WO2022176832A1 - 熱電変換装置 - Google Patents
熱電変換装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022176832A1 WO2022176832A1 PCT/JP2022/005838 JP2022005838W WO2022176832A1 WO 2022176832 A1 WO2022176832 A1 WO 2022176832A1 JP 2022005838 W JP2022005838 W JP 2022005838W WO 2022176832 A1 WO2022176832 A1 WO 2022176832A1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/10—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects
- H10N10/17—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects characterised by the structure or configuration of the cell or thermocouple forming the device
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/80—Constructional details
- H10N10/82—Connection of interconnections
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a thermoelectric conversion device.
- Thermoelectric layers composed of thermoelectric materials and connection layers connecting the thermoelectric layers are alternately arranged in the plane direction, and heat is extracted from the connection layers through the heat conduction layer in the direction orthogonal to the plane.
- Thermoelectric Generator is known (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the transverse ⁇ TEG can be applied to thermoelectric power generation using body temperature with a small temperature difference.
- thermoelectric material 5a to 5h, 6a to 6h side of the base substrate (A1, B1).
- Cross-sectional drawings in patents generally have different scales in the plane direction and in the height direction, and Patent Document 2 does not describe the thickness of the heat insulating substrates (A2, B2).
- paragraph 0057 of Patent Document 2 between the heat dissipation side electrodes (3a to 3i) and the heat absorption side electrodes (2a to 2h, 8a to 8i) arranged in the plane direction, the thermoelectric materials (5a to 5h, 6a) ⁇ 6h) is a problem.
- thermoelectric materials 5a to 5h, 6a to 6h
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a thermoelectric conversion device with a large output power.
- the present invention comprises the first thermoelectric layers and the second thermoelectric layers having opposite conductivity types alternately provided in a first direction parallel to the surfaces of the first thermoelectric layers and the second thermoelectric layers; Between the thermoelectric layers and the second thermoelectric layers, first connection layers and second thermoelectric layers are electrically and thermally connected to the first thermoelectric layers and the second thermoelectric layers, and are alternately provided in the first direction.
- thermoelectric conversion device comprising: a second insulating layer having a thickness of 1/4 or more of the larger distance between the end on the thermoelectric layer side and the center of the second connection layer in the first direction.
- the first thermal conductive layer is thermally connected to the second connection layer, is provided on the opposite side to the first thermoelectric layer and the second thermoelectric layer, and extends in the second direction.
- it can be configured to include.
- the thickness of the second insulating layer may be less than twice the larger distance.
- the thickness of the first insulating layer may be 1/2 or more of the thickness of the second insulating layer.
- the second insulating layer may be porous and the first insulating layer may be non-porous.
- the second insulating layer may be in contact with the first thermoelectric layer and the second thermoelectric layer, and may be in contact with the first insulating layer.
- the fourth insulating layer may be porous and the third insulating layer may be non-porous.
- the fourth insulating layer may be in contact with the first thermoelectric layer and the second thermoelectric layer, and in contact with the third insulating layer.
- the second insulating layer is in contact with the first thermoelectric layer and the second thermoelectric layer and is in contact with the first insulating layer, and the thickness of the second insulating layer is twice the larger distance. or less, and the thickness of the fourth insulating layer may be less than or equal to twice the larger distance.
- the thermal conductivity of the second insulating layer and the fourth insulating layer is 1/5 times or less and 1/100 times or more the thermal conductivity of the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. can be configured.
- the thermal conductivity of the second insulating layer and the fourth insulating layer is the thermal conductivity of the first connection layer, the second connection layer, the first thermally conductive layer, and the second thermally conductive layer. 1/300 times or less and 1/30000 times or more.
- the thermal conductivities of the first thermoelectric layer and the second thermoelectric layer are the thermal conductivities of the first connection layer, the second connection layer, the first thermal conductive layer, and the second thermal conductive layer. 1/50 times or less.
- the thermal conductivity of the first thermoelectric layer and the second thermoelectric layer may be higher than the thermal conductivity of the second insulating layer and the fourth insulating layer.
- the first insulating layer and the third insulating layer may be HSQ layers or silicon oxide layers, and the second insulating layer and the fourth insulating layer may be porous silica.
- the distance between the end of the first thermally conductive layer on the first thermoelectric layer side and the center of the second connection layer in the first direction, and the second thermoelectric layer side of the first thermally conductive layer and the distance from the center of the second connection layer in the first direction are the same.
- thermoelectric converter with high output power can be provided.
- FIG. 1(a) is a plan view of the thermoelectric converter in Example 1
- FIG. 1(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA in FIG. 1(a).
