-加载框架、2-刚性加载平台、3-蓄能器、4-第一高频响油路传输管路、5-第二高频响油路传输管路、6-第一伺服控制器、7-油箱、8-轴向荷载传感器、9-三轴围压室、10-非接触式位移传感器、11-压力计、12-增压器、13-计算机、14-第二伺服控制器、15-油缸活塞、16-轴向加载油缸、17-高速应变仪、91-密封套筒、92-岩石试样、161-第一油管接口、162-第二油管接口、921-十字型应变花。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。此外，下面所描述的本发明各个实施方式中所涉及到的技术特征只要彼此之间未构成冲突就可以相互组合。
如图1-图4所示，本发明实施例提供一种具有轴压与围压控制加载的 中等应变率试验设备，包括加载框架1、轴向加载系统、围压加载系统以及高频动态采集系统，优选地，所述加载框架1采用延伸率低、强度高的钢质材料一次性铸造成型且刚度大于等于15GN/m，作为支撑其他部件的主要机体，可保证加载系统框架具有高刚度与高频响的特点。进一步地，所述轴向加载系统包括第一伺服控制器6、油箱7、轴向载荷传感器8以及轴向加载油缸16，其中，第一伺服控制器6控制油箱7向轴向加载油缸16输入液压油，从而实现加载轴向载荷，而轴向载荷传感器8用于记录岩石试样92轴向的荷载，反馈至第一伺服控制器6以完成轴向压力的伺服控制，所述轴向加载油缸16上设有第一油管接口161和第二油管接口162，所述第一油管接口161和所述第二油管接口162分别连通第一高频响油路传输管路4和第二高频响油路传输管路5，同时第一高频响油路传输管路4和第二高频响油路传输管路5与第一伺服控制器6连接，所述第二高频响油路传输管路5上连接有蓄能器3，用于保持压力和降低系统能耗。进一步地，所述加载框架1内壁上设有竖直向下的非接触式位移传感器10，所述非接触式位移传感器10与所述第一伺服控制器6连接，所述轴向加载油缸16的油缸活塞15外端设有水平的刚性加载平台2，用于保持平衡和在升降过程中使所述非接触式位移传感器10产生感应信号，所述第一伺服控制器6接收活塞轴向载荷传感器8和非接触式位移传感器10采集的轴向荷载、位移数据，所述油箱7通过油管与所述第一伺服控制器16连通，以达到通过第一伺服控制器16控制所述油箱7向轴向加载油缸16供油的目的，来完成轴向荷载的施加。
进一步地，如图1和图3所示，所述围压加载系统包括三轴围压室9、增压器12以及第二伺服控制器14，所述三轴围压室9和轴向加载油缸16上、下对应设置在加载框架1内部，所述三轴围压室9内的岩石试样92底部与所述油缸活塞15接触连接，其顶部与设置在三轴围压室4上方的轴向载荷传感器8接触连接，所述增压器12通过气管与所述三轴围压室9互通， 在所述气管上还设有压力计11，可实时观察到实际压力大小，所述增压器12通过压缩空气以控制三轴围压室9内围压，第二伺服控制器14通过增压器12对三轴围压室4内气压控制，从而实现用于试验所需围压的加载，所述增压器12与第二伺服控制器14连接，所述第二伺服控制器14与所述油箱7连通，所述高频动态采集系统接收到高速应变仪17关于三轴围压室9内的围压数据后，将其反馈至所述第二伺服控制器14，从而通过增压器12对三轴围压室4内气压进行控制，实现用于试验所需围压的加载，同时动态调控试验过程中试样侧向变形引起的围压变化。
进一步地，如图1和图4所述高频动态采集系统包括计算机13、高速应变仪17以及非接触式位移传感器10，其中，所述高速应变仪17与岩石试样92连接，用于记录侧向围压的荷载，优选地，所述高速应变仪17为多通道高速应变采集设备，可对试验过程中岩石试样92轴向及径向应变进行直接测量并采集，来分析试样的力学特性，同时将采集数据传输至计算机13进行记录，同时反馈至第二伺服控制器14以完成侧向压力的伺服控制；而所述第一伺服控制器6通过高速应变仪17反馈的岩石试样轴向与侧向的应变，以完成位移伺服控制；第二伺服控制器14根据高速应变仪17所采集的围压数据，来动态调控试验过程中试样侧向变形引起的围压变化；所述第一伺服控制器6与所述计算机13数据互通，达到采集轴向位移和轴向载荷数据的目的，进一步地，所述第一伺服控制器6和第二伺服控制器14均与计算机13连接，通过计算机13内设的试验操作软件系统来进行岩石试样92试验，优选地，试验操作软件系统采用Visual C++语言编写且具有人机交互界面，可对试验过程全程进行实时控制。
进一步地，如图3-图5所示，所述岩石试样92为圆柱形，圆柱形直径与高度的比例为0.2～0.8。所述高速应变仪17与岩石试样92连接方法为：在岩石试样92高度方向的中点处周向布置多个十字型应变花921，所述高速应变仪17通过数据线连接于所述岩石试样92的十字型应变花921上， 以测量岩石试样在加载过程中的轴向应变与侧向应变。
