WO2022219822A1 - 水素ステーション及び水素生成方法 - Google Patents
水素ステーション及び水素生成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022219822A1 WO2022219822A1 PCT/JP2021/015769 JP2021015769W WO2022219822A1 WO 2022219822 A1 WO2022219822 A1 WO 2022219822A1 JP 2021015769 W JP2021015769 W JP 2021015769W WO 2022219822 A1 WO2022219822 A1 WO 2022219822A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen
- catalyst
- platinum
- dehydrogenation
- gas
- Prior art date
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 306
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 306
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 111
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- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 261
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- UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CCCCC1 UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 146
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Images
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- C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydrogen station and a hydrogen generation method for supplying hydrogen to fuel cell vehicles such as fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and fuel cell forklifts.
- fuel cell vehicles such as fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and fuel cell forklifts.
- Hydrogen stations that fill mobile vehicles equipped with fuel cells such as fuel cell vehicles with hydrogen are being developed based on the basic hydrogen strategy of the Japanese government.
- about 15,000 hydrogen stations, equivalent to the current gas stations, will be needed.
- Hydrogen stations currently in practical use employ the compressed hydrogen method or the liquid hydrogen method for storing and transporting hydrogen.
- organic chemical hydride method is a saturated cyclic compound such as methylcyclohexane (MCH) that incorporates hydrogen into the molecule by hydrogenating hydrogen with an aromatic such as toluene (TOL). (hydrogenated aromatics), it can be "stored” and “transported” in a liquid state at normal temperature and pressure, and the necessary amount of hydrogen can be extracted at the place of use by dehydrogenation reaction of saturated cyclic compounds. This is the method to use.
- MCH methylcyclohexane
- TOL toluene
- the OCH method includes, for example, a hydrogenation reaction (hydrogen storage reaction) in which hydrogen and TOL are reacted, and a dehydrogenation reaction (hydrogen generation reaction) in which hydrogen is generated from MCH and TOL is recovered, and hydrogen is extracted.
- the TOL produced later can be recovered as a container (carrier) for hydrogen and reused repeatedly.
- the dehydrogenation reaction that generates hydrogen from the saturated cyclic compound after transport is an endothermic reaction, so heat input from the outside is required. Therefore, in the dehydrogenation reaction, in order to input the necessary amount of heat and maintain a predetermined reaction temperature condition (for example, a reaction temperature of 300 to 400 ° C.), a heated hot water is placed outside the reaction tube filled with the dehydrogenation catalyst.
- a method of circulating a liquid heat medium such as oil is used.
- a method of heating the hot oil there is a method of heating the piping through which the hot oil flows in a heating furnace by direct flame of a fuel combustion flame (see Patent Document 1).
- the present inventors have found that the reaction product gas containing hydrogen obtained by the dehydrogenation reaction is purified by a PSA apparatus using the PSA method (pressure swing method), and the column (adsorption tower) of the PSA apparatus is regenerated. (that is, to remove impurities adsorbed by the adsorbent packed in the column) is catalytically combusted with the purge gas (containing high-concentration hydrogen) to generate a flame from the combustion heat. It was found that the heat medium can be heated without As a result, it is possible to reduce the amount of CO 2 emitted from the hydrogen station while avoiding the use of open flames, etc., which can become an ignition source in the hydrogen station. Furthermore, the present inventors have found that it is preferable to use a highly active platinum catalyst as a combustion catalyst for catalytic combustion of the purge gas so that the purge gas can spontaneously ignite even in cold regions.
- the object of the present invention is to avoid the use of an open flame and reduce CO 2 emissions in heating the heat medium when using a heated heat medium for heat input to the dehydrogenation reaction of hydrogenated aromatics.
- One aspect of the present invention is a hydrogen station (1), a dehydrogenation reactor (23) for generating hydrogen by a dehydrogenation reaction of hydrogenated aromatics in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst, and a fuel A heat supply device (26) that supplies heat to the dehydrogenation reactor via a heated heat medium, and a reaction product gas containing hydrogen generated by the dehydrogenation reactor is transferred using an adsorbent based on a pressure swing method. and a PSA device (33) for refining by refining, wherein the PSA device is supplied with a purge gas containing hydrogen used for regeneration of the adsorbent, and the heat supply device is a storage tank containing the heat medium.
- a catalytic combustion tube (27) and a catalytic combustion tube (28) disposed within said reservoir for catalytically combusting said fuel in the presence of a combustion catalyst, said catalytic combustion tube having an exhaust gas discharged from said PSA system.
- the purge gas is supplied together with air as the fuel.
- the purge gas used for regeneration of the adsorbent in the PSA device is catalytically combusted to heat the heat medium.
- the dehydrogenation catalyst comprises a platinum-supported alumina catalyst, the platinum-supported alumina catalyst having an alumina support and platinum supported on the alumina support, the alumina support having a surface area of 200 m 2 /g or more, a pore volume of 0.50 m 2 /g or more, an average pore diameter in the range of 60 ⁇ to 150 ⁇ , and a ratio of pores with an average pore diameter of ⁇ 30 ⁇ to the total pore volume of 60%
- the ⁇ -alumina carrier contains the above ⁇ -alumina carrier, and the platinum particles are supported on the ⁇ -alumina carrier in the range of 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight as platinum element (Pt), and the transmission electron It is preferable that 70% or more of the platinum particles have a size of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ by direct observation using a microscope.
- a platinum-supported alumina catalyst containing platinum particles with an appropriately set particle size platinum with an appropriately controlled particle distribution
- the catalyst life the dehydrogenation reaction of the hydrogenated aromatics (that is, production of hydrogen) can be stably carried out.
- the combustion catalyst preferably contains a catalyst having the same configuration as the dehydrogenation catalyst.
- the heating medium can be heated well.
- a relatively highly active catalyst for example, a platinum-supported alumina catalyst
- platinum particles with an appropriately set particle size platinum with an appropriately controlled particle distribution
- the combustion catalyst includes a first catalyst filled in a fuel inlet portion (28A) into which the fuel is introduced in the catalytic combustion tube and having the same configuration as the dehydrogenation catalyst;
- a second catalyst having a structure different from that of the first catalyst and filled downstream of the fuel inlet in the catalytic combustion tube may also be included.
- the fuel can be satisfactorily spontaneously ignited by the first catalyst at the fuel inlet portion of the catalytic combustion tube.
- the second catalyst having a different structure from the first catalyst is filled downstream of the fuel inlet of the catalytic combustion tube, the second catalyst is cheaper than the first catalyst (general-purpose catalyst). ) can reduce catalyst cost.
- the heat medium is preferably hot oil.
- the air may be divided and supplied to a plurality of different parts to the catalytic combustion pipe.
- a dispenser that supplies the hydrogen purified by the PSA device to a mobile body equipped with a fuel cell, and a precooler (17) that cools the hydrogen supplied from the dispenser with a refrigerant.
- a gas-liquid separator (31) for separating the gas-liquid of the reaction product gas, wherein the gas-liquid separator cools the reaction product gas with the refrigerant supplied from the precooler.
- the reaction product gas can be cooled to a temperature lower than the ambient temperature using the refrigerant of the precooler, the aromatic compound (e.g., toluene) contained in the reaction product gas in the gas-liquid separator ) and unreacted raw materials (eg, cyclohexane) can be successfully condensed.
- aromatic compound e.g., toluene
- unreacted raw materials e.g, cyclohexane
- the degree of freedom in using the ground space in the hydrogen station is increased, and the hydrogen station can be made compact.
- underground tanks for storing gasoline and the like at existing gas stations can be used (diverted) to store cyclohexane and toluene.
- At least one of the gas phase gas in the first tank and the gas phase gas in the second tank is supplied to the catalytic combustion tube as the fuel together with the purge gas discharged from the PSA device. should be supplied.
- hydrogen that may be contained in at least one of the gas phase in the first tank and the gas phase in the second tank can be safely eliminated.
- At least one of the gas phase gas in the first tank and the gas phase gas in the second tank is introduced into the fuel inlet portion (28A) of the catalytic combustion tube through which the fuel is introduced.
- hydrogen contained in at least one of the gas phase in the first tank and the gas phase in the second tank can be used as fuel for ignition in the catalytic combustion tube.
- the catalytic combustion tube may be a coil filled with the combustion catalyst.
- the heating medium can be uniformly heated by catalytic combustion.
- the hydrogenated aromatics are selected from the group consisting of hydrides of monocyclic aromatics, hydrides of bicyclic aromatics, and hydrides of compounds having three or more aromatic rings. It is preferable that it is one kind or a mixture of two or more kinds.
- the dehydrogenation reaction can be favorably performed using a suitable hydrogenated aromatic.
- the hydrogenated aromatics may be one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of methylcyclohexane, cyclohexane, trimethylcyclohexane, decalin, and dibenzotriol.
- the dehydrogenation reaction can be favorably performed using a suitable hydrogenated aromatic.
- One aspect of the present invention is a hydrogen generation method in a hydrogen station, wherein hydrogen is generated by a dehydrogenation reaction of hydrogenated aromatics in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst, and is heated using a fuel through a heat medium. Heat is supplied to the dehydrogenation reaction, and the reaction product gas containing hydrogen generated by the dehydrogenation reaction is purified using an adsorbent based on the pressure swing method, and the regeneration of the adsorbent contains hydrogen.
- a purge gas is used, and in the heating of the heat medium, the purge gas used for regeneration of the adsorbent is preferably supplied together with air as the fuel.
- the purge gas used for regeneration of the adsorbent based on the pressure swing method is catalytically combusted. Since the heat medium is heated, it is possible to avoid the use of an open flame and suppress CO 2 emissions in heating the heat medium.
- the first candidate is the liquid hydrogen method
- the second candidate is the liquid ammonia method
- the third candidate is the OCH method.
- the organic chemical hydride method was called the MCH method.
