WO2022217986A1 - 桥式热整流器 - Google Patents

桥式热整流器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022217986A1
WO2022217986A1 PCT/CN2022/070960 CN2022070960W WO2022217986A1 WO 2022217986 A1 WO2022217986 A1 WO 2022217986A1 CN 2022070960 W CN2022070960 W CN 2022070960W WO 2022217986 A1 WO2022217986 A1 WO 2022217986A1
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thermal
heat
diode
heat capacity
energy absorption
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PCT/CN2022/070960
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English (en)
French (fr)
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赵晓冬
陈震
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东南大学
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Publication of WO2022217986A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022217986A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
    • H02N11/002—Generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G6/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the technical field of engineering thermophysics, and in particular, to a bridge-type thermal rectifier.
  • AC heat sources time-varying heat sources
  • Photovoltaic panel power generation technology which converts solar energy into electrical energy during the day and stores it in a battery for output.
  • Solar water heater which absorbs solar heat during the day and stores it as thermal energy
  • Thermoelectric effect including pyroelectric effect and thermoelectric effect, directly converts temperature difference into electrical energy.
  • the present disclosure provides a bridge-type thermal rectifier, the technical purpose of which is to solve the problem of obtaining a constant power output from a heat source that changes with time, and can solve the problem of using solar energy to have a stable electric power uninterrupted output even at night or rainy days without the sun , or convert the time-varying waste heat generated during the operation of internal combustion engines, compressors, etc. into a constant electrical power output.
  • the invention selects the outer space with a temperature close to absolute zero as the cold end when developing solar energy, which increases the temperature difference between the two ends of the heat engine, thereby improving the working efficiency of the heat engine.
  • a bridge thermal rectifier comprising a thermal diode bridge, a first thermal energy absorption/release plate, a second thermal energy absorption/release plate, a first heat capacity, a second heat capacity and a heat engine, the heat diode bridge including a first heat diode , a second thermal diode, a third thermal diode, and a fourth thermal diode, the first thermal diode, the second thermal diode, the third thermal diode, and the fourth thermal diode all including forward biased terminals and the reverse bias terminal, the direction from the reverse bias terminal to the forward bias terminal is forward bias, and the direction from the forward bias terminal to the reverse bias terminal is reverse bias ;
  • the forward bias terminal of the first thermal diode is connected to the first thermal capacitor, the reverse bias terminal is connected to the first thermal energy absorption/release plate; the forward bias terminal of the second thermal diode is connected to the first heat energy absorption/release plate, and the reverse bias end is connected to the second heat capacity;
  • the forward bias terminal of the third thermal diode is connected to the first thermal capacitor, and the reverse bias terminal is connected to the second thermal energy absorption/release plate; the forward bias terminal of the fourth thermal diode connected with the second heat energy absorbing/releasing plate, and the reverse bias terminal is connected with the second heat capacity;
  • One end of the heat engine is connected to the first heat capacity, and the other end is connected to the second heat capacity;
  • the ratio of the forward biased thermal resistance to the reverse biased thermal resistance is less than 0.01.
  • the first thermal energy absorbing/releasing plate includes a selective radiation plate.
  • the selective radiation plate absorbs all photons with wavelengths less than 2.5 microns and does not absorb photons with wavelengths greater than 2.5 microns.
  • the forward bias rate is less than 0.01
  • the reverse bias rate is 1
  • the forward bias rate is equal to the ratio of the forward bias thermal resistance to the thermal resistance of the thermal engine
  • the reverse bias rate The ratio is equal to the ratio of the reverse bias thermal resistance to the thermal engine thermal resistance, and the reverse bias thermal resistance is not less than the thermal engine thermal resistance.
  • the heat capacities of the first heat capacity and the second heat capacity are both greater than 5 after dimensionless processing.
  • the beneficial effect of the present disclosure is that, under the same external temperature change environment, the energy conversion efficiency after using the thermal diode bridge is greatly improved. Other beneficial effects will be described in detail in conjunction with the specific embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 1 is a first schematic diagram of the thermal bridge rectifier according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a second schematic diagram of the thermal bridge rectifier according to the present invention.
  • Embodiment 1 of the thermal bridge rectifier according to the present invention is a schematic diagram of Embodiment 1 of the thermal bridge rectifier according to the present invention.
