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  • C07D241/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
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  • C07K5/06191—Dipeptides containing heteroatoms different from O, S, or N

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds of formula (I), which are modulators of sortilin activity.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and to the use of these compounds in the treatment or prevention of medical conditions where modulation of sortilin activity is beneficial.
• medical conditions include a neurodegenerative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a cancer, pain, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, cardiovascular disease, hereditary eye conditions or hearing loss.
• Sortilin (encoded by SORT1) is a type 1 membrane receptor in the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (VPS10P) family of sorting receptors, and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, the inner ear, and in some peripheral tissues involved in metabolic control 1,2 ’ 3 ’ 4 .
• Sortilin has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises a signal peptide, a propeptide, the Vps1 Op domain, a 10cc domain (1 OCCa + 10CCb), a transmembrane domain and a large cytoplasmic tail.
• the luminal domain of sortilin has 6 potential /V-linked glycosylation sites, whilst the cytoplasmic tail enables for the recruitment of various adapter proteins.
• Sortilin binds to a vast number of ligands and membrane receptors and as a result engages in functions known to be important in cellular signalling and sorting.
• sortilin is involved in signalling by proneurotrophins: the proforms of nerve growth factor (proNGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (proNT3), respectively.
• proNGF nerve growth factor
• proBDNF brain derived neurotrophic factor
• proNT3 neurotrophin-3
• sortilin In complex with the protein p75NTR (p75 neurotrophin receptor), sortilin has been reported to form the receptor for proneurotrophin-mediated apoptotic effects leading to degeneration and cell death in cellular and animal models 5,6 ’ 7 .
• Sortilin facilitates translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and rescues it from degradation in the lysosomes (Pan et al Mol Biol Cell. 2017 Jun 15;28(12): 1667-1675) 9 . Sortilin levels have been shown to be modulated by the level of inflammation associated with these diseases.
• the pro- inflammatory cytokine, TNFa reduces both mRNA levels and protein levels of sortilin in cultured mouse and human adipocytes, as well as in vivo when injected into mice (Kaddai et al. Diabetologia 52: 932-40, 2009) 10 .
• Sortilin can also influence cytokine secretion: targeting sortilin in immune cells has been proposed to attenuate inflammation and reduce atherosclerosis disease progression (Mortensen et al. J Clin Invest 124(12):5317-22, 2014) 11 .
• US 2016/0331746 describes various scaffolds of small molecules capable of binding to the active site of sortilin.
• Sortilin is involved in the regulation of glucose uptake (Shi & Kandror. Developmental Cell 9:99-108, 2005) 12 and the development of lipid disorder diseases (Gao et al. DNA and Cell Biology 36(12): 1050-61 , 2017) 13 .
• plasma sortilin levels have been reported to be a potential biomarker for identifying patients with either coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus (Oh et al. Cardiovascular Diabetology 16:92, 2017) 14 . Patients that showed increased sortilin levels within their plasma, and therefore identifiable as suffering from the above conditions, also displayed enhanced glucose levels suggesting sortilin as a therapeutic target for treating these conditions.
• modulation of sortilin is beneficial, such as a neurodegenerative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a cancer, pain, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, cardiovascular disease, hereditary eye conditions or hearing loss.
• the neurodegenerative disorder may be selected from frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injury; the inflammatory disorder may be selected from inflammatory diseases and neuroinflammation; the cancer may be selected from breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and colorectal cancer; and the hearing loss may be selected from noise-induced hearing loss, ototoxicity induced hearing loss, age-induced hearing loss, idiopathic hearing loss, tinnitus and sudden hearing loss. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
• Figure 1 is an X-Ray Derived picture of Example 3 bound to /7-Sortilin.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, optical isomer, N-oxide, and/or prodrug thereof; wherein
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, H, (Ci-C 4 )alkyl, halo-(Ci-C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 4 )alkenyl, and halo-(C 2 -C 4 )alkenyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, (Ci-Cio)alkyl, halo-(Ci-Cio)alkyl, (C 2 - Cio)alkenyl, halo-(C 2 -Cio)alkenyl, (C 3 -Cs)aryl, halo-(C 3 -Cs)aryl, (C 3 -Cs)heteroaryl, halo-(C3-Cs)heteroaryl, (Ci-C6)-alkylene-(C3-C2o)-aryl, (Ci-C6)-alkylene-(C3-C2o)- heteroaryl, (Ci-C 6 )-alkylene-(3- to 10- membered-heterocyclic ring); wherein the aryl group in (Ci-C 6 )-alkylene-(C 3 -C 2 o)-aryl, the heteroaryl group in (Ci-C 6 )
• compounds of formula (I) inhibit or antagonise sortilin and therefore may be useful in conditions where sortilin inhibition is beneficial.
