WO2022223089A2 - Procédé et dispositif de régulation de charge à ptc - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de régulation de charge à ptc Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022223089A2
WO2022223089A2 PCT/EE2022/000001 EE2022000001W WO2022223089A2 WO 2022223089 A2 WO2022223089 A2 WO 2022223089A2 EE 2022000001 W EE2022000001 W EE 2022000001W WO 2022223089 A2 WO2022223089 A2 WO 2022223089A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
load
current
value
control
instantaneous
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PCT/EE2022/000001
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English (en)
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WO2022223089A3 (fr
Inventor
Andrei GUSAROV
Alexey TITKOV
Original Assignee
Soynt Oü
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Publication of WO2022223089A2 publication Critical patent/WO2022223089A2/fr
Publication of WO2022223089A3 publication Critical patent/WO2022223089A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/001—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection limiting speed of change of electric quantities, e.g. soft switching on or off
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/04—Arrangements for preventing response to transient abnormal conditions, e.g. to lightning or to short duration over voltage or oscillations; Damping the influence of dc component by short circuits in ac networks
    • H02H1/043—Arrangements for preventing response to transient abnormal conditions, e.g. to lightning or to short duration over voltage or oscillations; Damping the influence of dc component by short circuits in ac networks to inrush currents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
    • H02H9/025—Current limitation using field effect transistors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/0297—Heating of fluids for non specified applications

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to a method for controlling a PTC load connected through automatic circuit breakers.
  • the invention can be applied, for example, to the control of self-regulating heating cables or PTC ceramic heaters, to ensure stable operation of the heater and automatic protection devices installed in the heater circuit.
  • the invention also relates to a device for implementing this method,
  • Heating systems containing a PTC load as a heater are capable of self-limiting temperature, protecting against overheating. In the operation of many heating systems, temperature control or maintaining the temperature well below the self-limiting level is required.
  • the present invention makes it possible to maintain the desired temperature of the heater in a very simple way and save energy.
  • NTC thermistors are used, connected in series with the load, for example, as in KLR 1020180004438 or EP 1450582.
  • Other solutions involve connecting in series for a certain time an additional passive load, such as a resistor, diode, and inductance, for example, as in EP3481146.
  • additional passive load such as a resistor, diode, and inductance, for example, as in EP3481146.
  • such solutions do not allow switching on the load with PTC at currents close to the nominal ones.
  • it is necessary' to select the appropriate limiting element it is necessary' to select the appropriate limiting element,
  • Load-based systems with PTC involve adjusting physical parameters such as power, temperature, light, and so on.
  • a switching device is used that turns the load on or oft depending on the state of the sensor that controls the physical parameter.
  • Such systems have hysteresis and do not allow precise adjustment.
  • multiple, constantly repeated cycles of turning on the load with PTC lead to accelerated degradation and premature failure of such a load.
  • phase method which involves turning on the load in a certain phase of the supply voltage, for example, as in US6037757
  • half-wave method which involves changing the ratio of on and off half-cycles of tile supply voltage, for example, as in JP2002050450
  • combined control methods that combine phase and half-wave methods, such as in J P2006164615
  • the invention uses phase, half-wave, and mixed (phase-half- wave) load control methods to solve these problems.
  • the half-wave method refers to load control, in which the half-waves of the power supply are connected to the load and disconnected from the load at the moment the supply voltage passes through zero.
  • Three options are meant by the phase control method. The first option is when the load turns on at a certain phase angle of the supply voltage in each half-cycle and turns off when the supply voltage passes through zero.
  • the second option is when the load turns on when the supply voltage passes through zero in each half-cycle and turns off at. a certain phase angle of the supply voltage.
  • the third option is a combination of the first and second options when the off and on phase angles are mirrored (symmetrical) at about 90°.
  • a mixed control method means turning on and off the load at any phase angle is arbitrarily chosen half-cycles.
  • Automatic protection devices usually have two main mechanisms, triggered by the excess of different values of current consumed in the circuit. The electromagnetic release is triggered by exceeding the instantaneous current value. The thermal release is triggered by exceeding the effective value of the consumed current per unit of time, in accordance with its ampere-second characteristic. Based on the characteristics of tire automatic protection device for the implementation of the method, the maximum allowable instantaneous current value f amg aid the maximum allowable effective current value f din, constant or time-dependent, are set,
  • MODE G load control with load resistance range This mode is characterized by low' resistance and high current consumption, at which, at least in the middle of the half-cycle, a triggering of electromagnetic release is possible.
  • phase control is applied, starting from the turn-on phase close to 180 and iteratively decreasing the tura-on phase to more than 120°, as the load warms up and the current consumption decreases.
  • phase control With phase control, one half-wave with a phase angle from 0° to 180 is taken for the control period, regardless of polarity, (0018]
  • the maximum instantaneous current J mm consumed by the load must necessarily be limited by adjusting the phase angle a, l amg is limited by the maximum allowable instantaneous current / ⁇ M3 ⁇ 4 , set based on the characteristic of the automatic protective device.
  • the effective value of die current / foi consumed by the load does not exceed the maximum allowable effective value of the current/ » , set based on the characteristics of the automatic protective device, no further action is required, if I Copper can exceed / « , then it is limited by further increasing the phase angle a.