  • Embodiment 2 is a schematic diagram of Embodiment 2 of the thermal bridge rectifier according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the comparison of the output power of the bridge thermal rectifier according to the present invention and an ordinary water heater;
  • the working mechanism of the thermal diode involved in the present invention is: when the direction of the external temperature difference is consistent with the bias direction of the thermal diode, the thermal resistance of the thermal diode is extremely small, which is defined as R Fwd. , the heat flow can quickly pass through the thermal diode from The hot end transfers to the cold end.
  • the thermal resistance of the thermal diode becomes larger, which is defined as R Rev. , the heat flow cannot be effectively transferred from the hot end to the cold end, and a unidirectional conduction is realized. hot function.
  • the heat capacity involved in the present invention is defined as C, and its working mechanism is to select a material with good thermal conductivity, usually metal, which can quickly heat and cool down, and at the same time, protect the heat capacity from the outside, so as to maintain a relative stable temperature.
  • the first heat capacity 21 is maintained at a high temperature TH
  • the second heat capacity 22 is maintained at a low temperature TC.
  • the heat engine (can be of any type) involved in the present invention has a working mechanism as follows: one end is connected to a heat source and one end is connected to a cold source, and the temperature difference between the two ends is used to do work, which can directly output mechanical energy and also output electrical energy.
  • the operating thermal resistance of a heat engine is defined as R Engine .
  • FIG. 1 is a first schematic diagram of the bridge thermal rectifier according to the present invention.
  • the thermal rectifier includes a thermal diode bridge, a first thermal energy absorption/release plate 11 , a first thermal capacitor 31 and a second thermal capacitor 32 and thermal engine 4,
  • the thermal diode bridge includes a first thermal diode 21 and a second thermal diode 22, and both the first thermal diode 21 and the second thermal diode 22 include a forward bias terminal and a reverse bias terminal , the direction from the reverse bias end to the forward bias end is forward bias, and the direction from the forward bias end to the reverse bias end is reverse bias.
  • the forward bias terminal of the first thermal diode 21 is connected to the first thermal capacitor 31 , and the reverse bias terminal is connected to the first thermal energy absorption/release plate 11 ; the positive terminal of the second thermal diode 22
  • the biased end is connected to the first heat energy absorption/release plate 11 , and the reverse biased end is connected to the second heat capacity 32 .
  • One end of the heat engine 4 is connected to the first heat capacity 31 , and the other end is connected to the second heat capacity 32 .
  • FIG. 2 is a second schematic diagram of the thermal bridge rectifier according to the present invention.
  • the thermal diode bridge further includes a third thermal diode 23 and a fourth thermal diode 24, both of which include the reverse biased terminal and the forward biased terminal.
  • the forward bias terminal of the third thermal diode 23 is connected to the first thermal capacitor 31 , and the reverse bias terminal is connected to the second thermal energy absorption/release plate 12 ; the positive terminal of the fourth thermal diode 24
  • the biased end is connected to the second heat energy absorption/release plate 12 , and the reverse biased end is connected to the second heat capacity 32 .
  • One end of the heat engine 4 is connected to the first heat capacity 31 , and the other end is connected to the second heat capacity 32 .
  • the first thermal diode 21 is forward biased towards the first thermal capacitor 31 to ensure that heat can only be transferred from the first thermal energy absorption/release plate 11 to the first thermal capacitor 31, and the second thermal diode 22 is reverse biased towards the first thermal energy
  • the absorption/release plate 11 ensures that heat can only be transferred from the second heat capacity 32 to the first heat energy absorption/release plate 11 .
  • the second thermal energy absorbing/discharging plate 12 is connected to the third thermal diode 23 and the fourth thermal diode 24
  • the third thermal diode 23 is connected to the first thermal capacitor 31 and the second thermal energy absorbing/discharging plate 12
  • the fourth thermal diode 24 The second heat capacity 22 and the second heat energy absorbing/releasing plate 12 are connected.
  • the third thermal diode 23 is forward biased towards the heat capacity 31 to ensure that heat can only be transferred from the second heat energy absorbing/discharging plate 12 to the first heat capacity 31, and the fourth thermal diode 24 is reverse biased towards the second heat energy absorbing/discharging plate 12
  • the release plate 12 ensures that heat can only be transferred from the second heat capacity 32 to the second heat energy absorption/release plate 12 .