• Such conditions include a neurodegenerative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a cancer, pain, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, cardiovascular disease, hereditary eye conditions or hearing loss.
• the neurodegenerative disorder may be selected from frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injury; the inflammatory disorder may be selected from inflammatory diseases and neuroinflammation; the cancer may be selected from breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and colorectal cancer; and the hearing loss may be selected from noise-induced hearing loss, ototoxicity induced hearing loss, age-induced hearing loss, idiopathic hearing loss, tinnitus and sudden hearing loss.
• sortilin may refer to full length sortilin (also referred to as immature sortilin), comprising a signal peptide, a propeptide, a Vps1 Op domain, a 10CC domain, a transmembrane domain and a large cytoplasmic tail, having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, or it may refer to mature sortilin, comprising a Vps10p domain, a 10CC domain, a transmembrane domain and a large cytoplasmic tail, having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3, or a naturally occurring fragment, homologue or variant thereof.
• sortilin or “sortilin molecule” are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that the sortilin is capable of interacting with a pro-neurotrophin molecule to form a sortilin/pro-neurotrophin complex. This sortilin/pro-neurotrophin complex may or may not be capable of interacting with a p75NTR molecule to form a trimeric complex comprising sortilin, pro-neurotrophin and p75NTR. It is understood that this trimeric complex may be responsible for adverse biological responses, such as stimulating apoptosis in retinal and ganglion cells, and controlling growth cone retraction of projecting axons.
• pro-neurotrophin refers to the larger precursors of neurotrophins, which undergo proteolytic cleavage to yield the mature form of the neurotrophin.
• Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development and function of neurons, and are commonly referred to as growth factors.
• Pro-neurotrophins are biologically active and have distinct roles compared to their neurotrophin counterparts, such as induction of apoptosis. Examples of pro-neurotrophins include proNGF, proBDNF, proNT3 and proNT4.
• Pro- neurotrophins may also control synaptic plasticity.
• sortilin inhibitors refers to a substance that interferes with, blocks, or otherwise attenuates the effect of, a sortilin protein binding to a pro- neurotrophin (e.g., proNGF, proNT3, proBDNF) and preventing the formation of the trimeric complex between sortilin, p75NTR and the pro-neurotrophin.
• sortilin antagonist also includes a substance or agent that interferes with the formation of a high affinity trimeric complex.
• a trimeric complex may be formed in that sortilin can bind to p75NTR (but not proNGF) and p75NTR can simultaneously bind the NGF domain of proNGF.
• the resulting trimeric complex may be of lower affinity for its receptor and as a result have significantly reduced capacity to stimulate apoptosis via the mechanism described above.
• Skeldal et al J. Biol. Chem. 2012 Dec 21;287(52):43798-809) 15 demonstrated that the apoptotic function of the trimeric complex is abolished when sortilin is devoid in its intracellular domain.
• sortilin antagonist also includes a substance or agent that interferes with, blocks, or otherwise attenuates the effect of, a sortilin protein interacting with p75NTR. This interaction may be completely prevented, in which case the trimeric complex is prevented from forming, or only partially prevented, in which case the trimeric complex may be formed but may have reduced biological potency. Skeldal et al showed that complex formation between sortilin and p75NTR relies on contact points in the extracellular domains of the receptors and that the interaction critically depends on an extracellular juxtamembrane 23-amino acid sequence of p75NTR. Thus, the sortilin antagonist may interfere with this 23-amino acid sequence or proximal sequences in the molecules.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, (Ci-C2)alkyl and halo- (Ci-C 2 )alkyl.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from F, CH 3 and CF 3 . Most preferably, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same. For example, in an exemplary compound of the invention, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may each be F, CHs or CF 3 .
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, (Ci-Ce)alkyl, halo-(Ci-Ce)alkyl, (C 3 -Cio)aryl, (Ci-C 3 )-alkylene-(C 3 - Cio)-aryl, (Ci-C 3 )-alkylene-(C 3 -C2o)-heteroaryl and (Ci-C 3 )-alkylene-(3- to 10- membered-heterocyclic ring).
• the aryl group in (Ci-C 3 )-alkylene-(C 3 -Cio)-aryl, the heteroaryl group in (Ci-C 3 )-alkylene-(C 3 -Cio)-heteroaryl or the heterocyclic ring in (Ci-C 3 )-alkylene-(3- to 8- membered heterocyclic ring) is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, -OH, (Ci-C4)alkyl, halo-(Ci-C4)alkyl, (Ci-C4)alkoxy and halo-(Ci-C4)alkoxy.
• alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl groups and the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy substituents may be linear or branched.
• the substituent may be attached at any position of the aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring.
