WO2022217765A1 - Star coupler capable of uniform power distribution, and design method therefor - Google Patents
Star coupler capable of uniform power distribution, and design method therefor Download PDFInfo
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- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 4
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
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- the invention relates to the technical field of planar optical waveguide integrated devices, in particular to a star coupler with uniform power distribution and a design method thereof.
- N ⁇ N star coupler is an important device in optical communication network, and planar waveguide star coupler has become a very potential solution because of its compact structure and suitability for large-scale integration.
- planar waveguide star couplers there are two implementation schemes for planar waveguide star couplers.
- One is the cascade of 2*2 directional couplers. In this scheme, the relationship between the number of 3dB couplers and the number of ports N is N/2*log2 (N), so cost and complexity become the main limiting factors.
- the other is the diffractive star coupler proposed by Dragone et al., which is composed of input/output arrayed waveguides and a plate waveguide diffraction area connecting them.
- Prior art structure In order to overcome the problem of power distribution non-uniformity, one can increase the aperture width that accepts the outer waveguide. However, this method can only be used in a unidirectional star coupler, where both the input and output sides of the star coupler are fixed.
- Another approach is to use the ends of directionally coupled parallel waveguides in the input array to form a field profile with a specific light diffraction characteristic.
- the shape of the waveguides in the input array requires special design, and this particular pattern of light diffraction properties has been obtained. Therefore, the star coupler of this design is very sensitive to manufacturing variations and requires very high machining accuracy.
- the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a star coupler with uniform power distribution and a design method thereof, which overcomes the problem of uneven output power distribution of the star coupler.
- the technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is to provide a star coupler with uniform power distribution, including an input waveguide end, an FPR region and an output waveguide end, the output waveguide end including a plurality of output waveguides, the The input waveguide end is connected to one end of the FPR region, the other ends of the FPR region are respectively connected to the plurality of output waveguides, and the FPR region is centered on the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region, and The length of the FPR region is a fan-shaped region formed by a radius.
- the FPR region is provided with several regular-shaped cells. The state of the regular-shaped cells is adjusted according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, so that the power of the output waveguide is uniform. distributed.
- R is the length of the FPR region
- ⁇ 0 is the diffraction angle of the input waveguide
- Narray is the number of output waveguides
- w a is the width of the output waveguide
- ws is the spacing of the output waveguide.
- the regular-shaped cell includes two states, namely: a punched state and a non-punched state, wherein the punched state is that a hole is provided in the center of the regular-shaped cell, and the hole includes but is not limited to round hole.
- the regular shape cells are square cells.
- the technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is to provide a design method for a star coupler with uniform power distribution, including:
- Step (1) setting the widths of the output waveguide and the input waveguide, and arranging the output waveguides in sequence according to a preset spacing;
- Step (2) Calculate the length of the FPR region according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total length of the arrangement of the output waveguides; the FPR region is centered on the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region, with The length of the FPR area is the sector area formed by the radius;
- Step (3) connecting one end of the FPR region with the input waveguide end, and connecting the other ends of the FPR region with the multiple output waveguides respectively;
- Step (4) scan the width of the coupling position between the FPR region and the input end of the waveguide to obtain the total transmittance
- Step (6) Adjust the state of the regular-shaped cells according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, so that the power of the output waveguide is evenly distributed.
- Adjusting the state of the regular shape cells according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function in the step (6) is specifically: scan the ith rule in the FPR area according to the DBS imaging algorithm and the preset objective function shape cells, and calculate the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell, compare the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell with the objective when the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell does not change state Compare the function values.
- the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell is better than the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell without changing its state, keep the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell Otherwise, restore the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell to its original state until all regular-shaped cells are scanned.
- the present invention has the following advantages and positive effects compared with the prior art: the present invention arranges regular-shaped cells in the FPR area, and each regular-shaped cell includes perforated and non-perforated cells Two states, the specific state of each regular-shaped cell is determined by the DBS algorithm and the preset objective function, so as to ensure the even distribution of the output power of the star coupler; When scanning regular-shaped cells, only half of the cells can be scanned, which greatly reduces the amount of calculation and complexity; the invention can reduce the dissipation of the light field at the edge position by increasing the width of the output waveguide at the edge position, so as to achieve low Loss transmission; the present invention has high practicability and applicability and can be applied in many environments.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a star coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of two states of a regular-shaped cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a 1 ⁇ 10 optical power distribution star coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 4 is the receiving schematic diagram of the optimized output waveguide array according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the optical field distribution of the optimized 1 ⁇ 10 optical power distribution star coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to a star coupler with uniform power distribution, as shown in FIG. 1 , including an input waveguide end 1 , an FPR region 2 (ie, a free propagation region), and an output waveguide end 3 , the output waveguide end 3 It includes a plurality of output waveguides, the input waveguide end 1 is connected to one end of the FPR region 2, the other end of the FPR region 3 is respectively connected to the plurality of output waveguides, and the FPR region 2 is connected to the input waveguide end 1 and the coupling point of the FPR area 2 (ie point O in FIG.