  • the first heat capacity 31 and the second heat capacity 32 are connected by a heat engine 4 , and the output of the heat engine 4 is driven by the temperature difference between the first heat capacity 31 and the second heat capacity 32 .
  • Fig. 1 can be regarded as a half-bridge structure.
  • the thermal capacity of the bridge thermal rectifier is large enough, and the forward (reverse) bias thermal resistance is smaller (larger) than the thermal resistance of the heat engine, the temperature TH of the first thermal capacitor 31 will always be kept at a higher temperature than the second thermal energy absorption
  • the temperature of the highest temperature/release plate 12, and the temperature TC of the second heat capacity 32 will always be kept at a lower temperature than the lowest temperature of the second heat energy absorption/release plate 12, and the second heat energy absorption/release plate 12 will no longer participate in The heat exchange of the whole system, that is, the second heat energy absorption/release plate 12 can be regarded as non-existent.
  • the bridge thermal rectifier can be simplified into a half-bridge structure (the corresponding bridge thermal rectifier shown in FIG. 2 is designed as full bridge structure), as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 3.
  • the two thermal energy absorption/release plates of the bridge thermal rectifier are used as the input/output interface of the whole system, wherein the first thermal energy absorption/release plate 11 is the main energy exchange window. After being heated by the outside, its temperature is higher than the first heat capacity 31 to which it is connected. Since the first thermal diode 21 is forward biased, the heat is heated from the first thermal energy absorption/release plate 11 through the first thermal diode 21 to heat the first thermal energy.
  • the forward biased first thermal diode 21 prevents heat from flowing back, and the first thermal capacitor 31 The heat cannot be lost to the first heat energy absorbing/releasing plate 11 through the first thermal diode 21 , so as to ensure that the first heat capacity 31 can maintain a high temperature.
  • the second thermal diode 22 is reverse biased to ensure that the heat of the first heat energy absorbing/releasing plate 11 cannot escape from the second thermal diode 22 and when the temperature of the first thermal energy absorbing/releasing plate 11 is lower than that of the second heat capacity 32, the reverse biased second thermal diode 22 transfers the heat of the second heat capacity 32 through the second heat capacity 32. The diode 22 is released, thereby ensuring that the second heat capacity 32 can maintain a low temperature.
  • the second heat energy absorbing/releasing plate 12 is an auxiliary energy exchange window of the whole system, and the heat source it contacts is usually different from the heat source that the first heat energy absorbing/releasing plate 11 contacts with time, and its high and low temperature amplitudes are generally smaller than the first heat energy The high and low temperature amplitudes of the heat source that the absorption/release plate 11 contacts.
  • the second heat energy absorbing/releasing plate 12 not only undertakes the function of assisting the heat dissipation of the second heat capacity 32 , but also a supplement to the heating of the first heat capacity 31 .
  • the connected third thermal diode 23 is forward biased towards the first thermal capacitance 31 and the fourth thermal diode 24 is reverse biased towards the second thermal capacitance 32 .
  • the second heat energy absorption/release plate will have the same function as the first heat energy absorption/release plate, at this time The power output of the entire system does not change much, but the rectification effect will become better, and its fluctuation error will be reduced to 1/4 of the half-bridge mode.
  • the first thermal energy absorption/release plate can be designed as a selective radiation plate (shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 ), And the second thermal energy absorption/release plate 12 is selected as the earth.
  • the selective radiation plate needs to be designed with surface photonics, that is, try to fully absorb photons with wavelengths less than 2.5 microns, and try not to absorb photons with wavelengths greater than 2.5 microns.
  • the first heat energy absorption/release plate 11 uses a selective radiation plate, and the second heat energy absorption/release plate
  • the release plate 12 is usually another temperature source, the earth, which is different from the solar cycle change, and its temperature is a relatively stable temperature T ⁇ , which is also called a heat sink, as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the selective radiation plate (the first heat energy absorption/release plate 11) heats the first heat capacity 31 through the first heat diode 21 to a relatively high temperature TH, which is usually higher than the heat sink temperature T ⁇ , so the first heat capacity
  • TH relatively high temperature
  • T ⁇ heat sink temperature
  • the selective radiation plate is prevented from heating the second thermal capacitor 32, so the temperature of the second thermal capacitor 32 is lower
  • TC which ensures that the heat flow of the first heat capacity 31 can flow to the second heat capacity 32 through the heat engine to drive the heat engine;
  • the waste heat obtained by the heat engine transfer can be dissipated into the heat sink by the fourth thermal diode 14 .
