WO2022181796A1 - 植物における半合理的なゲノム進化工学手法 - Google Patents
植物における半合理的なゲノム進化工学手法 Download PDFInfo
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- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8201—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation
- C12N15/8202—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation by biological means, e.g. cell mediated or natural vector
- C12N15/8205—Agrobacterium mediated transformation
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- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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Definitions
- the present disclosure utilizes abasic reactions to modify genomic sequences that allow modification of nucleobases within specific regions of the genome without double-strand breaks in the DNA and without the insertion of foreign DNA fragments. Regarding modification method.
- the present inventors have already found that by using DNA glycosylase and linking it to a molecule capable of recognizing a DNA sequence, nucleobases in a region containing a specific DNA sequence can be detected without DNA double-strand breaks. reported successful modification of genomic sequences by conversion (WO2016/072399). Therefore, the present inventors have further developed this technique, introduced various mutations not only into microorganisms but also into higher multicellular organisms (cell populations) including plants, and finally single mutant clones. A method is provided for site-specific modification of DNA molecules so that they can be separated.
- (Item 1) A method for producing a plant cell modified at a targeted site of double-stranded DNA, comprising the steps of: (i) providing a plant cell comprising the double-stranded DNA of interest; (ii) providing a complex in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA and a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to the double-stranded DNA are bound; , (iii) placing the complex in conditions under which the plant cell is transfected; (iv) placing the transfected plant cell in conditions that induce modification of the targeted site without cleaving at least one strand of the double-stranded DNA at the targeted site; process and (v) selecting cells into which said complex has been introduced and/or cells into which said modification has been introduced.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is selected from the group consisting of a CRISPR-Cas system in which at least one DNA-cleaving ability of Cas is deactivated, a zinc finger motif, a TAL effector, and a PPR motif.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is a CRISPR-Cas system lacking at least one DNA-cleaving ability of Cas.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is the CRISPR-Cas system that lacks both DNA-cleaving ability of Cas.
- CDG cytosine-DNA glycosylase
- TDG thymine-DNA glycosylase
- UDG uracil-DNA glycosylase
- (Item 14) A method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said delivery is performed by the Agrobacterium method.
- (Item 15) The method according to any one of the above items, further comprising the step of producing a plant body from the cells.
- (Item 16) The method according to any one of the above items, further comprising the step of clonally isolating the obtained cells.
- (Item 17) A transformed plant cell obtainable by the method according to any one of the preceding items.
- (Item 18) A transformed plant comprising a plant cell according to any one of the preceding items.
- (Item 19) A seed obtained from the plant according to any one of the above items.
- (Item 20) A plant according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said transformed trait is expressed only in the current generation.
- (Item 21) The plant according to any one of the above items, wherein expression of the transformed trait is inherited across generations.
- (Item A1) A method for producing a cell in which a targeted site of double-stranded DNA has been modified, comprising: (i) providing a cell containing the double-stranded DNA of interest; (ii) providing a complex in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA and a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to the double-stranded DNA are bound; , (iii) placing the complex in conditions under which the cell is transfected; (iv) placing the transfected cell in conditions that induce modification of the targeted site without cleaving at least one strand of the double-stranded DNA at the targeted site; When, (v) selecting cells into which the
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is selected from the group consisting of a CRISPR-Cas system in which at least one DNA-cleaving ability of Cas is deactivated, a zinc finger motif, a TAL effector, and a PPR motif.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is a CRISPR-Cas system lacking at least one DNA-cleaving ability of Cas.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is the CRISPR-Cas system that lacks both DNA-cleaving ability of Cas.
- (Item A5) The method of any one of the preceding items, wherein said modification comprises substitution, deletion of one or more nucleotides at said targeted site, or insertion of one or more nucleotides at said targeted site.
- (Item A6) A method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said modification occurs predominantly on the PAM sequence side of said targeted site.
- (Item A7) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the DNA glycosylase is a mutant with reduced reactivity to double-stranded DNA compared to the wild type.
- (Item A14) A method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said delivery is performed by the Agrobacterium method.
- (Item A15) The method according to any one of the above items, further comprising the step of producing a plant body from the cells.
- (Item A16) The method according to any one of the above items, further comprising the step of clonally isolating the obtained cells.
- (Item A17) A transformed plant cell obtainable by the method according to any one of the preceding items.
- (Item A18) A transformed plant comprising a plant cell according to any one of the preceding items.
- (Item A19) A seed obtained from the plant according to any one of the above items.
- (Item A20) A plant according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said transformed trait is expressed only in the current generation.
- (Item A21) The plant according to any one of the above items, wherein expression of the transformed trait is inherited across generations.
- (Item B1) A method for producing plant cells with desired properties, comprising: (i) providing a plant cell containing double-stranded DNA associated with a desired property; (ii) providing a complex in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA and a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to the double-stranded DNA are bound; , (iii) placing the complex in conditions under which the plant cell is transfected; (iv) placing the transfected plant cell in conditions that induce modification of the targeted site without cleaving at least one strand of the double-stranded DNA at the targeted site; process and (v) selecting cells into which the complex has been introduced and/
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is selected from the group consisting of a CRISPR-Cas system in which at least one DNA-cleaving ability of Cas is deactivated, a zinc finger motif, a TAL effector, and a PPR motif.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is a CRISPR-Cas system lacking at least one DNA-cleaving ability of Cas.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module is the CRISPR-Cas system that lacks both DNA-cleaving ability of Cas.
- (Item B5) The method of any one of the preceding items, wherein said modification comprises substitution, deletion of one or more nucleotides at said targeted site, or insertion of one or more nucleotides at said targeted site.
- (Item B6) A method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said modification occurs predominantly on the PAM sequence side of said targeted site.
- (Item B7) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the DNA glycosylase is a mutant with reduced reactivity to double-stranded DNA compared to the wild type.
- (Item B8) The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the DNA glycosylase has cytosine-DNA glycosylase (CDG) activity or thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) activity.
- CDG cytosine-DNA glycosylase
- TDG thymine-DNA glycosylase
- the method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the DNA glycosylase having CDG activity or TDG activity is a mutant of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG).
- (Item B10) A method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the DNA glycosylase is a yeast-derived uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) mutant having CDG or TDG activity.
- the method according to item 1. (Item B12) The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the plant cell is derived from rice or Arabidopsis thaliana. (Item B13) A method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said transfection is performed through delivery of said complex to isolated plant callus or by the floral dip method.
- (Item B14) A method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said delivery is performed by the Agrobacterium method.
- (Item B15) The method according to any one of the above items, further comprising the step of producing a plant body from the cells.
- (Item B16) A method according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising the step of clonally isolating cells having said desired properties.
- (Item B17) A transformed plant cell obtainable by the method according to any one of the preceding items.
- (Item B18) A transformed plant comprising a plant cell according to any one of the preceding items.
- (Item B19) A seed obtained from the plant according to any one of the above items.
- (Item B20) A plant according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said transformed trait is expressed only in the current generation.
- (Item B21) The plant according to any one of the above items, wherein expression of the transformed trait is inherited across generations.
- (Item C1) A nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA of a plant cell and a double-stranded DNA to produce a plant cell in which the targeted site of the double-stranded DNA is modified. and a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity of said target site without cleaving at least one strand of said double-stranded DNA at said targeted site.
- a complex that induces (Item C2) A nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA of a cell and reacts with the double-stranded DNA to produce a cell in which the targeted site of the double-stranded DNA is modified.
- (Item C3) A nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA of a plant cell and DNA with sufficiently low reactivity to the double-stranded DNA to produce plant cells with desired properties
- (Item C4) One or more nucleic acids encoding the complex according to any one of the preceding items.
- (Item C5) One or more nucleic acids encoding the complex according to any one of the above items, used in combination with other nucleic acids encoding the complex.
- point mutations can be induced around the target site in yeast, but genetic modification has not been possible in higher multicellular organisms (cell populations) including plants.
- the method of the present disclosure makes it possible to generate not only point mutations but also deletions not only in conventional microorganisms but also in plants, which are multicellular organisms, and is expected to be applied as a new genome editing technology.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a Target-G vector for monocotyledonous plants according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the results of targeted gene modification by Target-G (nCas9) when targeting the ALS gene in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the results of targeted gene modification by Target-G (dCas9) when targeting the ALS gene in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the results of target gene modification by Target-G (dCas9) when targeting the OsFTIP1e gene in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the results of target gene modification by Target-G (dCas9) when targeting the DL gene in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the results of targeted gene modification by Target-G when targeting the OsClpP5 gene in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cloning sequence analysis in a callus line targeting the ALS gene in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cloning sequence analysis in a callus line in which the OsFTIP1e gene was targeted in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cloning sequence analysis in a callus line targeting the DL gene in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the results of cloning sequence analysis in a callus line in which the OsClpP5 gene was targeted in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the results of confirming that mutations confirmed in callus when the ALS gene is targeted are also transferred to T0 plants in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing the results of confirming that mutations confirmed in callus when the OsFTIP1e gene is targeted are transmitted to T0 plants in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the results of confirming that mutations confirmed in callus when targeting the OsClpP5 gene are also transmitted to T0 plants in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 14 is a photograph showing that, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, the mutation in the T0 plant whose gene was modified by the method of the present disclosure is also transferred to the T1 generation plant.
- modification of double-stranded DNA means that a certain nucleotide (e.g., dC) on the DNA strand is converted to another nucleotide (e.g., dT, dA or dG) or deleted. or that a nucleotide or nucleotide sequence is inserted between certain nucleotides on a DNA strand.
- modification includes the substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more nucleotides into the targeted site of the double-stranded DNA. .
- the double-stranded DNA to be modified here is not particularly limited, but is preferably genomic DNA.
- targeted site of the double-stranded DNA refers to all or part of the “target nucleotide sequence” specifically recognized and bound by the nucleic acid sequence recognition module, or the vicinity of the target nucleotide sequence (5 Either one or both of 'upstream and 3' downstream), and the range can be appropriately adjusted between one base and several hundred bases in length depending on the purpose.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition module means a molecule or molecular complex that has the ability to specifically recognize and bind to a specific nucleotide sequence (that is, target nucleotide sequence) on a DNA strand. Binding of the nucleic acid sequence recognition module to the target nucleotide sequence allows the DNA glycosylase linked to the module to act specifically on the targeted site of the double-stranded DNA.
- DNA glycosylase means an enzyme that hydrolyzes the N-glycosidic bond of DNA.
- DNA glycosylases are originally responsible for removing damaged bases from DNA in the base excision repair (BER) mechanism, in the present disclosure, normal bases in DNA (i.e., dC, dT, dA or dG, or They are preferably epigenetically modified. Mutant DNA glycosylases that originally do not react with normal bases or have low reactivity but have acquired or improved reactivity with normal bases through mutation are also included in the DNA glycosylases of the present invention and are preferably used.
- AP apurinic/apyrimidic
- the term "sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA” means that the frequency of cytotoxicity in the region forming double-stranded DNA is limited to the extent that cell survival is suppressed. It means that it does not cause an abasic reaction at.
- DNA glycosylases with sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA include DNA glycosylases that inherently have sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA, and glycosylases that have lower reactivity to double-stranded DNA than wild-type. Mutant DNA glycosylase into which a mutation has been introduced, and the like.
- DNA glycosylase that is divided into two fragments, each fragment binding to either one of the nucleic acid sequence recognition modules that are divided into two to form two complexes, and both complexes are lysed.
- a split enzyme designed such that when folded, the nucleic acid sequence recognition module can specifically bind to a target nucleotide sequence, and the specific binding enables the DNA glycosylase to catalyze an abasic reaction.
- Certain DNA glycosylases are also included in the term "DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA" herein.
- the term "complex" in which the above nucleic acid sequence recognition module and DNA glycosylase are bound together means that the above nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA are combined. It means a molecular complex having the activity of catalyzing the abasic reaction of a nucleic acid, which is endowed with the ability to recognize a specific nucleotide sequence, comprising a ligated complex.
- the “complex” includes not only those composed of a plurality of molecules, but also those having a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a DNA glycosylase in a single molecule, such as fusion proteins.
- two “partial complexes” are formed by ligating the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and one fragment of the DNA glycosylase, which are divided into two fragments, and the partial complexes are refolded.
- Molecular complexes that acquire nucleotide sequence recognition ability and abasic reaction catalytic activity by are also included in the term "complex" herein.
- transfection refers to the introduction of molecules such as nucleic acids into cells or host organisms, and is used interchangeably with “transduction” and “transformation”. Mutations resulting from the introduction of nucleic acids or complexes may occur in the recipient cell's genomic nucleic acid. If the mutation occurs in the nucleic acid (genomic DNA) of the recipient cell or organism, the mutation can be stably maintained in that cell or organism and progeny of the recipient cell or organism. or passed on to living organisms or passed on to subsequent generations by them.
- transfected plant cell or “transformed plant cell” refers to a plant cell transfected with a molecule such as a nucleic acid or the above complex.
- a “transfected plant cell” or “transformed plant cell” includes a plant cell whose genetic traits have been altered by the expression of a foreign gene integrated into the plant genome, or a plant cell in which the foreign gene is simply a leaf, stem, or stem cell. Plant cells that have only been introduced into roots and the like are also included.
- a “transformed plant” refers to a plant individual comprising such cells.
- complex-introduced cells or “modification-introduced cells” refers to cells into which the complexes have been introduced as a result of transfection of cells as described above, or cells into which the complexes have been introduced.
- the transformed plant of the present disclosure is a plant individual, it has fertility (sexual fertility), and has the excellent advantage that the mutation introduced into the plant genome and its traits are inherited to the next generation. .
- a method for producing a plant cell with a modified targeted site of double-stranded DNA comprising the steps of: (i) providing a plant cell comprising the double-stranded DNA of interest; and (ii) providing a complex in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA is bound to a DNA glycosylase having sufficiently low reactivity with the double-stranded DNA.
- the method of the present disclosure is useful as a genome editing technology for multicellular organisms and as a subsequent isolation technology for mutant clones.
- a method for producing a cell with a targeted site-altered double-stranded DNA comprising: (i) providing a cell comprising the double-stranded DNA of interest; (ii) providing a complex in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA and a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to the double-stranded DNA are bound; (iii) placing said complex in conditions under which said cell is transfected; and (iv) exposing said transfected cell to at least one of said double-stranded DNA at said targeted site. (v) selecting cells into which the complex has been introduced and/or cells into which the alteration has been introduced; and wherein the modification in the cell is maintained for at least a generation.
- a method for producing a plant cell with a desired property comprises the steps of: (i) providing a plant cell comprising double-stranded DNA associated with the desired property; ii) providing a complex in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to a target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA and a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to the double-stranded DNA are bound; (iii) placing said complex in conditions under which said plant cell is transfected; (iv) transfecting said transfected plant cell with at least one of said double-stranded DNA at said targeted site; and (v) selecting cells into which the complex has been introduced and/or cells into which the alteration has been introduced. and (vi) selecting cells with desired properties from the introduced cells.
- the present disclosure provides a novel genome editing technology capable of introducing various mutations into a wide range of target regions in target genomes such as plant genomes. Such techniques have been realized in microorganisms so far, but there have been technical difficulties in higher multicellular organisms.
- the DNA glycosylase used in the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it can catalyze a reaction that hydrolyzes the N-glycosidic bond of DNA to eliminate a base, but it has the meaning of increasing versatility as a genome editing technology. and those capable of acting on normal bases (ie, dC, dT, dA or dG, or their epigenetically modified forms, such as 5-methylcytosine) are preferred.
- Examples of such enzymes include, for example, an enzyme having CDG activity that catalyzes the reaction to eliminate cytosine, an enzyme that has TDG activity to catalyze the reaction to eliminate thymine, and an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction to eliminate 5-methylcytosine.
- UNG enzymes having activity
- 5-mCDG activity enzymes having activity
- UNG enzymes having activity
- UNG UNG in eukaryotes
- mitochondrial-localized UNG1 mitochondrial-localized UNG1
- nuclear-localized UNG2 which have a common amino acid sequence except for the N-terminal sequence containing each organelle translocation signal.
- a mutant UDG having CDG activity or TDG activity that recognizes cytidine or thymidine as a substrate can be obtained by introducing the More specifically, for example, in the case of yeast-derived UNG1 (GenBank Accession No.
- the CDG activity is enhanced by substituting asparagine at position 222 from the N-terminus with aspartic acid (the mutant is also referred to as N222D).
- the mutant is also referred to as N222D.
- TDG activity can be imparted (Kavli B. et al., EMBO J. ( 1996) 15(13):3442-7).