- the regular-shaped cell includes two states, namely: a perforated state and a non-perforated state,
- the punching state is that the center of the regular-shaped cell is provided with a circular hole, and it can be seen from FIG. 1 that several small white dots on the FPR area 2 are the regular-shaped cells provided with a circular hole in the center. And the small white dots are filled with silicon dioxide material, and the regular-shaped cells in the non-perforated state are filled with silicon material.
- the regular-shaped cells are square cells, and the side length of the square cells is 120 nanometers; the diameter of the circular holes of the regular-shaped cells provided with a circular hole in the center is 90 nanometers.
- the width of the output waveguide at the edge position can be appropriately increased to reduce the dissipation of the light field at the edge position, specifically: two of the multiple output waveguides near the edge of the FPR region 2 .
- the width of each output waveguide is greater than or equal to the remaining output waveguides, and the remaining output waveguides have the same width.
- the embodiment of the present invention relates to a design method of a star coupler with uniform power distribution.
- the main principle is to achieve uniform power distribution of the output waveguide by changing the path of light in the FPR region, which specifically includes the following steps:
- Step (1) setting the widths of the output waveguide and the input waveguide, and arranging the output waveguides in sequence according to a preset spacing;
- the width of the output waveguide and the input waveguide is set to 0.5 microns, and the preset spacing is set to 0.2 microns.
- Step (2) Calculate the length of the FPR region according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total length of the arrangement of the output waveguides; the FPR region is the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region (ie, Figure 3 ). A fan-shaped area formed with the length of the FPR area as the radius.
- ⁇ max 1.5 ⁇ 0
- ⁇ 0 is the divergence angle of the input waveguide
- Narray is the number of output waveguides
- wa is the width of the output waveguide
- ws is the spacing of the output waveguides .
- Step (3) Connect one end of the FPR region to the input waveguide end, and connect the other ends of the FPR region to the plurality of output waveguides respectively.
- Step (4) scan the width of the input end of the waveguide in the FPR region to obtain the total transmittance
- Step (5) According to the total transmittance, the FPR region is divided into several regular-shaped cells in turn, and each regular-shaped cell has two states: a punched state and a non-punched state, wherein , the punching state is that the center of the regular-shaped cell is provided with a circular hole;
- the star coupler structure of this embodiment is symmetrical about the connection between the center of the input waveguide end and the center of the output waveguide end (ie, the upper and lower symmetry), the two rules corresponding to the upper and lower are symmetrically changed each time the regular-shaped cell is scanned.
- the state of the shaped cells, that is, the several regular shaped cells in the step (5) are evenly and symmetrically distributed in the FPR area, so as to ensure that the two output results of the upper and lower symmetry of the output waveguide are consistent as much as possible, reducing the amount of calculation and complexity. Spend.
- the regular-shaped cells with circular holes can change the local refractive index distribution of the device, thereby changing the optical field distribution, and finally achieving uniform channel loss at the output waveguide end.
- Step (6) Adjust the state of each regular-shaped cell according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, so that the preset objective function reaches the maximum value, thereby ensuring uniform distribution of the power of the output waveguide.
- Adjusting the state of the regular shape cells according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function in the step (6) is specifically: scan the ith rule in the FPR area according to the DBS imaging algorithm and the preset objective function shape cells, and calculate the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell, compare the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell with the objective when the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell does not change state Compare the function values.
- the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell is better than the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell without changing its state, keep the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell Otherwise, the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell will be restored to its original state until all regular-shaped cells have been scanned; specifically, the results optimized by this implementation are shown in Figures 3 and 4, and the small white dots in Figure 3 That is, a regular-shaped cell with a circular hole in the center.
- the present invention sets regular-shaped cells in the FPR area, and each regular-shaped cell includes two states of punching and no punching, and determines the size of each regular-shaped cell through the DBS algorithm and the preset objective function
- the specific state ensures that the output power of the star coupler is evenly distributed; because the star coupler of the present invention is symmetrical, the present invention only needs to scan half of the cells when scanning regular cells, which greatly reduces the amount of calculation. and complexity.
Abstract
The present invention relates to a star coupler capable of uniform power distribution. The star coupler comprises an input waveguide end, an FPR region and an output waveguide end, wherein the output waveguide end comprises a plurality of output waveguides; the input waveguide end is connected to one end of the FPR region, and the other end of the FPR region is respectively connected to the plurality of output waveguides; the FPR region is a fan-shaped region with a coupling point of the input waveguide end and the FPR region serving as the center and the length of the FPR region serving as the radius; the FPR region is provided with several regularly-shaped unit cells; and the state of the regularly-shaped unit cells is adjusted according to a preset imaging algorithm and a preset objective function, such that the power of the output waveguides is uniformly distributed. The present invention further relates to a design method for a star coupler capable of uniform power distribution. By means of the method, the problem of the output power distribution of a star coupler not being uniform can be effectively overcome, and the computation amount is small and the complexity is low.