  • the maximum instantaneous value of the current I amg consumed by the load is constantly measured and regulated by changing the phase angle a, so that its maximum value strives, but does not. exceed the specified f am .
  • the calculated current effective value of the consumed current / » is constantly compared with the given / « and, if necessary, is reduced by an additional increase in the phase angle a.
  • This adjustment in "MODE 1" is made according to the formula: where: lams ( a ) ⁇ function of changing I amg depending on the phase angle eg sup (lam t iu)) - suprenium (lower upper value limit) of the function I (ims (a).
  • the switching phase is carried out sequentially in the positive and negative half-waves.
  • the level of electromagnetic interference depends on die turn-on phase angle a, therefore, if the transition criterion is met, a transition to "MODE IP of load control is performed. This transition criterion is described by the following formula:
  • MODE IP load control with load resistance range Ri This mode is characterized by such a load resistance, which, on the one hand, does not allow full switching on of the load without skipping half-waves due to the excess of the effective current value 1 > , over the specified / « , on the other hand, I m does not exeeed the specified fa mg and there is no need for phase control.
  • the calculated effective value of the current consumed by the load / roast is limited to a change in the ratio of on and off half-waves at a level less than hi this case, in each half-cycle, the maximum instantaneous value of the current is controlled, measured at ot of 90°, equal to die amplitude value of the current I m . It must not exceed the given Adjustment in "MODE IF Is made according to the formula: where:
  • the included positive and negative half-waves alternate. Alternation half-wave is also necessary to eliminate negative galvanic effects that cause contact corrosion and magnetic effects in circuit elements and loads, such as distortion in instrument current transformers and saturation of power transformer cores.
  • the ratio n is adjusted according to the formula: where: lm (n) TM the function of changing I m depending on the ratio «, ⁇ supremum (lower upper value limit) of the function
  • Control in "MODE III”, within the meaning of this invention, is defined as “Nominal control”. Accordingly, in all places of this description where the term “Nominal control” occurs, the described control in “MODE Ill” is meant.
  • MODE Iff the maximum instantaneous value of the current consumed by the load Ia mgi measured at a 90° and equal to and the calculated effective value of the current consumed 1 staff are monitored. If the specified maximum permissible operating current value i n exceeds the current consumption value / resort, the transition to "MODE II" is performed. If the specified maximum permissible instantaneous current value i arm is exceeded by the amplitude value of the consumed current I m% the transition to • ‘MODE G is performed.
  • the PTC load used in heating systems is temperature-dependent and has its self-limiting temperature, in practice, to reduce energy consumption, it is sufficient that such a load is heated to a temperature well below tire temperature self-limiting. In this case, in addition to saving energy, the rate of degradation of the working material of the load with PTC is significantly reduced.
  • the present invention proposes a control method for limiting the heating of a load at a given target temperature tp.
  • the target load resistance Rp or the target current peak value Ip or the target instantaneous power consumption Pp are determined empirically or by characterization of resistance versus temperature for the target temperature tp. Therefore, it is not necessary to measure the load temperature to control the load temperature. With a known supply voltage, it is sufficient to measure the amplitude value of the current. For more precise control, you can additionally measure the supply voltage.
  • This invention proposes compensation for heat loss by the relationship of the physical characteristics of the beater with PTC and temperature. It becomes possible, according to the characteristic of the heater known or obtained experimentally for the target temperature, to compensate for beat losses with sufficient accuracy.
  • Paradoxical is the tact that in order to reduce the power consumed by the load, it is necessary to reduce the ratio n , due to which the amplitude value of the current 4, increases according to formula 21.
  • n the ratio of the number of on to the sum of the on and off half-cycles of the supply voltage
  • This device consists at least of a microcontroller module with non- volatile memory, a power section including a semiconductor control element and an interface, a current sensor, and a zero-crossing sensor of the supply voltage. Additionally, it may contain a voltage sensor tor accurate measurement of the supply voltage. Constants and settings are stored in the memory of the microcontroller module, such as the maximum allowable instantaneous current value f amSf the maximum allowable effective current value / cauliflower, the target load resistance Ri ⁇ the target amplitude current value Ip , the target instantaneous power consumption P; > , the amplitude voltage value supply U m .
  • the i nteract) OH of the functional blocks of the microcontroller module is configured in such a way as to implement, at least the following functions: determining the moment when the supply voltage sinusoid passes through zero, generating a time delay for precisely setting the switching angle a, supplying a switching signal to the semiconductor control element SCE, measuring the instantaneous value of the consumed current I img!
  • the present invention allows, over a wide range of PTC load operating temperatures, the use of automatic protection devices rated for the rated current. This greatly improves the safety and reliability' of circuits with such a load, reduces peak loads on power cables, and eliminates voltage dips at startup.
  • the present invention allows to extend the service life of the cabl e by eliminating negative processes in the cable that leads to its degradation, such as local overheating of conductive cores due to high currents and electrochemical effects in places of electrical connection to the matrix and in the conductive polymer matrix itself, reduction of sudden temperature changes and, accordingly, oxidative processes in the structure of the conductive polymer matrix.
  • the present invention saves electricity in heating systems.