- the Euro-Québec project was carried out for about 10 years until around 1992, but none of the methods were put into practical use, and the project was terminated. not converted.
- hydrogen is hydrogenated with an aromatic compound such as toluene (TOL) to convert it to a saturated cyclic compound such as methylcyclohexane (MCH), which incorporates hydrogen into the molecule.
- TOL toluene
- MCH methylcyclohexane
- It is a method of "storing” and “carrying” in a state, and extracting and using the required amount of hydrogen by dehydrogenation reaction at the place of use. is generated to recover TOL (hydrogen generation reaction).
- the TOL produced after hydrogen is extracted is recovered as a container (carrier) for hydrogen and reused repeatedly.
- the OCH method can theoretically reduce the potential risk of large-scale storage and transportation of hydrogen to the level of conventional gasoline storage and transportation (that is, it is a highly safe method). and the first reason why the applicant paid attention to this method.
- Storage of TOL and MCH in large tanks and transportation of TOL and MCH in chemical tankers and chemical trucks have long been put to practical use as chemicals. It is expected that the demand for automobile fuels such as gasoline and light oil will decrease due to the trend toward electrification of automobiles in the future, and the OCH method has the great advantage of being able to divert existing infrastructure such as storage tanks. is.
- a repeated verification demonstration plant was constructed in 2013, and a total of approximately 10,000 hours of verification operation was carried out from April 2013 to November 2014. It was confirmed that the high performance as designed could be stably maintained. Completed establishment.
- NEDO New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent No. 4652695 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 3) and Japanese Patent No. 4142733 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 4) disclose a dehydrogenation catalyst that can be used for the dehydrogenation reaction of the OCH method. .
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent No. 4652695
- Patent Document 4142733 Japanese Patent No. 4142733
- Patent Document 3 describes a surface area of 150 m 2 /g or more, a pore volume of 0.55 cm 3 /g or more, an average pore diameter of 90 ⁇ or more and 300 ⁇ , and a ratio of pores with a pore diameter of 90 ⁇ or more and 300 ⁇ or less to the total pore volume.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a uniform type platinum-supported alumina catalyst that improves the catalyst life by suppressing the decomposition reaction and suppressing the decomposition reaction as well as the dispersed form of the supported platinum becomes uniform by containing sulfur in the alumina support. is doing. Note that the disclosure contents of all the documents cited in this specification, including Patent Documents 3 and 4, constitute a part of this specification, and detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted.
- the feature of the dehydrogenation catalysts disclosed in Patent Documents 3 and 4 is that the particle size of the platinum particles supported on the alumina carrier is significantly smaller than that of conventional platinum catalysts. .
- the average particle size of the platinum particles of a general platinum-supported alumina catalyst is 20 ⁇ or more.
- the OCH method could not be put into practical use because a dehydrogenation catalyst was not developed.
- the platinum particle size of the dehydrogenation catalysts disclosed in Patent Documents 3 and 4 is 10 ⁇ or less, and most platinum particle sizes are 20 ⁇ or less.
- the minimum value of the platinum particle size of the existing platinum-supported alumina catalyst is about 20 ⁇ as described above, and the average particle size is 20 ⁇ or more.
- uniform catalysts are effective when the diffusion of raw materials into the interior of the catalyst is sufficiently performed
- eggshell catalysts are effective when the diffusion into the interior of the catalyst is sufficiently limited.
- These two types of catalysts can be used properly depending on the state of diffusion in the reaction field, because they are effective when the reaction is not performed in the reaction field.
- the diffusion state of the raw material into the catalyst may differ depending on the position in the dehydrogenation reactor, and the diffusion into the catalyst is restricted because the concentration of the raw material is low near the exit where the reaction has progressed. can be In such a case, both homogeneous type and eggshell type catalysts can be used in the reactor.
- the degree of diffusion of the raw material into the catalyst is generally expressed by the catalyst effectiveness coefficient
- the alumina carrier on which platinum is supported is preferably one whose pore size is controlled as uniformly as possible so that the pore size distribution is sharp. Specifically, pores having a surface area of 200 m 2 /g or more, a pore volume of 0.5 m 2 /g or more, an average pore diameter of 60 ⁇ to 150 ⁇ , and an average pore diameter of ⁇ 30 ⁇ with respect to the total pore volume A ⁇ -alumina carrier having a proportion of 60% or more is preferred.
- the surface area is less than 200 m 2 /g, the activity after catalysis is insufficient, and if the pore volume is less than 0.5 m 2 /g, it is difficult to uniformly support the active metal component, and the average pore diameter is If the average pore diameter is less than 60 ⁇ , the surface area is large, but the pore volume is small. Conversely, if the average pore diameter is larger than 150 ⁇ , the surface area is small and the pore volume is large. , an average pore diameter of 60 ⁇ to 150 ⁇ is suitable. Moreover, if the proportion of pores with an average pore diameter of ⁇ 30 ⁇ is less than 60%, the effect of the present invention on catalyst performance is reduced.
- the alumina carrier has uniform pore sizes throughout the powder and compact.
- the step of allowing platinum to be dispersedly supported on the alumina carrier and the step of supporting platinum dispersedly throughout the entire alumina support in conformity with the distribution of sulfur can be performed appropriately.
- the hydrogen station according to the present invention includes a dehydrogenation reactor that generates hydrogen by a dehydrogenation reaction of hydrogenated aromatics (e.g., methylcyclohexane) as a hydrogen carrier, and a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) for measuring the purity of the generated hydrogen.
- a PSA device based on the PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) method can be provided for refining to a purity that can be filled in a similar manner.
- a system for recovering TOL and unreacted MCH produced by the dehydrogenation reaction may be installed at the hydrogen station.
- a shell-and-tube fixed-bed reactor having the same structure as a heat exchanger is suitable as the dehydrogenation reactor in the present invention. That is, in the dehydrogenation reactor, catalyst reaction tubes filled with a dehydrogenation catalyst are arranged in parallel in the reactor, and MCH gas heated to the reaction temperature is supplied to these catalyst reaction tubes, By supplying a liquid heat medium to the outside, the heat necessary for the endothermic reaction of the dehydrogenation reaction is supplied and the reaction temperature is maintained.
- a liquid with a large heat capacity is preferable as the heat medium for supplying heat to the catalytic reaction tube.
- a gas is used as a heat medium
- the heat transfer area is large due to its small heat capacity, and it is necessary to increase the outer surface area of the catalytic reaction tube.
- Existing molten salt or hot oil can be used as the liquid heat medium.
- many of the molten salts contain oxygen atoms in their molecules, so if the MCH gas in the reaction tube comes into contact with the molten salt due to an unexpected earthquake, etc., it will ignite even in the reaction temperature range of 300 to 400°C. there is a possibility. Therefore, it is safer and more preferable to use hot oil as a heat medium because it does not cause a fire in principle.
- hot oil a commercially available general heat medium oil can be used. Since hot oil is a hydrocarbon with a large molecular weight, it can be thermally decomposed at about 400° C. to cause loss. Therefore, as the hot oil for supplying heat to the catalytic reaction tube, it is preferable to use hot oil that can minimize thermal decomposition loss.
- the hot oil is heated in a hot oil reservoir equipped with a catalytic combustion tube (catalytic combustion coil) filled with a combustion catalyst, by transferring heat generated by catalytic combustion from the catalytic combustion tube to the hot oil.
- a catalytic combustion tube catalytic combustion coil
- Inexpensive steel can be used for the metal material that constitutes the catalytic combustion tube because it is not corrosive to hot oil.
- an existing combustion catalyst known as a catalyst used for catalytic combustion can be used as the combustion catalyst filled in the catalytic combustion tube.
- the combustion catalyst must be able to reliably ignite the fuel spontaneously, and hydrogen stations in cold regions require spontaneous ignition below freezing, so it is desirable to use a highly active platinum catalyst.
- the dehydrogenation catalyst that can be used in the dehydrogenation reactor in the present invention has extremely high activity, and can lower the dehydrogenation temperature required by the existing dehydrogenation catalyst by 100° C. or more. Therefore, in the present invention, in addition to the existing combustion catalyst, by using a catalyst that can be used as a dehydrogenation catalyst as a higher-performance combustion catalyst, the fuel can be reliably ignited spontaneously. In addition, if a catalyst used as a dehydrogenation catalyst is used for all of the combustion catalysts, it is thought that the fuel can spontaneously ignite in any cold region on earth.
- catalysts that can be used as dehydrogenation catalysts and combustion catalysts include, in addition to the platinum-supported alumina catalysts disclosed in Patent Documents 3 and 4, a transmission electron microscope, as described in detail later. It includes a new platinum-supported alumina catalyst in which the particle size of the platinum particles supported on the support is more appropriately set (the particle distribution of platinum is appropriately controlled) through direct observation using the catalyst.
- the existing combustion catalyst (second catalyst described later) that can be used as a combustion catalyst includes a combustion catalyst in which at least one of noble metals such as platinum, palladium, and iridium is supported on a carrier, nickel, Metal-supported catalysts in which at least one of metals such as cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum is supported on a carrier are included.
- Noble metals are expensive but highly ignitable, while non-noble metals are less ignitable but inexpensive.
- the PSA apparatus has a plurality of columns (adsorption tanks) filled with adsorbents, and the reaction product gas can be supplied to these columns to adsorb and remove impurities.
- a PSA apparatus supplies a reaction product gas to one of two columns, for example, adsorbs impurities with an adsorbent, and extracts hydrogen gas. Since the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent deteriorates with the lapse of time, the supply destination of the reaction product gas is switched to the other column at an appropriate timing. Regeneration of the adsorbent is carried out by desorbing the adsorbed impurities by lowering the pressure of the column and purging the impurities by supplying product hydrogen gas containing no impurities.