Description
本发明涉及平面光波导集成器件技术领域，特别是涉及一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器及其设计方法。The invention relates to the technical field of planar optical waveguide integrated devices, in particular to a star coupler with uniform power distribution and a design method thereof.
现有技术背景：N×N星型耦合器是光通信网络中的重要器件，而平面波导星型耦合器以其结构紧凑、适用于大规模集成而成为一种很有潜力的方案。目前有两种平面波导星型耦合器的实现方案，一种是2*2方向耦合器的级联，在这种方案中，3dB耦合器的数目与端口数N的关系为N/2*log2(N)，所以成本及复杂度成为主要的限制因素。另一种是有Dragone等提出的衍射型星型耦合器，它是由输入/输出阵列波导及连接它们的平板波导衍射区组成。从任意一个输入波导输入的光，都将通过平板波导区的衍射而被各输出波导接收。这种结构尺寸相对较小，同时信道的数目可以很大，这种方案更适合于大规模的N×N星型耦合器。目前已经报道的星型耦合器有8×8、19×19、64×64等，但是其插入损耗和均匀性并不十分理想。功率的不均匀分配是由于来自任何一个波导的光在自由传播区(FPR)的衍射图案都近似高斯形。Background of the prior art: N×N star coupler is an important device in optical communication network, and planar waveguide star coupler has become a very potential solution because of its compact structure and suitability for large-scale integration. At present, there are two implementation schemes for planar waveguide star couplers. One is the cascade of 2*2 directional couplers. In this scheme, the relationship between the number of 3dB couplers and the number of ports N is N/2*log2 (N), so cost and complexity become the main limiting factors. The other is the diffractive star coupler proposed by Dragone et al., which is composed of input/output arrayed waveguides and a plate waveguide diffraction area connecting them. Light input from any one of the input waveguides will be received by each output waveguide through diffraction by the slab waveguide region. The size of this structure is relatively small, and the number of channels can be very large at the same time. This scheme is more suitable for large-scale N×N star couplers. The star couplers that have been reported so far are 8×8, 19×19, 64×64, etc., but their insertion loss and uniformity are not very ideal. The uneven distribution of power is due to the nearly Gaussian-shaped diffraction pattern in the free propagation region (FPR) of light from any one waveguide.
现有技术结构：为了克服功率分配不均匀性的问题，人们可以增加接受外波导的孔宽度。然而，这种方法只可以在单一方向的星型耦合器中使用，单一方向的星型耦合即为星型耦合器的输入和输出侧均被固定。Prior art structure: In order to overcome the problem of power distribution non-uniformity, one can increase the aperture width that accepts the outer waveguide. However, this method can only be used in a unidirectional star coupler, where both the input and output sides of the star coupler are fixed.
另一个方法是利用在输入阵列中定向耦合平行波导端部形成一个特殊的光衍射特性的场分布图形。输入阵列中的波导的形状需要特殊设计，已获得这种特殊的光衍射特性分布图形。因此，这种设计的星型耦合器对制造变化非常敏感，加工精度要求非常高。Another approach is to use the ends of directionally coupled parallel waveguides in the input array to form a field profile with a specific light diffraction characteristic. The shape of the waveguides in the input array requires special design, and this particular pattern of light diffraction properties has been obtained. Therefore, the star coupler of this design is very sensitive to manufacturing variations and requires very high machining accuracy.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器及其设计方法，克服了星型耦合器的输出功率分配不均匀的问题。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a star coupler with uniform power distribution and a design method thereof, which overcomes the problem of uneven output power distribution of the star coupler.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：提供一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器，包括输入波导端、FPR区域和输出波导端，所述输出波导端包括多个输出波导，所述输入波导端与FPR区域的一端相连，所述FPR区域的另一端分别与所述多个输出波导相连，所述FPR区域为以所述输入波导端与所述FPR区域的耦合点为中心，以FPR区域长度为 半径构成的扇形区域，所述FPR区域设置有若干规则形状单元格，根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，使所述输出波导的功率均匀分布。The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is to provide a star coupler with uniform power distribution, including an input waveguide end, an FPR region and an output waveguide end, the output waveguide end including a plurality of output waveguides, the The input waveguide end is connected to one end of the FPR region, the other ends of the FPR region are respectively connected to the plurality of output waveguides, and the FPR region is centered on the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region, and The length of the FPR region is a fan-shaped region formed by a radius. The FPR region is provided with several regular-shaped cells. The state of the regular-shaped cells is adjusted according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, so that the power of the output waveguide is uniform. distributed.