- the present inventors have found that substitution of glycine for tyrosine at position 164 (the mutant is also referred to as Y164G) can confer higher TDG activity than the Y164A mutant.
- cytosine is a carbonyl group at the 4th position of uracil substituted with an amino group
- thymine is a methylation at the 5th position of uracil.
- a mutant UNG having CDG activity, TDG activity or 5-mCDG activity is obtained by introducing a similar mutation to the amino acid residue corresponding to the mutation site. be able to.
- the UNG mutation may be one in which the above sites are substituted with amino acids other than the above, or a mutation is introduced at a site other than the above, as long as it can act on a normal base. It can be anything. For example, Kavli B. et al. et al. , EMBOJ. (1996) 15(13):3442-7.
- the origin of UNG is not particularly limited.
- UNG1 or UNG2 derived from mammals e.g., humans, mice, pigs, cattle, horses, monkeys, etc.
- UDG derived from viruses e.g., poxviridae (vaccinia virus, etc.), herpesviridae, etc.
- the amino acid sequences of human UNG1 and UNG2 are respectively available at UniprotKB No. May be referred to as P13051-2 and P13051-1.
- the amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli (K-12 strain) ung can be found in Uniprot KB No.
- the amino acid sequence of vaccinia virus (Copenhagen strain) UDG is Uniprot KB No. P20536, respectively.
- the amino acid sequence of UNG is highly conserved among species, and the corresponding mutation site is identified by aligning the amino acid sequence of UNG1 or UNG2 derived from the desired organism with the above amino acid sequence of yeast UNG1.
- the amino acid corresponding to yeast UNG1 N222 is asparagine 204 (N204) and the amino acid corresponding to Y164 is tyrosine 147 (Y147).
- N204 asparagine 204
- Y147 tyrosine 147
- the amino acid corresponding to N222 of yeast UNG1 is the 123rd asparagine (N123), and the amino acid corresponding to Y164 is the 66th tyrosine (Y66).
- the amino acid corresponding to N222 of yeast UNG1 is asparagine at position 120 (N120 ) and the amino acid corresponding to Y164 is the 70th tyrosine (Y70).
- UNG can remove uracil from both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA, but has a higher affinity for single-stranded DNA. This tendency is the same for the above mutant UNG to which CDG activity or TDG activity is imparted. However, since cytosine and thymine are ubiquitous in genomic DNA, mutant UNG with CDG activity or TDG activity is limited to uracil, which is rarely introduced into genomic DNA due to errors during replication or deamination of cytosine.
- the DNA glycosylase used in the present disclosure is required to have sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA.
- a mutant UNG is used as a DNA glycosylase, a mutation that reduces reactivity to double-stranded DNA is further introduced to create a double-stranded or single-stranded DNA glycosylase in which the abasic reaction by the mutant UNG having CDG activity or TDG activity is relaxed.
- the reactivity of the UA 25mer to double-stranded DNA is 1/20 or less, more preferably 1/50 or less, more preferably 1/100 of the wild type. Mutations that reduce the following include, but are not limited to in vitro reactivity as long as the reactivity to double-stranded DNA is reduced to the extent that it does not cause lethal cytotoxicity in vivo.
- the DNA glycosylase to be used has "sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA", for example, as disclosed in WO 2016/072399, a construct into which a DNA glycosylase is inserted, It can be confirmed by introducing it into a target cell together with a guide RNA, culturing the resulting transformant, and verifying its viability.
- reactivity to double-stranded DNA oligomers in vitro can be measured by Chen, C.; Y. et al. DNA Repair (Amst) (2005) 4 (7): 793-805, DNA glycosylase candidates with "sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA” can also be screened. .
- double-stranded DNA can refer to DNA that has formed a tight double helix structure.
- double-stranded DNA includes not only the state of single-stranded DNA in which the paired bases are completely dissociated, but also the state of a loose double-stranded DNA in which the double helix structure is unraveled although base pairs are formed. (relaxed double-stranded DNA) may not be included.
- mutants in which leucine at position 304 from the N-terminus is substituted with alanine this mutant is also referred to as L304A
- mutants in which arginine at position 308 is substituted with glutamic acid or cysteine the mutants are also referred to as R308E and R308C, respectively
- R308E and R308C mutants in which arginine at position 308 is substituted with glutamic acid or cysteine
- the corresponding mutation sites are identified by aligning the UNG1 or UNG2 amino acid sequence from the desired organism with the yeast UNG1 amino acid sequence described above. be able to.
- the amino acid corresponding to L304 of yeast UNG1 is leucine at position 272 (L272)
- the amino acid corresponding to R308 is arginine at position 276 (R276).
- the amino acid corresponding to L304 of yeast UNG1 is the 191st leucine (L191)
- the amino acid corresponding to R308 is the 195th arginine (R195).
- the amino acid corresponding to R308 of yeast UNG1 is arginine at position 187 (R187).
- Table 1 shows the correspondence of the positions of mutations that alter the substrate specificity and reactivity to double-stranded DNA of UNG1 (ung) among yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Escherichia coli, humans and Poxviridae viruses.
- the mutated amino acids are shown in single-letter code, and the numbers indicate the position of the mutated amino acid with 1 being the N-terminal amino acid.
- the "DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA" used in the present disclosure is preferably the N222D/L304A double mutant of yeast UNG1, N222D. /R308E double mutant, N222D/R308C double mutant, Y164A/L304A double mutant, Y164A/R308E double mutant, Y164A/R308C double mutant, Y164G/L304A double mutant, Y164G/R308E double mutant, Y164G/R308C double mutant, N222D/Y164A/L304A triple mutant, N222D/Y164A/R308E triple mutant, N222D/Y164A/R308C triple mutant, N222D/Y164G/L304A triple mutant, N222D /Y164G/R308E triple mutant, N222D/Y164G/L304A triple mutant, N222D /Y164G/R308E triple mutant, N222D/Y164G/L304A triple
- the "DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA” is a glycosylase that is naturally low in reactivity to double-stranded DNA and to relaxed double-stranded or single-stranded DNA.
- a highly selective DNA glycosylase can also be used.
- DNA glycosylase include SMUG1 (Single strand-selective Monofunctional Uracil-DNA Glycosylase) having UDG activity. Mutations conferring CDG activity or TDG activity are not known in SMUG1, but it has been reported that it is important for removal of uracil caused by deamination of cytosine (Nilsen, H. et al. EMBO J. et al.
- the present inventors combined cytidine deaminase, which can convert cytosine to uracil, with a nucleic acid sequence recognition module similar to that disclosed in the present disclosure, and developed a method of specifically introducing mutations in a targeted nucleotide sequence and its vicinity. Since it has already been developed (International Publication No. 2015/133554), by combining this technology, cytosine is artificially converted to uracil at the targeted site in genomic DNA, and then SMUG1 is further acted. Thus, the uracil can also be detached from the DNA.
- SMUG1 derived from Escherichia coli, yeast, mammals (eg, humans, mice, pigs, cows, horses, monkeys, etc.) can be used.
- mammals eg, humans, mice, pigs, cows, horses, monkeys, etc.
- amino acid sequences of two isoforms of human SMUG1 are provided in UniprotKB No. May be referenced as Q53HC7-1 and Q53HV7-2.
- cytidine deaminase is not particularly limited, but for example, PmCDA1 (Petromyzon marinus cytosine deaminase 1), and AID (Activation-induced cytidine deaminase; AICDA) derived from mammals (eg, humans, pigs, cows, horses, monkeys, etc.) can be used.
- PmCDA1 Petromyzon marinus cytosine deaminase 1
- AID Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
- the base sequence and amino acid sequence of cDNA for PmCDA1 are available at GenBank Accession No. EF094822 and ABO15149, and the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of human AID cDNA are provided by GenBank Accession No. NM_020661 and NP_065712 can be referenced respectively.
- examples of DNA glycosylases that inherently have low reactivity to double-stranded DNA include UDG derived from viruses belonging to the family Poxviridae, such as vaccinia virus.
- UDG derived from viruses belonging to the family Poxviridae
- vaccinia virus-derived UDG vvUDG
- R187C double-stranded DNA
- the Poxviridae virus-derived UDG such as vvUDG used in the present disclosure is preferably an N120D mutant, a Y70G or Y70A mutant, an N120D/Y70G double mutant, or an N120D/Y70A double mutant. mentioned.
- the A20 protein that interacts with UDG and forms a heterodimer that acts as a processivity factor for viral DNA polymerase is , UDG is preferably contacted with the double-stranded DNA.
- the CDG activity or TDG activity of the mutant UDG is increased.
- the mutant vvUDG which has a lower TDG activity (Y70G) than the CDG activity (N120D)
- the combined use with the A20 protein results in increased thymine activity. Mutagenesis efficiency can be improved.
- A20 derived from viruses belonging to the Poxviridae family such as vaccinia virus, smallpox virus, monkeypox virus, fowlpox virus, swinepox virus, and rabbit fibroma virus can be used.
- viruses belonging to the Poxviridae family such as vaccinia virus, smallpox virus, monkeypox virus, fowlpox virus, swinepox virus, and rabbit fibroma virus
- the amino acid sequence of vaccinia virus (Copenhagen strain) A20 can be found in Uniprot KB No. Can be referred to as P20995.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA glycosylase are each cleaved into two fragments, and one of the fragments is ligated to form two partial complexes that associate and function.
- a splitting enzyme designed to reconstitute a functional DNA glycosylase when a functional nucleic acid sequence recognition module is reconstituted and bound to a target nucleotide sequence is used as a DNA glycosylase with low reactivity to double-stranded DNA. be able to. In the split enzyme, even if the reconstituted DNA glycosylase itself does not have reduced reactivity to double-stranded DNA, it exhibits enzymatic activity only when bound to the target nucleotide sequence.
- a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a DNA glycosylase are divided into an N-terminal fragment and a C-terminal fragment, respectively.
- a partial complex obtained by ligating the N-terminal fragment of the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the C-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase, and the N-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase and the nucleic acid sequence recognition module.
- a partial complex ligated with the C-terminal fragment can be assembled to reconstitute a functional nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a functional DNA glycosylase.
- the combination of fragments to be ligated is not particularly limited as long as the two partial complexes are reconstituted into a complex of a functional nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a functional DNA glycosylase upon association.
- the two partial conjugates may be provided as separate molecules, or may be provided as one fusion protein, either directly or linked via a suitable linker.
- the cleavage site of the DNA glycosylase is not particularly limited as long as the two cleaved fragments can be reconstituted into a functional DNA glycosylase. , 3 or more fragments produced by cleaving at 2 or more sites can also be appropriately ligated to form 2 fragments.
- yeast UNG1 can be divided into an N-terminal fragment (1-258) and a C-terminal fragment (259-359) between the 258th and 259th amino acids from the N-terminus.
- BER base excision repair
- the repair of the AP site by the endogenous BER mechanism in the host cell is inhibited, and the frequency of repair errors, that is, the efficiency of mutagenesis is reduced. improves.
- mutant yeast UNG1 which has lower TDG activity (Y164G) than CDG activity (N222D)
- the efficiency of mutagenesis into thymine can be improved by using it in combination with mutant AP endonuclease.
- the origin of AP endonuclease is not particularly limited, for example, AP endonuclease derived from E.
- human Ape1 includes E96Q, Y171A, Y171F, Y171H, D210N, D210A, N212A and the like.
- the complex in which the nucleic acid sequence recognition module of the present disclosure and DNA glycosylase are bound may consist of a mutant of Cas9 with inactivated nuclease activity and abasic enzyme UNG.
- nCas9 and UNG can induce various mutations centered on large deletions around the target.
- dCas9 it is possible to induce a wide variety of mutations, including short deletions as well as point mutations around the target, and to improve the survival rate of transformants. By selectively using these, it can be used as a semi-rational evolutionary method that induces various mutations in specific regions of the plant genome.
- the target nucleotide sequence in the double-stranded DNA recognized by the nucleic acid sequence recognition module in the complex of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as the module can specifically bind. It may be any sequence in the main strand DNA.
- the length of the target nucleotide sequence need only be sufficient for the nucleic acid sequence recognition module to specifically bind. is 12 nucleotides or more, preferably 15 nucleotides or more, more preferably 17 nucleotides or more.
- the upper limit of the length is not particularly limited, it is preferably 25 nucleotides or less, more preferably 22 nucleotides or less.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition module of the complex of the present disclosure includes, for example, the CRISPR-Cas system (CRISPR-mutant Cas) that does not have at least one DNA cleaving ability of Cas, both DNAs of Cas
- CRISPR-Cas system CRISPR-mutant Cas
- zinc finger motifs zinc finger motifs
- TAL effectors and PPR motifs restriction enzymes
- transcription factors DNA of proteins that can specifically bind to DNA such as RNA polymerase Fragments and the like that contain a binding domain and have no DNA double-strand cleavage ability can be used, but are not limited to these.
- CRISPR-mutant Cas, zinc finger motif, TAL effector, PPR motif and the like are included.
- the zinc finger motif is a combination of 3 to 6 different Cys2His2 type zinc finger units (one finger recognizes about 3 bases), and can recognize a target nucleotide sequence of 9 to 18 bases.
- Zinc finger motifs can be constructed using a modular assembly method (Nat Biotechnol (2002) 20: 135-141), OPEN method (Mol Cell (2008) 31: 294-301), CoDA method (Nat Methods (2011) 8: 67-69), E. coli one-hybrid method (Nat Biotechnol (2008) 26: 695-701).
- Various publications can be referred to for details of the construction of zinc finger motifs.
- a TAL effector has a repeating structure of modules of about 34 amino acids, and binding stability and base specificity are determined by the 12th and 13th amino acid residues (called RVD) of one module. be. Since each module is highly independent, it is possible to create a TAL effector specific to a target nucleotide sequence simply by connecting the modules.
- the TAL effector is prepared by a production method using open resources (REAL method (Curr Protoc Mol Biol (2012) Chapter 12: Unit 12.15), FLASH method (Nat Biotechnol (2012) 30: 460-465), the Golden Gate method (Nucleic Acids Res (2011) 39: e82), etc.) have been established, and TAL effectors for target nucleotide sequences can be designed relatively easily.
- open resources REL method (Curr Protoc Mol Biol (2012) Chapter 12: Unit 12.15)
- FLASH method Near Biotechnol (2012) 30: 460-465
- the Golden Gate method Nucleic Acids Res (2011) 39: e82
- the PPR motif is constructed to recognize a specific nucleotide sequence by a series of PPR motifs consisting of 35 amino acids and recognizing one nucleobase, and the 1st, 4th and ii (-2)th amino acids of each motif. Only recognizes the target base. Since there is no dependence on the motif configuration and no interference from the flanking motifs, it is possible to create a PPR protein specific to the target nucleotide sequence by simply joining the PPR motifs, similar to the TAL effector. Various publications can be consulted for details of the construction of PPR motifs.
- DNA-binding domains of these proteins are well known, so fragments containing these domains and having no DNA double-strand cleavage ability can be easily designed. and can be constructed.
- the DNA glycosylase used in the conjugates of the present disclosure is preferably a mutated UDG endowed with CDG or TDG activity, more preferably UNG, but the site at which CDG or TDG activity is targeted It must be sufficiently low in reactivity to double-stranded DNA so that it does not act everywhere in the cell.
- the targeted site upon contact with a DNA glycosylase, is in a single-stranded DNA state, or at least a loose double-helical structure in which the rigid double helix structure is unwound, so that the DNA glycosylase can act efficiently. It is desirable to have a DNA structure.
- the guide RNA complementary to the target nucleotide sequence recognizes the sequence of the double-stranded DNA of interest and specifically forms a hybrid with the target nucleotide sequence.
- DNA with sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA because the targeted site is in a single-stranded state or in a state where the double helix structure is unwound (relaxed double-stranded).
- Glycosylases can selectively act on cytosines and thymines at the targeted site to remove the bases.
- the module when a zinc finger motif, a TAL effector, a PPR motif, or the like is used as the nucleic acid sequence recognition module, the module itself has the function of changing the structure of the double-stranded DNA (causing distortion of the double helix structure). Therefore, it is desirable to bring the complex of the present disclosure into contact with the double-stranded DNA of interest in combination with an agent that alters the structure of the double-stranded DNA (eg, gyrase, topoisomerase, helicase, etc.).
- an agent that alters the structure of the double-stranded DNA eg, gyrase, topoisomerase, helicase, etc.