  • Maximum savings (over 80%) are achieved when tire target temperature of the heating system can be significantly lower than the load seif-limiting temperature and the ambient temperature is close to the target temperature.
  • FlgJ a is a simplified functional diagram of the de vice.
  • Fig.lb is a conditional diagram of the dependence of resistance on temperature (operating time).
  • Fig.lc is a conditional diagram of the load current controlled by the method of this invention.
  • Fig.2 is a simplified algorithm for the operation of a device that implements the methods of the invention
  • Fig.3 is conditional load current diagrams in "MODE G and "MODE ⁇ G.
  • Fig.4 is a diagram of the load current during the operation of the phase method in
  • Fig.S is a diagram of the load current when operating in "MODE 11"
  • Fig.6 is a diagram of the load current when operating in "MODE HI” with 100% inclusion.
  • Fig.7 is a diagram of the load current when operating in "MODE PG with additional control.
  • Fig.8a-8e is a graphical explanation of the economy of additional control in "MODE HI".
  • Fig.8a is a change in load current in "MODE HI” at 100% turn on.
  • Fig.8b is a change of load current in "MODE III” with additional control and power limitation while maintaining the amplitude value of the current at J m h
  • Fig.8c is a graph of the dependence of the peak current of the load on temperature
  • Fig.8d is a graph of the effective value of the current to compensate for heat loss.
  • Fig.8e is a comparison of gmphs of load power and heat loss power.
  • Fig.9a is a schematic representation of a load uniformly surrounded by a heat insulator of the same thickness with a uniform thermal conductivity.
  • Fig.9b is a conditional curve of the dependence of heat loss power on load temperature. A particular case is shown for t a less than 0°C. For clarity, the temperature in the formulas is used in degrees Celsius.
  • Fig. t0a-I Of shows diagrams with the same effective value of the load current and tire corresponding diagrams of the load temperature for various load control options in "MODE IIG with additional control,
  • FigJOa is an additional control with the inclusion of half-waves when the power goes through zero.
  • Fig.10b is a heater temperature deviation when controlled according to Fig.10a.
  • Flg.l0c is a phase control with switching on in phase 90° and skipping half-waves
  • Fig.10d is a heater temperature deviation when controlled according to FigJOe.
  • Fig.10e is a phase control with switching on in the optimal phase and skipping half- waves.
  • Fig.10f is a heater temperature deviation when controlled according to Fig, 1 Of.
  • Fig.ll is a general functional diagram of a possible variant of the device.
  • Fig.12 is a variant of the aluminum profile of the device case.
  • Fig.13 is the design features and assembly of the device.
  • a device is used, a simplified functional diagram of which is shown in Fig. la.
  • the load 108 is connected in series between the current sensor 10? and the semiconductor control element (SCE) 106, through the automatic protection device 102 is connected to the AC power source 101.
  • the microcontroller module with the necessary peripherals 104 receives information about the current consumed by the load 1.08 from the current sensor 107, controls the semiconductor actuating element 106 through the interface 105, and from the zero-crossing sensor 103 receives a signal about the zero crossing of the supply voltage.
  • the microcontroller module with the necessary peripherals 104 which implements a control algorithm similar to the algorithm in Fig. 2, controls the load in accordance with the methods of this invention.
  • the microcontroller periphery can be any of the sensors shown in Fig. 11 , necessary' for setting criteria in "MODE 10" with additional control, for example, heater or environment temperature sensors, light sensors, etc.
  • the method implemented by the al gori thm in Fig. 2 contains three load control modes: "MODE P with phase control, "MODE IF with half-wave control, and "MODE III” with nominal control (see paragraph 0026).
  • the number of load operating modes is determined by the characteristics of automatic protection devices containing two types of releases - electromagnetic and thermal.
  • the PTC load resistance can vary over a very wide range. Therefore, in order to be able to turn on the load through the automatic protection device at low values of load resistance, it is necessary to apply phase control, otherwise, the electromagnetic release will work or it wall be necessary to significantly increase the factor current safety for the automatic protection device, which makes its use useless.
  • half-wave control When the load resistance is still sufficiently low, but at which the amplitude value of the consumed current is lower than the operation characteristic of the electromagnetic release, half-wave control can be applied.
  • Half-wave control with the inclusion of half-cycles when the supply voltage sinusoid passes through zero, allows you to control the effective value of the current consumed by the load, and therefore ensure the conditions for the thermal release to not work.
  • These two modes - with phase control and half- wave control - allow' you to prepare the load for the nominal operation mode, which is the third and main load operation mode, and at the same time protect the heating system from the false operation of automatic protection devices.
  • criteria are provided for transitions between operating modes depending on the state of the load resistance.
  • Block ST1 in Figure 2 Preliminarily, constants and settings are entered into the device, such as the maximum allowable instantaneous current value the maximum allowable effective current value the target load resistance Rp 126, the target amplitude current value Ip, the target instantaneous power consumption Pp, the amplitude value of the supply voltage V m and others,
  • Operation in "MODE G with phase control To improve the accuracy of switching on the phase angle, synchronization with the mains frequency is performed before starting the phase control This protects against dangerous erroneous switching on of the load due to interference and false operation of the zero sensor at phase angles, in which an unacceptably high current will be supplied to the load.