所述FPR区域长度公式为：R＝(Narray*w
a+(Narray-1)*w
s)/2θ
max，其中，(Narray*w
a+(Narray-1)*w
s)为输出波导的排列总长度，R为FPR区域的长度，θ
max为输入波导孔径张角且θ
max＝1.5θ
0，θ
0为输入波导的衍射角，Narray为输出波导的数目，w
a为输出波导的宽度，w
s为输出波导的间距。
The formula for the length of the FPR region is: R=(Narray*w a +( Narray -1)*ws )/2θ max , where (Narray*w a +( Narray -1)*ws ) is the output waveguide The total length of the arrangement, R is the length of the FPR region, θ max is the aperture opening angle of the input waveguide and θ max =1.5θ 0 , θ 0 is the diffraction angle of the input waveguide, Narray is the number of output waveguides, and w a is the width of the output waveguide , ws is the spacing of the output waveguide.
所述规则形状单元格包括两种状态，分别为：打孔状态和非打孔状态，其中，所述打孔状态为所述规则形状单元格正中心设置有孔，所述孔包括但不限于圆孔。The regular-shaped cell includes two states, namely: a punched state and a non-punched state, wherein the punched state is that a hole is provided in the center of the regular-shaped cell, and the hole includes but is not limited to round hole.
所述规则形状单元格为正方形单元格。The regular shape cells are square cells.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：提供一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器设计方法，包括：The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is to provide a design method for a star coupler with uniform power distribution, including:
步骤(1)：设置输出波导和输入波导的宽度，并将所述输出波导按预设间距依次排列；Step (1): setting the widths of the output waveguide and the input waveguide, and arranging the output waveguides in sequence according to a preset spacing;
步骤(2)：根据所述输入波导的发散角以及输出波导的排列总长度，计算FPR区域的长度；所述FPR区域为以所述输入波导端与所述FPR区域的耦合点为中心，以FPR区域长度为半径构成的扇形区域；Step (2): Calculate the length of the FPR region according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total length of the arrangement of the output waveguides; the FPR region is centered on the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region, with The length of the FPR area is the sector area formed by the radius;
步骤(3)：将FPR区域的一端与所述输入波导端相连，将FPR区域的另一端分别与所述多个输出波导相连；Step (3): connecting one end of the FPR region with the input waveguide end, and connecting the other ends of the FPR region with the multiple output waveguides respectively;
步骤(4)：扫描FPR区域与波导输入端耦合位置的宽度，得到总透射率；Step (4): scan the width of the coupling position between the FPR region and the input end of the waveguide to obtain the total transmittance;
步骤(5)：根据所述总透射率将所述FPR区域依次划分为若干个规则形状单元格；Step (5): according to the total transmittance, the FPR region is divided into several regular shape cells in turn;
步骤(6)：根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数来调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，使输出波导的功率均匀分布。Step (6): Adjust the state of the regular-shaped cells according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, so that the power of the output waveguide is evenly distributed.
所述步骤(1)中的输出波导和输入波导的宽度均为0.5微米。The widths of the output waveguide and the input waveguide in the step (1) are both 0.5 microns.
所述步骤(2)中根据所述输入波导的发散角以及输出波导的排列总长度，计算FPR区域的长度，公式为：R＝(Narray*w
a+(Narray-1)*w
s)/2θ
max，其中，(Narray*w
a+(Narray-1)*w
s)为输出波导的排列总长度，R为FPR区域的长度，θ
max为输入波导孔径张角且θ
max＝1.5θ
0，θ
0为输入波导的发散角，Narray为输出波导的数目，w
a为 输出波导的宽度，w
s为输出波导的间距。
In the step (2), the length of the FPR region is calculated according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total arrangement length of the output waveguide, and the formula is: R=(Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s )/ 2θ max , where (Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s ) is the total length of the arrangement of the output waveguide, R is the length of the FPR region, θ max is the aperture opening angle of the input waveguide and θ max =1.5θ 0 , θ 0 is the divergence angle of the input waveguide, Narray is the number of output waveguides, wa is the width of the output waveguide, and ws is the spacing of the output waveguides.
所述步骤(5)中的若干个规则形状单元格对称地分布在FPR区域。Several regular-shaped cells in the step (5) are symmetrically distributed in the FPR region.
所述步骤(6)中的根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数来调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，具体为：根据DBS成像算法和预设目标函数扫描FPR区域中的第i个规则形状单元格，并计算第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值，将第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值与第i个扫描的规则形状单元格未改变状态时的目标函数值进行比较，若第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值优于第i个扫描的规则形状单元格未改变状态时的目标函数值，则保留第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的状态，否则将第i个扫描的规则形状单元格恢复原状态，直至扫描完所有规则形状单元格。Adjusting the state of the regular shape cells according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function in the step (6) is specifically: scan the ith rule in the FPR area according to the DBS imaging algorithm and the preset objective function shape cells, and calculate the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell, compare the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell with the objective when the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell does not change state Compare the function values. If the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell is better than the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell without changing its state, keep the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell Otherwise, restore the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell to its original state until all regular-shaped cells are scanned.