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the thermoelectric conversion device in Example 1.
- FIG. 3(a) is a plan view of the thermoelectric conversion module in Example 1
- FIG. 3(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. 3(a).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing heat flow in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 5(a) and 5(b) show the normalized heat flow for normalized X and normalized Z, respectively. 6 is a diagram showing heat flow in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 5(a) and 5(b) show the normalized heat flow for normalized X and normal
- FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) show the normalized heat flow for normalized X and normalized Z, respectively.
- FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams showing P out with respect to t ins1 in Example 1.
- FIGS. 9(a) to 9(e) are diagrams showing current I and output power P out with respect to output voltage V out in each sample.
- 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a thermoelectric conversion device according to Modification 1 of Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 8 of Patent Document 2 there is no description of the thickness of the heat insulating substrates (A2, B2) as described above. If the heat insulating substrates (A2, B2) with low mechanical strength are thick, the mechanical strength of the thermoelectric conversion device will be low. If the heat insulating substrates (A2, B2) are thin, the performance of the thermoelectric conversion device will deteriorate. Further, in FIG. 8 of Patent Document 2, a space 15 (that is, a gap) is provided between the thermoelectric materials (5a to 5h, 6a to 6h) and the heat insulating substrate (B2). If a gap is provided between the thermoelectric material and the heat insulating substrate, the strength of the thermoelectric conversion device will be weakened.
- a space 15 that is, a gap
- thermoelectric conversion device without air gaps was simulated using a highly accurate distributed constant circuit model developed by the inventors.
- distributed parameter circuit model by considering the thermal conductivity of each material, highly accurate simulation is possible.
- the structure can suppress the deterioration of the performance such as the output power while ensuring the mechanical strength. Examples and simulation results will be described below.
- FIG. 1(a) is a plan view of the thermoelectric conversion device in Example 1
- FIG. 1(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 1(a).
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the thermoelectric conversion device in Example 1.
- FIG. 1(a) the thermoelectric layers, connecting layers and electrodes are illustrated.
- the surface of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b is the XY plane
- the arrangement direction (width direction) and stretching direction (length direction) of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are the X direction and the Y direction, respectively
- the stacking method of each layer is the Z direction. .
- thermoelectric layer 12a first thermoelectric layer
- thermoelectric layer 12b second thermoelectric layer
- the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are alternately provided in the X direction (first direction parallel to the surface).
- Thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are n-type and p-type, respectively, and have opposite conductivity types.
- Adjacent thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are electrically and thermally connected to connection layers 14a (first connection layer) and 14b (second connection layer) alternately in the X direction.
- Connection layers 14a and 14b extend in the Y direction.
- a pair of thermoelectric layers 12 a and 12 b form one Seebeck element 10 .
- a plurality of Seebeck elements 10 are connected in series between electrodes 24a and 24b.
- connection layers 14a and 14b are thermally connected to the thermally conductive layers 16a (first thermally conductive layer) and 16b (second thermally conductive layer) in the ⁇ Z direction and +Z direction (second direction crossing the surface), respectively.
- Thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b are thermally connected to bases 22a and 22b, respectively, via electrical insulating films 20a and 20b, respectively.
- Thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b penetrate insulating layers 18a and 18b, respectively.
- the insulating layer 18a includes insulating layers 17a (first insulating layer) and 17b (second insulating layer). Insulating layer 17b is provided between insulating layer 17a, Seebeck element 10, and connection layers 14a and 14b.
- the insulating layer 18b includes insulating layers 17c (third insulating layer) and 17d (fourth insulating layer). Insulating layer 17d is provided between insulating layer 17c, Seebeck element 10 and connection layers 14a and 14b. Insulating layers 17b and 17d contact thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b, respectively, and thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b, respectively. The insulating layers 17a and 17c are in contact with the insulating layers 17b and 17d, respectively, the insulating films 20a and 20b, respectively, and the heat conductive layers 16a and 16b.
- the thermal conductivity of insulating layers 17a and 17c is lower than that of connecting layers 14a, 14b and thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b, and the thermal conductivity of insulating layers 17b and 17d is lower than that of insulating layers 17a and 17c.
- FIG. 3(a) is a plan view of the thermoelectric conversion module in Example 1, and FIG. 3(b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 3(a).
- the bases 22a and 22b face each other.
- a heat sink 33 is thermally connected to the upper surface of the base portion 22b.
- a surface of the base portion 22a facing the base portion 22b has a convex portion.
- the base 22a has a region 35 that protrudes toward the base 22b and a region 36 that does not.
- the distance H between bases 22a and 22b in region 36 is greater than the distance between bases 22a and 22b in region 35.