  • the selective radiant panel cannot obtain solar energy. Instead, the temperature is very low due to heat dissipation to deep space, which is usually lower than the heat sink. Therefore, the heating process of the first heat capacity 31 is stopped. With the output of the heat engine, the first heat capacity The temperature of 31 continues to decrease. When the temperature of the first heat capacity 31 is lower than that of the heat sink, the heat sink can supplement heat for the first heat capacity 31, and the waste heat obtained by the second heat capacity 32 will pass through the second heat diode. 22 is scattered from the selective radiant panel into deep space, thus ensuring that the heat engine can work 24 hours a day and night.
  • the thermal diode bridge can be simplified into a half-bridge mode, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the first heat energy absorption/release plate selective radiation plates are usually used in solar energy development
  • the first thermal diode 21 heats the first thermal capacitor 31.
  • the second thermal capacitor 32 cannot be heated by the first thermal energy absorbing/releasing plate, so the first thermal capacitor 31 will maintain at a higher temperature, while the second heat capacity 32 remains at a low temperature.
  • the heat engine 4 relies on the temperature difference between the first heat capacity 31 and the second heat capacity 32 to do work. As the solar energy weakens, the temperature of the first heat energy absorbing/releasing plate gradually decreases below the temperature of the first heat capacity 31. At this time, the first thermal diode 21 is turned off, and the heat flow cannot be lost from the first heat capacity 31 to the first heat energy absorbing/discharging plate. The plate is released, so the first heat capacity 31 continues to maintain a high temperature.
  • the waste heat obtained by the second heat capacity 2 from the operation of the heat engine 4 will flow through the first heat energy absorber from the second heat diode 22 /Release the plate to the outside world.
  • the first heat capacity 31 and the second heat capacity 32 will each maintain a relatively stable temperature, and the temperature difference in each cycle will no longer fluctuate greatly, so that the heat engine can continue to rely on the heat engine for stable output. .
  • the forward-reverse bias ratio of the thermal diode in order to maximize the efficiency of the bridge thermal rectifier, the larger the forward-reverse bias ratio of the thermal diode, the better. But considering the performance of the actual thermal diode, the forward-reverse bias ratio less than 0.01 can reach 70% of the ideal case. It should be pointed out that the key to improving the power output of the bridge thermal rectifier is to minimize the forward bias thermal resistance. There is no strict requirement for the reverse bias thermal resistance, as long as it is greater than the thermal resistance of the thermal engine. For example, to reach 70% of the maximum output power, require but That's it. (Here the forward bias rate is defined as The reverse bias rate is defined as The forward-reverse bias ratio is defined as R Fwd. /R Rev. . )
  • the dimensionlessization of the heat capacity (defined as ) after the dimensionless heat capacity 90% of the ideal case (here C is the heat capacity, and ⁇ is the period of the heat source that varies with time, for example, the period of solar energy is 24 hours).
  • the unit of heat capacity Joule/Kelvin (J/K) has an absolute size. After dimensionless, the heat capacity is compared with the period of the entire system and the properties of the heat capacity material, and is no longer related to the specific material.
  • the output fluctuation of the thermal diode half-bridge or the thermal diode full-bridge can be kept within 10%, realizing a stable "DC" output.
  • the temperature of the simulated selective heat radiant panel changes periodically during the day and night as a sine wave, and the dimensionless heat capacity is selected as
  • the thermal diode has a forward bias ratio of 0.01 and a reverse bias ratio of 1, resulting in a final output power fluctuation of only 8%.
  • the output power of the thermal diode bridge has reached more than 3 times that of the water heater mode (the theoretical limit is 4 times), and it has reached more than 6 times that of the thermoelectric device (the theoretical limit is 8 times).