由于采用了上述的技术方案，本发明与现有技术相比，具有以下的优点和积极效果：本发明通过在FPR区域设置规则形状单元格，每个规则形状单元格包括打孔和不打孔两种状态，通过DBS算法和预设目标函数来确定每个规则形状单元格的具体状态，保证星型耦合器的输出功率均匀分配；由于本发明的星形耦合器是对称的，故本发明在扫描规则形状单元格时仅扫描一半单元格即可，大大减小了计算量和复杂度；本发明通过增加边缘位置的输出波导的宽度，能够减少边缘位置光场的耗散，以实现低损耗传输；本发明的实用性和适用性较高，可应用于众多环境。Due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the present invention has the following advantages and positive effects compared with the prior art: the present invention arranges regular-shaped cells in the FPR area, and each regular-shaped cell includes perforated and non-perforated cells Two states, the specific state of each regular-shaped cell is determined by the DBS algorithm and the preset objective function, so as to ensure the even distribution of the output power of the star coupler; When scanning regular-shaped cells, only half of the cells can be scanned, which greatly reduces the amount of calculation and complexity; the invention can reduce the dissipation of the light field at the edge position by increasing the width of the output waveguide at the edge position, so as to achieve low Loss transmission; the present invention has high practicability and applicability and can be applied in many environments.
图1是本发明实施方式的星型耦合器结构示意图；1 is a schematic structural diagram of a star coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2是本发明实施方式的规则形状单元格两种状态示意图；2 is a schematic diagram of two states of a regular-shaped cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施方式的1×10光功率分配星型耦合器的结构示意图；3 is a schematic structural diagram of a 1×10 optical power distribution star coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图4是本发明实施方式的优化后输出波导阵列的接收示意图；Fig. 4 is the receiving schematic diagram of the optimized output waveguide array according to the embodiment of the present invention;
图5是本发明实施方式的优化后1×10光功率分配星型耦合器的光场分布示意图。FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the optical field distribution of the optimized 1×10 optical power distribution star coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention.
下面结合具体实施例，进一步阐述本发明。应理解，这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解，在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后，本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改，这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments. It should be understood that these examples are only used to illustrate the present invention and not to limit the scope of the present invention. In addition, it should be understood that after reading the content taught by the present invention, those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications to the present invention, and these equivalent forms also fall within the scope defined by the appended claims of the present application.
本发明的实施方式涉及一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器，如图1所示，包括输入波导 端1、FPR区域2(即自由传播区)和输出波导端3，所述输出波导端3包括多个输出波导，所述输入波导端1与FPR区域2的一端相连，所述FPR区域3的另一端分别与所述多个输出波导相连，所述FPR区域2为以所述输入波导端1与所述FPR区域2的耦合点(即图3中的O点)为中心，以FPR区域2长度为半径构成的扇形区域，所述FPR区域2设置有若干规则形状单元格，根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，使所述输出波导的功率均匀分布；所述规则形状单元格包括两种状态，分别为：打孔状态和非打孔状态，其中，所述打孔状态为所述规则形状单元格正中心设置有圆孔，从图1可以看出FPR区域2上的若干小白点即为正中心设置有圆孔的规则形状单元格，并且小白点是填充二氧化硅材料，非打孔状态的规则形状单元格填充硅材料。Embodiments of the present invention relate to a star coupler with uniform power distribution, as shown in FIG. 1 , including an input waveguide end 1 , an FPR region 2 (ie, a free propagation region), and an output waveguide end 3 , the output waveguide end 3 It includes a plurality of output waveguides, the input waveguide end 1 is connected to one end of the FPR region 2, the other end of the FPR region 3 is respectively connected to the plurality of output waveguides, and the FPR region 2 is connected to the input waveguide end 1 and the coupling point of the FPR area 2 (ie point O in FIG. 3 ) as the center, a fan-shaped area formed with the length of the FPR area 2 as the radius, and the FPR area 2 is provided with a number of regular shape cells, according to preset The imaging algorithm and the preset objective function adjust the state of the regular-shaped cell so that the power of the output waveguide is evenly distributed; the regular-shaped cell includes two states, namely: a perforated state and a non-perforated state, Wherein, the punching state is that the center of the regular-shaped cell is provided with a circular hole, and it can be seen from FIG. 1 that several small white dots on the FPR area 2 are the regular-shaped cells provided with a circular hole in the center. And the small white dots are filled with silicon dioxide material, and the regular-shaped cells in the non-perforated state are filled with silicon material.
进一步地，所述规则形状单元格为正方形单元格，所述正方形单元格的边长为120纳米；所述正中心设置有圆孔的规则形状单元格的圆孔直径为90纳米。Further, the regular-shaped cells are square cells, and the side length of the square cells is 120 nanometers; the diameter of the circular holes of the regular-shaped cells provided with a circular hole in the center is 90 nanometers.