- nucleic acid sequence recognition modules can be provided as fusion proteins with the above DNA glycosylases, or protein binding domains such as SH3 domains, PDZ domains, GK domains, GB domains and their binding partners.
- a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a DNA glycosylase, respectively provided as a protein complex through interaction of the domain with its binding partner.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA glycosylase can be fused with inteins, respectively, and the two can be linked by ligation after each protein synthesis.
- a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a DNA glycosylase can form a complex in a host cell as a nucleic acid encoding their fusion protein, or after translation into a protein using a binding domain, intein, or the like. preferably prepared as nucleic acids encoding them respectively.
- the nucleic acid may be either DNA or RNA.
- DNA it is preferably double-stranded DNA and provided in the form of an expression vector placed under the control of a promoter functional in the host cell.
- RNA it is preferably single-stranded RNA.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA glycosylase are each divided into two fragments and provided as two partial complexes in which one of the fragments is ligated together
- the N-terminal fragment of the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA encoding the C-terminal fragment are prepared by PCR using appropriate primers, respectively
- the DNA encoding the N-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase and the C-terminal fragment DNAs are prepared in the same manner, and, for example, DNAs encoding N-terminal fragments and DNAs encoding C-terminal fragments are ligated using a conventional method to encode two partial complexes. DNA can be made.
- DNA encoding the N-terminal fragment of the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA encoding the C-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase are ligated, and on the other hand, the DNA encoding the N-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase and the nucleic acid sequence recognition module.
- DNA encoding two partial complexes can also be constructed by ligating with DNA encoding the C-terminal fragment of .
- the combination of fragments to be ligated is not particularly limited as long as the two partial complexes are reconstituted into a complex of a functional nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a functional DNA glycosylase upon association.
- the two partial complexes are not only expressed as separate molecules, but also expressed as a single fusion protein by linking the nucleic acids encoding them directly or via an appropriate linker, and are intramolecularly associated. It may form a complex between a functional nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a functional DNA glycosylase.
- the complex of the present disclosure in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a DNA glycosylase are bound, does not involve a DNA double-strand break (DSB), so that genome editing with low toxicity is possible. material can be applied. Therefore, cells into which a nucleic acid encoding a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and/or a DNA glycosylase is introduced can range from cells of prokaryotic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and lower eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeast to mammals such as humans. Cells of all species, including cells of vertebrates including animals, cells of higher eukaryotes such as insects and plants, can also be included.
- DNAs encoding nucleic acid sequence recognition modules such as zinc finger motifs, TAL effectors, and PPR motifs can be obtained by any of the methods described above for each module.
- DNAs encoding sequence recognition modules such as restriction enzymes, transcription factors, and RNA polymerases cover the region encoding the desired portion of the protein (the portion containing the DNA-binding domain) based on their cDNA sequence information, for example.
- Cloning can be performed by synthesizing oligo DNA primers as described above, using total RNA or mRNA fractions prepared from cells producing the protein as templates, and amplifying them by RT-PCR.
- DNA encoding the DNA glycosylase similarly, an oligo DNA primer is synthesized based on the cDNA sequence information of the enzyme to be used, and total RNA or an mRNA fraction prepared from cells producing the enzyme is used as a template. - can be cloned by amplification by the PCR method; For example, DNA encoding yeast UNG1 can be obtained by designing appropriate primers upstream and downstream of the CDS based on the cDNA sequence (accession No. NM_001182379) registered in the NCBI database, It can be cloned by RT-PCR method.
- Mutations conferring CDG activity, TDG activity or 5-mCDG activity, and mutations reducing reactivity to double-stranded DNA are induced by known site-directed mutagenesis using the obtained cDNA as a template. is introduced, a nucleic acid encoding a DNA glycosylase with sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA can be obtained.
- DNA glycosylases such as vvUDG, which inherently have sufficiently low reactivity to double-stranded DNA
- only mutations conferring CDG activity, TDG activity or 5-mCDG activity can be introduced.
- the cloned DNA may be digested with a restriction enzyme as it is or, if desired, may be added with an appropriate linker (eg, GS linker, GGGAR linker, etc.), spacer (eg, FLAG sequence, etc.) and/or nuclear localization signal (NLS).
- linker eg, GS linker, GGGAR linker, etc.
- spacer eg, FLAG sequence, etc.
- NLS nuclear localization signal
- UNG1 and UNG2 have a mitochondrial localization signal and a nuclear localization signal at their N-termini, they can be used as they are.
- the mitochondrial localization signal can be removed and a separate nuclear localization signal ligated.
- a DNA encoding a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and a DNA encoding a DNA glycosylase are fused to a DNA encoding a binding domain or its binding partner, or both DNAs are fused to a DNA encoding an isolated intein.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition conversion module and the DNA glycosylase may be capable of forming a complex after being translated in the host cell.
- linkers and/or nuclear localization signals can be ligated to appropriate positions of one or both DNAs as desired.
- the DNA encoding the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA encoding the DNA glycosylase are synthesized by chemically synthesizing DNA strands, or synthesizing partially overlapping oligo DNA short strands using the PCR method or Gibson assembly method. It is also possible to construct a DNA encoding the full length by joining together.
- the advantage of constructing a full-length DNA by chemical synthesis or a combination with the PCR method or the Gibson Assembly method is that the codons used can be designed over the entire length of the CDS according to the host into which the DNA is introduced. When expressing a heterologous DNA, an increase in the amount of protein expression can be expected by converting the DNA sequence into codons that are frequently used in the host organism.
- Codon usage frequency data in the host to be used can be obtained from, for example, the genetic code usage frequency database (http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/index.html ) can be used, or the literature describing codon usage in each host can be consulted. By referring to the obtained data and the DNA sequence to be introduced, among the codons used in the DNA sequence, codons that are used less frequently in the host can be converted to codons that code for the same amino acid and are used more frequently. good.
- An expression vector containing DNA encoding a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and/or a DNA glycosylase can be produced, for example, by ligating the DNA downstream of a promoter in an appropriate expression vector.
- Expression vectors include E. coli-derived plasmids (eg, pBR322, pBR325, pUC12, pUC13); Bacillus subtilis-derived plasmids (eg, pUB110, pTP5, pC194); yeast-derived plasmids (eg, pSH19, pSH15); insect cell expression plasmid (e.g. pFast-Bac); animal cell expression plasmid (e.g.
- bacteriophage such as ⁇ phage
- insect virus vector such as baculovirus ( Examples: BmNPV, AcNPV)
- animal virus vectors such as retrovirus, vaccinia virus, adenovirus, etc. are used.
- Any promoter may be used as long as it is suitable for the host used for gene expression. Conventional methods involving DSBs may significantly reduce the viability of host cells due to toxicity. Constitutive promoters can also be used without restriction, since sufficient cell growth can be obtained even when expressing .
- plant cells can be preferably used as the host.
- the host is a plant cell
- CaMV35S promoter, CaMV19S promoter, NOS promoter and the like are preferred.
- the methods of the present disclosure may produce cells in which the targeted site of the double-stranded DNA is modified, in which case animal cells and the like may also serve as hosts thereof.
- animal cells and the like may also serve as hosts thereof.
- the host is an animal cell
- SR ⁇ promoter, SV40 promoter, LTR promoter, CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter, RSV (Rous sarcoma virus) promoter, MoMuLV (Moloney murine leukemia virus) LTR, HSV-TK (herpes simplex viral thymidine kinase) promoter and the like are used.
- the host When the host is Escherichia coli, trp promoter, lac promoter, recA promoter, ⁇ PL promoter, lpp promoter, T7 promoter and the like are preferred.
- the SPO1 promoter, SPO2 promoter, penP promoter and the like are preferred.
- the host When the host is yeast, Gal1/10 promoter, PHO5 promoter, PGK promoter, GAP promoter, ADH promoter and the like are preferred.
- the polyhedrin promoter, P10 promoter and the like are preferred.
- those containing enhancers, splicing signals, terminators, poly A addition signals, drug resistance genes, selectable markers such as auxotrophic complementary genes, replication origins, etc. can be done.
- RNA encoding the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and/or the DNA glycosylase is transcribed into mRNA by a known in vitro transcription system using, for example, a vector encoding the DNA encoding the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and/or the DNA glycosylase described above as a template. It can be prepared by
- An expression vector containing DNA encoding a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and/or a DNA glycosylase is introduced into a host cell, and the host cell is cultured to express a complex of the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA glycosylase in the cell. be able to.
- host cells for example, plant cells, Escherichia spp., Bacillus spp., yeast, insect cells, insects, animal cells, etc.
- Grains such as rice, wheat, corn, beans, cotton, barley, hemp, sesame, and buckwheat; commercial crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, bananas, coffee, and lettuce; Suspension-cultured cells, callus, protoplasts, leaf sections, root sections, and the like prepared from garden plants, tobacco, experimental plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, etc. can be used.
- the Escherichia genus bacteria include, for example, Escherichia coli K12 ⁇ DH1 [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 60, 160 (1968)], Escherichia coli JM103 [Nucleic Acids Research, 9, 309 (1981)], Escherichia coli JA221 [Journal of Molecular Biology, 120, 517 (1978)], Escherichia coli HB101 Journal of Molecular Biology, 41, 459 (1969)] and Escherichia coli C600 [Genetics, 39, 440 (1954)].
- Bacillus bacteria examples include Bacillus subtilis MI114 [Gene, 24, 255 (1983)], Bacillus subtilis 207-21 [Journal of Biochemistry, 95, 87 (1984)], and the like.
- yeast examples include Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22, AH22R-, NA87-11A, DKD-5D, 20B-12, Schizosaccharomyces pombe NCYC1913, NCYC2036, Pichia pastoris ) KM71 or the like is used.
- insect cells examples include, for example, when the virus is AcNPV, Spodoptera frugiperda cells (Sf cells), MG1 cells derived from the midgut of Trichoplusia ni, and High FiveTM cells derived from eggs of Trichoplusia ni. , Mamestra brassicae-derived cells, Estigmena acrea-derived cells, and the like are used.
- Sf cells silkworm-derived established cell lines (Bombyx mori N cells; BmN cells) and the like are used as insect cells.
- Sf cells include Sf9 cells (ATCC CRL1711), Sf21 cells [above, In Vivo, 13, 213-217 (1977)] and the like are used.
- Insects include silkworm larvae, fruit flies, and crickets [Nature, 315, 592 (1985)].
- animal cells include monkey COS-7 cells, monkey Vero cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, dhfr gene-deficient CHO cells, mouse L cells, mouse AtT-20 cells, mouse myeloma cells, rat GH3 cells, Cell lines such as human FL cells, pluripotent stem cells such as human and other mammalian iPS cells and ES cells, and primary cultured cells prepared from various tissues are used.
- zebrafish embryos, Xenopus laevis oocytes and the like can also be used.
- Any of the above host cells may be haploid (haploid) or polyploid (eg, diploid, triploid, tetraploid, etc.).
- Conventional mutagenesis methods in principle, only introduce mutations into one of the homologous chromosomes, resulting in a heterozygous genotype. It was time consuming and inconvenient.
- mutations can be introduced into all alleles on homologous chromosomes in the genome, so that even recessive mutations can express desired traits in generations, and conventional methods It is extremely useful in that it can overcome the problems of
- the expression vector can be introduced by known methods (e.g., lysozyme method, competent method, PEG method, CaCl2 coprecipitation method, electroporation method, microinjection method, particle gun method, lipofection method, Agrobacterium method, floral dip method, etc.).
- a method via Agrobacterium, a method of direct introduction into a cell, and the like can be used.
- Agrobacterium-mediated method for example, the method of Nagel et al. (Nagel et al. (1990), Microbiol. Lett., 67, 325) can be used. This method involves first transforming Agrobacterium by, for example, electroporation, with a plant-appropriate expression vector, and then transforming the transformed Agrobacterium into a plant as described in Gelvin et al. (Gelvin et al. (1994), Plant Molecular Biology Manual). (Kluwer Academic Press Publishers)).
- E. coli when E. coli is used, for example, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 2110 (1972), Gene, 17, 107 (1982) and the like can be used for transformation.
- Bacillus spp. can also be vector-introduced, for example, according to the method described in Molecular & General Genetics, 168, 111 (1979).
- yeast for example, Methods in Enzymology, 194, 182-187 (1991)
- a vector can be introduced according to the method described in USA, 75, 1929 (1978).
- insect cells and insects When insect cells and insects are used, vectors can be introduced according to the method described in Bio/Technology, 6, 47-55 (1988).
- animal cells for example, vector introduction should be performed according to the method described in Cell Engineering Supplement 8 New Cell Engineering Experimental Protocol, 263-267 (1995) (published by Shujunsha), Virology, 52, 456 (1973). can be done.
- Cells into which the vector has been introduced can be cultured according to known methods, depending on the type of host.
- a medium for culturing plant cells For example, as a medium for culturing plant cells, MS medium, LS medium, B5 medium, etc. are used.
- the pH of the medium is preferably from about 5 to about 8.
- Cultivation is usually carried out at about 20°C to about 30°C. Aeration and stirring may be performed as necessary.
- a liquid medium is preferred as the medium used for culturing.
- the medium preferably contains carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic substances and the like necessary for the growth of transformants.
- carbon sources include, for example, glucose, dextrin, soluble starch, sucrose, etc.
- nitrogen sources include, for example, ammonium salts, nitrates, corn steep liquor, peptone, casein, meat extract, soybean meal, Inorganic or organic substances such as potato extract
- inorganic substances include, for example, calcium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium chloride, and the like, respectively.
- yeast extract, vitamins, growth promoting factors, etc. may be added to the medium.
- the pH of the medium is preferably from about 5 to about 8.
- a preferred medium for culturing Escherichia coli is, for example, M9 medium containing glucose and casamino acids [Journal of Experiments in Molecular Genetics, 431-433, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1972]. If necessary, a drug such as 3 ⁇ -indolylacrylic acid may be added to the medium in order to make the promoter work efficiently. Cultivation of E. coli is usually carried out at about 15 to about 43°C. If necessary, aeration and stirring may be performed.
- Bacillus spp. is usually cultured at about 30 to about 40°C. If necessary, aeration and stirring may be performed.
- a medium for culturing yeast for example, Burkholder's minimal medium [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 4505 (1980)] and SD medium containing 0.5% casamino acid [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 5330 (1984)].
- the pH of the medium is preferably from about 5 to about 8. Cultivation is usually carried out at about 20°C to about 35°C. Aeration and stirring may be performed as necessary.
- a medium for culturing insect cells or insects for example, Grace's Insect Medium [Nature, 195, 788 (1962)] to which an additive such as inactivated 10% bovine serum is appropriately added is used.
- the pH of the medium is preferably from about 6.2 to about 6.4. Cultivation is usually carried out at about 27°C. Aeration and stirring may be performed as necessary.
- Examples of media for culturing animal cells include Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) containing about 5 to about 20% fetal bovine serum [Science, 122, 501 (1952)], Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) [ Virology, 8, 396 (1959)], RPMI 1640 medium [The Journal of the American Medical Association, 199, 519 (1967)], 199 medium [Proceedings of the Society for the Society for the Biological], 751, 13 Medical, etc. is used.
- the pH of the medium is preferably about 6 to about 8. Cultivation is usually carried out at about 30°C to about 40°C. Aeration and stirring may be performed as necessary.
- the complex of the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and DNA glycosylase can be expressed in cells.
- RNA encoding a nucleic acid sequence recognition module and/or DNA glycosylase into host cells can be performed by microinjection, lipofection, or the like. RNA introduction can be performed once or repeatedly multiple times (for example, 2 to 5 times) at appropriate intervals.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition module recognizes the target nucleotide in the double-stranded DNA of interest (e.g., genomic DNA).
- the targeted site severe hundreds bases including all or part of the target nucleotide sequence or its vicinity
- Abasic reaction occurs in the sense strand or the antisense strand (which can be appropriately adjusted within the range), and an abasic site (AP site) is generated in one strand of the double-stranded DNA.
- the intracellular base excision repair (BER) system is activated.
- AP endonuclease recognizes the AP site and cleaves the phosphate bond of the DNA strand, and exonuclease removes the abasic nucleotide.
- DNA polymerase then inserts new nucleotides using the opposite strand DNA as a template, and finally DNA ligase repairs the joint.
- Various mutations are introduced by the occurrence of a repair error at any stage of this BER.
- the combined use of mutant AP endonucleases that have lost enzymatic activity but retain the ability to bind to AP sites inhibit the intracellular BER machinery, reducing the frequency of repair errors and thus the efficiency of mutagenesis. can be improved.