按本发明的另一个方面，提供一种基于上述具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备的使用方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤一：将待测材料按照试验要求制作成标准的圆柱形的岩石试样92，岩石试样92直径与高度的比例为0.5；试验前，在岩石试样92高度方向的中点位置布置十字型应变花以便测量试验过程中的轴向应变与侧向应变；
步骤二：将步骤一准备好的岩石试样92放置在标准的三轴围压室4中，后将十字型应变花921的数据线与高速应变仪17进行连接，启动计算机13及试验操作软件系统准备开始试验；
步骤三：按照试验要求，在试验操作软件系统中操作围压加载系统对岩石试样施加相应的围压及数据采集；
步骤四：在围压施加完毕后，通过轴向加载系统选定特定的轴向位移加载速率以完成岩石试样92轴向加载及数据采集。
实施例一
1、采用本发明所提供的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备对岩石试样92进行试验，岩石试样92采用直径为30mm、高60mm的圆柱形岩石试样，将岩石试样92放入三轴围压室4内，通过围压加载系统伺服控制加载不同的围压(10、20、30、40、50MPa)条件，通过轴向加载系统伺服控制加载不同的载荷，对岩石试样进行动三轴试验。如图2所示，在岩石试样高度方向的中点处布置十字型应变花921以测量试样在加载过程中的轴向应变与侧向应变，应变数据由高速应变仪17在加载过程进行实时采集。
通过加载不同围压条件下(设置5个岩石试样1至5，分别加载围压10、20、30、40、50MPa)，试验岩石试样92加载的轴向载荷随随加载时间的变化(如图6所示)以及轴向应力随加载时间的变化(如图7所示)；其中，岩石试样92所受的轴向荷载F由荷载传感器10记录，通过公式： σ＝F/A，其中F为轴向荷载，A为岩石试验的接触面积，即圆柱体的底面积)即可得到试样所受的轴向应力。
如图6和图7所示，上述岩石试样92的轴向荷载与轴向应力随加载时间的变化曲线。随加载时间的增加，岩石试样轴向方向的荷载与应力先呈增加的变化趋势，其数值在达到峰值后突然发生下降，该曲线结果符合岩石材料脆性破坏的特征。另外，围压的增加将导致同一类试样的峰值荷载与峰值强度整体呈增加的变化趋势。
通过绘制轴向应变与加载时间的关系曲线，可得岩石试样的应变率为
Figure PCTCN2022090103-appb-000001
式中Δt为试验加载时间，Δε为加载时间内轴向应变的变化值。通过分析不同围压下，轴向荷载、轴向应力与加载时间的关系，即可得到其对应的轴向荷载峰值与轴向应力峰值强度，试验不同岩石试样的力学特性见表1；
表1试验过程中不同岩石试样的力学特性
Figure PCTCN2022090103-appb-000002
实施例二
试验某一岩石试样在围压10MPa的条件下，轴向应力与轴向应变、侧向应变及体积应变的变化曲线(见图8)，轴向应变ε a与侧向应变ε l由高速应变仪17采集得到，体积应变按照公式ε v＝ε a+2×ε l，式中ε v为体积应变，ε a为轴向应变，ε l为侧向应变，如图7所示，某一试样偏应力与轴向应变、侧向应变和体积应变的变化曲线与静态试验结果相类似，验证了此设备的有效性。
本领域的技术人员容易理解，以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等 同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

  1. 具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，包括：
    加载框架(1)、轴向加载系统、围压加载系统以及高频动态采集系统；
    所述轴向加载系统包括第一伺服控制器(6)、油箱(7)、轴向载荷传感器(8)以及轴向加载油缸(16)，所述第一伺服控制器(6)一端与所述加载油缸(16)连通，另一端与所述油箱(7)连通，所述加载油缸(16)和所述轴向载荷传感器(8)固定于所述加载框架(1)上，所述轴向载荷传感器(8)与所述第一伺服控制器(6)通信连接，用于实现轴向压力加载；
    所述围压加载系统包括三轴围压室(9)、增压器(12)以及第二伺服控制器(14)，所述三轴围压室(9)底部与所述加载油缸(16)接触连接，顶部与所述轴向载荷传感器(8)接触连接，所述增压器(12)一端与所述三轴围压室(9)连通，另一端与所述第二伺服控制器(14)连通，所述第二伺服控制器(14)与所述油箱(7)连通，用于实现周向压力加载；