值得一提的是，本实施方式对于边缘位置的输出波导可以适当增加波导宽度，以减少边缘位置光场的耗散，具体为：所述多个输出波导中靠近所述FPR区域2边缘的两个输出波导的宽度大于或等于其余输出波导，所述其余输出波导的宽度相同。It is worth mentioning that in this embodiment, the width of the output waveguide at the edge position can be appropriately increased to reduce the dissipation of the light field at the edge position, specifically: two of the multiple output waveguides near the edge of the FPR region 2 . The width of each output waveguide is greater than or equal to the remaining output waveguides, and the remaining output waveguides have the same width.
本发明的实施方式涉及一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器的设计方法，主要原理是通过光在FPR区域的路径发生变化，来实现输出波导的功率均匀分配，具体包括以下步骤：The embodiment of the present invention relates to a design method of a star coupler with uniform power distribution. The main principle is to achieve uniform power distribution of the output waveguide by changing the path of light in the FPR region, which specifically includes the following steps:
步骤(1)：设置输出波导和输入波导的宽度，并将所述输出波导按预设间距依次排列；Step (1): setting the widths of the output waveguide and the input waveguide, and arranging the output waveguides in sequence according to a preset spacing;
所述步骤(1)中的输出波导和输入波导的宽度设置为0.5微米，预设间距设置为0.2微米。In the step (1), the width of the output waveguide and the input waveguide is set to 0.5 microns, and the preset spacing is set to 0.2 microns.
步骤(2)：根据所述输入波导的发散角以及输出波导的排列总长度，计算FPR区域的长度；所述FPR区域为以所述输入波导端与所述FPR区域的耦合点(即图3中的O点)为中心，以FPR区域长度为半径构成的扇形区域。Step (2): Calculate the length of the FPR region according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total length of the arrangement of the output waveguides; the FPR region is the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region (ie, Figure 3 ). A fan-shaped area formed with the length of the FPR area as the radius.
所述步骤(2)中根据所述输入波导的发散角以及输出波导的排列总长度，计算FPR区域的长度，公式为：R＝(Narray*w
a+(Narray-1)*w
s)/2θ
max，其中，(Narray*w
a+(Narray-1)*w
s)为输出波导的排列总长度，R为FPR区域的长度，θ
max为输入波导孔径张角，为了尽可能将衍射光场吸收，本实施方式θ
max的取值为θ
max＝1.5θ
0，θ
0为输入波导的发散角，Narray为输出波导的数目，w
a为输出波导的宽度，w
s为输出波导的间距。
In the step (2), the length of the FPR region is calculated according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total arrangement length of the output waveguide, and the formula is: R=(Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s )/ 2θ max , where (Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s ) is the total length of the arrangement of the output waveguide, R is the length of the FPR region, and θ max is the aperture opening angle of the input waveguide. Field absorption, the value of θ max in this embodiment is θ max = 1.5θ 0 , θ 0 is the divergence angle of the input waveguide, Narray is the number of output waveguides, wa is the width of the output waveguide, and ws is the spacing of the output waveguides .
步骤(3)：将FPR区域的一端与所述输入波导端相连，将FPR区域的另一端分别与所述多个输出波导相连。Step (3): Connect one end of the FPR region to the input waveguide end, and connect the other ends of the FPR region to the plurality of output waveguides respectively.
步骤(4)：扫描FPR区域的波导输入端的宽度，得到总透射率；Step (4): scan the width of the input end of the waveguide in the FPR region to obtain the total transmittance;
步骤(5)：根据所述总透射率将所述FPR区域依次划分为若干个规则形状单元格，每一个规则形状单元格有两种状态：分别为：打孔状态和非打孔状态，其中，所述打孔状态为所述规则形状单元格正中心设置有圆孔；Step (5): According to the total transmittance, the FPR region is divided into several regular-shaped cells in turn, and each regular-shaped cell has two states: a punched state and a non-punched state, wherein , the punching state is that the center of the regular-shaped cell is provided with a circular hole;
进一步地，由于本实施方式的星型耦合器结构是关于输入波导端的中心和输出波导端的中心连线对称(即上下对称)，所以每次扫描规则形状单元格是对称改变上下对应的两个规则形状单元格的状态，即所述步骤(5)中的若干个规则形状单元格均匀对称地分布在FPR区域，这样能够尽量保证输出波导上下对称的两个输出结果一致，减少了计算量和复杂度。Further, since the star coupler structure of this embodiment is symmetrical about the connection between the center of the input waveguide end and the center of the output waveguide end (ie, the upper and lower symmetry), the two rules corresponding to the upper and lower are symmetrically changed each time the regular-shaped cell is scanned. The state of the shaped cells, that is, the several regular shaped cells in the step (5) are evenly and symmetrically distributed in the FPR area, so as to ensure that the two output results of the upper and lower symmetry of the output waveguide are consistent as much as possible, reducing the amount of calculation and complexity. Spend.