- the CRISPR-Cas system recognizes the sequence of the double-stranded DNA of interest by the guide RNA complementary to the target nucleotide sequence, only by synthesizing an oligo-DNA that can specifically hybridize with the target nucleotide sequence, Any sequence can be targeted and, at the targeted site, the double-stranded DNA is unwound to produce a region of single-stranded structure and an adjacent region of loose double-stranded DNA structure. Therefore, DNA glycosylase can efficiently act in a targeted site-specific manner without combining factors that change the structure of double-stranded DNA.
- the CRISPR-Cas system (CRISPR-mutant Cas) without at least one DNA-cleaving ability of Cas, or having both DNA-cleaving ability of Cas can preferably be used.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition module of the present disclosure using CRISPR-mutant Cas is a complex of an RNA molecule consisting of a guide RNA complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and tracrRNA required for recruitment of the mutant Cas protein and the mutant Cas protein. provided.
- the Cas protein used in the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it belongs to the CRISPR system, preferably Cas9.
- Cas9 for example, Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9), Streptococcus thermophilus (Streptococcus thermophilus)-derived Cas9 (StCas9) and the like, but are not limited thereto. SpCas9 is preferred.
- the mutant Cas used in the present disclosure those that do not have the ability to cleave both strands of the double-stranded DNA of the Cas protein and those that have a nickase activity that does not have the ability to cleave only one strand can be used. is.
- the 10th Asp residue is converted to an Ala residue
- a D10A mutant lacking the ability to cleave the opposite strand of the strand forming the complementary strand with the guide RNA, or the 840th His residue is The H840A mutant lacking the ability to cleave the guide RNA and the complementary strand, modified with an Ala residue, and even double mutants thereof can be used, but other mutant Cas can be used as well.
- DNA glycosylase is provided as a complex with mutant Cas by the same method as the method of ligation with zinc fingers, etc. described above.
- DNA glycosylase and mutant Cas can be bound using RNA scaffold by RNA aptamers such as MS2F6 and PP7 and their binding proteins.
- the guide RNA forms a complementary strand with the target nucleotide sequence, and the mutated Cas is recruited to the following tracrRNA to recruit the DNA cleavage site recognition sequence PAM (protospacer adjacent motif)
- PAM protospacer adjacent motif
- PAM is NGG (N is The action of a DNA glycosylase linked to a mutant Cas that recognizes any base (3 bases) and can theoretically be targeted anywhere on the genome, but cannot cleave one or both DNAs.
- Abasic occurs at the targeted site (which can be arbitrarily adjusted within a range of several hundred bases including all or part of the target nucleotide sequence) to generate an AP site within the double-stranded DNA. Errors in the BER system of cells attempting to repair this introduce various mutations.
- the nucleic acid sequence recognition module and the DNA glycosylase are, in the form of nucleic acids encoding them, the desired target, as in the case of using a zinc finger or the like as the nucleic acid sequence recognition module. It is desirable to introduce into cells that have double-stranded DNA.
- DNAs encoding Cas can be cloned from cells that produce the enzyme by methods similar to those described above for DNAs encoding DNA glycosylases.
- mutated Cas is obtained by subjecting DNA encoding cloned Cas to amino acid residues at important sites for DNA cleavage activity using a site-directed mutagenesis method known per se (for example, in the case of Cas9, the 10th (including, but not limited to, the Asp residue at position 3 and the 840th His residue) with other amino acids.
- the DNA encoding the mutated Cas is chemically synthesized or combined with the PCR method or Gibson Assembly method by the same method as described above for the DNA encoding the nucleic acid sequence recognition module or the DNA encoding the DNA glycosylase. It can also be constructed as a DNA having codon usage suitable for expression in a cell.
- the DNA encoding the mutant Cas and the DNA encoding the DNA glycosylase may be linked so as to be expressed as a fusion protein, or expressed separately using a binding domain, intein, or the like, and the protein It may also be designed to form a complex within the host cell through interfacial interactions or protein ligation.
- the DNA encoding the mutant Cas and the DNA encoding the DNA glycosylase are divided into two fragments at appropriate positions, and one of the fragments is ligated directly or via an appropriate linker.
- Mutant Cas may be designed to reconstitute a functional DNA glycosylase with abasic catalytic activity when bound to a target nucleotide sequence.
- DNA encoding the N-terminal fragment of mutated Cas and DNA encoding the C-terminal fragment are prepared by PCR using appropriate primers, and on the other hand, encoding the N-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase.
- DNAs and DNAs encoding C-terminal fragments are prepared in the same manner, and, for example, DNAs encoding N-terminal fragments and DNAs encoding C-terminal fragments are ligated using a conventional method, DNA can be made that encodes the two partial complexes.
- DNA encoding the N-terminal fragment of mutated Cas and the DNA encoding the C-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase are ligated, and on the other hand, the DNA encoding the N-terminal fragment of DNA glycosylase and the C-terminal side of mutated Cas DNA encoding two partial complexes can also be made by ligating the DNA encoding the fragments.
- Each partial complex may be linked for expression as a fusion protein, or may be expressed separately using binding domains, inteins, etc., and the complex may be assembled in the host cell via protein-protein interactions or protein ligation. It may be designed to form Alternatively, two partial complexes may be linked for expression as a single fusion protein.
- the split point of the mutant Cas is not particularly limited as long as it can be reconstituted so that the two split fragments recognize and bind to the target nucleotide sequence, and are split at one location to form an N-terminal fragment and a C-terminal side.
- a fragment may be used, or three or more fragments produced by cleaving at two or more sites may be ligated appropriately to form two fragments.
- the region consisting of the 94th to 718th amino acids from the N-terminus is a domain (REC) involved in the recognition of the target nucleotide sequence and the guide RNA, and the region consisting of the 1099th to the C-terminal amino acids is PAM.
- any site within the REC domain or within the PI domain, preferably within a region without structure e.g., between the 204th and 205th amino steps from the N-terminus ( 204..205), between the 535th and 536th amino acids from the N-terminus (535..536), etc.
- a region without structure e.g., between the 204th and 205th amino steps from the N-terminus ( 204..205), between the 535th and 536th amino acids from the N-terminus (535..536), etc.
- DNA encoding the mutated Cas and/or DNA glycosylase can be inserted downstream of the promoter of the same expression vector as described above, depending on the host.
- DNA encoding the guide RNA and tracrRNA is produced by designing an oligo DNA sequence by connecting a sequence complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and a known tracrRNA sequence, and chemically using a DNA/RNA synthesizer. Can be synthesized. DNAs encoding the guide RNA and tracrRNA can also be inserted into the same expression vector as described above, depending on the host. , H1 promoter, etc.) and a terminator (eg, T6 sequence) are preferably used.
- RNA encoding mutant Cas and / or DNA glycosylase for example, by using a vector encoding DNA encoding mutant Cas and / or DNA glycosylase described above as a template, by transcription into mRNA in an in vitro transcription system known per se. can be prepared.
- the guide RNA-tracrRNA can be chemically synthesized using a DNA/RNA synthesizer by designing an oligoRNA sequence in which a sequence complementary to the target nucleotide sequence and a known tracrRNA sequence are linked.
- DNA or RNA encoding mutant Cas and/or DNA glycosylase, guide RNA-tracrRNA, or DNA encoding it can be introduced into host cells by the same method as above, depending on the host.
- DSBs DNA double-strand breaks
- mutagenesis is performed by abasic reaction on DNA rather than by DNA cleavage, so a significant reduction in toxicity can be achieved.
- cleavage of the double-stranded DNA occurs at sites other than the targeted site (which can be appropriately adjusted within the range of several hundred bases including all or part of the target nucleotide sequence). do not prevent it from occurring.
- the present disclosure modification of the double-stranded DNA does not involve DNA strand breaks not only at the targeted site of the selected double-stranded DNA, but also at other sites.
- mutagenesis efficiency can be increased compared to targeting a single nucleotide sequence.
- mutagenesis is similarly achieved even when both target nucleotide sequences partially overlap and when both are separated from each other by about 600 bp. It also occurs whether the target nucleotide sequences are in the same orientation (target nucleotide sequences are present on the same strand) or opposite (target nucleotide sequences are present on each strand of the double-stranded DNA). obtain.
- the method of modifying the genome sequence of the present disclosure can introduce mutations into almost all cells expressing the complex of the present disclosure by selecting an appropriate target nucleotide sequence. Therefore, insertion and selection of a selectable marker gene, which are essential in conventional genome editing, are unnecessary. This dramatically simplifies genetic manipulation and at the same time eliminates the possibility of living organisms recombinant with foreign DNA, thereby broadening their applicability to crop breeding and the like.
- the method for modifying a genome sequence of the present disclosure enables modification targeting multiple DNA regions at completely different positions. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, different target nucleotide sequences (may be in one gene of interest, or may be in two or more different genes of interest. These target genes are on the same chromosome. , or located on separate chromosomes) can be used. In this case, each one of these nucleic acid sequence recognition modules and a DNA glycosylase form a complex. A common DNA glycosylase can be used here.
- RNA glycosylase when using the CRISPR-Cas system as the nucleic acid sequence recognition module, a common complex (including a fusion protein) between the Cas protein and the DNA glycosylase is used, and the guide RNA-tracrRNA is complementary to each different target nucleotide sequence. It is possible to prepare and use two or more chimeric RNAs each of which is composed of two or more guide RNAs forming a chain and tracrRNA.
- zinc finger motifs, TAL effectors, etc. are used as nucleic acid sequence recognition modules, for example, DNA glycosylase can be fused to each nucleic acid sequence recognition module that specifically binds to different target nucleotides.
- an expression vector containing a DNA encoding the complex or an RNA encoding the complex is introduced into the host cell as described above.
- an expression vector such as a plasmid
- Rapid removal is preferred.
- the mutant enzyme inhibits the BER mechanism in the host cell, and may induce undesirable spontaneous mutations in regions other than the target region.
- Plasmids containing DNA are also preferably removed immediately after the desired mutation is introduced. Therefore, although it varies depending on the type of host cell, for example, 6 hours to 2 days after introduction of the expression vector, the introduced plasmid is removed from the host cell using various plasmid removal methods well known in the art. is desirable.
- an expression vector that does not have autonomous replication ability in the host cell for example, a replication origin that functions in the host cell and / or a protein necessary for replication It is also preferable to introduce mutations into the double-stranded DNA of interest by transient expression using a vector lacking a gene encoding ) or RNA.
- the method of the present disclosure comprises using a complex in which a nucleic acid sequence recognition module as described above and a DNA glycosylase are bound, transfecting the complex into plant cells, is expressed to cause a predetermined modification in the plant cell.
- Introduction of the complex is not particularly limited as long as the gene encoding the complex is introduced into the plant. can. Examples of methods for introduction into target cells include the Agrobacterium method, the floral dip method, the particle gun (bomberment) method, the RNA virus vector method, the plasma treatment method, the PEG method, the electroporation method, and the like.
- Transformation using Agrobacterium is a technique for introducing genome-editing factors into plant cells by infecting plant cells with Agrobacterium bacteria containing vectors that express genome-editing factors. . That is, a plant cell or plant tissue isolated from a plant of interest (for example, a plant of the family Liliaceae) is incubated with an Agrobacterium bacterium containing a vector that expresses a factor for genome editing, and a gene editing factor for genome editing is added to the plant cell. Introduce a factor. Genome-edited callus is then generated by performing cell or tissue culture under appropriate culture conditions.
- the method of directly introducing a genome-editing factor into protoplasts is a method of directly introducing a genome-editing factor into plant cells without using Agrobacterium and a vector. That is, protoplasts are prepared from plant cells derived from a plant of interest, and a factor for genome editing is introduced directly into the protoplasts by the PEG method, particle gun method, or the like. After that, by incubating the protoplasts under appropriate culture conditions, a genome-edited plant can be obtained.
- the Agrobacterium method uses soil bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhizobium radiobacter, Agrobacteriumrhizogenes, or Rhizobium rhizogenes of the genus Rhizobium. It is a method to use, and it is possible to utilize the fact that the T-DNA region of the Ti or Ri plasmid possessed by this bacterium is inserted into the plant genome by homologous recombination. That is, by inserting a target gene into the T-DNA region, the target gene can be introduced into the plant genome when Agrobacterium infects the plant.
- the target gene is introduced into both the stamen and pistil cells by infecting flower buds with Agrobacterium, followed by pollination to introduce the target gene into the plant genome. It is a way to
- the particle gun method is a method of introducing DNA into plant cells by ejecting DNA-coated metal particles such as gold and tungsten at high speed as bullets.
- High pressure gas such as helium is mainly used for injection of metal particles.
- cotyledons or callus of a plant are infected with Agrobacterium containing a vector containing a gene encoding the complex, and antibiotics and gene-introduced cells are used to eradicate the Agrobacterium.
- the gene can be introduced into the plant by adding an antibiotic for selection to the medium, and repeating sterilization and selection.
- the vector in this case is not particularly limited as long as the gene can be expressed in the plant body, and various plasmid vectors can be used.
- CaMV35S promoter CaMV19S promoter, NOS promoter, pRI201-AN vector ( Takara Bio Inc.), pBI vector (Takara Bio Inc.), pRI vector (Takara Bio Inc.), pFAST vector (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), pSuperAgro vector (Implanta Innovations Inc.) and the like can be used.
- a vector when a plant cell is transformed using an Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method, the origin of replication of both E. coli and Agrobacterium and the border region capable of being introduced into the plant are used. It is necessary to use plasmids called "binary vectors" with nucleotide sequences corresponding to the T-DNA-derived border sequences (Left border and Right border) shown.
- pBI101 commercially available from Clontech
- pBIN Bevan, N., Nucleic Acid Research 12, 8711-8721, 1984
- pBIN Plus van Engelen, FA et al., Tranegenic Research 4, 288-290, 1995
- pTN or pTH Fukuoka He et al., Plant Cell Reports 19, 2000
- pPZP Hajdukiewicz P et al., Plant Molecular Biology 25, 989-994, 1994
- a tobacco mosaic virus vector is also exemplified as a vector that can be used in plants, but since this type of vector does not introduce the target gene into the plant chromosome, the gene-introduced plant is propagated through seeds. It is of limited use when there is no need to force it, but it can be used in the present disclosure.
- callus is formed from a plant into which a gene encoding the complex has been introduced, and roots and shoots are differentiated from the callus to obtain a transformed plant.
- a gene-introduced plant or callus (especially Agrobacterium having a vector containing the gene) can be used. plants or callus infected with .
- the callus induction medium may further contain an antibiotic for sterilization and an antibiotic for selecting transformed cells. Examples of antibacterial antibiotics include cefotaxime, moxalactam, meropenem, and the like, and their actions enable efficient differentiation of callus into roots and shoots.
- 2N6 medium N6 medium mixed salt (Sigma-Aldrich) 4.0 g/L, Casamino acid 300 mg/L, Myo-inocitol 100 mg/L, Nicotinic acid 0.5 mg/L, Pyridoxine HCl 0.5 mg/ L, Thiamine HCl 0.5mg/L, L-Proline 2878mg/L, Sucrose 30.0g/L, 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2mg/L, Gelrite 4.0g/L, pH5.8).
- N6 medium mixed salt Sigma-Aldrich
- 2N6NU medium (Mixed salt for N6 medium [manufactured by Sigma] 4.0g/L, Casamino acid 300mg/L, Myo-inocitol 100mg/L, Nicotinic acid 0.5mg/L, Pyridoxine HCl 0.5mg/L, Thiamine HCl 0.5mg/L, L-Proline 2878mg/L, Sucrose 30.0g/L, 2,4-D 2mg/L, Gelrite 4.0g/L, Vancomycin 100mg/L, Meropenem 25mg/L, pH5.8) for 5 days It can be cultured under a regimen. After that, as described later, callus can be selected by culturing the plant in a medium containing a drug corresponding to any drug resistance gene used for transformation.
- ⁇ Selection of gene-introduced cells As a method for selecting cells into which the complex of the present disclosure has been introduced and/or cells into which modification by the complex has been introduced, a vector containing an arbitrary drug resistance gene together with a transgene is introduced into a plant, and then any drug A method of culturing a plant in a medium containing a drug corresponding to a resistance gene can be mentioned.
- the drug resistance gene includes kanamycin resistance gene, hygromycin resistance gene, bialaphos resistance gene and the like. Drugs corresponding to these resistance genes include kanamycin, hygromycin, and bialaphos.