- the PSA method is called a pressure swing method because the pressure is changed to desorb impurities. Since the purge gas used for the regeneration operation of the PSA device uses product hydrogen, it contains a high concentration of hydrogen even after the impurities have been removed.
- purge gas discharged from the PSA device can be used as the fuel to be supplied to the catalytic combustion coil.
- the purge gas of the PSA apparatus is supplied from the column in regeneration mode (the adsorbent is being regenerated) among the plurality of columns.
- the regeneration process is carried out without interruption by sequentially switching the columns to be regenerated in the PSA apparatus so that the purge gas as fuel is continuously supplied (discharged) without interruption.
- the purge gas can be stably supplied from the hydrogen holder to the catalytic combustion coil, and the entire amount of purge gas discharged from the PSA device can be It can be used without waste.
- a gas-liquid separator can be provided between the dehydrogenation reactor and the PSA device as a system for recovering TOL and unreacted MCH produced by the dehydrogenation reaction.
- the reaction product gas taken out from the dehydrogenation reactor is cooled to 100° C. or less to recover liquid phase components (including TOL and MCH condensed into liquid).
- it is preferable to cool the reaction product gas to 10° C. or less in order to improve the recovery rate of TOL, MCH, and the like.
- the reaction product gas containing TOL and MCH When cooling the reaction product gas containing TOL and MCH, it can usually be naturally cooled to about 50°C without any particular energy consumption, and when cooling them to about ambient temperature, cooling water is used. be able to. However, since it is difficult to cool the reaction product gas to 10° C. or less especially in the summer when the temperature is high, a new cold heat is required for that purpose.
- the hydrogen tank of the FCV can be filled with 5 kg of hydrogen within 3 minutes, but in order to prevent the temperature of the FCV hydrogen tank from rising above 80°C due to the frictional heat generated at this time, the hydrogen is pre-filled with a pre-cooler. It is cooled to about 40°C. Therefore, in the present invention, the cold heat of the precooler can be used to cool the reaction product gas containing TOL and MCH.
- MCH and TOL are classified as Class 4 Class 1 petroleum hazardous materials, which is the same classification as gasoline and kerosene.
- MCH and TOL are compounds having 7 carbon atoms, and have lower vapor pressures and less volatilization than gasoline containing hydrocarbon components having 4 or more carbon atoms.
- the MCH and TOL stored in the hydrogen station contain hydrogen gas as much as the solubility, but the amount is so small that the gas phase components in the underground tank cannot normally reach a concentration above the explosive limit.
- tank gas in order to remove these dissolved hydrogens, in the present invention, gas (tank gas ) can be treated by catalytic combustion.
- tank gas contains not only hydrogen but also MCH and TOL whose vapor pressure is not preferable to be released into the atmosphere, there is an advantage that these can also be treated by catalytic combustion. If the increase in cost is acceptable, it is conceivable to bubble an inert gas such as nitrogen through the liquid in these tanks to exhaust gas phase components.
- Air can be used as the oxygen necessary for catalytic combustion of tank gas.
- the catalytic combustion of the tank gas can be carried out using a similar catalytic combustion coil separate from the purge gas discharged from the PSA system.
- the tank gas can be catalytically combusted by spontaneous ignition by being introduced together with air into the inlet of a catalytic combustion coil filled with a platinum-supported alumina catalyst.
- Hydrogenated aromatics that can be used in the dehydrogenation reaction according to the present invention are not limited to MCH, hydrides of monocyclic aromatics such as cyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexane, trimethylcyclohexane, tetralin, decalin, methyldecalin, biphenyl, diphenyl It is one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of hydrides of bicyclic aromatics such as methyl, and hydrides of compounds having three or more aromatic rings, such as dibenzotriol and tetradecahydroanthracene. Good.
- Configuration diagram of a conventional hydrogen station Configuration diagram of a hydrogen station according to the first embodiment A diagram showing the detailed configuration of the dehydrogenation unit according to the first embodiment.
- Configuration diagram of a hydrogen station according to the second embodiment Explanatory diagram showing (A) a transmission electron micrograph of the 2000s and (B) a recent transmission electron micrograph of a catalyst Explanatory drawing for measurement of platinum particle size based on transmission electron micrograph
- the on-site type is a general term for types that produce hydrogen within hydrogen stations.
- the off-site type is a general term for types in which high-purity hydrogen is directly transported to hydrogen stations as compressed hydrogen or liquid hydrogen, and the stored hydrogen is pressurized and used.
- the hydrogen station according to the present invention which will be described in detail later, generates hydrogen through an on-site dehydrogenation reaction, so it is expected to be classified as an on-site hydrogen station because it is similar to an on-site reforming type hydrogen station. be.
- the hydrogen station according to the present invention is in the stage of research and development and there is no actual hydrogen station, so it is uncertain which category it will be finally classified.
- a conventional on-site hydrogen station 101 includes a hydrogen production device 103 required for producing hydrogen.
- a hydrogen production device 103 a water electrolysis device or a reforming type hydrogen production device is used.
- a reforming type hydrogen production apparatus After steam reforming a fossil fuel such as city gas, it is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by a shift reaction. Since water electrolyzers use electric power to electrolyze water, there are cost issues, and reforming type hydrogen production devices generate carbon dioxide, so they cannot actually be operated as commercial stations. It is not mainstream as a hydrogen station. At present, about 50 off-site hydrogen stations using the compressed hydrogen method and the liquid hydrogen method are in operation as commercial stations.
- the hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production device 103 is sent to the hydrogen storage tank 105 and temporarily stored there. After that, the hydrogen stored in the hydrogen storage tank 105 is sent to the compressor 109, where it is pressurized to about 800 atmospheres, and then sent to the pressure accumulator 111, where it is stored as product hydrogen.
- the product hydrogen stored in the pressure accumulator 111 is supplied via a dispenser 115 to a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) 113 that uses the hydrogen station 101.
- FCV fuel cell vehicle
- the hydrogen supplied from the dispenser 115 is cooled to about -40°C by the refrigerant supplied from the precooler 117 before being sent to the FCV 113.
- the hydrogen station 1 includes a dehydrogenation unit 3 that generates hydrogen through a dehydrogenation reaction of hydrogenated aromatics.
- a dehydrogenation unit 3 that generates hydrogen through a dehydrogenation reaction of hydrogenated aromatics.
- MCH methylcyclohexane
- TOL toluene
- a reaction product gas (reaction product) containing such as is generated. This reaction product gas contains unreacted MCH and the like.
- MCH is stored in the MCH tank 4 and supplied to the dehydrogenation unit 3 via the raw material supply line L1.
- TOL is sent from the dehydrogenation unit 3 through the toluene discharge line L3 to the toluene tank 6, where it is stored.
- the supply of MCH to the MCH tank 4 and the recovery of TOL from the toluene tank 6 are carried out by chemical trucks (not shown).
- the MCH tank 4 and the toluene tank 6 can be placed at appropriate locations within the hydrogen station 1, but are preferably located underground within the hydrogen station 1. As a result, the degree of freedom in using the ground space in the hydrogen station 1 is increased, and the hydrogen station 1 can be made compact. In this case, underground tanks for storing gasoline and the like at existing gas stations can be used to store MCH and TOL (that is, they can be diverted as MCH tank 4 and toluene tank 6).
- the hydrogen produced by the dehydrogenation unit 3 is sent to the compressor 9 via the hydrogen transport line L5.
- the hydrogen sent to the compressor 9 is refined in the dehydrogenation unit 3 to the extent that it can be used as product hydrogen.
- hydrogen pressurized to about 800 atmospheres by the compressor 9 is sent to the pressure accumulator 11 via the hydrogen transport line L6.
- the hydrogen sent to the accumulator 11 is stored there as product hydrogen.
- Product hydrogen stored in the pressure accumulator 11 is sent to a dispenser 15 via a hydrogen transport line L7, where it is supplied to a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) 13 via a filling hose L11.
- FCV fuel cell vehicle
- the hydrogen supplied from the dispenser 15 is sent to the FCV 13 after being cooled to about -40°C by the refrigerant supplied from the precooler 17 .
- the hydrogen station 1 can be used not only by the FCV 13 but also by any mobile body equipped with a fuel cell.
- the refrigerant used for cooling the hydrogen is circulated through the first refrigerant circulation line L13 provided between the dispenser 15 and the precooler 17, so that the hydrogen is cooled in the hydrogen cooling heat exchanger provided in the dispenser 15. exchange heat with Alternatively, the hydrogen in the dispenser 15 may be sent to the FCV 13 after passing through a hydrogen cooling heat exchanger provided in the precooler 17 (that is, heat exchanged with the refrigerant).
- MCH as a raw material stored in the MCH tank 4 is supplied to the dehydrogenation reactor 23 by a liquid pump (MCH transport pump) 21 provided in the raw material supply line L1.
- the raw material supply line L1 is provided with a heat exchanger 25 that exchanges heat between the MCH sent toward the dehydrogenation unit 3 and the reaction product gas taken out from the dehydrogenation reactor 23 . More specifically, the MCH flowing through the raw material supply line L1 is heated to about the reaction temperature of the dehydrogenation reaction by heat exchange in the heat exchanger 25 with the reaction product gas flowing through the reaction product gas line L21, and is dehydrated in a gaseous state. It is introduced into the upper part of the elementary reactor 23 .
- the hydrogen station 1 includes a heat supply device 26 that supplies heat to the dehydrogenation reactor 23 via a heat medium heated using fuel.
- the heat supply device 26 has a storage tank 27 containing a heat medium, and a catalytic combustion coil 28 (catalytic combustion tube) arranged in the storage tank 27 and filled with a combustion catalyst.
- the fuel is catalytically combusted in the presence of the combustion catalyst, and the heat generated thereby is transferred from the catalytic combustion coil 28 to the heat medium in the storage tank 27, thereby heating the heat medium.