  • MODE IT two conditions must be met, as shown in Fig.3. First, a is iteratively and discretely changed so that the instantaneous value of the current / anw measured in the phase angle a tends to the supremum (lower upper limit value) of the function hmJa), equal to the specified maximum allowable instantaneous value of the consumed current.
  • the load gradually warms up, the resistance increases, and, accordingly, the current consumption decreases, as shown in Fig.4.
  • the load resistance increases so much that the calculated amplitude value of the current consumed by the load does not exceed ⁇ V amS -A/.//, that is, the criterion is met, according to formula 304 in Fig. 3, it becomes possible to swatch to “MODE IF.
  • the minimum current increment Alt is necessary for the correct operation of a real device with a finite current measurement error, i.e, to eliminate the boundary conditions of a permanent transition between "MODE I" and "MODE IG.
  • phase control leads to a high level of electromagnetic interference.
  • the interference level itself depends on the phase angle at the time of switching on and on the load resistance. The closer the angle is to 90° and the lower the resistance, the higher the interference level. Therefore, the use of phase control in "MODE G should he minimized and justified from the point of view of the impossibility of using half-wave control due to the characteristics of the electromagnetic release of the automatic protection device. Thus, the transition to "MODE IF should be carried out immediately after the increase in load resistance to a level when the amplitude value of the consumed current. becomes lower than the characteristic of the electromagnetic release operation.
  • the switehing-on phase angle is introduced with a certain set increment, by the value of which the angle changes during regulation, as can be seen in Fig. 4.
  • jitter jitter
  • Block ST4 in Fig.2. Operation in "MODE IG with half-wave control. To be in this mode, two conditions must be met. Firstly, the effective value of the current consumed by the load during the period T 502, which is the sum of the number of switched on K m and switched off L3 ⁇ 4t half-periods of the supply voltage, must tend to the supremum of the function / soir( «) equal to the specified maximum allowable effective current value 1 in accordance with formula 503 in Fig.5. This is achieved by adjusting n with the accuracy specified by T 502. Secondly, the amplitude value of the current consumed by the load, measured at a phase angle of 90°, must be less than the specified maximum allowable instantaneous current value J’a mg . The control of exceeding the maximum allowable instantaneous current value I’ amg and the calculation in accordance with formula 503 is carried out in each half-wave.
  • a sequence of on and off half-waves is set for the period T 502. Switching is performed at the moment the supply voltage passes through zero.
  • the uniform distribution of the switehed-on half-waves is carried out according to the modified Brezenham integer algorithm.
  • An additional condition is a requirement for alternating tire included half- waves by sign. If a positive half- wave was switched on, then the negative half-wave wall be switched on next, and if a negative half-wave was switched on, then the positive half-wave will be switched on next. This method of inclusion provides the least harmonic distortion in the supply network and eliminates adverse galvanic and magnetic effects in the elements of the electrical circuit,
  • Block ST6 in Fig.2 Checking the conditions for switching to "MODE III”.
  • MODE II the load warms up so much that there are no off-half cycles A3 ⁇ 4? ⁇ and n are equal to one, the transition to “MODE 01.
  • other criteria for switching to "MODE IIP are also possible, for example, as a possible implementation option, upon reaching a predetermined temperature determined using an additional temperature sensor.
  • Block ST7 in Fig.2 Work in “MODE UP. This mode is the main operating mode of the load and implies two versions. The first option is to turn on die load at 100%, as shown in Fig.6. In this case, n is equal to one and does not change with time unless there is a transition to other modes of operation. The amplitude value of the current and the effective value of the current in this switching option will change in proportion to the load resistance.
  • Block STS in Figure 2 Checking the permission of additional control in "MODE IIP. Whether permission is present or not is set in block ST! .
  • Block ST9 in Fig.2. Operation in “MODE PG with additional half-wave control and phase-half-wave control.
  • This second variant of operation in “MODE III” is shown in Fig, 7, With this option of switching on the load, the control of n is implied based on an additional criterion.
  • additional criteria may be load resistance, load temperature, the temperature of the environment or object heated by the load, illumination if the load is a light source and other such criteria.
  • This option is based on the possibility of changing the amplitude value of the current in the range between die transition criteria and reducing the load resistance by decreasing n,
  • Block ST10 in Fig.2 Checking the conditions for continuing work in "MODE HP is carried out in each half-wave. With a strong change in the state of the load resistance, associated, for example, with a sharp cooling, the condition described by formula 602 in Fig.6 and Fig.? is fulfilled. Stops operation in “MODE ⁇ IG and goes to "MODE II” or “MODE I” depending on whether the condition in block ST11 is met.
  • Block ST11 in Fig/2 Checking the conditions for switching to "MODE G. If the state of the load resistance has changed dramatically, for example, as a result of a short circuit in the load, so much so that the condition described by formula 603 in Fig.6 and Fig.? is fulfilled, the transition to "MODE G is performed.
  • Fig.8a ⁇ 8e shows comparati ve diagrams of the currents in "MODE III” at 100% tum-on and with additional control maintaining a constant load resistance, corresponding to the characteristic temperature load t p 805.