- neomycin phosphotransferase gene when the neomycin phosphotransferase gene was inserted into the T-DNA region of the vector, selection was performed in a medium containing the antibiotic kanamycin, and the hygromycin resistance gene (HPT) and bialaphos resistance gene (bar) were inserted.
- HPT hygromycin resistance gene
- bar bialaphos resistance gene
- hygromycin or bialaphos are added to the medium, respectively, and Agrobacterium-infected plants are cultured in a medium supplemented with drugs corresponding to these drug-resistant genes, thereby producing plants into which the genes have been introduced. Cells can be selected.
- Cells introduced with the plant expression vector are selected for drug resistance such as hygromycin resistance and kanamycin resistance as described above. They can then be redifferentiated into plant tissues, plant organs and/or plants by methods well known in the art. Additionally, seeds may be obtained from the plant. Expression of the introduced gene can be detected by Northern blotting or PCR. If desired, the expression of the gene product protein can be confirmed by, for example, Western blotting.
- the cells when selecting cells with desired properties from the complex-introduced cells and/or the modification-introduced cells, the cells are transfected as described above.
- a cell into which the complex has been introduced, or a cell in which substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more nucleotides has occurred in one or more nucleotides at the targeted site of the double-stranded DNA due to the action of the complex are selected.
- physical methods include polyethylene glycol method (PEG method), electroporation method, microinjection method, and particle gun method. These methods are highly useful in that they can be applied to both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
- PEG method polyethylene glycol method
- electroporation method electroporation method
- microinjection method microinjection method
- particle gun method particle gun method.
- methods for introducing isolated genes using organisms include the Agrobacterium method, the viral vector method, and the method using pollen as a vector. These methods do not use protoplasts, but use plant callus, tissue, or plant bodies for gene transfer, so they do not require long-term culturing and are less susceptible to disorders such as somaclonal mutations. ing. Of these methods, pollen is used as a vector, and there are still few experimental examples, and there are many unknowns as plant transformation methods.
- the virus vector method has the advantage that the gene to be introduced spreads throughout the virus-infected plant body, it is only amplified and expressed in each cell, and there is no guarantee that it will be transmitted to the next generation. Another problem is that long DNA fragments cannot be introduced.
- the Agrobacterium method has many advantages, such as the ability to introduce DNA of about 20 kbp or more into the chromosome without major rearrangement, the number of copies of the introduced gene being as low as a few copies, and high reproducibility. . Since Agrobacterium is outside the host range of monocotyledonous plants such as gramineous plants, introduction of exogenous genes into gramineous plants has hitherto been carried out by physical methods as described above. However, in recent years, the Agrobacterium method has come to be applied to monocotyledonous plants such as rice, for which a culture system has been established, and the Agrobacterium method is currently preferred. .
- the target nucleic acid molecule may or may not be introduced into the chromosome in the transformant.
- the nucleic acid molecule of interest (transgene) is introduced into a chromosome, more preferably into both chromosomes.
- Techniques and media known in the art are used for the culture, dedifferentiation, differentiation and regeneration of plant cells, plant tissues and plant bodies.
- Examples of such media include, but are not limited to, Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium, GaMborg B5 (B) medium, White medium, Nitsch & Nitsch (Nitsch) medium, and the like. These media are usually used after adding an appropriate amount of a plant growth regulator (plant hormone) or the like.
- regeneration means a phenomenon in which cells in an undifferentiated state differentiate into more differentiated entities such as functional cells, tissues, or whole individuals.
- regeneration of callus can lead to the formation of tissue pieces such as cells (leaves, roots, etc.), and growth of these tissue pieces can lead to the formation of organs or plants.
- a method for redifferentiating a transformant into a plant body is well known in the art. Such methods include Rogers et al. , Methods in Enzymology 118:627-640 (1986); Tabata et al. , Plant Cell Physiol. , 28:73-82 (1987); Shaw, Plant Molecular Biology: A practical approach. IRL press (1988); Shimamoto et al. , Nature 338:274 (1989); Maliga et al. , Methods in Plant Molecular Biology: A laboratory course. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1995) and the like, but not limited thereto. Therefore, those skilled in the art can appropriately use the well-known method according to the target transgenic plant to regenerate.
- the transgenic plants thus obtained have the gene of interest introduced therein, and the introduction of such gene can be performed using methods described herein, such as Northern blot, Western blot analysis, or other methods. It can be confirmed using well-known and commonly used techniques.
- Short Protocols in Molecular Biology A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates; Ausubel, F.; M. (1995). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates; Innis, M.; A. et al. (1995). PCR Strategies, Academic Press; Ausubel, F.; M. (1999). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, and annual updates; J. et al. (1999). PCR Applications: Protocols for Functional Genomics, Academic Press, Supplementary Volume Experimental Medicine "Gene Introduction & Expression Analysis Experimental Method” Yodosha, 1997, etc., and these are the relevant parts (may be all) of this specification. is incorporated by reference.
- Target-G expression unit Maize ubiquitin gene promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) was used as a constitutive promoter in monocotyledons. An artificial gene in which the modified Cas9 gene and the DNA uracil glycosylase gene were fused was linked downstream of the promoter. The main components are described below.
- Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes is completely nuclease-inactivated (dCas9) (SEQ ID NO: 2) with nuclear localization signals (ATG GCT CCT AAG AAG AAG CGG AAG GTT GGT ATT CACGGG GTG CCT GCG GCT; SEQ ID NO: 3 (encoding MAPKKRKRKVGIHGVPAA), CCCAAG AAG AAG AGG AAG GTG ; SEQ ID NO: 4 (encoding PKKKRV)) was added.
- nCas9 a partially inactivated nuclease (SEQ ID NO: 5) was also constructed, and a nuclear localization signal (SEQ ID NO: 4) was added to the C-terminal side.
- SEQ ID NO: 5 a nuclear localization signal
- 1 copy or 2 copies of the modified UNG1 gene derived from yeast mitochondria is linked to the C-terminal side of dCas9 or nCas9 via a linker sequence.
- UNG1 the region encoding the mitochondrial translocation signal (base numbers 1 to 60) was excluded from the wild-type gene, and the N222D mutation (base number 664 a was replaced with g (a664g) and the R308C mutation (base number A modified version was used (SEQ ID NO: 6) in which aga of 922 to 924 was replaced with tgt (aga922tgt)).
- the above components were combined to construct four types of Target-G units.
- d1 SEQ ID NO: 7 linked to dCas9 with 1 copy of UNG1,
- d2 SEQ ID NO: 8 linked with 2 copies of UNG1 to dCas9, and 1 copy of UNG1 linked to nCas9.
- n1 SEQ ID NO: 9
- n2 SEQ ID NO: 10 in which two copies of UNG1 were linked to nCas9.
- OsU6 rice RNA polymerase III-dependent U6 promoter
- SEQ ID NO: 11 The rice RNA polymerase III-dependent U6 promoter (hereinafter referred to as OsU6) (SEQ ID NO: 11) was used as a promoter for expressing the guide RNA in monocotyledonous plants.
- OsU6 rice RNA polymerase III-dependent U6 promoter
- six target sequences in the rice genome were modified, and guide RNAs corresponding to each target were designed. The sequence is shown below. 1.
- ALS A96 CATGGACGCGCCGCCCGGGT (SEQ ID NO: 12)
- OsFTIP1eQ590 CAGCTGTGGAAACCACCACCAAT (SEQ ID NO: 13)
- DL-3 GACCTTGCACTGACTGCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 14) 4.
- OsClpP5 GCCATGGCCGCGGCTCGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 15) 5.
- EGFP Mut1 GAGCTGGACGGCGACGTAAA (SEQ ID NO: 16) 6.
- EGFP Mut2 CATGTGATCGCGCTTCTCGT (SEQ ID NO: 17) 7.
- mGFP switch TCTAGAGGATCCGGCCCAGT (SEQ ID NO: 18) 8.
- ALSP171-R173 CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGAT (SEQ ID NO: 19)
- the first unit is "x4" (SEQ ID NO: 20), which is a combination of the above guide RNAs 1 to 4
- the second is “x6” (SEQ ID NO: 21), which is a combination of 1 to 6, and the third is 1 to 4. and 7 were combined as “x5” (SEQ ID NO: 22), and the fourth was “x2” as a combination of the above guide RNAs 1 and 8 (SEQ ID NO: 23).
- Target-G expression unit combined with the above maize ubiquitin gene promoter and the gRNA expression unit are combined into a general binary vector for the Agrobacterium method. (pVS1 system).
- a hygromycin phosphorase (hpt) expression unit linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO: 24) was used as a positive marker for selecting plant cells in which the Target-G system was integrated into the genome.
- hpt hygromycin phosphorase linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter
- SEQ ID NO: 24 was used as a positive marker for selecting plant cells in which the Target-G system was integrated into the genome.
- the following four types of constant expression Target-G vectors were constructed according to the type of mutant Cas9 and the copy number of UNG1 (Fig. 1).
- a gRNA expression unit (SEQ ID NO: 20) targeting 4 genes on the rice genome was incorporated into pOSGd11 and pOSGd21 to prepare "pOSGd11x4" and "pOSGd21x4".
- a gRNA expression unit “x2” (SEQ ID NO: 23) targeting two sites in the rice ALS gene region was incorporated into pOSGn21 to prepare “pOSGn21x2”.
- nptII neomycin phosphortransferase II
- Target-G Vector for PEG-Transfection Analysis In order to evaluate the effect of differences in target-G vector components on base editing efficiency, a vector for PEG-Transfection method was constructed.
- Four types of Target-G units "d11" SEQ ID NO: 7
- “d21” SEQ ID NO: 8
- "n11 SEQ ID NO: 9
- "n21” sequence number 10
- a guide RNA expression unit “x5” was incorporated into these to construct the following four types of vectors.
- ⁇ pOSGd11x5-Zeo ⁇ pOSGd21x5-Zeo
- pOSGn11x5-Zeo ⁇ pOSGn11x5-Zeo
- EGFP Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein
- SEQ ID NO: 27 Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus p35S promoter.
- This EGFP expression unit contains hygromycin linked to the rice actin gene promoter. It was integrated into a binary vector for plant transformation (pVS1) together with a phosphotransferase (hpt) expression unit (SEQ ID NO: 28). This plasmid was named "pRIT4-EGFP".
- the second type visualizes the editing efficiency of the target DNA sequence by Target-G based on the appearance frequency of the GFP signal.
- a mutated Green Fluorescent Protein (mGFP) (SEQ ID NO: 29) was constructed by deleting the initiation codon and linking the DNA sequence to which the guide RNA "mGFP switch (SEQ ID NO: 18)" binds, and linked downstream of the cauliflower mosaic virus p35S promoter. . This was incorporated into a binary vector for plant transformation (pVS1) together with the neomycin phosphortransferase II (nptII) expression unit (SEQ ID NO: 26) linked to the rice actin gene promoter. This plasmid was named "pRIT3-mGFP".
- Target-G and evaluation vector into Agrobacterium Binary vector prepared as described above "pOSGd11x4""pOSGd21x4""pOSGn21x2""pOSGd13x4""pOSGd23x4""pOSGd13-nptIIx6""pOSGd23-nptIIx6""pRIT4- EGFP and pRIT3-mGFP were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 by electroporation (Bio Rad MicroPulser electroporation system).
- competent cells of Agrobacterium were prepared by the following procedure.
- Agrobacterium strain was spread on LB agar medium (Bacto Tryptone 10 g/L, Yeast Extract 5 g/L, NaCl 10 g/L, Bacto Agar 15 g (1.5%)) and cultured at 28°C in the dark for 2 days.
- the resulting single colony was added to 2xYT liquid medium (Bacto Tryptone 16 g/L, Yeast Extract 10 g / L, NaCl 5 g / L) After inoculating 5 mL, shake culture at 28 ° C.
- each vector was introduced into Agrobacterium according to the procedure described below.
- Each vector was dissolved in sterilized water at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ ⁇ L, mixed with 50 ⁇ L of the above Agrobacterium suspension, transferred to a micropulse cuvette (0.1 cm gap, BioRad), and subjected to electroporation (2.2 kV). , 5.8 ms).
- the resulting bacterial colonies were grown in 5 mL of 2xYT liquid medium containing 100 mg/L spectinomycin, dispensed as a glycerol (35% final concentration) stock into microcentrifuge tubes, and stored at -80°C.
- AAI liquid medium MgSO 4 7H 2 O 5 g/L, CaCl 2 containing 40 mg/L of acetosyringone (3′,5′-Dimethoxy-4′-hydroxy-acetophenone).
- Target-G vector into rice callus (Agrobacterium inoculation, co-cultivation, eradication, rice recombinant callus selection) About 15 g of the rice callus obtained in 3-1 was collected in a sterilized glass beaker, and the Agrobacterium suspension containing each vector (described above) was added and inoculated with shaking for 3 to 5 minutes. Thereafter, the suspension was filtered through a stainless mesh (1.5 mm joint opening) to remove excess Agrobacterium.
- a sterilized filter paper is placed on the 2N6 co-culture medium (the 2N6 medium with 40 mg/L of Acetosyringone added, pH 5.2), and the callus is arranged on it with tweezers at regular intervals and co-cultured at 25°C in the dark for 3 days. did.
- the callus was collected in a 500 ml beaker and treated with 300 ml of sterilized water containing 200 mg/L Vancomycin and 20 ⁇ l/L Tween 20. Wash for 30 minutes with agitation.
- the callus was collected on a stainless steel mesh, the water around the callus was removed with a paper towel, and the same sterilization operation was repeated four times using 300 ml of sterilization solution 2 (sterilized water containing 200 mg/L vancomycin). Then, the sterilized callus was cultured for 5 days in 2N6NU medium (2N6 medium supplemented with 100 mg/L of vancomycin and 25 mg/L of Meropenem, pH 5.8).
- 2N6NU medium 2N6 medium supplemented with 100 mg/L of vancomycin and 25 mg/L of Meropenem, pH 5.8.
- the selective medium 2N6SE H40 (2N6NU medium with 40 mg/L of hygromycin added) or 2N6SE Pa50 (2N6NU medium with 50 mg/L of paromomycin added) was arranged at even intervals and placed in the dark at 31.5°C for about 4 Cultured for ⁇ 6 weeks.
- Genomic DNA was extracted from Hygromycin-resistant callus using an automatic nucleic acid extractor (PX-80, Kurabo Industries, Ltd.). After the target gene region of each callus was amplified by PCR, direct sequence analysis was performed to confirm introduction of mutation by Target-G. Furthermore, PCR products obtained from some of the callus were subjected to cloning sequence analysis to confirm the introduction of mutations in detail.
- washing buffer (KCl 373 mg, NaCl 9 g, CaCl 2 2H 2 O 18.4 mg, MES 427 mg, volume up to 40 ml with sterile water) is added, the protoplasts are separated by centrifugation, pipetted out and transferred to a new container. After that, the cells are suspended in a washing buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant is discarded. After mixing the plasmid DNA to be introduced and the protoplasts in a microcentrifuge tube, a PEG solution (2 g of PEG4000, 1.25 ml of 0.8 M mannitol, 0.5 ml of 1 M CaCl2, and diluted to 5 ml with sterilized water) is added. After incubation at 30° C. for 24-72 hours, the protoplasts were prepared and analyzed using a fluorescence microscope.
- Example 2 Targeted mutagenesis by Target-G system using nCas9
- pOSGn21x2 was introduced into rice callus by the Agrobacterium method.
- Genomic DNA was extracted from these calluses, and the introduction of mutations in the target regions (two sites in the ALS gene) was confirmed.
- the frequency of large-scale deletions was higher than that of base substitution mutations (Fig. 2). .
- nCas9 when used in the Target-G system, the repair process of the abasic site induced by UNG and the DNA single-strand breakage by nCas9 proceed simultaneously, resulting in a high frequency of DNA double-strand breaks ( DSB) occurred.
- Example 3 Targeted mutagenesis by Target-G system using dCas9
- Target-G system using dCas9 target gene modification by Target-G system using dCas9 was attempted.
- 54 lines out of 1364 lines of callus exhibited hygromycin resistance, and the transformation efficiency was 3.96%.
- Direct sequencing analysis confirmed the introduction of mutations into four target genes (ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5) in multiple Hygromycin-resistant callus lines (FIGS. 3-6).
- multiple target genes were modified within one callus, demonstrating simultaneous multipoint editing by Target-G.
- T0 plants were redifferentiated from multiple lines of callus in which mutation introduction to the target gene was confirmed, and the status of mutation transmission was investigated.
- Direct sequencing analysis confirmed that the mutations identified in callus were transferred to T0 plants (FIGS. 11-13).