• the one or more substituents may be attached to a carbon atom, heteroatom or combinations thereof. Preferably, there are no substituents or between one to three substituents.
• the heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring may comprise one, two or more heteroatoms.
• the heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring comprises one or two heteroatoms.
• the heteroatom may be selected from N, S or O. In groups with more than one heteroatom present, the heteroatoms may be the same or they may be different.
• the heterocyclic ring is may be aliphatic. It may be monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic. Preferably, the heterocyclic ring is monocyclic or bicyclic. Preferably, the heterocyclic ring has between 5-7 members.
• the aryl and heteroaryl groups may also be monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic. Preferably, monocyclic or bicyclic. Preferably, the aryl and heteroaryl groups have a ring size of between 5-9 members.
• the chirality of the carbon of formula (I) attached to R 4 is either (R) or (S). Preferably, when groups (i)-(xii) and (ix)-(xx) above are included in formula (I), the chirality of this carbon is (S), and group (xiii) may be (S) or (R).
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, (Ci-C3)-alkyl and (Ci-C3)haloalkyl.
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3 .
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of (Ci-C4)alkyl, halo-(Ci-C4)alkyl, (C3-Cs)heteroaryl, and halo-(C3- Cs)heteroaryl.
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , pyrazine and morpholine.
• the compounds of formula (I) are intended for use in the treatment or prevention of a neurodegenerative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a cancer, pain, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, cardiovascular disease, hereditary eye conditions or hearing loss.
• the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injury.
• the inflammatory disorder may be selected from inflammatory diseases and neuroinflammation;
• the cancer is selected from breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and colorectal cancer.
• the hearing loss is selected from noise-induced hearing loss, ototoxicity induced hearing loss, age-induced hearing loss, idiopathic hearing loss, tinnitus and sudden hearing loss.
• the compounds for use according to the invention may disrupt interaction between a sortilin molecule and a pro-neurotrophin molecule, or disrupt the interaction between a sortilin molecule and a p75NTR molecule.
• Said sortilin molecule may be mature sortilin.
• the compounds of the present invention are sortilin inhibitors.
• sortilin inhibitor refers to a compound that binds to a sortilin protein, thereby preventing it from binding to a pro-neurotrophin or a p75NTR molecule and preventing the formation of the aforementioned trimeric complex, or resulting in the formation of a trimeric complex that is less active or inactive.
• the compounds of the present invention prevent the protein-protein interaction between a sortilin molecule and a pro-neurotrophin or a p75NTR molecule, further preventing the formation of the apoptotic trimeric complex usually formed between sortilin, pro-neurotrophin and the p75NTR receptor, or resulting in the formation of a low affinity trimeric complex, which is biologically less active or inactive or has minimal activity.
• the compound may bind to sortilin, a pro-neutrophin or a p75NTR molecule.
• the antagonistic action may be due to direct blocking of protein-protein interaction or it could be by steric hindrance when bound at a site of one of these proteins apart from the binding site.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the first aspect of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, and/or diluents.
• a compound according to the first aspect of the invention, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the second aspect of the invention for use in therapy is provided.
• a compound according to the first aspect of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the second aspect of the invention for use in the treatment or prevention of a a neurodegenerative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a cancer, pain, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, cardiovascular disease, hereditary eye conditions or hearing loss.
• the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injury.
• the hearing loss is selected from noise-induced hearing loss, ototoxicity induced hearing loss, age-induced hearing loss, idiopathic hearing loss, tinnitus and sudden hearing loss.
• the cancer is selected from breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, and colorectal cancer.
• the cardiovascular disease is selected from atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, heard attack, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease.
• a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided the use of the compound according to the first aspect of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a neurodegenerative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a cancer, pain, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, cardiovascular disease, hereditary eye conditions or hearing loss.
• a method for the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition responsive to sortilin modulation comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to the first aspect of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition according the second aspect of the invention.
• the compounds of the invention may include isotopically-labelled and/or isotopically-enriched forms of the compounds.
• the compounds of the invention herein may contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N,
• the compounds of the invention may be used as such or, where appropriate, as pharmacologically acceptable salts (acid or base addition salts) thereof.
• pharmacologically acceptable addition salts mentioned below are meant to comprise the therapeutically active non-toxic acid and base addition salt forms that the compounds are able to form.
• Compounds that have basic properties can be converted to their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts by treating the base form with an appropriate acid.
• Exemplary acids include inorganic acids, such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid; and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glycolic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, benzenesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid, methanesulphonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, salicylic acid, p-aminosalicylic acid, pamoic acid, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid and the like.
• organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glycolic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, benzenesulphonic acid, toluen
• Compounds that have acidic properties can be converted to their pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salts by treating the acid form with an appropriate base.
• exemplary base addition salt forms are the sodium, potassium, calcium salts, and salts with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as, for example, ammonia, alkylamines, benzathine, and amino acids, such as, e.g. arginine and lysine.
• the term addition salt as used herein also comprises solvates which the compounds and salts thereof are able to form, such as, for example, hydrates, alcoholates and the like.
• a given chemical formula or name shall also encompass all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, N-oxides, and/or prodrug forms thereof. It is to be understood that the compounds of the invention include any and all hydrates and/or solvates of the compound formulas. It is appreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino, and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with water and/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds. Accordingly, the above formulas are to be understood to include and represent those various hydrates and/or solvates.
• Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton.
• Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge.
• Example prototropic tautomers include ketone - enol pairs, amide - imidic acid pairs, lactam - lactim pairs, amide - imidic acid pairs, enamine - imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, for example, 1 H- and 3H-imidazole, 1 H, 21-l and 4H- 1 ,2,4-triazole, 1 H- and 2H- isoindole, and 1 H- and 2H-pyrazole.
• Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
• the compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g. having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated.
• the invention relates to the D form, the L form, and D,L mixtures and also, where more than one asymmetric carbon atom is present, to the diastereomeric forms.
• Those compounds of the invention which contain asymmetric carbon atoms, and which as a rule accrue as racemates, can be separated into the optically active isomers in a known manner, for example using an optically active acid.
• prodrugs refers to compounds that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound of the invention.
• a prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound of the invention.
• Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the invention, e.g. by hydrolysis in the blood.
• the prodrug compound usually offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see Silverman, R. B., The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, 2nd Ed., Elsevier Academic Press (2004), page 498 to 549).
• Prodrugs of a compound of the invention may be prepared by modifying functional groups, such as a hydroxy, amino or mercapto groups, present in a compound of the invention in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound of the invention.
• Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and succinate derivatives of hydroxy functional groups or phenyl carbamate derivatives of amino functional groups.
• treatment may include prophylaxis of the named disorder or condition, or amelioration or elimination of the disorder once it has been established.
• prevention refers to prophylaxis of the named disorder or condition.
• Methods delineated herein include those wherein the subject is identified as in need of a particular stated treatment. Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method).
• the methods herein include those further comprising monitoring subject response to the treatment administrations. Such monitoring may include periodic imaging or sampling of subject tissue, fluids, specimens, cells, proteins, chemical markers, genetic materials, Etc. as markers or indicators of the treatment regimen.
• the subject is pre-screened or identified as in need of such treatment by assessment for a relevant marker or indicator of suitability for such treatment.
• the invention provides a method of monitoring treatment progress.
• the method includes the step of determining a level of diagnostic marker (Marker) (e.g. any target or cell type delineated herein modulated by a compound herein) or diagnostic measurement (e.g., screen, assay) in a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disorder or symptoms thereof delineated herein, in which the subject has been administered a therapeutic amount of a compound herein sufficient to treat the disease or symptoms thereof.
• the level of Marker determined in the method can be compared to known levels of Marker in either healthy normal controls or in other afflicted patients to establish the subject's disease status.
• a second level of Marker in the subject is determined at a time point later than the determination of the first level, and the two levels are compared to monitor the course of disease or the efficacy of the therapy.
• a pre-treatment level of Marker in the subject is determined prior to beginning treatment according to this invention; this pretreatment level of Marker can then be compared to the level of Marker in the subject after the treatment commences, to determine the efficacy of the treatment.
• a level of Marker or Marker activity in a subject may be determined at least once. Comparison of Marker levels, e.g., to another measurement of Marker level obtained previously or subsequently from the same patient, another patient, or a normal subject, may be useful in determining whether therapy according to the invention is having the desired effect, and thereby permitting adjustment of dosage levels as appropriate. Determination of Marker levels may be performed using any suitable sampling/expression assay method known in the art or described herein. Preferably, a tissue or fluid sample is first removed from a subject. Examples of suitable samples include blood, urine, tissue, mouth or cheek cells, and hair samples containing roots. Other suitable samples would be known to the person skilled in the art.
• Determination of protein levels and/or mRNA levels (e.g., Marker levels) in the sample can be performed using any suitable technique known in the art, including, but not limited to, enzyme immunoassay, ELISA, radiolabeling/assay techniques, blotting/chemiluminescence methods, real-time PCR, and the like.
• the compounds disclosed herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions (or formulations) for various modes of administration. It will be appreciated that compounds of the invention may be administered together with a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient, and/or diluent (i.e. one, two, or all three of these).