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种桥式桥式热整流器，涉及工程热物理技术领域，解决了无法从随时间变化的热源获取恒定功率输出的技术问题，其技术方案要点是加热第一热能吸收/释放板使其获得高温，通过正向偏置指向第一热容的第一热二极管加热第一热容，由于第二热二极管反向偏置，第二热容无法被第一热能吸收/释放板加热，因此第一热容将维持在较高的温度，而第二热容保持在低温状态。随着热源减弱，当第一热能吸收/释放板温度继续下降，降至第二热容温度以下，第二热容从热机工作中所获得的废热将可以从第二热二极管流经第一热能吸收/释放板散到外界。经过若干循环后，第一热容和第二热容将各自维持在一个相对稳定的温度，从而持续不断的依靠热机进行稳定输出。

Description

桥式热整流器 技术领域
本公开涉及工程热物理技术领域，尤其涉及一种桥式热整流器。
背景技术
现有的对随时间变化热源(以下称“交流”热源)的转换利用，主要由以下几种形式：(1)光伏板发电技术，在白天将太阳能转化为电能并以蓄电池的方式存储后输出；(2)太阳能热水器，在白天吸收太阳热量，存储为热能；(3)热电效应，包括热释电(pyroelectric effect)和热电(thermoelectric effect)，将温差直接转化为电能。
上述三种形式的不足在于，光伏发电和热水器无法解决外部温度周期性变化的问题，例如在夜晚和阴雨天无法工作，热电效应无法将“交流”热能转化为恒定的“直流”功率输出。
发明内容
本公开提供了一种桥式热整流器，其技术目的是解决从随时间变化的热源获取恒定功率输出的问题，可以解决在利用太阳能时即使没有太阳的夜晚或雨天也有稳定的电功率不间断的输出，或者将内燃机、压缩机等工作时产生的随时间变化的废热转化为恒定的电功率输出。另外，本发明在针对太阳能开发的时候选用温度接近绝对零度的外太空作为冷端，提高了热机两端的温度差，进而提高了热机的工作效率。
本公开的上述技术目的是通过以下技术方案得以实现的：
一种桥式热整流器，包括热二极管桥、第一热能吸收/释放板、第二热能吸收/释放板、第一热容、第二热容和热机，所述热二极管桥包括第一热二极管、第二热二极管、第三热二极管和第四热二极管，所述第一热二极管、所述第二热二极管、所述第三热二极管和所述第四热二极管都包括正向偏置端和反向偏置端，所述反向偏置端到所述正向偏置端的方向为正向偏置，所述正向偏置端到所述反向偏置端的方向为反向偏置；
所述第一热二极管的正向偏置端与所述第一热容连接、反向偏置端与所述第一热能吸收/释放板连接；所述第二热二极管的正向偏置端与所述第一热能吸收/释放板连接连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热容连接；
所述第三热二极管的正向偏置端与所述第一热容连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热能吸收/释放板连接；所述第四热二极管的正向偏置端与所述第二热能吸收/释放板连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热容连接；
所述热机的一端与所述第一热容连接，另一端与所述第二热容连接；
其中，所述正向偏置的热阻与反向偏置的热阻的比值小于0.01。
进一步地，所述第一热能吸收/释放板包括选择性辐射板，在开发太阳能中，所述选择性辐射板对波长小于2.5微米的光子全部吸收、对波长大于2.5微米的光子都不吸收。
进一步地，所述正向偏置率小于0.01，所述反向偏置率为1，所述正向偏置率等于 正向偏置热阻与热机热阻的比值，所述反向偏置率等于反向偏置热阻与热机热阻的比值，所述反向偏置热阻不小于所述热机热阻。
进一步地，所述第一热容和所述第二热容的热容进行无量纲化处理后都大于5。
本公开的有益效果在于：在同样的外界温度变化环境下，使用热二极管桥之后的能量转换效率大大提升。其他有益效果将结合本申请的具体实施方式进行详细说明。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述桥式热整流器的第一示意图；
图2为本发明所述桥式热整流器的第二示意图；
图3为本发明所述桥式热整流器实施例一的示意图；
图4为本发明所述桥式热整流器实施例二的示意图；
图5为本发明所述桥式热整流器与普通热水器的输出功率对比示意图；