- the heated heat medium circulates through a heat medium circulation line L23 installed between the dehydrogenation reactor 23 and the heat supply device 26 .
- the heat supply device 26 uses the purge gas discharged from the PSA device 33 (hereinafter referred to as the discharged purge gas) as fuel.
- the reaction product gas taken out from the dehydrogenation reactor 23 flows through the reaction product gas line L21 and is introduced into the gas-liquid separator 31 after heat exchange with MCH in the heat exchanger 25 .
- the gas-liquid separator 31 has a known configuration, and cools the reaction product gas to separate it into a gas phase component and a liquid phase component.
- the reaction product gas introduced into the gas-liquid separator 31 is naturally cooled to a temperature of 100° C. or less.
- TOL and MCH contained in the reaction product gas form liquid phase components by condensing into liquid.
- the liquid phase component is withdrawn from the lower portion of the gas-liquid separator 31, introduced into the toluene tank 6 via the toluene discharge line L3, and stored therein.
- the hydrogen that constitutes the gas phase component in the gas-liquid separator 31 is crude hydrogen containing TOL and MCH for the vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature. This crude hydrogen is withdrawn from the upper portion of the gas-liquid separator 31 and sent to the PSA device 33 via the crude hydrogen transport line L25.
- the PSA device 33 is a device that purifies the crude hydrogen (gas phase component of the reaction product gas) supplied from the gas-liquid separator 31 .
- the PSA device 33 absorbs and removes impurities contained in the crude hydrogen by supplying crude hydrogen to a column (adsorption tank) filled with an adsorbent based on the PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) method.
- the PSA apparatus 33 has a plurality of columns arranged in parallel, and the purification process is continuously performed by alternately switching between the regeneration step column and the purification step column among the plurality of columns.
- the impurities are removed by adsorbing them on the adsorbent under high pressure.
- the adsorbed impurities are desorbed by lowering the pressure in the column, and the desorbed impurities are purged by supplying high-purity hydrogen as a purge gas.
- the product hydrogen is used as the purge gas used for the regeneration operation of the column in the regeneration step.
- the purge gas discharged from the PSA device 33 after removing the impurities (hereinafter referred to as "exhaust purge gas”) contains the impurities released from the adsorbent, but the hydrogen concentration is significantly higher than the impurity concentration.
- the exhaust purge gas has, for example, a hydrogen concentration of 80% or higher.
- the hydrogen concentration of the discharged purge gas can be adjusted by designing the PSA device 33 column. That is, if the column (that is, the amount of adsorbent) is increased and the purification process time is increased, the amount of impurities to be adsorbed and removed increases, so the hydrogen concentration in the purge gas decreases. On the other hand, if the column is designed to be small and the switching time (the time of the purification process) is shortened, the amount of impurities to be adsorbed and removed is small, so the hydrogen concentration in the purge gas increases.
- the calorific value of hydrogen is as high as 120 MJ/kg per weight, but hydrogen is a substance with a low calorific value of 12 MJ/Nm 3 when converted per volume because of its small molecular weight and light weight.
- hydrocarbons such as gasoline and kerosene contain combustion heat of carbon
- the amount of heat per weight is about 40 MJ/kg, which is about 1/3 that of hydrogen.
- TOL the ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms does not differ greatly, so its combustion heat (39.5 MJ/kg) is almost the same as that of gasoline or kerosene.
- the impurities in the exhaust purge gas are mainly TOL
- the concentration of hydrogen in the exhaust purge gas is 80% and the remaining 20% is TOL
- the amount of heat that 1 Nm3 of exhaust purge gas has is approximately 10 MJ for the hydrogen content.
- the TOL component is approximately 80 MJ.
- the exhaust purge gas has a total calorific value of 90 MJ/Nm 3 .
- the TOL concentration in the exhaust purge gas is 10%
- the TOL component is about 40 MJ
- the calorie of the exhaust purge gas is 50 MJ/Nm 3 together with the hydrogen component.
- the hydrogen contained in the exhaust purge gas is valuable because it is product hydrogen.
- 800 L of hydrogen gas has a calorific value of 8.6 MJ and 200 L of TOL gas has a calorific value of 34.6 MJ, so 1000 L of exhaust purge gas with 80% hydrogen concentration has a calorific value of 43.2 MJ.
- the amount of heat required to generate 800 L of hydrogen by the dehydrogenation reaction is 2.6 MJ. It can be a heat source for generating hydrogen.
- the exhaust purge gas from the PSA device 33 is sent to the purge gas tank 39 by the purge gas pump 37 installed in the exhaust purge gas line L31 and stored there.
- the storage pressure of the purge gas tank 39 if the pressure is relatively low, a pressure loss during supply to the catalytic combustion coil 28 causes a problem that the discharged purge gas cannot be appropriately supplied to the catalytic combustion coil 28 .
- the storage pressure of the purge gas tank 39 is relatively high, there is an advantage that the size of the purge gas tank 39 can be reduced, but the required power of the purge gas pump 37 becomes large and the energy loss increases, resulting in a decrease in the energy efficiency of the hydrogen station 1. leads to Therefore, the storage pressure of the purge gas tank 39 is determined in consideration of such pressure loss and required power as well as economy and energy efficiency. is more preferable.
- the discharged purge gas is introduced as fuel from the purge gas tank 39 into the catalytic combustion coil 28 of the heat supply device 26 via the purge gas supply line L33.
- a highly active platinum-supported alumina catalyst hereinafter referred to as the first catalyst
- the first catalyst is filled in the fuel inlet portion 28A of the catalytic combustion coil 28, and its filling amount is small compared to the second catalyst.
- the fuel inlet portion 28A (that is, the first catalyst-filled region in the catalytic combustion coil 28) is set within an appropriate range from the upstream end of the catalytic combustion coil 28, depending on the surrounding environment of the hydrogen station 1 (particularly, the atmospheric temperature). (length).
- the exhaust purge gas can be satisfactorily spontaneously ignited by the first catalyst.
- the downstream side of the fuel inlet portion 28A of the catalytic combustion coil 28 (that is, other than the fuel inlet portion 28A) is filled with the second catalyst having a structure different from that of the first catalyst. Catalyst costs can be reduced by using a catalyst (general-purpose catalyst) that is cheaper than the catalyst of No. 1.
- the hydrogen station 1 may use only the first catalyst as the combustion catalyst.
- Ignition of the fuel in the catalytic combustion coil 28 can also be achieved by providing an ignition source of about 700° C. by heating a nichrome wire in the fuel inlet portion 28A. It is not preferable from the viewpoint of safety measures to provide a high temperature part of
- the first catalyst has excellent ignitability and is characterized by being able to ignite the exhaust purge gas even at room temperature. In cold regions, the moisture produced by combustion adheres to and freezes on the combustion catalyst, so there is the problem of poor combustibility below freezing.
- the platinum-supported alumina catalyst used in the dehydrogenation reaction in the present invention is estimated to have an activity that is at least 400 times higher than that of ordinary platinum catalysts, and has extremely high ignitability.
- the catalytic combustion coil 28 can quickly spontaneously ignite the exhaust purge gas without providing an ignition source such as an open flame or a heating wire.
- the dispersibility of the reaction is enhanced, and the water on the combustion catalyst freezes below freezing. Even in this case, the surface of the platinum is not completely covered with ice, and the discharged purge gas can be spontaneously ignited quickly.
- Air containing oxygen necessary for catalytic combustion is supplied to the catalytic combustion coil 28 by an air pump 41 installed in an air supply line L37.
- the air supply line L37 is connected to the connection portion 43 of the purge gas supply line L33.
- the exhaust purge gas flowing through the line L33 is introduced into the fuel inlet portion 28A of the catalytic combustion coil 28 after being mixed with air at the connection portion 43.
- the mixture of the exhaust purge gas and the required amount of air is spontaneously ignited by contact with the first catalyst filled in the fuel inlet 28A for spontaneous ignition.
- the amount of air supplied to the line L33 should be larger than the theoretical amount required for combustion of the exhaust purge gas. However, if the amount of air supplied is too large, the catalytic combustion reaction will be hindered, and if the amount of air supplied is small, gas diffusion in the combustion catalyst layer will be stagnant, making it difficult to maintain a good combustion reaction. can occur.
- the entire amount of the air required for catalytic combustion in the catalytic combustion coil 28 does not necessarily have to be mixed with the exhaust purge gas introduced into the fuel inlet portion 28A (that is, introduced into the connecting portion 43 of the line L33).
- the exhaust purge gas introduced into the fuel inlet portion 28A that is, introduced into the connecting portion 43 of the line L33.
- at least a portion of the air introduced into the connecting portion 43 as described above is supplied to the intermediate portion of the catalytic combustion coil 28 (i.e., fuel inlet It can also be introduced downstream of the part 28A).
- Such introduction of air into the intermediate portion of the catalytic combustion coil 28 can be performed for at least one or more intermediate portions.
- the catalytic combustion reaction rapidly progresses near the fuel inlet 28A, forming a hot spot, which impedes uniform heating of the heat medium in the storage tank 27. It avoids the problem that the surface area of the active metal decreases and the performance of the combustion catalyst deteriorates due to the sintering phenomenon of metal particles (aggregation of the active metal of the combustion catalyst) caused by the formation of hot spots. can.
- the catalytic combustion coil 28 is supplied with a gas forming the gaseous components in the MCH tank 4 (hereinafter referred to as MCH tank gas) and a gas forming the gaseous components in the toluene tank 6 (hereinafter referred to as toluene tank gas). .) can also be supplied as fuel with the exhaust purge gas. More specifically, as indicated by the dashed line in FIG. 3, the MCH tank gas discharged from the MCH tank 4 is discharged from the purge gas supply line L33 by the gas discharge pump 44 installed in the tank gas discharge line L38. It is sent to the section 43.