设置有圆孔的规则形状单元格(即打孔的规则形状单元格)可以改变器件局部折射率分布，从而改变光场分布，最终在输出波导端实现通道损耗均匀。The regular-shaped cells with circular holes (that is, the perforated regular-shaped cells) can change the local refractive index distribution of the device, thereby changing the optical field distribution, and finally achieving uniform channel loss at the output waveguide end.
步骤(6)：根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数来调整每个规则形状单元格的状态，以使预设目标函数达到最大值，进而保证输出波导的功率均匀分布。Step (6): Adjust the state of each regular-shaped cell according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, so that the preset objective function reaches the maximum value, thereby ensuring uniform distribution of the power of the output waveguide.
所述步骤(6)中的根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数来调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，具体为：根据DBS成像算法和预设目标函数扫描FPR区域中的第i个规则形状单元格，并计算第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值，将第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值与第i个扫描的规则形状单元格未改变状态时的目标函数值进行比较，若第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值优于第i个扫描的规则形状单元格未改变状态时的目标函数值，则保留第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的状态，否则将第i个扫描的规则形状单元格恢复原状态，直至扫描完所有规则形状单元格；具体通过本实施方式优化后的结果见图3和图4，图3中的小白点即为正中心设置有圆孔的规则形状单元格。Adjusting the state of the regular shape cells according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function in the step (6) is specifically: scan the ith rule in the FPR area according to the DBS imaging algorithm and the preset objective function shape cells, and calculate the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell, compare the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell with the objective when the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell does not change state Compare the function values. If the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell is better than the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell without changing its state, keep the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell Otherwise, the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell will be restored to its original state until all regular-shaped cells have been scanned; specifically, the results optimized by this implementation are shown in Figures 3 and 4, and the small white dots in Figure 3 That is, a regular-shaped cell with a circular hole in the center.
由此可见，本发明通过在FPR区域设置规则形状单元格，每个规则形状单元格包括打孔和不打孔两种状态，通过DBS算法和预设目标函数来确定每个规则形状单元格的具体状态，保证星型耦合器的输出功率均匀分配；由于本发明的星形耦合器是对称的，故本发明在扫描规则形状单元格时仅扫描一半单元格即可，大大减小了计算量和复杂度。It can be seen that the present invention sets regular-shaped cells in the FPR area, and each regular-shaped cell includes two states of punching and no punching, and determines the size of each regular-shaped cell through the DBS algorithm and the preset objective function The specific state ensures that the output power of the star coupler is evenly distributed; because the star coupler of the present invention is symmetrical, the present invention only needs to scan half of the cells when scanning regular cells, which greatly reduces the amount of calculation. and complexity.
Claims (9)
- 一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器，其特征在于，包括输入波导端、FPR区域和输出波导端，所述输出波导端包括多个输出波导，所述输入波导端与FPR区域的一端相连，所述FPR区域的另一端分别与所述多个输出波导相连，所述FPR区域为以所述输入波导端与所述FPR区域的耦合点为中心，以FPR区域长度为半径构成的扇形区域，所述FPR区域设置有若干规则形状单元格，根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，使所述输出波导的功率均匀分布。A star coupler with uniform power distribution, characterized in that it includes an input waveguide end, an FPR region and an output waveguide end, the output waveguide end includes a plurality of output waveguides, and the input waveguide end is connected to one end of the FPR region, The other end of the FPR region is respectively connected to the plurality of output waveguides, and the FPR region is a fan-shaped region formed with the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region as the center and the length of the FPR region as the radius, The FPR region is provided with a number of regular-shaped cells, and the state of the regular-shaped cells is adjusted according to a preset imaging algorithm and a preset objective function, so that the power of the output waveguide is evenly distributed.
- 根据权利要求1所述的功率分配均匀的星型耦合器，其特征在于，所述FPR区域长度公式为：R＝(Narray*w a+(Narray-1)*w s)/2θ max，其中，(Narray*w a+(Narray-1)*w s)为输出波导的排列总长度，R为FPR区域的长度，θ max为输入波导孔径张角且θ max＝1.5θ 0，θ 0为输入波导的衍射角，Narray为输出波导的数目，w a为输出波导的宽度，w s为输出波导的间距。 The star coupler with uniform power distribution according to claim 1, wherein the formula for the length of the FPR region is: R=(Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s )/2θ max , wherein , (Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s ) is the total arrangement length of the output waveguide, R is the length of the FPR region, θ max is the aperture opening angle of the input waveguide and θ max =1.5θ 0 , θ 0 is The diffraction angle of the input waveguide, Narray is the number of output waveguides, wa is the width of the output waveguide, and ws is the spacing of the output waveguides.
- 根据权利要求1所述的功率分配均匀的星型耦合器，其特征在于，所述规则形状单元格包括两种状态，分别为：打孔状态和非打孔状态，其中，所述打孔状态为所述规则形状单元格正中心设置有孔，所述孔包括但不限于圆孔。The star coupler with uniform power distribution according to claim 1, wherein the regular-shaped cell includes two states, namely: a perforated state and a non-perforated state, wherein the perforated state A hole is provided in the center of the regular-shaped cell, and the hole includes but is not limited to a circular hole.