图中：11-第一热能吸收/释放板；12-第二热能吸收/释放板；21-第一热二极管；22-第二热二极管；23-第三热二极管；24-第四热二极管；31-第一热容；32-第二热容；4-热机。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本公开技术方案进行详细说明。在本发明的描述中，需要理解地是，术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”、“第四”仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量，仅用来区分不同的组成部分。
另外，本发明所涉及的热二极管，其工作机理为：当外部温度差方向与热二极管偏置方向一致时，热二极管热阻极小，定义为R Fwd.，热流可以快速的通过热二极管从热端往冷端转移，当外部温度差方向与热二极管偏置方向相反时，热二极管热阻变大，定义为R Rev.，热流无法有效的从热端转移到冷端，实现了单向导热的功能。
本发明所涉及的热容，定义为C，其工作机理为，选择导热性能良好的材料，通常为金属，可以快速的加热和降温，同时热容与外界做好隔热保护，以维持一个相对稳定温度。其中第一热容21维持在高温TH，第二热容22维持在低温TC。
本发明所涉及的热机(可以为任意类型)，其工作机理为，其一端连接热源，一端连接冷源，利用两端温度差做功，可直接输出机械能，也可输出电能。热机的工作热阻定义为R Engine。
图1为本发明所述桥式热整流器的第一示意图，如图1所示，该热整流器包括热二极管桥、第一热能吸收/释放板11、第一热容31、第二热容32和热机4，所述热二极管桥包括第一热二极管21和第二热二极管22，所述第一热二极管21和所述第二热二极管22都包括正向偏置端和反向偏置端，所述反向偏置端到所述正向偏置端的方向为正向偏置，所述正向偏置端到所述反向偏置端的方向为反向偏置。所述第一热二极管21的正向偏置端与所述第一热容31连接、反向偏置端与所述第一热能吸收/释放板11连接；所述第二热二极管22的正向偏置端与所述第一热能吸收/释放板11连接连接、反向偏置端与 所述第二热容32连接。所述热机4的一端与所述第一热容31连接，另一端与所述第二热容32连接。
图2为本发明所述桥式热整流器的第二示意图，如图2所示，该桥式热整流器除了图1所示的元件之外，还包括第二热能吸收/释放板12，所述热二极管桥还包括第三热二极管23和第四热二极管24，所述第三热二极管23和所述第四热二极管24都包括所述反向偏置端和所述正向偏置端。所述第三热二极管23的正向偏置端与所述第一热容31连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热能吸收/释放板12连接；所述第四热二极管24的正向偏置端与所述第二热能吸收/释放板12连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热容32连接。所述热机4的一端与所述第一热容31连接，另一端与所述第二热容32连接。
第一热二极管21正向偏置指向第一热容31，保证热量只能从第一热能吸收/释放板11向第一热容31传输，第二热二极管22反向偏置指向第一热能吸收/释放板11，保证热量只能从第二热容32向第一热能吸收/释放板11传输。同样的，第二热能吸收/释放板12连接第三热二极管23和第四热二极管24，第三热二极管23连接第一热容31和第二热能吸收/释放板12，第四热二极管24连接第二热容22和第二热能吸收/释放板12。第三热二极管23正向偏置指向热容31，保证热量只能从第二热能吸收/释放板12向第一热容31传输，第四热二极管24反向偏置指向第二热能吸收/释放板12，保证热量只能从第二热容32向第二热能吸收/释放板12传输。第一热容31和第二热容32之间由热机4连接，利用第一热容31和第二热容32的温度差驱动热机4输出。
由图1、图2可知，若图2为一个全桥结构，那么图1可视为一个半桥结构。当桥式热整流器的热容足够大，且正(反)向偏置热阻小(大)于热机热阻时，第一热容31的温度TH将始终保持在一个高于第二热能吸收/释放板12最高温的温度，而第二热容32的温度TC将始终保持在一个低于第二热能吸收/释放板12最低温的温度，第二热能吸收/释放板12将不再参与整个系统的热交换，即第二热能吸收/释放板12可视为不存在，此时桥式热整流器可以简化为半桥的结构(与之对应的图2所示的桥式热整流器设计为全桥结构)，如图1、图3所示。
在全桥结构中，如图2所示，桥式热整流器的两个热能吸收/释放板作为整个系统的输入/输出接口，其中第一热能吸收/释放板11为主要能量交换窗口，当其被外界加热后，其温度高于其所连接的第一热容31，由于第一热二极管21正向偏置，热量从第一热能吸收/释放板11经过第一热二极管21加热第一热容31；当外界温度较低使第一热能吸收/释放板11温度低于其所连接的第一热容31时，正向偏置的第一热二极管21阻止热量回流，第一热容31的热量无法经过第一热二极管21流失到第一热能吸收/释放板11，从而保证第一热容31能够维持住高温。相反的，当第一热能吸收/释放板11温度高于第二热容32时，第二热二极管22反向偏置，保证第一热能吸收/释放板11的热量不能从第二热二极管22传输至第二热容32；而当第一热能吸收/释放板11温度低于第二热容32时，反向偏置的第二热二极管22将第二热容32的热量经过第二热二极管22释放，从而保证第二热容32能够维持住低温。