• the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be administered by any suitable route, preferably by oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ophthalmic, buccal and sublingual), sublingual, transdermal, intrathecal, transmucosal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) administration.
• compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., tablets and sustained release capsules, and in liposomes, and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• Pharmaceutical formulations are usually prepared by mixing the active substance, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
• excipients are water, gelatin, gum arabicum, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, sodium starch glycolate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium stearate, talcum, colloidal silicon dioxide, and the like.
• Such formulations may also contain other pharmacologically active agents, and conventional additives, such as stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, flavouring agents, buffers, and the like.
• the amount of active compounds is between 0.1-95% by weight of the preparation, preferably between 0.2-20% by weight in preparations for parenteral use and more preferably between 1-50% by weight in preparations for oral administration.
• the formulations can be further prepared by known methods such as granulation, compression, microencapsulation, spray coating, Etc.
• the formulations may be prepared by conventional methods in the dosage form of tablets, capsules, granules, powders, syrups, suspensions, suppositories or injections.
• Liquid formulations may be prepared by dissolving or suspending the active substance in water or other suitable vehicles. Tablets and granules may be coated in a conventional manner. To maintain therapeutically effective plasma concentrations for extended periods of time, compounds disclosed herein may be incorporated into slow release formulations.
• the dose level and frequency of dosage of the specific compound will vary depending on a variety of factors including the potency of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the patient's age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the condition to be treated, and the patient undergoing therapy.
• the daily dosage may, for example, range from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg per kilo of body weight, administered singly or multiply in doses, e.g. from about 0.01 mg to about 25 mg each. Normally, such a dosage is given orally but parenteral administration may also be chosen.
• heteroatom means O, N, or S.
• (Ci-C n )alkyl denotes a straight, branched or cyclic or partially cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to n carbon atoms, i.e. 1, 2, 3... or n carbon atoms.
• n carbon atoms i.e. 1, 2, 3... or n carbon atoms.
• (Ci-C n )alkyl group to comprise a cyclic portion it should be formed of at least three carbon atoms.
• all subgroups thereof are contemplated.
• all subgroups such as (Ci-Cs)alkyl, (Ci-C 4 )alkyl, (Ci-C 3 )alkyl, (Ci-C 2 )alkyl, (Ci)alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 - Cs)alkyl, (C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 2 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 5 )alkyl, (C 3 - C 4 )alkyl, (C 3 )alkyl, (C 4 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 4 -C 5 )alkyl, (C 4 )alkyl, (C 5 -C 6 )alkyl, (Ce)alkyl.
• Ci-Ce alkyl examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropylmethyl, branched or cyclic or partially cyclic pentyl and hexyl Etc.
• halo-(Ci-C n )alkyl denotes a Ci-C n alkyl as described above substituted with at least one halogen atom, which is preferably, F, Cl, Brand I, more preferably F and Cl, and most preferably F.
• (C2-C n )alkenyl denotes a straight, branched or cyclic or partially cyclic alkyl group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• the alkenyl group may comprise a ring formed of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
• all subgroups thereof are contemplated.
• the range “(C2-C4)alkenyl” covers (C2-C4)alkenyl, (C2- C3)alkenyl, (C2)alkenyl.
• Examples of “(C2-C4)alkenyl” include 2-propenyl, 2- butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl Etc.
• (Ci-C4)alkoxy denotes -0-((Ci-C 4 )alkyl) in which a (Ci-C4)alkyl group is as defined above and is attached to the remainder of the compound through an oxygen atom.
• Examples of “(Ci-C4)alkoxy” include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy and t-butoxy.
• halo(Ci-C4)alkoxy denotes a (Ci-C4)alkoxy as described above substituted with a halogen atom, which is preferably, F, Cl, Br and I, more preferably F and Cl, and most preferably F.
• halo means a halogen atom, and is preferably, F, Cl, Br and I, more preferably F and Cl, and most preferably F.
• 3- to 10-membered heterocyclic ring denotes a non-aromatic ring system having 3 to 10 ring atoms, in which at least one ring atoms is a heteroatom.
• “An effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound of the invention that confers a therapeutic effect on the treated subject.
• the therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e. measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e. subject gives an indication of or feels an effect).
• the terms “administration” or “administering” mean a route of administration for a compound disclosed herein.
• routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, intraocular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, and intramuscular.
• the preferred route of administration can vary depending on various factors, e.g. the components of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, site of the potential or actual disease and severity of disease.
• subject and “patient” are used herein interchangeably. They refer to a human or another mammal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, cattle, swine, sheep, horse or primate) that can be afflicted with or is susceptible to a disease or disorder but may or may not have the disease or disorder. It is preferred that the subject is human.
• mammal e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, cattle, swine, sheep, horse or primate
• the subject is human.