  • Fig.Sa shows the current in " MODE III” at 100% on. it can be seen how the current decreases until the point of equilibrium between the power of heat loss and the power of the heated load are found. This process is due to the positive temperature dependence of the load resistance on temperature. The equilibrium point occurs at the temperature t m 806 shown in Fig,8e.
  • Figure 8b shows the current curve in "MODE III” with additional control with stabilization of the resistance and, accordingly, the load temperature,
  • the target temperature t p 805 is chosen to he less than the equilibri um point temperature i m (806), the heat loss power is iess. This is due to the peculiarities of the heat transfer process, a particular case of which is shown in Fig.9b in formula 901 , Thus, in all systems where it is possible to use a system temperature lower than the self-limiting temperature at the equilibrium point i m 806, energy savings are possible. To do this, it is necessary to stabilize the load temperature at t p 805 by supplying the load with the effective value of the current J Coordinatj, as can be seen in Fig.Sd.
  • the load Since the load has a temperature-dependent resistance, there is a specific load resistance value for the temperature t p 805 according to the load characteristic.
  • the resistance is proportional to the current drawn by the load. Therefore, from the current drawn by the load, it is possible to determine the load resistance, as seen in Fig.Sc. ⁇ 0064] Measurement of current and voltage can be made in a relatively short period of time compared to half a wave of the mains. Load heating is associated with the work of electric current, that is, not only wife power hut also with time. Thus, the load can be heated by the average power consumed by the load over a certain period T 502.
  • Fig.10a-10f control options Fig.10a shows tile application of additional control with the inclusion of half-waves at a power transition through zero. In this case, we can observe the maximum fluctuations in the load temperature By increasing n 501 and 1005 and reducing the difference in the values of the instantaneous power consumed by the load, it is possible to reduce load temperature fluctuations. This is done by combining half-wave and phase control.
  • Fig.10c shows such combined control with a switching phase a equal to 90°.
  • Fig.lOd a decrease in the load temperature fluctuation to the level Jfe.
  • the device of the present invention which implements the above-described load control methods with the positive temperature dependence of resistance, has several design features that reduce cost, improve manufacturability and performance, and expand applications.
  • the device consists of an electronic module assembled on a printed circuit board and placed inside an aluminum case, which is also a heat sink, cable glands, or adapters through which power, load, sensors, and additional devices are connected to the electronic module. Brackets for mounting the device are attached to the body. In various versions of the device, external connections are made either through terminal blocks mounted on a printed circuit board, or through cables coming out of the housing, or through connectors. Tire electronic module inside the housing is filled with a heat-conducting compound.
  • PTC heaters are often used in hazardous areas.
  • zone T6 at a level below 85 ° C.
  • different protective measures are applied.
  • the shape and size of the housing are designed to meet the requirement of temperature limitation and the possibility of explosion protection with an impervious enclosure. A variant of the body shape is shown in Fig.12.
  • the housing is made of a heat-conducting alloy and can be manufactured, for example, by injection molding or extrusion.
  • the die-cast housing is shaped to fit into a standard socket of a conventional switch or electrical outlet.
  • the case made of aluminum profile is considered in more detail.
  • the shape of the housing Fig.12 made of aluminum profile is adapted for the convenience of turning.
  • the angles between the ribs 1205 are designed to be automatically clamped by the machine spindle.
  • In the center of the housing is a hole with slots 1202 for accommodating the circuit board 1303 of the electronic module.
  • Platform 1204 from the bottom serves to press the heat-removing part of the triac 1305.
  • the thickness of the material from the bottom is designed to allow mounting a bracket for a DM rail.
  • the platform in the upper part is necessary to ensure the thickness tor the thread of the optical diffuser.
  • fire hole in tire center of the housing is designed to facilitate the formation of an internal M20 thread.
  • the thickness of the material around the hole is calculated for the convenience of forming an external M22 thread with sufficient strength of the residual body wall (internal and external threads are not used simultaneously ).
  • the electronic module is connected to the power supply, on the other side of the hole. it is connected to the load.
  • the threads can accept standard cable glands or adapters.
  • brackets 1203. are formed between the radial ribs 1205 of the body on the right and left, grooves are formed for attaching brackets 1203.
  • areas for inscriptions 1201 are formed, in the lower part of the body, a bracket can be attached for mounting on a DIN rail.
  • Brackets can be made of sheet metal and unified for various types of devices mounting on the surface. On the brackets, there are elements for connecting the ground. The electrical connection of the elements with the case and with the circuit is made through the fastening elements of tire bracket to the grooves in the aluminum case.
  • the design of electronics module is designed to limit the maximum case temperature and control the temperature of the SCE.
  • the microcontroller 1304 with a built- in temperature sensor is pressed against the surface of the triac 1305 through the heat- conducting material 1306, which, in turn, is pressed against the case through the heat- conducting material 1306.
  • an indicator 1302 is placed on the other side of board 1303, opposite the microcontroller 1304, an indicator 1302 is placed. The entire structure, before being filled with the compound, is pressed through the threaded connection by the di ffuser 1301 of the indicator, as shown in Fig.13.