- 根据权利要求1所述的功率分配均匀的星型耦合器，其特征在于，所述规则形状单元格为正方形单元格。The star coupler with uniform power distribution according to claim 1, wherein the regular-shaped cells are square cells.
- 一种功率分配均匀的星型耦合器设计方法，其特征在于，包括：A method for designing a star coupler with uniform power distribution, comprising:步骤(1)：设置输出波导和输入波导的宽度，并将所述输出波导按预设间距依次排列；Step (1): setting the widths of the output waveguide and the input waveguide, and arranging the output waveguides in sequence according to a preset spacing;步骤(2)：根据所述输入波导的发散角以及输出波导的排列总长度，计算FPR区域的长度；所述FPR区域为以所述输入波导端与所述FPR区域的耦合点为中心，以FPR区域长度为半径构成的扇形区域；Step (2): Calculate the length of the FPR region according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total length of the arrangement of the output waveguides; the FPR region is centered on the coupling point between the input waveguide end and the FPR region, with The length of the FPR area is the sector area formed by the radius;步骤(3)：将FPR区域的一端与所述输入波导端相连，将FPR区域的另一端分别与所述多个输出波导相连；Step (3): connecting one end of the FPR region with the input waveguide end, and connecting the other ends of the FPR region with the multiple output waveguides respectively;步骤(4)：扫描FPR区域与波导输入端耦合位置的宽度，得到总透射率；Step (4): scan the width of the coupling position between the FPR region and the input end of the waveguide to obtain the total transmittance;步骤(5)：根据所述总透射率将所述FPR区域依次划分为若干个规则形状单元格；Step (5): according to the total transmittance, the FPR region is divided into several regular shape cells in turn;步骤(6)：根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数来调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，使输出波导的功率均匀分布。Step (6): Adjust the state of the regular-shaped cells according to the preset imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, so that the power of the output waveguide is evenly distributed.
- 根据权利要求6所述的功率分配均匀的星型耦合器设计方法，其特征在于，所述步骤 (1)中的输出波导和输入波导的宽度均为0.5微米。The method for designing a star coupler with uniform power distribution according to claim 6, wherein the widths of the output waveguide and the input waveguide in the step (1) are both 0.5 microns.
- 根据权利要求6所述的功率分配均匀的星型耦合器设计方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(2)中根据所述输入波导的发散角以及输出波导的排列总长度，计算FPR区域的长度，公式为：R＝(Narray*w a+(Narray-1)*w s)/2θ max，其中，(Narray*w a+(Narray-1)*w s)为输出波导的排列总长度，R为FPR区域的长度，θ max为输入波导孔径张角且θ max＝1.5θ 0，θ 0为输入波导的发散角，Narray为输出波导的数目，w a为输出波导的宽度，w s为输出波导的间距。 The method for designing a star coupler with uniform power distribution according to claim 6, wherein in the step (2), the length of the FPR region is calculated according to the divergence angle of the input waveguide and the total arrangement length of the output waveguide , the formula is: R=(Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s )/2θ max , where (Narray*w a +(Narray-1)*w s ) is the total arrangement length of the output waveguide, R is the length of the FPR region, θ max is the aperture opening angle of the input waveguide and θ max =1.5θ 0 , θ 0 is the divergence angle of the input waveguide, Narray is the number of output waveguides, wa is the width of the output waveguide, and ws is The spacing of the output waveguides.
- 根据权利要求6所述的功率分配均匀的星型耦合器设计方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(5)中的若干个规则形状单元格对称地分布在FPR区域。The method for designing a star coupler with uniform power distribution according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of regular-shaped cells in the step (5) are symmetrically distributed in the FPR region.
- 根据权利要求6所述的功率分配均匀的星型耦合器设计方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(6)中的根据预设成像算法和预设目标函数来调整所述规则形状单元格的状态，具体为：根据DBS成像算法和预设目标函数扫描FPR区域中的第i个规则形状单元格，并计算第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值，将第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值与第i个扫描的规则形状单元格未改变状态时的目标函数值进行比较，若第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的目标函数值优于第i个扫描的规则形状单元格未改变状态时的目标函数值，则保留第i个扫描的规则形状单元格的状态，否则将第i个扫描的规则形状单元格恢复原状态，直至扫描完所有规则形状单元格。The method for designing a star coupler with uniform power distribution according to claim 6, wherein in the step (6), the state of the regular-shaped cells is adjusted according to a preset imaging algorithm and a preset objective function , specifically: scan the i-th regular-shaped cell in the FPR area according to the DBS imaging algorithm and the preset objective function, and calculate the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell; The objective function value of the cell is compared with the objective function value of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell when the state does not change. If the value of the objective function when the cell does not change its state, the state of the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell is retained; otherwise, the i-th scanned regular-shaped cell is restored to its original state until all regular-shaped cells are scanned.
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