• Compounds of the invention may be disclosed by the name or chemical structure. If a discrepancy exists between the name of a compound and its associated chemical structure, then the chemical structure prevails.
• the compounds of the invention can be prepared according to the following General Synthetic Schemes by methods well known and appreciated in the art. Suitable reaction conditions, for the steps of these schemes, are well known in the art and appropriate substitutions of solvents and co-reagents are within the common general knowledge of the person skilled in the art. Likewise, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that synthetic intermediates may be isolated and/or purified by various well-known techniques as needed or desired, and that frequently, it will be possible to use various intermediates directly in subsequent synthetic steps with little or no purification. Furthermore, the skilled person will appreciate that in some circumstance, the orders in which moieties are introduced is not critical.
• the compounds of general formula (I) may be prepared by a variety of procedures, some of which are described below.
• SPPS solid phase peptide synthesis
• Suitable starting materials and protected amino acids of general formula AA-1 , AA-2, lnt-1 , lnt-2 or lnt-3 are either commercially available or may be prepared by a variety of methods.
• the carboxylic acid functionality of appropriately substituted amino acids of general formula AA-1 can be chemoselectively protected as a suitable derivative, for example as a methyl ester, using well established procedures and reagents like a mixture of methanol and thionyl chloride to yield a compound of general formula lnt-1.
• lnt-2 protection of the free amine functionality in lnt-1 as, for example, an amide or a carbamate, like Fmoc, affords and intermediate of general structure lnt-2.
• the intermediate of general formula lnt-3 can be obtained by selective deprotection of the masked acid functionality present in lnt-2, using for example an acidic hydrolysis.
• lnt-3 When using SPPS, lnt-3 can be attached to a suitably functionalised resin, for example Wang resin, using ester formation reagents like, for exemplification, a mixture of diisopropylmethanediimine, 4-methylmorpholine and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine in dichloromethane, to afford solid supported intermediate of general formula lnt-4.
• a suitably functionalised resin for example Wang resin
• ester formation reagents like, for exemplification, a mixture of diisopropylmethanediimine, 4-methylmorpholine and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine in dichloromethane
• the free acid functionality present in the second N-protected-amino-acid can be coupled with the free amine present in intermediate of general formula lnt-5 to afford lnt-6, using a classical amide coupling procedure, for example a mixture of HATU and a base, like N-methyl morpholine in a suitable solvent system, like a mixture of DCM-DMF.
• the Ni protecting group in AA-2 and lnt-6 has the desired substitution
• R 6 cleavage, for example, by acidic hydrolysis using a reagent like trifluoroacetic acid, of the ester bond between the solid support and the compound of general structure represented in lnt-6 yields the desired compound of general formula (I).
• AA-2 can be introduced in lnt-6 with a suitable protecting group on the amine moiety that can be removed in the subsequent step, to give lnt-7, using a base like piperidine, when, for example, the Fmoc protecting group is used.
• the free basic amine functionality present in lnt-7 can be readily functionalized as an acyl derivative using a classical amide coupling procedure, for example a mixture of HATU and a base, such as /V-methyl morpholine in a suitable solvent system, like a mixture of DCM-DMF, to yield intermediate of general formula lnt-8.
• a classical amide coupling procedure for example a mixture of HATU and a base, such as /V-methyl morpholine in a suitable solvent system, like a mixture of DCM-DMF, to yield intermediate of general formula lnt-8.
• the final compound of general formula (I) is obtained, by cleavage, for example, using acidic hydrolysis with a reagent like trifluoroacetic acid, of the ester bond between the resin solid support and the compound of general structure shown in lnt-8.
• the chemoselective cleavage of the ester-type protecting group present in compound of general formula lnt-9 can then be done to afford the desired compounds of general formula (I), for example by basic hydrolysis in an aqueous media, such as LiOH in a mixture of water and acetonitrile.
• an aqueous media such as LiOH in a mixture of water and acetonitrile.
• R T retention time
• s singlet, solid
• SPPS solid phase peptide synthesis t: triplet
• TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride
• TBME tert- butyl methyl ether
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography
• UV ultraviolet.
• Analytical Methods 1 to 3 Analytical UPLC-MS experiments to determine retention times and associated mass ions were performed using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC ® H-Class system, equipped with ACQUITY PDA Detector and ACQUITY QDa Mass Detector, running one of the analytical methods described below.
• Preparative HPLC purifications were performed either using a Waters X-Select CSH C18, 5 pm, 19x50 mm column using a gradient of Acetonitrile and water, both modified with 0.1% v/v formic acid, or on a Waters X-Bridge BEH C18, 5 pm, 19x50 mm column using a gradient of Acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate (aq). Fractions were collected following detection by UV at a single wavelength measured by a variable wavelength detector.