- the base portion 22b has a flat plate shape
- the base portion 22a has a shape in which a convex portion is provided on a flat plate.
- a convex portion may be provided on the lower surface of the base portion 22b, or may be provided on both the upper surface of the base portion 22a and the lower surface of the base portion 22b.
- a square is illustrated as an example of the planar shape of the bases 22a, 22b and the region 35, these planar shapes can be arbitrarily selected.
- a support 34 is provided between the bases 22a and 22b at the periphery of the bases 22a and 22b.
- a thermal insulator 32 is provided between the bases 22a and 22b surrounded by a support 34. As shown in FIG. Thermal insulator 32 is, for example, a gas or vacuum having a pressure below atmospheric pressure. Support 34 maintains the pressure or vacuum in thermal insulator 32 . Support 34 mechanically supports base 22a and base 22b. The thermal conductivity of the thermal insulator 32 is less than that of the thermoelectric converter 30, the bases 22a, 22b and the support .
- the thermoelectric conversion device 30 has a plurality of blocks 31a-31c. In each block 31a-31c, a plurality of thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are alternately arranged in the X direction. A plurality of blocks 31a to 31c are arranged in the Y direction. Electrode 24c connects blocks 31a and 31b, and electrode 24d connects blocks 31b and 31c. The Seebeck element 10 is thereby connected in series between the electrodes 24a and 24b. Other configurations of the thermoelectric conversion device 30 are the same as those in FIGS.
- thermoelectric material used for the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b can be a bismuth-tellurium alloy, a full-Heusler alloy, or a half-Heusler alloy.
- Bismuth tellurium based alloys are for example Bi 2 Te 3-x Se x as n-type and for example Bi 2-x Sb x Te 3 as p-type.
- Full Heusler alloys are n-type such as Fe 2 VAl 1-x Ge x , Fe 2 VAl 1-x Si x or Fe 2 VTax Al 1-x and p-type such as Fe 2 V 1-x W x Al, Fe 2 V 1-x Ti x Al or Fe 2 V 1-x Ti x Ga, and other materials based on, for example, Fe 2 NbGa, Fe 2 HfSi, Fe 2 TaIn, Fe 2 TiSn or Fe 2 ZrGe. .
- Half-Heusler alloys include, for example, TiPtSn, (Hf 1-x Zr x )NiSn or NbCoSn as n-type, and TiCoSn x Sb 1-x , Zr(Ni 1-x Co x )Sn, Zr(Ni 1 ⁇ x In x )Sn, HfPtSn.
- the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b can be easily produced. If the temperature range used is sufficiently higher than room temperature, the thermoelectric material used for the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b may be Si, SiGe alloy or GeSn alloy.
- thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b use, for example, the above-exemplified materials having n-type and p-type, respectively.
- the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b may use different material systems among the materials exemplified above.
- one of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b may be of the n-type or p-type material exemplified above, and the other of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b may be replaced by a suitable metal that is not a thermoelectric material.
- connection layers 14a and 14b A material with high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity is preferable for the connection layers 14a and 14b, and metal layers such as Cu, Al, Au or Ag can be used, for example.
- the connection layers 14a and 14b may be of different materials.
- the insulating layers 17a and 17c for example, inorganic insulators such as silicon oxide, alkyl group-containing silica or similar oxides and insulators (eg, hydrogen silsesquioxane), resins (eg, acrylic resins, epoxy resins, vinyl chloride resins, , silicone resin, fluorine resin, phenol resin, bakelite resin, polyethylene resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, polypropylene resin) or rubber (natural rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, chloroprene rubber, silicone rubber, butyl rubber or polyurethane rubber), etc. be able to.
- the insulating layers 17b and 17d can be made of porous insulators (for example, porous silicon or porous silica).
- Porous silicon is, for example, porous silicon using high resistance silicon.
- Porous silica is, for example, porous silicon made into an electrical and thermal insulator by oxidation or the like.
- the insulating layers 18a and 18b can be formed using a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, a sputtering method, or a spin coating method.
- the bases 22a and 22b Materials with high thermal conductivity are preferable for the bases 22a and 22b.
- metals such as Cu, Al, Au or Ag, ceramics such as Si or alumina, or the like can be used.
- the electrically insulating films 20a and 20b are preferably made of a material having high electrical insulation and high thermal conductivity, such as an aluminum oxide film.
- the insulating films 20a and 20b may be formed on the bases 22a and 22b by sputtering or CVD. If bases 22a and 22b are electrical insulators, insulating films 20a and 20b may not be used. At least one of the bases 22a and 22b can be formed using a sputtering method or a CVD method.