  • Tire indication of the operating modes of the device is drought out for ease of logical understanding. Colors familiar in perception and meaning are used: red, yellow, and green. Red - problem, yellow - waiting, green - normal operation modes. The more frequent the flash frequency, the more attention to the device is needed.
  • Load short circuit test Checking for breakage and load degradation. Simple external control interface with one incoming and neutral wire. Possibility of digi tal data transmission via one output and neutral wires. The ability' to program the internal settings of the device via one incoming and neutral wires. The ability to change the internal settings of the device, without disconnecting from the network, directly in the hazardous area using a magnet. Triac overheating control. [0076] A short circuit test is performed with phase control at close to 1 S0°. In a properly working circuit, an automatic protection device should operate in the event of a short circuit.
  • the device disconnects the load and turns on the short circuit indication. On the digital output of the device, if the information is taken from it, a message about a short circuit is also transmitted.
  • Tire device generates an output signal on the condition that it enters "MODE IIG, If tire input of the device is connected to the output of the previous one, then the device waits for a signal at the input, and only after that does it starts working in "MODE G .
  • the signal from the output of the device can be applied to the inputs of several subsequent ones.
  • the device For control from an external device, such as a temperature controller or thermostat, the device implements an external control interface for one input and a neutral wire. With this control, if tire input wire is connected to zero, tire device operates in normal mode, if the input is disconnected from the neutral wire, the device is in waiting mode with the corresponding indication,
  • the device implements a digital data transmission interface over one output and a neutral wire. Through this interface, it is possible to transfer digital data about the state of the device, for example, triac temperature, current consumption, external temperature, the current mode of operation of the device, etc,
  • the internal settings of the device can be programmed and changed through the input interface through one input and a neutral wire.
  • the following settings can be changed: target temperature, maximum allowable instantaneous load current, maximum allowable effective load current, short circuit current, break and degradation current, "MODE 111" operation, etc.
  • Hie internal settings of the device can be programmed and changed directly in the hazardous area without disconnecting from the power supply using a magnet.
  • the device enters the menu for changing the internal settings and indicates the setting number with red flashes and the setting value with green flashes. If during the indication of the value, a magnet is brought up, then three red flashes, three green flashes, three yellow flashes, a pause are displayed in sequence, and everything repeats, starting wi th three red flashes. If the magnet is removed during the red flashes, the next changeable setting starts to be displayed, first red flashes with the number of the setting to be changed, then green fl ashes in accordance with the value of the setting to be changed.
  • the value of the current adjustable setting is increased, if the magnet is removed during three yellow' flashes, then the value of the current adjustable setting is decreased. If the magnet is removed during a pause, then the setting mode is exited.
  • Triae overheating is controlled by the built-in sensor of the microcontroller, directly pressed to the triae through a heat-conducting material.
  • the microcontroller turns off the load, indicates overheating, and waits for the triae to cool down.
  • the digital output transmits data on triae overheating and loads disconnection.
  • the device connects the load in accordance with the method set forth in the invention, starting from the mode corresponding to the state of the load resistance at the moment of switching on.
  • 102 is an automatic protection device (circuit breaker or combined residual current device).
  • 103 is a sensor zero to determine the moment when the mains voltage passes through zero
  • 104 is a microcontroller module with the necessary peripherals.
  • 105 is an SCE switch-on interface.
  • 106 is a semiconductor control element, for example, a triae, an assembly of transistors of different polarity' and diodes, a solid-state relay, etc.
  • .107 is a current sensor.
  • circuit breaker 109 is a specified maximum allowable instantaneous current at which the electromagnetic release of the circuit breaker 102 does not operate. Based on the characteristics of circuit breaker 102. ! 10 is a speci fied maximum allowed effective current at which the thermal release of the circuit breaker 102 does not operate. Based on the characteristic of circuit breaker ⁇ 102.
  • 112 is a symbol for the designation of the effective value of the current consumed by the load 108.
  • 113 is a symbol indicating the instantaneous value of the current consumed by the load 108.
  • 116 is a conditional plot of load resistance versus time (temperature).
  • 117 is a formula for control and conditions for being in “MODE G.
  • 118 is an ability to transition between "MODE I" and "MODE I I” based on criteria.
  • 119 is an ability to transition between "MODE G and "MODE IIP based on criteria.
  • 120 is a "MODE 11".
  • Fig.lb and Fig.lc the vertical graphs indicate everything related to this mode,
  • 122 is a formula for control and conditions for being in “MODE IP.
  • 123 is an ability to transition between “MODE 11” and “MODE HI” based on criteria.
  • 124 is a formula for control and conditions for being in “MODE HI” with additional control.
  • 125 is a formula for control and conditions for being in “MODE III” with a turn on 100%.
  • 126 is a target load resistance in "MODE HP with additional control.
  • 127 is a "MODE III".
  • the vertical graphs indicate everything related to this mode.
  • 129 is a symbol for the designation of tire current consumed by load 108.
  • 130 is a conditional diagram of the current consumed by load 108 .
  • 302 is a formula for condition limiting and calculating the effective value of the current in "MODE 1" with phase control, integration, as well as control of the switching-on angle, is carried out for half the period of the supply mains .
  • 303 is a basic formula for phase control in "MODE I".