• Apparatus Agilent 1260 Bin. Pump: G1312B, degasser; autosampler, ColCom, DAD: Agilent G1315C, 210, 220 and 220-320 nm, PDA 210-320 nm, MSD: Agilent LC/MSD G6130B ESI, pos/neg 100-1000;
• Apparatus Agilent 1260 Bin. Pump, degasser; autosampler, ColCom, DAD: Agilent G1315D, 210, 220 and 220-320 nm, PDA: 210-320 nm, MSD: Agilent LC/MSD G6130B ESI, pos/neg 100-1000, ELSD Alltech 3300 gas flow 1.5 ml/min, gas temp: 40 °C
• Apparatus Waters ICIass; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA: UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI; ELSD: gas pressure 40 psi, drift tube temp: 50 °C
• Apparatus Waters ICIass; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA: UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SOD: ACG-SGD2 ESI; ELSD: gas pressure 40 psi, drift tube temp: 50 °C
• Apparatus Agilent Technologies G6130B Guadrupole; HPLC instrument type: Agilent Technologies 1290 preparative LC; Column: Waters XSelect CSH (C18, 100x30mm, 10p); Flow: 55 ml/min
• HATU 110 mg, 0.289 mmol
• acetyl glycine 3 33.8 mg, 0.289 mmol
• triethylamine (0.121 ml, 0.866 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 ml).
• the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.
• Intermediate Methyl (S)-2-amino-5,5- dimethylhexanoate hydrochloride (2, 50 mg, 0.238 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight.
• the mixture was concentrated in vacuo.
• the residue was dissolved in water (1 ml) and acetonitrile (1 ml). Lithium hydroxide (69.1 mg, 2.89 mmol) was added.
• CDI (324 mg, 2.000 mmol) was added to a suspension of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (4, 248 mg, 2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (dry) (3 ml). The mixture was heated at 60 °C for 1 h, cooled to room temperature and triethylamine (300 pL, 2.152 mmol) and glycine (AA-2, 150 mg, 2 mmol) were added. The mixture was concentrated and water (10 mL) and EtOAc (25 ml_) were added. The layers were separated and washed with brine (10 mL) the organic layer was dried over Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated to afford a white solid (402 mg).
• Aqueous sodium hydroxide (1M) (1.5 ml, 1.5 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of L-phenylalanine (AA-2, 248 mg, 1.5 mmol) in water (3 ml) until pH 12.
• Acetic anhydride (0.235 ml, 2.490 mmol) was added dropwise.
• More aqueous sodium hydroxide (1M) was added when a precipitation was formed to keep pH > 8.
• the mixture was stirred for 3hours.
• the pH was adjusted to pH 2 with 5M aqueous hydrochloric acid, the precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to afford acetyl-L-phenylalanine (6, 274 mg, 1.322 mmol, 88 % yield).
• HATU 110 mg, 0.289 mmol
• acetyl-L-phenylalanine 6, 59.8 mg, 0.289 mmol
• triethylamine (0.121 ml, 0.866 mmol
• dichloromethane 1 ml
• the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.
• Intermediate methyl (S)-2-amino-5,5-dimethylhexanoate hydrochloride (2, 50 mg, 0.238 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight.
• the solvent was removed in vacuo and lithium hydroxide (69.1 mg, 2.89 mmol), acetonitrile (1 ml) and water (1 ml) were added.
• Example 4 was prepared in an analogous manner to Example 3, starting from its corresponding amino acid analogue to AA-3.
• UPLC CSH C18 Column, 130A, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm x 30 mm, 3 min method, 0.1% Formic acid, 2-100% MeCN/water) m/z 388.9 (M+H)+ (ES+); at 1.27 min, 100% purity 210-400nm.
• LCMS XBridge BEH C18, 130A, 2.5 pm, 2.1 mm x 30 mm, 3 min method, 0.1% Ammonium Hydroxide, 5-100% MeCN/water: 3318-14- 1 , m/z 388.0 (M+H) + (ES+); at 1.05 min, 99% purity at 260nm +/- 80nm.
• the suspension was filtered and washed with DMF (5 ml_ x 3), DCM (5 ml_ x 3), water and DMF (5 ml_ x 3).
• the obtained solid was used without further purification.
• DMF (5 ml_) was added to the obtained resin and pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid 4 (19 mg, 0.15 mmol), HATU (57 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (15 mg, 0.15 mmol) were added. Nitrogen gas was passed through the suspension for 2 hours.