- T0 plants derived from the same callus share the same mutation, mutations unique to each plant were also confirmed (Figs. 12 and 13).
- introduction of Biallelic mutation was also confirmed (Fig. 11).
- Example 5 Inheritance and segregation of introduced mutations to T1 generation, expansion of further mutations
- T1 generation plants obtained by selfing the T0 plants
- some plants exhibiting the albino phenotype were isolated (Fig. 14).
- Analysis of these genomic sequences confirmed mutations in OsClpP5.
- plants exhibiting a "weeping leaf” phenotype were isolated, and mutations in the DL gene were confirmed in these.
- T1 plants derived from the same T0 plant were subjected to PCR analysis, and classified into those that possessed the Target-G expression unit and those that did not.
- Example 6 Examination of optimal configuration of Target-G system
- the transformation efficiency was as low as 3.96%. investigated.
- rice callus introduced with a reporter system "pRIT3-mGFP" that detects base substitutions in the target region is created and transformed into liquid culture cells, and then four types of vectors "pOSGd11x5-Zeo", “pOSGd21x5-Zeo”, “pOSGd21x5-Zeo” and “pOSGn11x5-Zeo” and “pOSGn21x5-Zeo” were introduced.
- the GFP signal was confirmed only in "pOSGd11x5-Zeo", and UNG to dCas9 to introduce base substitutions while reducing DSBs in the target region. It was suggested that a unit obtained by ligating one copy of is suitable. Subsequently, genomic DNA was extracted from the plasmid into which each vector was introduced, and five target regions (ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5, mGFP) were analyzed for mutation introduction.
- Example 7 Evaluation of inducible Target-G system
- the reporter system "pRIT4-EGFP” was introduced into rice callus by the Agrobacterium method to prepare rice callus for evaluation of editing efficiency.
- 'pOSGd13-nptIIx6' or 'pOSGd23-nptIIx6' was introduced into the callus that constitutively expresses EGFP to obtain a double transformed callus resistant to hygromycin and paromomycin. Each callus was isolated, propagated as an independent lineage, and then divided into 5 equal parts.
- heat shock treatment 42° C., 90 minutes was performed every 5 days, and the accumulation of mutations depending on the number of treatments was investigated.
- the cells were cultured for 3 weeks, and genomic DNA was extracted from each callus and subjected to deep sequence analysis. Analysis of mutations in six target regions (ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5, EGFP-1, EGFP-2) showed that the activity of Target-G was suppressed at normal culture temperature (31.5 ° C.), It was confirmed that the amount of mutation accumulated in each target region increased with the number of heat shock treatments.
- Example 8 Targeted mutagenesis by inducible Target-G system
- Example 7 a rice target gene plant was produced using the inducible Target-G system.
- the transformation efficiency was improved compared to the introduction of constitutively expressed Target-G, and browning necrosis of each transformed callus was also avoided. did it. This suggested that the lethality of Target-G could be reduced by using an inducible promoter.
- each transformed callus line obtained was subjected to a heat shock treatment (42° C., 90 minutes) every 5 days for a total of 4 times, and after culturing for 2 weeks, T0 plants were regenerated.
- Genomic DNA was extracted from each T0 plant, and deep sequence analysis was performed to analyze the status of mutation introduction in four target regions (ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5). As a result, accumulation of mutations was confirmed. Furthermore, more diverse mutations were confirmed than in the constant expression type. It is presumed that the reason for this is that, as a result of increasing the number of surviving cells, it has become possible to detect mutations in their genomes. In addition, an improvement in seed fertility was observed, presumably because excessive KO mutations in the DL gene could be avoided.
- the method of the present disclosure enables artificial manipulation of gene functions in all organisms such as animals, plants, and microorganisms, so it is expected to have a wide range of applications such as medical applications, development of agricultural products, and modification of industrial microorganisms.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 corn ubiquitin gene promoter
- SEQ ID NO: 2 nuclease completely inactivated Cas9 (dCas9) gene
- SEQ ID NO: 3 dCas9 N-terminal side nuclear localization signal
- SEQ ID NO: 4 dCas9 C-terminal side nuclear localization signal
- SEQ ID NO: 5 nuclease Partially inactivated Cas9 (nCas9) gene
- SEQ ID NO: 6 modified UNG1 gene
- SEQ ID NO: 7 dCas9-UNG1 expression unit (d1)
- SEQ ID NO: 8 dCas9-UNG1 expression unit (d2)
- SEQ ID NO: 10 nCas9-UNG1 expression unit (n2)
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Abstract
Description
(項目1)
二本鎖DNAの標的化した部位が改変された植物細胞を生産するための方法であって、(i)目的の二本鎖DNAを含む植物細胞を提供する工程と、
(ii)該二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を提供する工程と、
(iii)該複合体を、該植物細胞がトランスフェクトされる条件に配置する工程と、
(iv)該トランスフェクトされた植物細胞を、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する条件に配置する工程と、
(v)該複合体が導入された細胞および/または該改変が導入された細胞を選択する工程と
を含む、方法。
(項目2)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能が失活したCRISPR-Casシステム、ジンクフィンガーモチーフ、TALエフェクター、およびPPRモチーフからなる群より選択される、上記項目に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの両方のDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記改変が、前記標的化した部位の1以上のヌクレオチドの置換、欠失、または前記標的化した部位への1以上のヌクレオチドの挿入を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記改変が、前記標的化された部位のPAM配列側に優位に生じる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、野生型に比べて二重鎖DNAへの反応性が減弱された変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、シトシン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(CDG)活性またはチミン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(TDG)活性を有するものである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記CDG活性またはTDG活性を有するDNAグリコシラーゼが、ウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、CDG活性またはTDG活性を有する、酵母由来のウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記植物細胞は、イネ、シロイヌナズナ、豆、トウモロコシ、綿、ベニバナ、ヒマワリ、タバコ、小麦、麦、麻、バラ、イチイ、バナナ、コーヒー、ゴマ、ソバ、またはレタス由来である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記植物細胞は、イネまたはシロイヌナズナ由来である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記トランスフェクトは、前記複合体の、分離された植物カルスへの送達を通して、またはフローラルディップ法によって行われる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記送達は、アグロバクテリウム法によって行われる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目15)
さらに、前記細胞から植物体を作出する工程を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目16)
さらに、得られた前記細胞をクローン分離する工程を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目17)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって取得可能な形質転換された植物細胞。
(項目18)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物細胞を含む、形質転換された植物。
(項目19)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物から得られた種子。
(項目20)
前記形質転換された形質が当代世代のみに発現される、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物。
(項目21)
前記形質転換された形質の発現が世代を超えて継承される、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物。
(項目A1)
二本鎖DNAの標的化した部位が改変された細胞を生産するための方法であって、
(i)目的の二本鎖DNAを含む細胞を提供する工程と、
(ii)該二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を提供する工程と、
(iii)該複合体を、該細胞がトランスフェクトされる条件に配置する工程と、
(iv)該トランスフェクトされた細胞を、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する条件に配置する工程と、
(v)該複合体が導入された細胞および/または該改変が導入された細胞を選択する工程と
を含み、該細胞における改変が少なくとも当代において維持される、方法。
(項目A2)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能が失活したCRISPR-Casシステム、ジンクフィンガーモチーフ、TALエフェクター、およびPPRモチーフからなる群より選択される、上記項目に記載の方法。
(項目A3)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A4)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの両方のDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A5)
前記改変が、前記標的化した部位の1以上のヌクレオチドの置換、欠失、または前記標的化した部位への1以上のヌクレオチドの挿入を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A6)
前記改変が、前記標的化された部位のPAM配列側に優位に生じる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A7)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、野生型に比べて二重鎖DNAへの反応性が減弱された変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A8)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、シトシン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(CDG)活性またはチミン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(TDG)活性を有するものである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A9)
前記CDG活性またはTDG活性を有するDNAグリコシラーゼが、ウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A10)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、CDG活性またはTDG活性を有する、酵母由来のウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A11)
前記植物細胞は、イネ、シロイヌナズナ、豆、トウモロコシ、綿、ベニバナ、ヒマワリ、タバコ、小麦、麦、麻、バラ、イチイ、バナナ、コーヒー、ゴマ、ソバ、またはレタス由来である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A12)
前記植物細胞は、イネまたはシロイヌナズナ由来である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A13)
前記トランスフェクトは、前記複合体の、分離された植物カルスへの送達を通して、またはフローラルディップ法によって行われる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A14)
前記送達は、アグロバクテリウム法によって行われる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A15)
さらに、前記細胞から植物体を作出する工程を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A16)
さらに、得られた前記細胞をクローン分離する工程を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目A17)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって取得可能な形質転換された植物細胞。
(項目A18)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物細胞を含む、形質転換された植物。
(項目A19)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物から得られた種子。
(項目A20)
前記形質転換された形質が当代世代のみに発現される、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物。
(項目A21)
前記形質転換された形質の発現が世代を超えて継承される、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物。
(項目B1)
所望の特性を有する植物細胞を生産するための方法であって、
(i)所望の特性に関連する二本鎖DNAを含む植物細胞を提供する工程と、
(ii)該二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を提供する工程と、
(iii)該複合体を、該植物細胞がトランスフェクトされる条件に配置する工程と、
(iv)該トランスフェクトされた植物細胞を、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する条件に配置する工程と、
(v)該複合体が導入された細胞および/または該改変が導入された細胞を選択する工程と
(vi)該導入された細胞から、所望の特性を有する細胞を選択する工程を含む、方法。(項目B2)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能が失活したCRISPR-Casシステム、ジンクフィンガーモチーフ、TALエフェクター、およびPPRモチーフからなる群より選択される、上記項目に記載の方法。
(項目B3)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B4)
前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの両方のDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B5)
前記改変が、前記標的化した部位の1以上のヌクレオチドの置換、欠失、または前記標的化した部位への1以上のヌクレオチドの挿入を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B6)
前記改変が、前記標的化された部位のPAM配列側に優位に生じる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B7)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、野生型に比べて二重鎖DNAへの反応性が減弱された変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B8)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、シトシン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(CDG)活性またはチミン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(TDG)活性を有するものである、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B9)
前記CDG活性またはTDG活性を有するDNAグリコシラーゼが、ウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B10)