    所述高频动态采集系统包括计算机(13)和高速应变仪(17)，所述高速应变仪(17)与所述三轴围压室(9)连接，所述第一伺服控制器(6)、第二伺服控制器(14)以及高速应变仪(17)均与所述计算机(13)通信连接，实现中等应变速率加载过程材料的动态三轴加载试验及数据高频采集。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，所述轴向加载系统包括刚性加载平台(2)、蓄能器(3)、第一高频响油路传输管路(4)、第二高频响油路传输管路(5)、油缸活塞(15)、第一油管接口(161)以及第二油管接口(162)；
    所述油缸活塞(15)竖向设置，与所述加载油缸(16)滑动连接，所 述刚性加载平台(2)水平设置，固定于所述油缸活塞(15)；
    所述加载油缸(16)上设有贯通的第一油管接口(161)和第二油管接口(162)，所述第一高频响油路传输管路(4)和所述第二高频响油路传输管路(5)分别与所述第一油管接口(161)和所述第二油管接口(162)连通，所述第一高频响油路传输管路(4)和所述第二高频响油路传输管路(5)与所述第一伺服控制器(6)连通，所述第二高频响油路传输管路(5)上还设有蓄能器(3)，所述蓄能器(3)与所述第二高频响油路传输管路(5)连通。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，所述围压加载系统包括压力计(11)、密封套筒(91)和岩石试样(92)，所述岩石试样(92)包裹于密封套筒(91)内，所述岩石试样(92)顶部与所述轴向载荷传感器(8)接触连接，底部与所述油箱活塞(15)接触连接，所述密封套筒(91)设于所述三轴围压室内(9)；
    所述岩石试样(92)与所述高速应变仪(17)传感连接；
    所述压力计(11)一端连接增压器(12)，另一端连通所述三轴围压室(9)。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，所述高频动态采集系统包括非接触式位移传感器(10)，所述非接触式位移传感器(10)固定于所述加载框架(1)内壁，与所述第一伺服控制器(6)数据互通。
  5. 根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，所述加载框架(1)采用钢质材料一次性铸造成型且刚度为大于等于15GN/m。
  6. 根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，所述高速应变仪(17)为多通道高速应变采集设备，对试验过程中岩石试样(92)轴向及径向应变进行直接测量并 采集。
  7. 根据权利要求3所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，所述岩石试样(92)为圆柱形，所述圆柱形直径与高度的比例为0.2～0.8。
  8. 根据权利要求3所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备，其特征在于，所述高速应变仪(17)与岩石试样(92)连接方式为：在岩石试样(92)高度方向的中点处周向布置多个十字型应变花(921)，所述高速应变仪(17)通过十字型应变花(921)的数据线连接在岩石试样(92)上的十字型应变花(921)上。
  9. 一种基于权利要求1至8任一项所述的具有轴压与围压控制加载的中等应变率试验设备的使用方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    步骤一：将待测材料按照试验要求制作成标准的圆柱形的所述岩石试样(92)，所述岩石试样(92)直径与高度的比例为0.5，试验前，在所述岩石试样(92)高度方向的中点位置布置所述十字型应变花(921)以便测量试验过程中的轴向应变与侧向应变；
    步骤二：将所述步骤一准备好的所述岩石试样(92)放置在标准的三轴围压室(9)中，后将所述十字型应变花(921)的数据线与所述高速应变仪(17)进行连接，启动所述计算机(13)及所述试验操作软件系统准备开始试验；
    步骤三：按照试验要求，在试验操作软件系统中操作围压加载系统对所述岩石试样(92)施加相应的围压及数据采集；
    步骤四：在围压施加完毕后，通过轴向加载系统选定特定的轴向位移加载速率以完成所述岩石试样(92)轴向加载及数据采集。
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