• the suspension was filtered and washed with DMF (5 ml_ x 3), DCM (5 ml_ x 3), water (5 ml_ x 2) and DMF (5 ml_ x 3), and DMF (10 ml_) was added pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (4, 19 mg, 0.15 mmol), HATU (57 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (15 mg,
• the suspension was filtered and washed with DMF (20 mL x 3), DCM (20 mL x 3), water (20 mL x 2), DMF (20 mL x 2) and DCM (20 mL x 2).
• a mixture of DCM/DMF (1 :1 , 30 mL) was added followed by0 (S)-2-((((9/-/-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-5,5-dimethylhexanoic acid (19, 0.25 g, 0.65 mmol), DIC (0.31 mL, 2.00 mmol), 1H-benzo[cf][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol hydrate (0.30 g, 2.00 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine (0.21 mL, 2.00 mmol) and DMAP (79.0 mg, 0.65 mmol).
• the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours then filtered and washed with DMF (5 mL x 2), DCM (5 mL x 2), water (55 mL x 2), DMF (5 mL x 2), DMF (20 mL x 2) and DCM (20 mL x 2) to afford the resin bound Resin-20.
• a small portion of the resin was added to TFA (0.05 ml_) and the suspension was left at room temperature for 1 hour.
• the suspension was filtered and 20% piperidine in DMF (30 ml_) was added and nitrogen gas was passed through the suspension for 20 minutes.
• the suspension was filtered and washed with DMF (20 ml_ x 3), DCM (20 ml_ x 3), water (20 ml_ x 2) and DMF (20 ml_ x 3). The obtained solid was used without further purification.
• DMF (5 ml_) was added to the obtained resin and pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (4, 40.0 mg, 0.32 mmol), HATU (0.12 mg, 0.32 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (38.0 pL, 0.32 mmol) were added. Nitrogen gas was passed through the suspension for 2 hours. The suspension was filtered and washed with DMF (5 ml_ x 3), DCM (5 ml_ x 3), water (5 ml_ x 2) and DMF (5 ml_ x 3), and DMF (10 ml_) was added.
• Example 10 was prepared in an analogous manner to Example 9. (S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-(1-methyl-1/-/-imidazol-5-yl)propanamido)-5,5- dimethylhexanoic acid (4.4% yield, 97% LCMS purity).
• Example 11 which is the same compound as Example 6, was additionally prepared in an analogous manner to Example 9.
• Example 16 Synthesis of (S)-2-((2S,3S)-2-Acetamido-3-methylpentanamido)-5,5- dimethylhexanoic acid
• Example 16 was prepared in an analogous manner to Example 9.
• HOBt (97 mg, 0.63 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of Na-acetyl-1-methyl- L-tryptophan (0.15 g, 0.58 mmol) and tert-butyl (2S)-2-amino-5,5- dimethylhexanoate (0.13 g, 0.61 mmol) in DMF (1 mL).
• the reaction was cooled to 0 °C, EDC (0.12 g, 0.61 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (0.13 mL, 1.2 mmol) added, allowed to attain room temperature and stirred for 4 h.
• NTS Neurotensin
• SPA scintillation proximity assay
• Sitting drops were set up by adding 2 mI of the sortilin ligand mixture to 2 mI of reservoir solution composed of 100 mM Hepes pH 7.3, 400 mM malonate pH 7.3, 8% v/v glycerol, 22.5% w/v PEG3350.
• the sitting drops were left to equilibrate by vapor diffusion with 500 mI reservoir solution.
• Crystals were mounted in litho-loops without further cryoprotection and were flash cooled in liquid nitrogen. Diffraction data were collected at beamline P13 EMBL/DESY, Hamburg, and processed using the XDS package (Kabsch, W., Acta Cryst. D, 2010) 18 (Table 1) Phases for the structure factors were obtained by molecular replacement using the known structure of sortilin (PDB entry: 3F6K) as search model and the program Phaser implemented in the Phenix software package (Afonine et al. , Acta Cryst. D, 2012 ) 19 . A refined model was obtained by several cycles of model building in Coot (Emsley P. et al., Acta Cryst. D, 2010) 20 and maximum likelihood refinement using Phenix. The resulting X-ray derived picture of the compound of Example 3 bound to /7-sortilin is shown in Figure 1. Refinement statistics and agreement of the models with standard geometry are shown in the table below.
• SEQ ID NO: 1 full length sortilin- isoform 1
• SEQ ID NO: 2 full length sortilin- isoform 2
• MERPWGAADG LSRWPHGLGL LLLLQLLPPS TLSQDRLDAP
• PPPAAPLPRW full length sortilin- isoform 2
• SEQ ID NO: 3 (mature sortilin) 1 MTFGQSKLYR SEDYGKNFKD ITDLINNTFI RTEFGMAIGP ENSGKVVLTA

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