前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、CDG活性またはTDG活性を有する、酵母由来のウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B11)
前記植物細胞は、イネ、シロイヌナズナ、豆、トウモロコシ、綿、ベニバナ、ヒマワリ、タバコ、小麦、麦、麻、バラ、イチイ、バナナ、コーヒー、ゴマ、ソバ、またはレタス由来である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B12)
前記植物細胞は、イネまたはシロイヌナズナ由来である、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B13)
前記トランスフェクトは、前記複合体の、分離された植物カルスへの送達を通して、またはフローラルディップ法によって行われる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B14)
前記送達は、アグロバクテリウム法によって行われる、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B15)
さらに、前記細胞から植物体を作出する工程を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B16)
さらに、前記所望の特性を有する細胞をクローン分離する工程を含む、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目B17)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって取得可能な形質転換された植物細胞。
(項目B18)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物細胞を含む、形質転換された植物。
(項目B19)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物から得られた種子。
(項目B20)
前記形質転換された形質が当代世代のみに発現される、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物。
(項目B21)
前記形質転換された形質の発現が世代を超えて継承される、上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の植物。
(項目C1)
二本鎖DNAの標的化した部位が改変された植物細胞を生産するための、植物細胞の二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体であって、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する、複合体。
(項目C2)
二本鎖DNAの標的化した部位が改変された細胞を生産するための、細胞の二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体であって、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する、複合体。
(項目C3)
所望の特性を有する植物細胞を生産するための、植物細胞の二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体であって、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する、複合体。
(項目C4)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の複合体をコードする1または複数の核酸。
(項目C5)
上記項目のいずれか一項に記載の複合体をコードする1または複数の核酸であって、該複合体をコードする他の核酸と組み合わされて使用される、核酸。
以下に本開示の好ましい実施形態を説明する。以下に提供される実施形態は、本開示のよりよい理解のために提供されるものであり、本開示の範囲は以下の記載に限定されるべきでない。したがって、当業者は、本明細書中の記載を参酌して、本開示の範囲内で適宜改変を行うことができることは明らかである。また、本開示の以下の実施形態は単独でも使用されあるいはそれらを組み合わせて使用することができる。
(ii)該二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を提供する工程と、(iii)該複合体を、該細胞がトランスフェクトされる条件に配置する工程と、(iv)該トランスフェクトされた細胞を、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する条件に配置する工程と、(v)該複合体が導入された細胞および/または該改変が導入された細胞を選択する工程とを含み、該細胞における改変が少なくとも当代において維持される、方法が提供される。
(1996) 384(6604): 87-92)。あるいは、308番目のアルギニンをグルタミン酸又はシステインに置換した変異体(該変異体をそれぞれR308E、R308Cともいう)も、ひずみのない二重らせん構造のDNAへの反応性が顕著に低下している(Chen, C.Y. et al. DNA Repair (Amst)
(2005) 4(7): 793-805)。他の実施形態において、別の生物種由来のUNGを用いる場合、所望の生物由来のUNG1又はUNG2のアミノ酸配列を、上記の酵母UNG1のアミノ酸配列とアラインすることにより、対応する変異部位を同定することができる。例えば、ヒトUNG1の場合、酵母UNG1のL304に対応するアミノ酸は272番目のロイシン(L272)であり、R308に対応するアミノ酸は276番目のアルギニン(R276)である。また、大腸菌ungの場合、酵母UNG1のL304に対応するアミノ酸は191番目のロイシン(L191)であり、R308に対応するアミノ酸は195番目のアルギニン(R195)である。ワクシニアウイルスUDGの場合、酵母UNG1のR308に対応するアミノ酸は187番目のアルギニン(R187)である。
deaminase 1)、哺乳動物(例、ヒト、ブタ、ウシ、ウマ、サル等)由来のAID(Activation-induced cytidine deaminase; AICDA)を用いることができる。例えば、PmCDA1のcDNAの塩基配列及びアミノ酸配列は、GenBank accession No. EF094822及びABO15149を、ヒトAIDのcDNAの塩基配列及びアミノ酸配列はGenBank accession No. NM_020661及びNP_065712を、それぞれ参照することができる。
135-141)、OPEN法(Mol Cell (2008) 31: 294-301)、CoDA法(Nat Methods (2011) 8: 67-69)、大腸菌one-hybrid法(Nat Biotechnol (2008) 26:
695-701)等の公知の手法により作製することができる。ジンクフィンガーモチーフの作製の詳細については、種々の文献を参照することができる。
(2012) 30: 460-465)、Golden Gate法(Nucleic Acids Res (2011) 39: e82)等)が確立されており、比較的簡便に標的ヌクレオチド配列に対するTALエフェクターを設計することができる。TALエフェクターの作製の詳細については、種々の文献を参照することができる。
of Molecular Biology,41,459 (1969)〕,エシェリヒア・コリC600〔Genetics,39,440 (1954)〕などが用いられる。またバチルス属菌としては、例えば、バチルス・サブチルス(Bacillus subtilis)MI114〔Gene,24,255 (1983)〕,バチルス・サブチルス207-21〔Journal of Biochemistry,95,87 (1984)〕などが用いられる。また酵母としては、例えば、サッカロマイセス・セレビシエ(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)AH22,AH22R-,NA87-11A,DKD-5D,20B-12、シゾサッカロマイセス・ポンベ(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)NCYC1913,NCYC2036,ピキア・パストリス(Pichia pastoris)KM71などが用いられる。また昆虫細胞としては、例えば、ウイルスがAcNPVの場合、夜盗蛾の幼虫由来株化細胞(Spodoptera frugiperda cell;Sf細胞)、Trichoplusia niの中腸由来のMG1細胞、Trichoplusia niの卵由来のHigh FiveTM細胞、Mamestra brassicae由来の細胞、Estigmena acrea由来の細胞などが用いられる。ウイルスがBmNPVの場合、昆虫細胞としては、蚕由来株化細胞(Bombyx mori N 細胞;BmN細胞)などが用いられる。該Sf細胞としては、例えば、Sf9細胞(ATCC
CRL1711)、Sf21細胞〔以上、In Vivo, 13, 213-217
(1977)〕などが用いられる。また昆虫としては、例えば、カイコの幼虫、ショウジョウバエ、コオロギなどが用いられる〔Nature,315,592 (1985)〕。また動物細胞としては、例えば、サルCOS-7細胞、サルVero細胞、チャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞、dhfr遺伝子欠損CHO細胞、マウスL細胞、マウスAtT-20細胞、マウスミエローマ細胞、ラットGH3細胞、ヒトFL細胞などの細胞株、ヒト及び他の哺乳動物のiPS細胞やES細胞などの多能性幹細胞、種々の組織から調製した初代培養細胞が用いられる。さらには、ゼブラフィッシュ胚、アフリカツメガエル卵母細胞なども用いることができる。
Academic Press Publishers))に記載の方法で植物細胞に導入する方法である。
Acad. Sci. USA,81,5330 (1984)〕などが挙げられる。培地のpHは、好ましくは約5~約8である。培養は、通常約20℃~約35℃で行なわれる。必要に応じて、通気や撹拌を行ってもよい。
thermophilus)由来のCas9(StCas9)等が挙げられるが、それらに限定されない。好ましくはSpCas9である。本開示で用いられる変異Casとしては、Casタンパク質の二本鎖DNAの両方の鎖の切断能を持たないものと、一方の鎖の切断能のみを持たないニッカーゼ活性を有するものの、いずれも使用可能である。例えば、SpCas9の場合、10番目のAsp残基がAla残基に変換した、ガイドRNAと相補鎖を形成する鎖の反対鎖の切断能を欠くD10A変異体、あるいは、840番目のHis残基がAla残基で変換した、ガイドRNAと相補鎖の切断能を欠くH840A変異体、さらにはその二重変異体を用いることができるが、他の変異Casも同様に用いることができる。
139-142 (2015)参照)。
本開示の一実施形態において、本開示の方法は、上記のような核酸配列認識モジュールと、DNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を用いて、該複合体を植物細胞にトランスフェクトさせ、該複合体が発現することにより、該植物細胞において所定の改変が生じる方法である。複合体の導入は、当該複合体をコードする遺伝子が植物に導入される限り特に制限はないが、本明細書の他の箇所に説明されるベクターを用いて、目的の植物に導入することができる。目的の細胞に導入する方法としては、アグロバクテリウム法、フローラルディップ法、パーティクルガン(ボンバートメント)法、RNAウイルスベクター法、プラズマ処理法、PEG法、エレクトロポレーション法等が挙げられる。
が有するTi又はRiプラスミドのT-DNA領域が、相同組換えにより、植物ゲノム内に挿入されることを利用することができる。すなわち、目的遺伝子をT-DNA領域内に挿入しておけば、アグロバクテリウムが植物に感染した際に、目的遺伝子を植物ゲノム内に導入することができる。
本開示の一実施形態において、本開示の方法によれば、上記複合体をコードする遺伝子を導入した植物からカルスを形成させ、該カルスから根及びシュートを分化させて、形質転換植物を得ることができる。遺伝子が導入された植物からカルスを形成させる方法及び/又はカルスから根とシュート(shoot)を分化させる方法としては、遺伝子が導入された植物又はカルス(特に該遺伝子を含むベクターを有するアグロバクテリウムに感染させた植物又はカルス)を、カルス誘導用培地で培養することによって行うことができる。この際、カルス誘導用培地には、さらに除菌用抗生物質や形質転換細胞選抜用抗生物質を添加することができる。除菌用抗生物質としては、セフォタキシム、モキサラクタム、メロペネム等を挙げることができ、これらの作用により、カルスから根とシュート(shoot)の分化を効率よく行うことができる。
用いることができる。アグロバクテリウムに感染させた植物片を、この培地に置床し、約25℃暗所で3日間共存培養し、その後、共存培養後のカルスからアグロバクテリウム菌を除菌して、除菌後のカルスを2N6NU培地 (N6培地用混合塩[Sigma社製] 4.0g/L, Casamino acid 300mg/L, Myo-inocitol 100mg/L, Nicotinic acid 0.5mg/L, Pyridoxine HCl 0.5mg/L, Thiamine HCl 0.5mg/L, L-Proline 2878mg/L, Sucrose30.0g/L, 2,4-D 2mg/L, Gelrite 4.0g/L, Vancomycin 100mg/L, Meropenem 25mg/L, pH5.8)で5日間養生培養することができる。その後、後述するように、形質転換に用いた任意の薬剤耐性遺伝子に対応する薬剤を含む培地で植物を培養することで、カルスを選抜することができる。
本開示の複合体が導入された細胞および/または該複合体による改変が導入された細胞の選抜方法としては、導入遺伝子とともに任意の薬剤耐性遺伝子を含むベクターを植物に導入後、当該任意の薬剤耐性遺伝子に対応する薬剤を含む培地で植物を培養する方法が挙げられる。薬剤耐性遺伝子としては、カナマイシン耐性遺伝子、ハイグロマイシン耐性遺伝子、ビアラフォス耐性遺伝子などが挙げられる。また、これらの耐性遺伝子に対応する薬剤としては、カナマイシン、ハイグロマイシン、ビアラフォスが挙げられる。例えば、ベクターのT-DNA領域にネオマイシン・ホスホトランスフェラーゼ遺伝子を挿入した場合は、抗生物質のカナマイシンを含む培地で選抜を行い、ハイグロマイシン耐性遺伝子(HPT)やビアラフォス耐性遺伝子(bar)遺伝子を挿入した場合は、それぞれハイグロマイシンまたはビアラフォスを培地に添加し、アグロバクテリウムを感染させた植物を、これらの薬剤耐性遺伝子に対応する薬剤を添加した培地で培養することにより、当該遺伝子が導入された植物細胞を選抜することができる。
本明細書において用いられる分子生物学的手法、生化学的手法、微生物学的手法は、当該分野において周知であり慣用されるものであり、例えば、Sambrook J. et al.(1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harborおよびその3rd Ed.(2001); Ausubel, F.M.(1987).Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley-Interscience; Ausubel, F.M.(1989). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods
from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley-Interscience; Innis, M.A.(1990).PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press; Ausubel, F.M.(1992).Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates; Ausubel, F.M. (1995).Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates; Innis, M.A. et al.(1995).PCR Strategies, Academic Press; Ausubel, F.M.(1999).Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, and annual updates; Sninsky, J.J. et al.(1999).
PCR Applications: Protocols for Functional Genomics, Academic Press、別冊実験医学「遺伝子導入&発現解析実験法」羊土社、1997などに記載されており、これらは本明細書において関連する部分(全部であり得る)が参考として援用される。
Press; Eckstein, F.(1991). Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Adams, R.L. et al.(1992). The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids, Chapman & Hall; Shabarova, Z. et al.(1994).Advanced Organic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Weinheim; Blackburn, G.M. et al.(1996). Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology, Oxford University Press; Hermanson, G.T.(I996). Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Pressなどに記載されており、これらは本明細書において関連する部分が参考として援用される。
本明細書において引用された、科学文献、特許、特許出願などの参考文献は、その全体が、各々具体的に記載されたのと同じ程度に本明細書において参考として援用される。
1-1. Target-G発現ユニットの構築
単子葉植物における恒常発現型プロモーターとして、トウモロコシのユビキチン遺伝子プロモーター(配列番号1)を用いた。プロモーター下流には、改変型Cas9遺伝子とDNAウラシルグリコシラーゼ遺伝子を融合した人工遺伝子を連結した。主要な構成要素を以下に記す。Streptococcus pyogenesに由来したCas9をヌクレアーゼ完全失活型(
dCas9)(配列番号2)に改変し、両端に核移行シグナル(ATG GCT CCT AAG AAG AAG CGG AAG GTT GGT ATT CACGGG GTG CCT GCG GCT;配列番号3(MAPKKKRKVGIHGVPAAをコ
ードする)、CCCAAG AAG AAG AGG AAG GTG;配列番号4(PKKKRVをコードする))を付加
した。また、改変型Cas9遺伝子としては、ヌクレアーゼ部分失活型(nCas9)(配列番号5)も構築し、C末端側に核移行シグナル(配列番号4)を付与した。さらに、dCas9またはnCas9のC末端側にはリンカー配列を介して酵母のミトコンドリアに由来した改変型UNG1遺伝子が1コピーあるいは2コピー連結されている。UNG1においては、野生型遺伝子からミトコンドリア移行シグナルをコードする領域(塩基番号1~60)を除外し、N222D変異(塩基番号664のaがgに置換されたもの(a664g)およびR308C変異(塩基番号922~924のagaがtgtに置換されたもの(aga922tgt))を導入した改変型を用いた(配列番号6)。上記構成要素を組み合わせ、4種類のTarget-Gユニットを構築した。各ユニットの具体的な構造は、dCas9に1コピーのUNG1を連結した「d1」(配列番号7)、dCas9に2コピーのUNG1を連結した「d2」(配列番号8)、nCas9に1コピーのUNG1を連結した「n1」(配列番号9)、nCas9に2コピーのUNG1を連結した「n2」(配列番号10)とした。
単子葉植物においてガイドRNAを発現させるためのプロモーターは、イネのRNAポリメラーゼIII依存型U6プロモーター(以下OsU6)(配列番号11)を用いた。本実験では、イネゲノム中の6箇所の標的配列を改変することとし、各標的に対応するガイドRNAを設計した。その配列を以下に示す。
1. ALS A96:CATGGACGCGCCGCCCGGGT(配列番号12)
2. OsFTIP1eQ590:CAGCTGTGGAAACCACCAAT(配列番号13)
3. DL-3:GACCTTGCACTGACTGCAGG(配列番号14)
4. OsClpP5:GCCATGGCCGCGGCTCGTGG(配列番号15)
5. EGFP Mut1:GAGCTGGACGGCGACGTAAA(配列番号16)
6. EGFP Mut2:CATGTGATCGCGCTTCTCGT(配列番号17)
7. mGFP switch:TCTAGAGGATCCGGCCCAGT(配列番号18)
8. ALSP171-R173:CAGGTCCCCCGCCGCATGAT(配列番号19)
Target-Gシステムを植物細胞へ導入するため、上記のトウモロコシのユビキチン遺伝子プロモーターと組み合わせたTarget-G発現ユニット、およびgRNA発現ユニットを一般的なAgrobacterium法用バイナリーベクター(pVS1系)に組み込んだ。また、Target-Gシステムがゲノムに組み込まれた植物細胞を選抜するためのポジティブマーカーとしては、カリフラワーモザイクウイルス35Sプロモーターに連結したhygromycin phosphotransferase(hpt)発現ユニット(配列番号24)を用いた。本実験では、変異型Cas9の種類とUNG1のコピー数により、下記4種類の恒常発現型Target-Gベクターを構築した(図1)。
・pOSGd11(dCas9に1コピーのUNG1を連結)
・pOSGd21(dCas9に2コピーのUNG1を連結)
・pOSGn11(nCas9に1コピーのUNG1を連結)
・pOSGn21(nCas9に2コピーのUNG1を連結)
ヒートショック誘導型Target-Gシステムを構築するため、恒常発現型Target-Gベクター「pOSGd11」および「pOSGd21」のトウモロコシのユビキチン遺伝子プロモーターをイネヒートショックタンパク質17.9C 遺伝子プロモーター(配列番号25)に置き換えて「pOSGd13」と「pOSGd23」を構築した。その後、イネゲノム上の4遺伝子を標的とするgRNA発現ユニット(配列番号20)を組み込み、「pOSGd13x4」「pOSGd23x4」を作製した。さらに、「pOSGd13」および「pOSGd23」の植物細胞選抜用ポジティブマーカーをイネアクチン遺伝子プロモーターに連結したneomycin phosphotransferaseII (nptII)発現ユニット(配列番号26)に置換し、「pOSGd13-nptII」「pOSGd23-nptII」を構築した。これらにイネゲノム上の6箇所を標的とするガイドRNA発現ユニット(配列番号21)を組み込み、「pOSGd13-nptIIx6」「pOSGd23-nptIIx6」とした。
Target-Gベクターの構成要素の違いが塩基編集効率に及ぼす影響を評価するため、PEG-Transfection法用のベクターを構築した。トウモロコシのユビキチン遺伝子プロモーター(配列番号1)に4種類のTarget-Gユニット「d11」(配列番号7)、「d21」(配列番号8)、「n11」(配列番号9)、「n21」(配列番号10)を連結し、クローニングベクターpDONR/Zeo (#12535035, ThermoFisher)に組み込んだ。これらにガイドRNA発現ユニット「x5」(配列番号22)を組み込み、以下の4種類のベクターを構築した。
・pOSGd11x5-Zeo
・pOSGd21x5-Zeo
・pOSGn11x5-Zeo
・pOSGn21x5-Zeo