- the MCH tank gas is mixed with the exhaust purge gas at the connection portion 43 located at the downstream end of the tank gas exhaust line L38.
- the toluene tank gas discharged from the toluene tank 6 is sent to the connection portion 43 of the line L33 via the branch line L38A connected to the intermediate portion of the tank gas discharge line L38.
- the toluene tank gas is mixed with the exhaust purge gas at the connecting portion 43 located at the downstream end of the tank gas exhaust line L38.
- the toluene tank gas may be introduced to the line L33 through a line (piping) different from that for the MCH tank gas. Further, the introduction position of the MCH tank gas and the toluene tank gas into the line L33 is not limited to the connecting portion 43 and can be changed as appropriate.
- the fuel (including exhaust purge gas) catalytically combusted in the catalytic combustion coil 28 is discharged as exhaust gas from its downstream end.
- the exhaust gas is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust line L39 provided with an exhaust control valve 45 while maintaining a temperature of 100° C. or higher at which moisture does not condense. Since the exhaust gas is the gas after complete combustion, the main components are water vapor and nitrogen, and it is converted to a gas containing CO2 and unreacted oxygen at a low concentration, so it is a harmless gas that can be released into the atmosphere. is.
- the product hydrogen obtained by refining crude hydrogen in the PSA device 33 has, for example, a purity of 99.7% or more and a carbon content of 2 ppm or less.
- Product hydrogen is sent from the PSA device 33 to the compressor 9 via the hydrogen transport line L5.
- impurities other than hydrogen contained in the reaction product gas of the dehydrogenation reaction by the dehydrogenation reactor 23 are mainly composed of TOL, and further include unreacted MCH and methane gas produced by decomposition side reactions. etc.
- TOL and MCH can be repeatedly used as hydrogen carriers in the OCH method, so it is preferable to recover them as much as possible within the range where economic efficiency can be ensured.
- the reaction product gas flowing through the reaction product gas line L21 passes through the heat exchanger 25 and gives heat to the raw material gas in the raw material supply line L1 to be cooled. It is cooled in the separator 31 to a temperature of 100° C. or less (for example, about 50° C.). However, the temperature in the gas-liquid separator 31 may exceed 60° C. in seasons such as summer when the temperature is high. Since the crude hydrogen, which is the gas phase component of the gas-liquid separator 31, contains TOL and MCH corresponding to the vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature, it is not possible to further cool the gas-liquid separator 31 to lower the temperature of the crude hydrogen. , to reduce the concentration of TOL and MCH in the crude hydrogen sent to the PSA unit 33 .
- the cold heat of the refrigerant in the precooler 17 is used to cool the crude hydrogen. More specifically, the inside of the gas-liquid separator 31 is cooled by circulating the refrigerant through the second refrigerant circulation line L41 provided between the precooler 17 and the gas-liquid separator 31 . In this way, by supplying both the cold heat supplied to the dispenser 15 (see FIG. 2) and the cold heat supplied to the gas-liquid separator 31 by the precooler 17, it is possible to cool the crude hydrogen with a simple configuration. It is possible.
- the supply amount can be reduced, and the piping size of the second refrigerant circulation line L41 can be reduced. can be easily insulated.
- the crude hydrogen in the gas-liquid separator 31 can be cooled to about -10°C to 0°C by cooling with a refrigerant.
- the concentrations of TOL and MCH corresponding to the vapor pressure contained in the crude hydrogen can be reduced to various levels, the processing load of the PSA device 33 can be reduced, and the loss of TOL and MCH used as hydrogen carriers can be reduced. can be reduced.
- the second refrigerant circulation line L41 can be provided separately from the first refrigerant circulation line L13.
- the first refrigerant circulation line L13 and the second refrigerant circulation line L41 may be provided so as to be continuous. In that case, the refrigerant after cooling the hydrogen in the dispenser 15 can be used to cool the inside of the gas-liquid separator 31 .
- FIG. 5 shows (A) a transmission electron microscope photograph in the 2000s and (B) a recent transmission electron microscope photograph of the catalyst.
- FIG. 5A is a photograph of the egg-shell type catalyst disclosed in Patent Document 3.
- FIG. The photograph of FIG. 5A was taken in 2006 at a magnification of 1,800,000 times using an HD-200 type electron microscope manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd., which was the latest transmission electron microscope at the time.
- FIG. 5(B) is a photograph of the homogeneous platinum-supported alumina catalyst disclosed in Patent Document 4.
- FIG. The photograph of FIG. 5B was taken in 2018 at a magnification of 2,000,000 times using a JEM-ARM200 electron microscope manufactured by JEOL.
- the average particle size of the platinum particles in the platinum-supported alumina catalyst according to the present invention is obtained by measuring the particle size of a predetermined number (usually about 50) of platinum in a transmission electron microscope photograph as shown in FIG. 5(B). can be calculated as their average value.
- the magnification is such that a predetermined number of platinum particle diameters fit in the photograph (for example, the platinum-supported alumina catalyst of the present invention is observed at 2,000,000 times, and 40 to 50 platinum particles are observed in the field of view. You can.) should be set.
- the size of each platinum particle can be measured by aligning the measurement line with the contour of the particle on the computer screen provided in the electron microscope system. At this time, when the shape of the platinum particles has a long axis diameter and a short axis system, the long axis diameter can be measured by matching the contour of the long axis diameter, and the short axis diameter can be similarly measured.
- the major axis diameter can be used as a representative value.
- the particle size can also be measured by printing an image, measuring the particle size with a ruler, and comparing it with the scale on the image.
- the particle diameters of platinum disclosed in Patent Documents 3 and 4 above are estimated values obtained by the CO pulse method. It is conceivable that there is an error between the particle size estimated by the CO pulse method and the particle size measured by direct observation using a transmission electron microscope. This is because, in the CO pulse method, particles are likely to be estimated as small particles compared to the particle diameter obtained by direct observation.
- the CO pulse method one molecule of CO adsorbs to one atom of platinum on the surface of the platinum particle, so the total amount of CO adsorption is measured, the shape of the platinum particle is assumed to be a cube, and the length of one side is Estimated as particle size. At this time, the calculation is made on the assumption that CO is not adsorbed on the carrier.
- CO is preferentially adsorbed on platinum, and the CO injection is stopped immediately when the distillate CO becomes equal to the injected CO amount. Since CO is adsorbed, it is estimated that this amount of CO is adsorbed on the platinum surface.
- the CO pulse method is a method for calculating the metal surface area, dispersion ratio, and particle size from the amount of adsorption and the supported metal content. A specific calculation method will be described below.
- the adsorbed gas amount V per 1 g of the catalyst at 0° C. was obtained from the following equation (1).
- V (Vt/W) ⁇ 273/(273+t) ⁇ (ml/g ⁇ cat) ...
- the number of moles R of the supported metal per 1 g of the sample is obtained from the formula (2).
- R (C/100) ⁇ (1/M) (mol/g ⁇ cat) ...
- the number of moles K of the amount of adsorbed gas per 1 g of sample is obtained from the equation (3).
- the particle size of platinum supported on an alumina support in a conventional platinum-supported alumina catalyst was measured based on the CO pulse method, which has a relatively large error, or a transmission electron microscope photograph at that time (see FIG. 5(A)). It was (calculated). Therefore, in conventional platinum-supported alumina catalysts, it is difficult to control the particle size of platinum with high accuracy, and therefore, the preferable range of the particle size of platinum has also been set to a relatively wide range.
- the platinum-supported alumina catalyst according to the present invention based on the value of the particle size of platinum measured with relatively high accuracy based on recent transmission electron micrographs (see FIG. 5B), compared to conventional platinum-supported alumina catalysts A range of platinum particle diameters (distribution of platinum particle diameters) in which the catalyst life can be significantly improved is set.
- 70% or more of the platinum particles supported on the ⁇ -alumina carrier preferably have a size of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ in direct observation with a transmission electron microscope. More preferably, 80% or more of the platinum particles supported on the ⁇ -alumina carrier have a size of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ . More preferably, 90% or more of the platinum particles supported on the ⁇ -alumina carrier have a size of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ .
- the eggshell-type metal-supported catalyst refers to a state in which the metal species supported in the cross section of the molded catalyst are dispersed and supported only in the outer shell portion of the cross section. That is, a metal-supporting portion is formed in which the metal species is supported on the outer shell portion of the porous carrier.
- a homogeneous metal-supported catalyst is a state in which the metal species are dispersed over the entire cross section of the catalyst, and a metal-supported portion in which the metal species is supported is formed throughout the interior of the porous support compact.
- the platinum-supported alumina catalyst according to the present invention has an alumina carrier and platinum supported on the alumina carrier.
- the alumina carrier is preferably a porous ⁇ -alumina carrier. More specifically, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-72005, for example, an alumina carrier is produced by filtering and washing an aluminum hydroxide slurry produced by neutralization of an aluminum salt, and dehydrating the obtained alumina hydrogel. A porous ⁇ -alumina carrier obtained by drying and then calcining at 400° C. or higher and 800° C. or lower for about 1 to 6 hours is preferable. More preferably, the alumina carrier alternately changes the pH value of the alumina hydrogel between the alumina hydrogel dissolution pH range and the boehmite gel precipitation pH range, and at least changes the pH value from one pH range to the other pH range.
- porous ⁇ -alumina carrier obtained through a pH swing step in which an alumina hydrogel-forming substance is added to grow alumina hydrogel crystals.
- the porous ⁇ -alumina carrier obtained through this pH swing process has an excellent uniformity of pore distribution, and the physical properties of the alumina carrier pellets after molding are small, and the physical properties of each individual pellet are stable. It is superior in that
- the inventors of the present application have further studied the relationship between the drying and firing conditions of alumina hydrogel (boehmite) and the particle size of supported platinum.