  • the phase angle is adjusted in such a way that the instantaneous value of the current at the moment of switching-on at a given phase angle tends from below to its upper limit, equal to the specified maximum allowable instantaneous current value 9.
  • 304 is a formula for the transition criterion from "MODE 1" with phase control to
  • MODE IP with half-wave control contains the current increment Mi,necessary for the correct operation of the real device algorithm, which has a finite current measurement error, i,eflower to eliminate the boundary conditions for a constant transition between "MODE G and "MODE IP.
  • 305 is a formula of the transition criterion from “MODE IP with half-wave control to “MODE P with phase control.
  • the formula contains the current increment M2, necessary for the correct operation of the algorithm of a real device, which has a finite current measurement error, i,e., to eliminate the boundary conditions for a constant transition between "MODE IF and "MODE 1". This formula is identical to formula 603 due to the equality of the transition criteria from "MODE II and IIP to "MODE I",
  • 401 is a formula for limiting the instantaneous current value consumed by the load 108, in which the effective value of the current consumed by the load does not exceed the specified maximum allowable effective current value. That is the condition under which the switching-on of a load at a given phase angle for an unlimited time will not cause the thermal release of the automatic protection device 102 to operate.
  • 402 is a calculation formula for determining the effective value of the current 112 consumed by the load 108 based on the measured instantaneous current and the phase angle at turn on.
  • 501 is a formula for determining foe value of n for half- wave control with any required accuracy
  • 502 is a formula for determining the period in half- wave control.
  • 503 is a basic formula for half-wave control in "MODE IF.
  • the ratio of on and off half-waves - variable n - is adjusted so that the effective value of foe current consumed by foe load 108 tends from below to its upper limit, equal to foe specified maximum allowable effective current value 110.
  • 001 is a possible criterion for transition to "MODE 1IF.
  • the criterion implies the output of load 108 to foe nominal mode of operation.
  • 602 is a formula of foe exit criterion from "MODE 111", at least to "MODE IF.
  • 603 is a formula of foe transition criterion from “MODE III” to "MODE !” with phase control.
  • the formula contains the current increment D/_>, necessary for the correct operation of the algorifom of a real device, which has a finite current measurement error, i.e,, to eliminate the boundary conditions for a constant transition between modes.
  • This formula is identical to formula 305 due to foe equality of foe transition criteria from “MODE II and MODE 1IG to “MODE F.
  • 701 is a formula of the main condition for being in “MODE 111 " with additional control
  • 801 is a formula for determining the value of» for half-wave control in "MODE III” with additional control.
  • 805 is a symbol designating the target temperature.
  • 806 is a symbol for the temperature at which an equilibrium ratio of the load power, which decreases due to the temperature characteristic of the resistance, and the heat loss power, which increases due to an increase in temperature, occurs.
  • 807 is a symbol for the power of the equilibrium state, at which the load power, which decreases due to the temperature characteristic of the resistance, and the heat loss power, which increases due to temperature increase, are equal,
  • 808 is a symbol designating the power that the load consumes at 100% at the target temperature.
  • 809 is a conditional diagram of the dependence of the power consumed by load 108 at 100% turn on, on temperature.
  • 810 is an equilibrium point of the system and the load, at which the load power, which decreases due to the temperature characteristic of the resistance, and the heat loss power, which increases due to temperature increase, are equal.
  • FIG. 811 is a diagram of the dependence of heat loss power in the system, where the load works, on temperature. Taken for aparticular case in Fig. 9b, for reasons of simplifying the understanding of the essence of tire invention.
  • 812 is a symbol of the effective value of the current consumed by the load to compensate tor tire heat loss of the system at a temperature t p .
  • 813 is a symbol of the effective value of the current consumed by the load, which is in an equilibrium state at a temperature t m .
  • 816 is a symbol of the amplitude value of the current consumed by the load, with half-wave control, to maintain the target temperature of the load t p .
  • 8.17 is a diagram of the dependence of the amplitude value of the load current on temperature.
  • 903 is a formula for determining the slope angle of the line power of heat loss.
  • 904 is a formula for shifting the heat loss power line along the ordinate axis.
  • 905 is a region of an unlimited number of possible heat loss power curves of real systems
  • 906 is a load temperature symbol.
  • 907 is a thermal insulation around the load, constant thickness, and uniform thermal conductivity.
  • 909 is a thermal conductivity coefficient of thermal insulation, designation symbol k.
  • 910 is a constant thermal insulation thickness around the heated load, designation symbol /. 911 is an area of contact of the heated material of the load with the heat insulator, designation symbol s.
  • 1001 is a ratio of on and off half-waves with arbitrary accuracy for "MODE IIP with additional control when foil half-waves are turned on when the power goes through zero
  • 1002 is a ratio of on and off half-waves with arbitrary accuracy, for "MODE 111" with additional control when the half-wave is turned on in phase a.
  • 1003 is a ratio of on and off half-waves with arbitrary accuracy for "MODE IIP with additional control when the half-wave is turned on in phase a and the optimization of the EM ⁇ emission level through a balance between a and n.