Target-Gによる標的DNA配列の編集効率を目視で検出するため、2種類のGFPレポーターシステムを構築した。1種類目は、GFPシグナルの消失をもって標的配列における経時的な変異の蓄積状況を可視化するもので、カリフラワーモザイクウイルスp35Sプロモーターに連結したEnhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP)発現ユニット(配列番号27)を利用した。このEGFP発現ユニットは、イネアクチン遺伝子プロモーターに連結したhygromycin
phosphotransferase(hpt)発現ユニット(配列番号28)とともに植物形質転換用バイナリーベクター(pVS1)に組み込んだ。このプラスミドの名称は「pRIT4-EGFP」とした。2種類目は、GFPシグナルの出現頻度をもってTarget-Gによる標的DNA配列の編集効率を可視化するものである。開始コドンを削り、ガイドRNA「mGFP switch(配列番号18)」が結合するDNA配列を連結したmutated Green Fluorescent Protein(mGFP)(配列番号29)を構築し、カリフラワーモザイクウイルスp35Sプロモーターの下流に連結した。これをイネアクチン遺伝子プロモーターに連結したneomycin phosphotransferaseII(nptII)発現ユニット(配列番号26)とともに植物形質転換用バイナリーベクター(pVS1)に組み込んだ。このプラスミドの名称は「pRIT3-mGFP」とした。
上記のとおり作製したバイナリーベクター「pOSGd11x4」「pOSGd21x4」「pOSGn21x2」「pOSGd13x4」「pOSGd23x4」「pOSGd13-nptIIx6」「pOSGd23-nptIIx6」「pRIT4-EGFP」「pRIT3-mGFP」は、エレクトロポレーション(Bio Rad社MicroPulserエレクトロポレーションシステム)によりアグロバクテリウム菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA101株)へ導入した。
15g(1.5%))に塗布し、28℃・暗所で2日間培養した。得られたシングルコロニーを2xYT液体培地(Bacto Tryptone 16g/L, Yeast
Extract 10g/L, NaCl 5g/L) 5mLに植菌後、28℃・暗所で12時間振とう培養し、懸濁液200μLを200mLの2xYT液体培地に加え28℃・暗所で振とう培養し、OD600=0.2~0.4に増殖させた。次いで菌体を遠心して(3000rpm、4℃・10分間)集菌し、20mLの10mM HEPES(pH8.0)に懸濁、遠心を2~3回繰り返した。遠心により回収した菌体を滅菌10%グリセロール水溶液2mLに懸濁し、コンピテントセルとした。
イネの形質転換は、基本的にTerada et al(2002, DOI:10.1038/nbt737)の手法に従って行った。詳細を以下に記す。
イネ (Oryza sativa.L Japonica品種;日本晴)の種子約100粒の籾を取り除き、70%エタノール中にて1分間振とうした後、2.5%次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液に20~30分間浸漬して滅菌した。その後、滅菌水ですすぎ2N6培地(N6培地用混合塩(Sigma-Aldrich社) 4.0g/L, Casamino acid 300mg/L, Myo-inocitol 100mg/L, Nicotinic acid 0.5mg/L, Pyridoxine HCl 0.5mg/L, Thiamine HCl 0.5mg/L, L-Proline 2878mg/L, Sucrose30.0g/L, 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2mg/L, Gelrite 4.0g/L, pH5.8)の上に置床し、暗所・31.5℃にて3週間培養し、胚盤細胞由来の脱分化細胞塊(カルス)を誘導した。その後、細胞分裂活性の高いカルスを選抜して形質転換に用いた。
各バイナリーベクターを導入した各アグロバクテリウム菌液を氷上で溶解し、うち300μLを100mg/L スペクチノマイシンを加えたAB培地 (NH4Cl 1g/L, MgSO4・7H2 0.3g/L, KCl 0.15g/L, CaCl2・2H2O 0.012g/L, FeSO4・7H2O 0.0025g/L, K2HPO4 3g/L, NaH2PO4・H2O 1.15g/L, Sucrose5.5g/L, Agarose 6.0g/L, pH7.2)に塗布し、28℃・暗所で3日間培養した。その後、増殖したアグロバクテリウム菌を40mg/LのAcetosyringone(3’,5’-Dimethoxy-4’-hydroxy-acetophenone)を加えたAAI液体培地 (MgSO4・7H2O 5g/L, CaCl2・2H2O 1.5g/L, NaH2PO4・H2O 1.5g/L, KCl 29.5g/L, MnSO4・4H2O 10g/L, ZnSO4・7H2O 2g/L, H3BO3 3g/L, KI 0.75g/L, Na2MoO4・2H2O 0.25g/L, CoCl2・6H2O 25mg/L, CuSO4・5H2O 25mg/L, FeSO4・7H2O 13.9g/L, Na2 EDTA 18.7g/L, Myo-inocitol 100mg/L, Thiamine HCl 0.01g/L, Nicotinic acid 1mg/L, Pyridoxine HCl 1mg/L)に懸濁して25℃で2時間振とう培養した。この懸濁液を40mg/LのAcetosyringoneを含むAAI液体培地で希釈しOD600=0.008とした懸濁液120mlを調整した。
3-1で得たイネカルス約15gを滅菌したガラスビーカーに集め、各ベクターを導入したアグロバクテリウム菌懸濁液(先述)を加え、3~5分間振とうしながら接種を行った。その後、懸濁液をステンレスメッシュ(目地開き1.5mm)で濾過し、余分なアグロバクテリウム菌を除去した。次いで、2N6共存培地(上記2N6培地にAcetosyringone 40mg/Lを添加, pH5.2)の上に滅菌濾紙を敷き、その上にカルスをピンセットで等間隔に並べ、25℃暗所で3日間共存培養した。その後、共存培養後のカルスからアグロバクテリウム菌を除菌するため、カルスを500mlのビーカーに集めて、除菌液1(Vancomycin 200mg/L, Tween20 20μl/Lを含む滅菌水) 300mlを用いて攪拌しながら30分間洗浄した。その後、カルスをステンレスメッシュに集め、ペーパータオルでカルス周辺の水分を取り除いた後、除菌液2(Vancomycin 200mg/Lを含む滅菌水)300mlを用いて同様の除菌操作を4回繰り返した。次いで除菌後のカルスを2N6NU培地(2N6培地にVancomycin 100mg/L, Meropenem 25mg/Lを添加, pH5.8)で5日間養生培養した。その後、選抜培地 2N6SE H40(2N6NU培地にHygromycin 40mg/Lを添加)、または2N6SE Pa50(2N6NU培地に Paromomycin 50mg/Lを添加)の上に等間隔に並べ、31.5℃の暗所で約4~6週間培養した。
自動核酸抽出装置(クラボウ株式会社PX-80)を用いてHygromycin耐性カルスからゲノムDNAを抽出した。各カルスの標的遺伝子領域をPCR法により増幅した後ダイレクトシークエンス解析を行い、Target-Gによる変異の導入を確認した。さらに一部のカルスから得られたPCR産物についてはクローニングシークエンス解析を実施し、変異の導入状況を詳細に確認した。
液体培地で振とう培養したイネ培養細胞から液体培地を取り除き、酵素溶液(Cellulase 1.6g, Macerozyme 0.4g, Sucrose 6.86g, CaCl2 2H2O 58.8mg/L, MES 40mg, BSA 40mg, 滅菌水で40mlまでメスアップ)を加えて30℃で6時間程度処理する。その後洗浄バッファー(KCl 373mg, NaCl 9g, CaCl2 2H2O
18.4mg, MES 427mg, 滅菌水で40mlまでメスアップ)を加え、遠心分離によりプロトプラストを分離し、ピペットで吸い出し新しい容器に移す。その後洗浄バッファーに懸濁して遠心、上清を捨てる工程を繰り返して洗浄する。微小遠沈管内で導入するプラスミドDNAとプロトプラストを混合した後、PEG溶液(PEG4000 2g, 0.8M Mannitol 1.25ml, 1M CaCl2 0.5ml, 滅菌水で5mlまでメスアップ)を加える。その後30℃で24~72時間インキュベートしたプロトプラストをプレパラートにし、蛍光顕微鏡を用いて解析した。
nCas9を用いたTarget-Gシステムによる単子葉植物の標的遺伝子改変を評価するため、イネカルスへアグロバクテリウム法により「pOSGn21x2」を導入した。その結果、Hygromycin耐性を示したカルスは323系統のうち3系統にとどまり、形質転換効率は1.28%であった。それらのカルスからゲノムDNAを抽出し、標的領域(ALS遺伝子中の2箇所)における変異の導入状況を確認した結果、塩基置換変異よりも大規模な欠失の発生頻度が高かった(図2)。その理由として、Target-GシステムにnCas9を用いた場合、UNGにより誘導される脱塩基箇所の修復過程とnCas9によるDNA一重鎖切断が同時に進行する状況になり、高頻度でDNA二重鎖切断(DSB)が生じたと推測した。
上記の問題を解決するため、dCas9を用いたTarget-Gシステムによる標的遺伝子改変を試みた。「pOSGd11x4」「pOSGd21x4」をイネカルスへ同時形質転換した結果、1364系統のカルスのうち54系統がHygromycin耐性を示し、形質転換効率は3.96%であった。ダイレクトシークエンス解析の結果、複数のHygromycin耐性カルス系統において4つの標的遺伝子(ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5)への変異導入が確認された(図3~6)。また、1つのカルス内で複数の標的遺伝子が改変されており、Target-Gによる多点同時編集も実証された。続いて、一部カルス系統についてクローニングシークエンス解析を行った結果、標的配列を中心にややランダムに点変異や欠失・挿入変異が生じていた(図7~10)。本技術の基本特許(WO2016072399)にて出芽酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)を用いて示された通り、主な変異はCないしGからの点変異であった。これにより、本発明のゲノム編集技術が、植物ゲノム中の標的ヌクレオチド配列及びその周辺にランダムに変異を導入し、局所的進化を促す用途に適していることが示唆された。
標的遺伝子への変異導入が確認された複数系統のカルスからT0植物体を再分化し、変異の伝達状況を調査した。ダイレクトシークエンス解析の結果、カルスで確認された変異がT0植物に伝達することを確認した(図11~13)。また、同一のカルスに由来したT0植物体は同一の変異を共有する一方、各植物体に固有の変異も確認された(図12,13)。さらにBiallelic変異の導入も確認された(図11)。
T0植物体の自殖により得られたT1世代の植物体を展開した結果、一部にアルビノの表現型を示す植物体が分離した(図14)。これらのゲノム配列を解析した結果、OsClpP5における変異が確認された。また同様に、「しだれ葉」の表現型を示す植物体も分離し、これらではDL遺伝子おける変異が確認された。また、同一のT0植物体に由来したT1植物についてPCR解析を行い、Target-G発現ユニットを保持する植物体と持たない植物体に分類した。それらの植物体における4つの標的遺伝子(ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5)の配列を確認した結果、ベクターを保持する植物体ではより多様な変異が生じていた。これにより、Target-Gが時間の経過とともにゲノム上の標的領域に変異を蓄積することが確認された。
実施例2において、恒常発現型Target-Gをイネカルスに導入した場合の形質転換効率が3.96%と低い値を示したことから、致死性が低く編集効率が高いTarget-Gシステムの構成を検討した。まず標的領域における塩基置換を検出するレポーター系「pRIT3-mGFP」を導入したイネカルスを作成して液体培養細胞化し、次にPEG-Transfectionにより4種類のベクター「pOSGd11x5-Zeo」「pOSGd21x5-Zeo」「pOSGn11x5-Zeo」「pOSGn21x5-Zeo」を導入した。24~72時間後のプロトプラストを蛍光顕微鏡で観察した結果、GFPシグナルが確認されたのは「pOSGd11x5-Zeo」のみであり、標的領域におけるDSBを低減しつつ塩基置換を導入するにはdCas9にUNGを1コピー連結したユニットが適することが示唆された。続いて、各ベクターを導入したプラスミドからゲノムDNAを抽出し、ディープシークエンス解析により5つの標的領域(ALS,
OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5, mGFP)における変異導入状況を解析した。その結果、nCas9を用いた場合、Target-Gシステムでは標的領域に高い頻度で欠失・挿入が確認され、DNA二重鎖切断(DSB)の発生が示唆された。dCas9を用いた場合では、欠失・挿入の頻度が抑えられた一方、様々な塩基置換変異が確認された。また、UNGが2コピーの場合に比べて1コピーの場合の方が欠失・挿入の頻度が明確に低下していた。以上より、Target-Gシステムの最適な構成はdCas9にUNGを1コピー連結したものである、と判断した。
Target-Gによる致死性を回避するため、ヒートショック誘導型Target-Gシステムを構築し、その制御性と標的配列編集効率を評価した。まず、イネカルスにレポーター系である「pRIT4-EGFP」をアグロバクテリウム法により導入し、編集効率評価用のイネカルスを作成した。次に、恒常的にEGFPを発現するカルスに「pOSGd13-nptIIx6」または「pOSGd23-nptIIx6」を導入し、HygromycinとParomomycinに耐性を持つ二重形質転換カルスを得た。各カルスはそれぞれ隔離し、独立系統化して増殖した後、5等分した。その後5日間ごとにヒートショック処理(42℃,90分間)を行い、処理回数による変異の蓄積状況を調査した。1~4回のヒートショック処理を行った後、3週間養生培養し、各カルスからゲノムDNAを抽出してディープシークエンス解析を行った。6つの標的領域(ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5, EGFP-1, EGFP-2)における変異を解析した結果、通常の培養温度(31.5℃)ではTarget-Gの活性が抑えられた一方、ヒートショック処理の回数に伴い各標的領域における変異の蓄積量が増加することを確認できた。
実施例7での成果を元に、誘導型Target-Gシステムを用いてイネの標的遺伝子植物体を作成した。アグロバクテリウム法によりイネカルスに「pOSGd13x4」あるいは「pOSGd23x4」導入した結果、恒常発現型Target-Gを導入した場合に比べて形質転換効率に改善が認められ、さらに各形質転換カルスの褐変壊死も回避できた。これにより、誘導型プロモーター用いることでTarget-Gの致死性を低減できることが示唆された。次に、得られた各形質転換カルス系統に5日ごとのヒートショック処理(42℃,90分間)を計4回繰り返し、2週間養生培養した後、T0植物体を再分化した。各T0植物体からゲノムDNAを抽出し、ディープシークエンス解析により4つの標的領域(ALS, OsFTIP1e, DL, OsClpP5)における変異導入状況を解析した結果、変異の蓄積が確認できた。さらに、恒常発現型よりも多彩な変異が確認できた。その理由として、生存細胞数が増えた結果、それらのゲノムにおける変異も検出できるようになったためと推定する。また、種子稔性の改善が認められ、これはDL遺伝子の過剰なKO変異が回避できたため、と推測する。
以上のように、本開示の好ましい実施形態を用いて本開示を例示してきたが、本開示は、特許請求の範囲によってのみその範囲が解釈されるべきであることが理解される。本明細書において引用した特許、特許出願及び他の文献は、その内容自体が具体的に本明細書に記載されているのと同様にその内容が本明細書に対する参考として援用されるべきであることが理解される。
配列番号2:ヌクレアーゼ完全失活型Cas9(dCas9)遺伝子
配列番号3:dCas9 N末端側核移行シグナル
配列番号4:dCas9 C末端側核移行シグナル
配列番号5:ヌクレアーゼ部分失活型Cas9(nCas9)遺伝子
配列番号6:改変型UNG1遺伝子
配列番号7:dCas9-UNG1発現ユニット(d1)
配列番号8:dCas9-UNG1発現ユニット(d2)
配列番号9:nCas9-UNG1発現ユニット(n1)
配列番号10:nCas9-UNG1発現ユニット(n2)
配列番号11:イネのRNAポリメラーゼIII依存型U6プロモーター
配列番号12:ガイドRNA:ALS A96
配列番号13:ガイドRNA:OsFTIP1e Q590
配列番号14:ガイドRNA:DL-3
配列番号15:ガイドRNA:OsClpP5
配列番号16:ガイドRNA:EGFP Mut1
配列番号17:ガイドRNA:EGFP Mut2
配列番号18:ガイドRNA:mGFP switch
配列番号19:ガイドRNA:ALS P171-R173
配列番号20:ガイドRNAユニットx4
配列番号21:ガイドRNAユニットx6
配列番号22:ガイドRNAユニットx5
配列番号23:ガイドRNAユニットx2
配列番号24:hygromycin phosphotransferase(hpt)発現ユニット
配列番号25:イネヒートショックタンパク質17.9C遺伝子プロモーター
配列番号26:neomycin phosphotransferaseII(nptII)発現ユニット
配列番号27:Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein(EGFP)発現ユニット
配列番号28:hygromycin phosphotransferase(hpt)発現ユニット
配列番号29:mutated Green Fluorescent Protein(mGFP)遺伝子
Claims (23)
- 二本鎖DNAの標的化した部位が改変された植物細胞を生産するための方法であって、(i)目的の二本鎖DNAを含む植物細胞を提供する工程と、
(ii)該二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を提供する工程と、
(iii)該複合体を、該植物細胞がトランスフェクトされる条件に配置する工程と、
(iv)該トランスフェクトされた植物細胞を、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する条件に配置する工程と、
(v)該複合体が導入された細胞および/または該改変が導入された細胞を選択する工程と
を含む、方法。 - 前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能が失活したCRISPR-Casシステム、ジンクフィンガーモチーフ、TALエフェクター、およびPPRモチーフからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの少なくとも1つのDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸配列認識モジュールが、Casの両方のDNA切断能を持たないCRISPR-Casシステムである、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が、前記標的化した部位の1以上のヌクレオチドの置換、欠失、または前記標的化した部位への1以上のヌクレオチドの挿入を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が、前記標的化された部位のPAM配列側に優位に生じる、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、野生型に比べて二重鎖DNAへの反応性が減弱された変異体である、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、シトシン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(CDG)活性またはチミン-DNAグリコシラーゼ(TDG)活性を有するものである、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記CDG活性またはTDG活性を有するDNAグリコシラーゼが、ウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記DNAグリコシラーゼが、CDG活性またはTDG活性を有する、酵母由来のウラシル-DNAグリコシラーゼ(UDG)の変異体である、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記植物細胞は、イネ、シロイヌナズナ、豆、トウモロコシ、綿、ベニバナ、ヒマワリ、タバコ、小麦、麦、麻、バラ、イチイ、バナナ、コーヒー、ゴマ、ソバ、またはレタス由来である、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記植物細胞は、イネまたはシロイヌナズナ由来である、請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記トランスフェクトは、前記複合体の、分離された植物カルスへの送達を通して、またはフローラルディップ法によって行われる、請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記送達は、アグロバクテリウム法によって行われる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- さらに、前記細胞から植物体を作出する工程を含む、請求項1~14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- さらに、得られた前記細胞をクローン分離する工程を含む、請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~16のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって取得可能な形質転換された植物細胞。
- 請求項17に記載の植物細胞を含む、形質転換された植物。
- 請求項18に記載の植物から得られた種子。
- 前記形質転換された形質が当代世代のみに発現される、請求項18に記載の植物。
- 前記形質転換された形質の発現が世代を超えて継承される、請求項18に記載の植物。
- 二本鎖DNAの標的化した部位が改変された細胞を生産するための方法であって、
(i)目的の二本鎖DNAを含む細胞を提供する工程と、
(ii)該二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を提供する工程と、
(iii)該複合体を、該細胞がトランスフェクトされる条件に配置する工程と、
(iv)該トランスフェクトされた細胞を、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する条件に配置する工程と、
(v)該複合体が導入された細胞および/または該改変が導入された細胞を選択する工程と
を含み、該細胞における改変が少なくとも当代において維持される、方法。 - 所望の特性を有する植物細胞を生産するための方法であって、
(i)所望の特性に関連する二本鎖DNAを含む植物細胞を提供する工程と、
(ii)該二本鎖DNA中の標的ヌクレオチド配列と特異的に結合する核酸配列認識モジュールと、二重鎖DNAへの反応性が十分に低いDNAグリコシラーゼとが結合した複合体を提供する工程と、
(iii)該複合体を、該植物細胞がトランスフェクトされる条件に配置する工程と、
(iv)該トランスフェクトされた植物細胞を、該標的化された部位において該二本鎖DNAの少なくとも一方の鎖を切断することなく、該標的化された部位の改変を誘導する条件に配置する工程と、
(v)該複合体が導入された細胞および/または該改変が導入された細胞を選択する工程と、
(vi)該導入された細胞から、所望の特性を有する細胞を選択する工程を含む、方法。
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