第二热能吸收/释放板12是整个系统的辅助能量交换窗口，其接触的热源通常与第 一热能吸收/释放板11所接触的热源随时间变化不同，且其高低温幅度通常小于第一热能吸收/释放板11接触的热源的高低温幅度。第二热能吸收/释放板12不仅承担着辅助第二热容32散热的功能，也是对第一热容31加热的一个补充。在功能上与第一热能吸收/释放板11类似，所连接的第三热二极管23正向偏置指向第一热容31，第四热二极管24反向偏置指向第二热容32。如果第二热能吸收/释放板所接触的热源与第一热能吸收/释放板所接触的热源类似，则第二热能吸收/释放板将与第一热能吸收/释放板拥有一样的功能，此时整个系统的功率输出变化不大，但整流效果会变好，其波动误差将减小为半桥模式的1/4。
作为具体实施例地，为了最大程度提高本发明所述桥式热整流器的效率，在开发太阳能时，第一热能吸收/释放板可设计为选择性辐射板(图3、图4所示)，而第二热能吸收/释放板12选择为大地。该选择性辐射板需要进行表面光子学设计，即：对波长小于2.5微米的光子尽量全吸收，对波长大于2.5微米的光子尽量不吸收。
在开发太阳能时，为了最大效率的使第一热容31获得太阳能以及最大效率的使第二热容32对外散热，第一热能吸收/释放板11使用选择性辐射板，而第二热能吸收/释放板12则通常为与太阳能周期变化不同的另一温度源大地，其温度为一个相对稳定的温度T∞，也称之为热沉，如图4所示。选择性辐射板(第一热能吸收/释放板11)通过第一热二极管21加热第一热容31到一个相对高的温度TH，该温度通常高于热沉温度T∞，因此第一热容31的热量不会经过第三热二极管13流散到热沉；同时，由于第二热二极管22反向偏置，阻止选择性辐射板加热第二热容32，因此第二热容32温度要低于第一热容31，我们称之为TC，保证了第一热容31的热流可以通过热机流向第二热容32从而驱动热机；由于此时热沉温度较低，第二热容32从热机传输获得的废热可以通过第四热二极管14散到热沉中。夜晚，选择性辐射板无法获得太阳能，反而由于向深空散热使得温度很低，通常低于热沉，因此对第一热容31的加热过程停止，随着热机的不管输出，第一热容31的温度持续降低，当第一热容31温度低于热沉时，热沉可以为第一热容31补充热量，而此时第二热容32所获的的废热将通过第二热二极管22从选择性辐射板散到深空中，从而保证了热机可以白天夜晚24小时不停工作。
当系统进入稳定变化时期，热沉将不再参与热交换，进而热二极管桥可以简化为半桥模式，如图3所示。在半桥结构中，以太阳能转换为例，白天太阳加热第一热能吸收/释放板(在太阳能开发中通常使用选择性辐射板)使其获得高温，通过正向偏置指向第一热容31的第一热二极管21加热第一热容31，此时由于第二热二极管22反向偏置，第二热容32无法被第一热能吸收/释放板加热，因此第一热容31将维持在一个较高的温度，而第二热容32保持在低温状态。热机4依靠第一热容31和第二热容32的温差做功。随着太阳能减弱，第一热能吸收/释放板的温度逐渐降低到第一热容31的温度以下，此时第一热二极管21关闭，热流无法从第一热容31流失到第一热能吸收/释放板，因此第一热容31继续维持高温。当第一热能吸收/释放板温度继续下降，降至第二热容2温度以下，第二热容2从热机4工作中所获得的废热将可以从第二热二极管22流经第一热能吸收/释放板散到外界。在经过若干循环后，第一热容31和第二热容32将各自维持在一个 相对稳定的温度，每个循环内的温差不再有大的波动，从而可以持续不断的依靠热机进行稳定输出。
作为具体实施例地，为了最大程度提高该桥式热整流器的效率，热二极管的正反偏置比越大越好。但考虑到实际热二极管的性能，正反偏置比小于0.01即可达到理想情况的70％。需要特别指出的是，提高该桥式热整流器功率输出的关键在于尽量减小正向偏置热阻，对于反向偏置热阻则没有太严格的要求，只要大于热机热阻即可。例如，要达到最大输出功率的70％，要求
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000001
但
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000002
即可。(此处正向偏置率定义为