- the drying temperature should be 200° C. or less
- the subsequent calcination temperature should be 250° C. or more and 400° C. or less
- the calcination time should be 1 hour or more and 12 hours or less. It has been found to be particularly favorable.
- the sulfur or sulfur compound to be dispersed and contained in the alumina carrier in advance has a sulfur element and is used during the preparation of the catalyst carrier or during the preparation of the catalyst carrier.
- sulfur or sulfur compounds include sulfur crystal powder, sulfuric acid, sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfates such as ammonium sulfate, and are soluble in water or organic solvents from the viewpoint of easily dispersing sulfur on the carrier. Certain sulfur compounds are preferred and such sulfur compounds may include sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate, and the like.
- the amount of sulfur contained in the carrier is preferably 0.15% by weight (wt%) or more and 5.0% by weight or less, more preferably 0.15% by weight or more and 3.0% by weight or less as elemental sulfur (S). preferable. If the sulfur content is less than 0.15% by weight, the effect of uniformly supporting the metal to the center of the catalyst is low. It is easy to cause a problem that the metal is not dispersedly supported in such local areas. From these, the most preferable sulfur content range for the effect of uniformly dispersing and supporting the metal is 0.15% by weight or more and 5.0% by weight or less.
- the inventors of the present application conducted further studies on the relationship between the sulfur concentration and the particle size of supported platinum. Regarding the range of the sulfur content, it has been found that it is particularly preferable to contain 0.5 to 1.2% by weight of sulfur or a sulfur compound as elemental sulfur (S) for stable loading.
- S elemental sulfur
- the method for preparing the sulfur-containing catalyst carrier containing the sulfur or sulfur compound is sufficient as long as the sulfur or sulfur compound can be contained in a state in which it is dispersed over the entire cross section of the carrier.
- a metal sulfate and/or sulfuric acid is used to prepare a metal hydroxide gel, which is a precursor of a metal oxide containing sulfur, is formed into a predetermined shape, and then dried and fired.
- Method C A metal hydroxide gel, which is a precursor of a metal oxide in the preparation of a catalyst support, is formed into a predetermined shape, then dried to obtain a dry metal hydroxide gel, and a sulfur compound is added to the dry metal oxide.
- a method in which a solution is impregnated and then calcined D: Forming a metal hydroxide gel, which is a precursor of a metal oxide when preparing a catalyst support, into a predetermined shape, and then drying to obtain a dry metal hydroxide. and a method in which the dry metal hydroxide is impregnated with a sulfur compound solution and then calcined.
- the dried metal hydroxide gel is calcined to obtain a calcined metal oxide, and the calcined metal oxide is impregnated with a sulfur compound solution such as an aqueous sulfuric acid solution or an aqueous ammonium sulfate solution.
- a sulfur compound solution such as an aqueous sulfuric acid solution or an aqueous ammonium sulfate solution.
- the inventors of the present application have made further studies on a method for preparing a sulfur-containing catalyst support. In addition, it was found that it is particularly preferable to disperse and support sulfur on the surface of the ⁇ -alumina carrier by the method E above.
- the calcination temperature is usually 100° C. or more and 1000° C. or less, preferably 350° C. or more and 800° C. or less, and the calcination time is 0.5 hours or more. 48 hours or less, preferably 1 hour or more and 24 hours or less. If the calcination temperature is lower than 350°C, the hydroxide may not be sufficiently converted to the oxide.
- the inventors of the present application further studied the drying and firing conditions when preparing a sulfur-containing ⁇ -alumina carrier.
- the drying temperature is 100° C. or more and 200° C. or less, and the drying time is 3 hours or more and 12 hours or less. ° C. or higher and 400 °C or lower, and the firing time is particularly preferably 1 hour or longer and 12 hours or shorter.
- the amount of platinum supported on the sulfur-containing catalyst carrier is 0.05% by weight or more and 5.0% by weight or less, preferably 0.1% by weight or more and 3.0% by weight or less as platinum element. be. If the amount of platinum supported is less than 0.05% by weight, there is a problem that the activity is low. On the contrary, if it is more than 5.0% by weight, the particle size of platinum increases, the selectivity decreases and sintering occurs. The problem arises that it is easy to degrade.
- the inventors of the present application have made further studies on a suitable amount of platinum to be supported.
- the supported amount of the platinum element is preferably 0.1% by weight or more and 1.5% by weight or less, and from the viewpoint of improving the life of the prepared platinum-supported alumina catalyst, 0.5% by weight or more and 1.5% by weight % or less is more preferable.
- the ⁇ -alumina carrier when platinum metal is supported on the ⁇ -alumina carrier, the ⁇ -alumina carrier may be impregnated with a platinum compound solution, dried, and then calcined at a predetermined temperature.
- platinum compounds include platinum chlorides, bromides, ammonium salts, carbonyl compounds, amine and ammine complexes, various complex compounds such as acetylacetonato complexes, and the like.
- platinum compounds include chloroplatinic acid, platinum acetylacetonato, ammonium platinate, bromoplatinic acid, platinum dichloride, platinum tetrachloride hydrate, carbonyl platinum dichloride dichloride, dinitrodiamine platinate, and the like. of platinum compounds.
- the inventors of the present application have further studied the platinum compound to be impregnated.
- chloroplatinic acid was added as an aqueous platinum reagent solution to the ⁇ -alumina support after calcination. It has been found particularly preferred to impregnate the platinum using an aqueous solution.
- the alumina carrier with the platinum compound attached is dried under the conditions of 50 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower for 0.5 hours or higher and 48 hours or lower, and then dried at 350 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. 0.5 hours or more and 48 hours or less, more preferably 350° C. or more and 450° C. or less, and 0.5 hours or more and 5 hours or less.
- the inventors of the present application have further studied the drying and firing conditions after impregnating the alumina support with platinum (for example, the platinum element content is in the range of 0.5% to 1.5% by weight).
- the drying temperature was 100 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower, and the drying time was 3 hours or more and 12 hours or less.
- the firing temperature was 250° C. or more and 450° C. or less, and the firing time was 1 hour or more and 8 hours or less.
- the alumina support with the platinum compound attached is heated to 350 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower and for 0.5 hours or higher and 48 hours or lower, preferably 350 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower, in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. And hydrogen reduction treatment is performed under reducing conditions for 3 hours or more and 24 hours or less. If the temperature during this hydrogen reduction is less than 350°C, platinum is not sufficiently reduced, and if it exceeds 600°C, platinum particles are sintered during reduction, resulting in a decrease in metal dispersion. .
- the inventors of the present application conducted further studies on suitable temperature conditions for hydrogen reduction after platinum impregnation and firing.
- the temperature of hydrogen reduction is 300 ° C. or higher and 450 ° C. or lower and that the temperature is lower than the temperature at which the platinum is impregnated and calcined. Found it.
- the amount of alkali added to the egg-shell type platinum-supported alumina catalyst and the uniform type platinum-supported alumina catalyst prepared by adding sulfur to the ⁇ -alumina support is 0.1% by weight or more and 5% by weight or less, preferably 0.1% by weight or more. 3% by weight or more and 3.0% by weight or less, more preferably 0.5% by weight or more and 1.5% by weight or less. If the supported amount of the alkali metal is less than 0.1% by weight, there is a problem that the catalyst life is short and the effect is low. A problem arises.
- the inventors of the present application have further studied the suitable amount of alkali to be added in order to support most of the platinum particles with a size in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ on the ⁇ -alumina carrier. It has been found that the size of platinum particles after preparation is not significantly affected if the content is 0.5% by weight or more and 1.5% by weight or less.
- Alkaline metal compounds used for supporting an alkaline metal on an eggshell type platinum supported alumina catalyst and a uniform type platinum supported alumina catalyst prepared by adding sulfur to a ⁇ -alumina support include alkaline metal chlorides, bromides, Examples include iodides, nitrates, sulfates, acetates, propionates, etc., preferably water-soluble and/or soluble in organic solvents such as acetone.
- Examples include sodium chloride, sodium bromide, Sodium iodide, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, potassium acetate, potassium propionate, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide , calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, calcium acetate, calcium propionate, and the like.
- an alkaline metal is supported on an eggshell-type platinum-supported alumina catalyst and a homogeneous platinum-supported alumina catalyst prepared by adding sulfur to a ⁇ -alumina support, after impregnating with a solution of an alkaline metal compound, Room temperature to 200°C and 0.5 hours to 48 hours, preferably 50°C to 150°C and 0.5 hours to 24 hours, more preferably 80°C to 120°C and 0.5 hours to 5 hours After drying under the following drying conditions, it is fired under the conditions of 350° C. to 600° C. and 0.5 hours to 48 hours, preferably 350° C. to 450° C. and 0.5 hours to 5 hours.
- the inventors of the present application have further studied the drying conditions after impregnation with a solution of a suitable alkali compound in order to support most of the platinum particles with a size in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ on the ⁇ -alumina carrier. As a result, it was found that the size of the supported platinum particles was not affected regardless of the drying time at room temperature or higher and 200°C or lower.
- An eggshell-type platinum-supported alumina catalyst and a homogeneous platinum-supported alumina catalyst prepared by adding sulfur to a ⁇ -alumina support are impregnated with an alkali metal, and the alkali metal-supported dried product obtained by drying is then calcined.
- the final hydrogen reduction is carried out directly without
- the reduction conditions for this hydrogen reduction are preferably 350° C. to 600° C. and 0.5 hours to 48 hours, preferably 350° C. to 550° C. and 3 hours to 24 hours in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. . If calcination is performed prior to the hydrogen reduction of the alkali metal-supported dried product, there arises a problem that the catalyst performance in terms of activity, selectivity and life is lowered. If the temperature during hydrogen reduction is less than 350°C, the platinum is not sufficiently reduced.
- the inventors of the present application further investigated the hydrogen reduction conditions after impregnating with a solution of a suitable alkaline compound and drying in order to support most of the platinum particles on the ⁇ -alumina carrier with a size in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ .
- the size of the supported platinum particles is not affected if the temperature and the reduction time of the hydrogen reduction, which is the final step of the platinum supporting process before the addition of the alkali metal, are equal to or less than the reduction time.
- the platinum particle size of the eggshell-type catalyst described in Patent Document 3 is the particle size estimated from the degree of dispersion estimated from the amount of CO adsorption measured by the CO pulse method and the shape of the platinum particles assumed to be cubic. , as shown in Table 2 (Experimental Example 1) and Table 3 (Experimental Example 2) of Patent Document 3, the particle size was estimated to be in the range of 5.5 ⁇ to 14 ⁇ .
- the particle size of the homogeneous platinum-supported alumina catalyst described in Patent Document 4 was estimated to be 6.5 to 11 ⁇ , as shown in Table 1 (Example 4) of Patent Document 4.
- the platinum particle size can be measured using the particle size measurement function on the screen of the electron microscope. However, substantially the same measurement results can be obtained by comparing the scale shown in the electron micrograph with the length of the portion showing the largest particle size. Table 1 shows the measurement results of the particle size. The average particle size of the 42 particles shown in Table 1 was 16.8 ⁇ (1.68 nm).
- 19 (about 45%) of the 42 platinum particles measured had a diameter of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ (0.8 to 1.5 nm). It can be seen that there is a range of sizes and 23 platinum particles are larger than 15 ⁇ (1.5 nm) and larger than 16 ⁇ (1.6 nm).
- the degree of dispersion estimated from the amount of CO adsorption measured by the CO pulse method and the shape of the platinum particles are calculated.
- the particle size estimated assuming a cubic particle size was estimated to be 5.5 to 14 ⁇ , but these particle sizes were also found to be considerably smaller values according to direct observation using an electron microscope. is considered to be
- a porous ⁇ -alumina carrier was produced based on the prior art described in Example 1 of JP-B-6-72005, as in the example of Patent Document 3.
- a suspension of aluminum hydroxide slurry (pH 10) was obtained by instantaneously adding an aqueous solution of sodium aluminate to dilute hot sulfuric acid with vigorous stirring.
- this as seed aluminum hydroxide the operation of alternately adding hot dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous sodium aluminate solution at regular intervals while continuing to stir was repeated to obtain a filtered and washed cake. This was extruded, dried, and then calcined at 500° C. for 3 hours.
- the ⁇ -alumina support thus prepared has physical properties such as a surface area of 240 m 2 /g, a pore volume of 0.713 cm 3 /g, an average pore diameter of 119 ⁇ , and a 90% occupancy of pore diameters of 90 to 300 ⁇ . have.
- a surface area of 240 m 2 /g a pore volume of 0.713 cm 3 /g, an average pore diameter of 119 ⁇ , and a 90% occupancy of pore diameters of 90 to 300 ⁇ . have.
- 79 g of a 0.4 wt % chloroplatinic acid aqueous solution adjusted to a pH value of 2.0 was added, allowed to stand for 3 hours for impregnation, and then water was decanted. was removed and then dried at 120° C. for 3 hours and then calcined in a muffle furnace under air flow at 400° C. for 3 hours.
- 3900 cc of an aluminum nitrate aqueous solution with a concentration of 2.67 mol/L was prepared, and 3900 cc of a 14% ammonia aqueous solution was prepared.
- the obtained slurry aqueous solution of aluminum hydroxide was filtered to collect a cake, and then the cake was redispersed in 20 L of pure water and filtered again. The washing operation was performed three times to obtain a washed gel.
- the washed cake After adjusting the water content by air-drying the washed cake, it is molded into a rod shape with a diameter of 1.6 mm using an extruder, dried (120°C, 3 hours), pulverized to a length of about 1 cm, and baked in a muffle furnace ( 500° C. for 3 hours) to obtain an alumina carrier A containing no sulfur.
- the obtained alumina carrier A had a BET surface area of 275 m 2 /g and a pore volume of 0.65 cm 3 /g as determined by mercury porosimetry. Further, the obtained alumina carrier A had an average pore diameter of 8.9 nm, and had a sharp pore distribution in which most of the pores were concentrated near the average pore diameter. The volume occupied by the pores was 80% or more of the total pore volume.
- Alumina carrier A was impregnated with an ammonium sulfate aqueous solution having a concentration of 0.38 mol/L so that the sulfur content after firing was 0.5% by weight, and the solvent was removed with an evaporator. Thereafter, alumina carrier A was dried (120° C., 3 hours) and calcined (500° C., 3 hours) to obtain an alumina carrier containing 0.5% by weight of sulfur.
- MCH methylcyclohexane
- HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
- a gas-liquid separator is provided at the outlet of the reaction tube to separate a liquid product such as toluene produced by this dehydrogenation reaction from a gas such as hydrogen gas. analyzed in
- the MCH conversion rate (%), toluene selectivity (%), toluene yield (%), and produced methane concentration (ppm) were obtained 2 hours and 300 hours after the start of the reaction.
- Table 2 shows the results.
- Example 1 Method for preparing egg-shell type catalyst according to the present invention and measurement result of particle size
- 3900 cc of an aluminum nitrate aqueous solution with a concentration of 2.67 mol/L was prepared, and 3900 cc of a 14% ammonia aqueous solution was prepared.
- the obtained slurry aqueous solution of aluminum hydroxide was filtered to collect a cake, and then the cake was redispersed in 20 L of pure water and filtered again. The washing operation was performed three times to obtain a washed gel.
- the washed cake After adjusting the water content by air-drying the washed cake, it is formed into a rod shape with a diameter of 1.6 mm by an extruder, dried (120°C, 3 hours), pulverized into pieces of about 1 cm in length, and baked in a muffle furnace (350°C). °C for 3 hours) to obtain an alumina carrier A containing no sulfur.
- the obtained alumina carrier A had a BET surface area of 290 m 2 /g and a pore volume of 0.61 cm 3 /g as determined by mercury porosimetry.
- the obtained alumina carrier A had an average pore diameter of 9.5 nm (95 ⁇ ), and had a sharp pore distribution in which most of the pores were concentrated near the average pore diameter.
- the volume occupied by pores having a pore diameter of 70 to 110 ⁇ ) was 80% or more of the total pore volume.
- the smallest platinum particles are 8 ⁇ (0.8 nm) and the largest platinum particles are 21 ⁇ (2.1 nm).
- 40 of the 45 platinum particles measured (about 89%) have a size in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ (0.8 to 1.5 nm), and only 5 platinum particles are It can be seen that the size is greater than 15 ⁇ (1.5 nm) and greater than 16 ⁇ (1.6 nm).
- 3900 cc of an aluminum nitrate aqueous solution with a concentration of 2.67 mol/L was prepared, and 3900 cc of a 14% ammonia aqueous solution was prepared.
- the obtained slurry aqueous solution of aluminum hydroxide was filtered to collect a cake, and then the cake was redispersed in 20 L of pure water and filtered again. The washing operation was performed three times to obtain a washed gel.
- alumina carrier A containing no sulfur.
- the obtained alumina carrier A had a BET surface area of 290 m 2 /g and a pore volume of 0.61 cm 3 /g as determined by mercury porosimetry.
- the obtained alumina carrier A had an average pore diameter of 9.5 nm (95 ⁇ ), and had a sharp pore distribution in which most of the pores were concentrated near the average pore diameter.
- the volume occupied by pores having a pore diameter of 70 to 110 ⁇ ) was 80% or more of the total pore volume.
- the ⁇ -alumina carrier thus prepared was impregnated with an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate having a concentration of 0.38 mol/L so that the sulfur content after calcination was 0.5% by weight. °C, 3 hours) and calcination (350°C, 3 hours) to obtain an alumina carrier containing sulfur.
- the smallest platinum particles are 8 ⁇ (0.8 nm) and the largest platinum particles are 22 ⁇ (2.2 nm).
- 41 of the 47 platinum particles measured had a size in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ (0.8 to 1.5 nm), and only 6 platinum particles had a size of 15 ⁇ . (1.5 nm) and larger than 16 ⁇ (1.6 nm).
- An egg-shell type platinum-supported ⁇ -alumina catalyst (Catalyst No. 3) prepared under the preparation conditions of the present invention shown in Example 1, and a homogeneous platinum-supported ⁇ -alumina catalyst prepared under the preparation conditions of the present invention shown in Example 2. (Catalyst No. 4) was subjected to a dehydrogenation reaction test of methylcyclohexane under the same method and reaction conditions as those shown in Comparative Example 4. Table 5 shows the results of the dehydrogenation reaction test, the average particle size of the platinum particles measured based on direct observation of the electron microscope image, and the platinum particles having a size in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ among the measured platinum particles shows the result of calculating the ratio of the number of
- the catalysts of the present invention in which the catalyst life was improved by the preparation methods shown in Examples 1 and 2, it was measured by direct observation of the observed image with an electron microscope.
- the platinum particle size 80% or more of all measured platinum particles have a particle size in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ .
- the catalyst according to the present invention has a significantly higher proportion of the number of platinum particles with particle diameters in the range of 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ . It can be seen that the proportion of platinum particles with a large size of 16 ⁇ or more is significantly reduced.
- catalysts (catalyst No. 3 and catalyst No. 4) prepared by the preparation methods shown in Examples 1 and 2 according to the present invention were remarkably improved in catalyst life is that the ⁇ -alumina support is This is thought to be due to the optimization of the firing conditions during preparation, the firing conditions after impregnation with platinum (and sulfur if necessary), the drying conditions, and the final hydrogen reduction conditions.
- the catalyst according to the present invention cannot be completed with the electron microscope technology that could be used for conventional catalysts (that is, at the time of patent application for dehydrogenation catalysts described in Patent Documents 3 and 4). With the subsequent evolution of electron microscope technology, the catalyst preparation conditions and the size of the platinum particles in the prepared catalyst have progressed to the point where they can be accurately measured by direct observation.