  • 1005 is a formula for calculating the ratio of on and off half-waves with arbitrary accuracy, in phase control with skipping half-waves, for m (1002) and m (1003), when foe effective current value is known,
  • 1007 is a ratio of the number of on aid off half-waves for the three definite cases 100S is a difference between the maximum and minimum load temperature for period
  • 1009 is a difference between the maximum and minimum load temperature for period T for "MODE OP with additional control and switching-on half-wave in phase a for m (1002).
  • 1010 is a difference between the maximum and minimum load temperature in period T for ’’MODE IIP with additional control and switching-on half-wave in phase a for m (1003).
  • 1101 is a magnetic field sensor.
  • it is possible to use reed switches or Hall sensors.
  • 1102 is an operating mode indicator. As an indicator, it is possible to use two- and three-color LEDs or displays tor displaying information.
  • 1103 is an input interface. It consists of circuit elements that provide information from the terminals 14 and N.
  • 1104 is a heatsink, which is also a case or part of it.
  • 1105 is an output interface. It consists of circuit elements that provide data transmission through the U m and N ! pins.
  • 1106 is a bidirectional S device output for digital communication with external sensors.
  • 1107 are external sensors with a digital communication interface
  • 1108 is a voltage sensor. 1201 are surfaces for marking and necessary information.
  • 1301 is an optically transparent indicator diffuser.
  • 1302 is an indicator.
  • 1303 is a printed circuit board with electronic components.
  • 1304 is a microcontroller.
  • 1305 is a triac.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)

Abstract

Le problème de l'invention est de rendre possible l'exécution d'une commande de haute qualité de charges avec un PTC à des coûts économiques minimaux sur toute la plage de température de fonctionnement, en utilisant, conjointement avec la charge, des dispositifs de protection automatiques conçus pour le courant du fonctionnement sous charge nominale. L'invention permet de prolonger la durée de vie. L'invention permet d'augmenter la sécurité de fonctionnement. Le coût global de fonctionnement est réduit. La solution selon l'invention est de baser une commande efficace d'énergie optimale sur la stabilisation de la résistance à la charge à la température cible et de limiter de manière adaptative la consommation d'énergie au niveau des pertes de chaleur du système de chauffage. La mathématique, pour le calcul précis de la phase, et des procédés de commande de charge demi-onde par rapport à l'absence garantie d'exécution des déclenchements électromagnétiques et thermiques du dispositif de protection automatique ont été mis en œuvre. Les procédés sont combinés par des transitions mutuelles sur la base de critères calculés pour une commande de démarrage souple et une commande intelligente ultérieure.
PCT/EE2022/000001 2021-04-22 2022-04-14 Procédé et dispositif de régulation de charge à ptc WO2022223089A2 (fr)

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EEP202100011 2021-04-22
EEP202100011A EE05857B1 (et) 2021-04-22 2021-04-22 Meetod ja seade positiivse temperatuurisõltuvusega koormuse juhtimiseks

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6037757A (en) 1998-06-24 2000-03-14 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Power control unit having switching phase control for reducing voltage drop at a power supply
EP1450582A1 (fr) 2003-02-18 2004-08-25 Acome Société Cooperative De Travailleurs Dispositif à cable chauffant CTP comprenant un dispositif de limitation de courant
JP2006164615A (ja) 2004-12-03 2006-06-22 Canon Inc ヒータ電力制御方法、および画像形成装置
US20140010393A1 (en) 2012-07-06 2014-01-09 Gn Resound A/S Bte hearing aid having a balanced antenna
KR20180004438A (ko) 2016-07-04 2018-01-12 주식회사 솔고파이로일렉 Ntc 소자 어셈블리 및 이를 포함하는 자율제어 히팅장치
EP3478024A1 (fr) 2017-10-26 2019-05-01 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Enclenchement d'une charge calorifique
EP3481146A1 (fr) 2017-11-03 2019-05-08 Pentair Thermal Management LLC Limitation d'appel de câbles chauffants autorégulants

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4011430A (en) * 1975-05-06 1977-03-08 National Forge Company Multizone electrical furnace methods and apparatus
JP7143613B2 (ja) * 2018-03-30 2022-09-29 ブラザー工業株式会社 画像形成装置

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6037757A (en) 1998-06-24 2000-03-14 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Power control unit having switching phase control for reducing voltage drop at a power supply
EP1450582A1 (fr) 2003-02-18 2004-08-25 Acome Société Cooperative De Travailleurs Dispositif à cable chauffant CTP comprenant un dispositif de limitation de courant
JP2006164615A (ja) 2004-12-03 2006-06-22 Canon Inc ヒータ電力制御方法、および画像形成装置
US20140010393A1 (en) 2012-07-06 2014-01-09 Gn Resound A/S Bte hearing aid having a balanced antenna
KR20180004438A (ko) 2016-07-04 2018-01-12 주식회사 솔고파이로일렉 Ntc 소자 어셈블리 및 이를 포함하는 자율제어 히팅장치
EP3478024A1 (fr) 2017-10-26 2019-05-01 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Enclenchement d'une charge calorifique
EP3481146A1 (fr) 2017-11-03 2019-05-08 Pentair Thermal Management LLC Limitation d'appel de câbles chauffants autorégulants

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EE05857B1 (et) 2023-06-15
WO2022223089A3 (fr) 2022-11-24

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