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000004
反向偏置率定义为
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000005
正反偏置比定义为R Fwd./R Rev.。)
为了最大程度提高该装置的效率，要求热容越大越好。但考虑到实际使用中过大的热容占用过大的空间，在将热容无量纲化(定义为
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000006
)后的无量纲化热容
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000007
即可达到理想情况的90％(此处
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000008
C为热容，τ为随时间变化热源的周期，例如太阳能的周期为24小时)。热容的单位焦耳/开尔文(J/K)是有绝对大小的，无量纲化之后热容就跟整个系统的周期及热容材料的性质进行了相对比较，而不再跟具体材料有关。
在满足以上的设计要求下，热二极管半桥或热二极管全桥的输出波动性可以保持在10％以内，实现了稳定的“直流”输出。如图5所示，模拟选择性热辐射板在白天、夜晚周期性变化的温度为正弦波，无量纲化热容选择为
Figure PCTCN2022070960-appb-000009
热二极管的正向偏置率为0.01，反向偏置率为1，最终输出功率波动仅为8％。此时热二极管桥的输出功率达到了热水器模式的3倍以上(理论极限为4倍)，达到了热电器件的6倍以上(理论极限为8倍)。
以上为本公开示范性实施例，本公开的保护范围由权利要求书及其等效物限定。

Claims (4)

  1. 一种桥式热整流器，其特征在于，包括热二极管桥、第一热能吸收/释放板(11)、第二热能吸收/释放板(12)、第一热容(31)、第二热容(32)和热机(4)，所述热二极管桥包括第一热二极管(21)、第二热二极管(22)、第三热二极管(23)和第四热二极管(24)，所述第一热二极管(21)、所述第二热二极管(22)、所述第三热二极管(23)和所述第四热二极管(24)都包括正向偏置端和反向偏置端，所述反向偏置端到所述正向偏置端的方向为正向偏置，所述正向偏置端到所述反向偏置端的方向为反向偏置；
    所述第一热二极管(21)的正向偏置端与所述第一热容(31)连接、反向偏置端与所述第一热能吸收/释放板(11)连接；所述第二热二极管(22)的正向偏置端与所述第一热能吸收/释放板(11)连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热容(32)连接；
    所述第三热二极管(23)的正向偏置端与所述第一热容(31)连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热能吸收/释放板(12)连接；所述第四热二极管(24)的正向偏置端与所述第二热能吸收/释放板(12)连接、反向偏置端与所述第二热容(32)连接；
    所述热机(4)的一端与所述第一热容(31)连接，另一端与所述第二热容(32)连接；
    其中，所述正向偏置的热阻与反向偏置的热阻的比值小于0.01。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的桥式热整流器，其特征在于，所述第一热能吸收/释放板(11)包括选择性辐射板，所述选择性辐射板对波长小于2.5微米的光子全部吸收、对波长大于2.5微米的光子都不吸收。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的桥式热整流器，其特征在于，所述正向偏置率小于0.01，所述反向偏置率为大于1，所述正向偏置率等于正向偏置热阻与热机热阻的比值，所述反向偏置率等于反向偏置热阻与热机热阻的比值，所述反向偏置热阻不小于所述热机热阻。
  4. 如权利要求2所述的桥式热整流器，其特征在于，所述第一热容(31)和所述第二热容(32)的热容进行无量纲化处理后都大于5。
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CN209517545U (zh) * 2018-12-21 2019-10-18 浙江绍兴苏泊尔生活电器有限公司 桥式整流电路、整流电路和电磁加热设备
CN113271038A (zh) * 2021-04-16 2021-08-17 东南大学 桥式热整流器

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