- the hydrogen station that uses the OCH method of the present invention is highly safe and can be suitably used as a hydrogen station for filling hydrogen into mobile vehicles equipped with fuel cells, such as FCVs, fuel cell forklifts, and fuel cell ships.
- the OCH method is a highly safe method of storing and transporting hydrogen using MCH, which is liquid at normal temperature and pressure.
- MCH which is inexpensive in terms of scale, can be used for hydrogen stations.
- Hydrogen carriers can be delivered to regions including rural areas and remote islands using the existing transportation infrastructure for gasoline and kerosene, such as railways, trucks, and ships. It is suitable for the nationwide deployment of hydrogen stations, and the hydrogen generation method can be applied to future national stockpiles. is a very high invention.
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Abstract
Description
図1に示すように、従来のオンサイト型の水素ステーション101は、水素製造に必要な水素製造装置103を備える。水素製造装置103としては、水電解装置や、改質型の水素製造装置が用いられる。改質型の水素製造装置では、都市ガスなどの化石燃料をスチームリフォーミングした後にシフト反応により水素と二酸化炭素に転換する。水電解装置は、水の電解に電力を用いるためにコスト的な課題があり、また、改質型の水素製造装置は、二酸化炭素を発生することから、それらは、実際に商用ステーションとして稼働している水素ステーションとしては主流ではない。現在、商用ステーションとして、圧縮水素法や液体水素法によるオフサイト型の水素ステーションが、各50か所程度の数で稼働している状況である。
次に、図2及び図3を参照し、本発明の第1実施形態に係る水素ステーション1及びその水素生成方法について説明する。
次に、図4を参照し、本発明の第2実施形態に係る水素ステーション1及びその水素生成方法について説明する。図4では、上述の第1実施形態と同様の構成要素について、同一の符号が付されている。また、第2実施形態に係る水素ステーション1に関し、以下で特に言及しない事項については第1実施形態の場合と同様とする。第2実施形態に係る水素ステーション1及びその水素生成方法は、特に、反応生成ガスに含まれるTOLの回収率を向上させるのに好適である。
次に、上述の本発明の第1および第2実施形態に係る水素ステーション1及び水素生成方法において利用可能な新規な脱水素触媒(白金担持アルミナ触媒)について説明する。上述のように、この脱水素触媒は、燃焼触媒として用いることも可能である。
V=(Vt/W)×{273/(273+t)} (ml/g・cat) ... (1)
ここで、試料の金属含有率をC(%)、担持金属の原子量をMとすると、試料1g当たりの担持金属のモル数Rは、式(2)から求められる。
R=(C/100)×(1/M) (mol/g・cat) ... (2)
試料1g当たりの吸着ガス量のモル数Kは、式(3)から求められる。
K=V/(22.4×10-3×106) (mol/g・cat) ...(3)
これらより、分散度B(担持金属中の有効担持金属の割合)は、式(4)から求められる。
B=(K/R)×100 (%) ... (4)
担持金属触媒の格子定数をa(Å)とした時、格子定数面積a2に対して吸着ガス分子1個が吸着するとすれば、金属の比表面積Sは、式(5)から求められる。
S=試料1gに吸着したガス分子数×a2
=K×6.02×1023×(a×10-10)2 ... (5)
粒子1個の有効面積S=5D2 (m2) ... (6)
粒子1個の体積v=D3 (m3) ... (7)
試料1g当たりの担持金属の粒子数をnとすると
担持金属の比表面積S=ns=n5D2 (m2) ... (8)
担持金属の体積Vc=nv=Nd3 (m3) ... (9)
式(6)~式(9)より、一辺の長さD(m)は、式(10)のように表される。
S/Vc=5/D ∴D=5Vc/S (m) ... (10)
ここで、担持金属の含有率C(%)、比重をd(g/cm3)とすると、試料1g当たりの担持金属の体積Vcは、式(11)のように表される。
Vc=試料1g当たりの担持金属重量(g/g)/担持金属の比重(g/cm3)
=C/100/d (g/cm3) ... (11)
よって、粒子径は、式(12)から計算される。
粒子径=5Vc/S
={5(C/100/d)×10-6}/S (m)
={5(C/100/d)×10-6×1010}/S (Å) ... (12)
3 :脱水素ユニット
4 :MCHタンク
6 :トルエンタンク
9 :圧縮機
11 :蓄圧器
15 :ディスペンサー
17 :プレクーラー
23 :脱水素反応器
25 :熱交換器
26 :熱供給装置
27 :貯槽
28 :触媒燃焼コイル
28A:燃料入口部
31 :気液分離器
33 :PSA装置
37 :パージガスポンプ
39 :パージガスタンク
41 :エア供給用ポンプ
43 :接続部
45 :排気調節バルブ
L1 :原料供給ライン
L3 :トルエン排出ライン
L5-L7:水素輸送ライン
L11:充填ホース
L13:第1冷媒循環ライン
L21:反応生成ガスライン
L23:熱媒体循環ライン
L25:粗水素輸送ライン
L31:排出パージガス用ライン
L33:パージガス供給用ライン
L37:空気供給ライン
L37A:分割空気供給ライン
L38:タンクガス排出ライン
L38A:分岐ライン
L39:排気ライン
L41:第2冷媒循環ライン
Claims (14)
- 水素ステーションであって、
脱水素触媒の存在下における水素化芳香族類の脱水素反応により水素を生成する脱水素反応器と、
燃料を用いて加熱した熱媒体を介して前記脱水素反応器に熱供給する熱供給装置と、
前記脱水素反応器によって生成された水素を含む反応生成ガスを、圧力スイング法に基づき吸着剤を利用して精製するPSA装置と、を備え、
前記PSA装置には、前記吸着剤の再生に使用される水素を含むパージガスが供給され、
前記熱供給装置は、前記熱媒体を収容する貯槽と、前記貯槽内に配置され、燃焼触媒の存在下で前記燃料の触媒燃焼を行う触媒燃焼管と、有し、
前記触媒燃焼管には、前記PSA装置から排出された前記パージガスが前記燃料として空気と共に供給される、水素ステーション。 - 前記脱水素触媒は、白金担持アルミナ触媒を含み、
前記白金担持アルミナ触媒は、
アルミナ担体と、
前記アルミナ担体に担持された白金と、を有し、
前記アルミナ担体は、表面積が200m2/g以上、細孔容積が0.50m2/g以上、平均細孔径が60Å~150Åの範囲、かつ全細孔容積に対して平均細孔径±30Åの細孔が占める割合が60%以上のγ―アルミナ担体を含み、
前記γ―アルミナ担体には、前記白金の粒子が白金元素(Pt)として0.1重量%~1.5重量%の範囲で担持されており、
透過型電子顕微鏡を用いた直接観察により、前記白金の粒子の70%以上が8Å~15Åの大きさを有する、請求項1に記載の水素ステーション。 - 前記燃焼触媒は、前記脱水素触媒と同一の構成を有する触媒を含む、請求項1または請求項2に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記燃焼触媒は、前記触媒燃焼管において前記燃料が導入される燃料入口部に充填され、かつ前記脱水素触媒と同一の構成を有する第1の触媒と、前記第1の触媒とは異なる構成を有し、前記触媒燃焼管における前記燃料入口部の下流側に充填される第2の触媒とを含む、請求項3に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記熱媒体がホットオイルである、請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記触媒燃焼管には、前記空気が複数の異なる部位に分割して供給される、請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記PSA装置によって精製された前記水素を、燃料電池を搭載した移動体に供給するディスペンサーと、
前記ディスペンサーから供給される前記水素を冷媒によって冷却するプレクーラーと、
前記反応生成ガスを気液分離する気液分離器と、を更に備え、
前記気液分離器では、前記プレクーラーから供給された前記冷媒によって前記反応生成ガスが冷却される、請求項1から請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の水素ステーション。 - 前記脱水素反応では、前記水素化芳香族類としてのシクロヘキサンの脱水素により水素およびトルエンが生成され、
前記シクロヘキサンを収容する第1タンクと、
前記トルエンを収容する第2タンクと、を更に備え、
前記第1タンクおよび前記第2タンクは、それぞれ地下に配置される、請求項1から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の水素ステーション。 - 前記第1タンク内の気相のガスおよび前記第2タンク内の気相のガスの少なくとも一方が、前記PSA装置から排出された前記パージガスと共に、前記燃料として前記触媒燃焼管に供給される、請求項8に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記第1タンク内の気相のガスおよび前記第2タンク内の気相のガスの少なくとも一方が、前記触媒燃焼管において前記燃料が導入される燃料入口部に空気と共に導入される、請求項9に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記触媒燃焼管は、前記燃焼触媒が充填されたコイルである、請求項1から請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記水素化芳香族類が、単環芳香族類の水素化物、2環芳香族類の水素化物、及び3環以上の芳香環を有する化合物の水素化物からなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の混合物である、請求項1から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の水素ステーション。
- 前記水素化芳香族類が、メチルシクロヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、トリメチルシクロヘキサン、デカリン、及びジベンゾトリオールからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の混合物である、請求項1から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の水素ステーション。
- 水素ステーションにおける水素生成方法であって、
脱水素触媒の存在下における水素化芳香族類の脱水素反応により水素を生成し、
燃料を用いて加熱した熱媒体を介して前記脱水素反応に熱供給し、
前記脱水素反応によって生成された水素を含む反応生成ガスを、圧力スイング法に基づき吸着剤を利用して精製し、
前記吸着剤の再生には、水素を含むパージガスが使用され、
前記熱媒体の加熱では、前記吸着剤の再生に使用された前記パージガスが前記燃料として空気と共に供給される、水素ステーションにおける水素生成方法。
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