- the thickness of the base portions 22a and 22b can be reduced.
- At least one of the bases 22a and 22b can be formed by plating.
- the base portions 22a and 22b can be made thick to some extent.
- a coating film by spin coating or the like can be used.
- a structure for example, a fin structure or a heat sink structure
- a material for example, a heat dissipation sheet, a heat dissipation material or a heat absorption material containing a volatile material, or Al whose surface is anodized
- the support 34 preferably has low thermal conductivity, but is preferably harder than the thermal insulator 32 from the viewpoint of supporting the bases 22a and 22b and/or from the viewpoint of retaining the gas layer or vacuum.
- a polymer organic material such as resin or rubber can be used.
- the support 34 if the thermal insulator 32 is solid, the support 34 preferably has a higher yield strength than the thermal insulator 32 from the viewpoint of reinforcing the thermal insulator 32 .
- Comparative Example 1 First, a simulation was performed for Comparative Example 1 in which the insulating layers 17b and 17d were not provided and the entire insulating layers 18a and 18b were used as the insulating layers 17a and 17c.
- thermoelectric conversion module 100 When the thermoelectric conversion module 100 is used as a power source for a wearable device, the thermoelectric conversion module 100 generates power using the temperature difference between the body temperature of the human body and the temperature of the atmosphere. Therefore, a warm-blooded animal model was used for the body temperature of the human body. Details of the simulation are described in IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, doi: 10.1109/TED.2020.3006168. In the simulation, ⁇ , ⁇ d, (1 ⁇ )d, m 0 , L and t C1 are optimized so that the output power P out is maximized. A highly accurate distributed constant circuit model is used as the model in the thermoelectric converter 30 .
- Connection layers 14a, 14b, thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b Material: Cu Thermal conductivity ⁇ C : 386W/(m ⁇ K) Electric resistivity ⁇ C : 17n ⁇ m Insulating films 20a and 20b Material: AlOx Thermal conductivity ⁇ PI : 1.5 W/(m ⁇ K) support 34 Material: Organic material Thermal conductivity ⁇ WL : 0.15 W/(m ⁇ K) thermal insulator 32 Vacuum contact resistance BiTe and Cu Contact electrical resistance r PC : 1.0 ⁇ m 2 Contact thermal resistance k PC : 140 ⁇ m 2 ⁇ K/mW Cu and AlOx Contact thermal resistance k C-PI : 3.4 ⁇ m 2 ⁇ K/mW The temperature difference between the body temperature of the human body and the temperature of the atmosphere was assumed to be 10K.
- the electrical contact resistance is the electrical resistance per unit area on the surfaces where the two materials are in contact
- the contact thermal resistance is the thermal resistance per unit area on the surfaces where the two materials are in contact.
- Sample PS Material Porous silica Thermal conductivity ⁇ PS : 35.7 mW/(m K) sample HSQ Material: Hydrogen silsesquioxane Thermal conductivity ⁇ HSQ : 0.3 W/(m K) Sample SiO2 Material: SiO2 Thermal conductivity ⁇ SiO2 : 0.9 W/(m K) PS has low thermal conductivity but is brittle. Therefore, it is difficult to form a thick film. SiO2 has high mechanical strength and is easy to form thickly, but has high thermal conductivity.
- HSQ hydrogen silsesquioxane
- HSQ hydrogen silsesquioxane
- Table 1 shows the optimized output power P out and each It is a table showing parameters. As shown in Table 1, the output power P out of the sample PS is 16.15 ⁇ W, but the output power P out of the sample HSQ is less than half that of the sample PS, and the output power P out of the sample SiO2 is less than that of the sample PS. 1/5 or less. Since the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 18a and 18b differs from sample to sample, each parameter when optimizing the output power P out differs from sample to sample.
- Comparative Example 1 when PS is used as the insulating layers 18a and 18b, the output power Pout is large, but the mechanical strength is weak and the process is difficult. Using HSQ and SiO 2 for the insulating layers 18a and 18b has sufficient mechanical strength and is easy to process, but the output power Pout is greatly reduced.
- thermoelectric layers 12a, 12b and the thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b to the insulating layers 18a and 18b in the samples PS and HSQ of Comparative Example 1 was simulated using a highly accurate distributed constant circuit model.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing heat flow in Comparative Example 1.
- the lower surface of the insulating film 20a is set to a high temperature
- the upper surface of the insulating film 20b is set to a low temperature.
- a heat flow 54 leaking from the heat conductive layer 16a to the insulating layer 18a and a heat flow 53 flowing from the insulating layer 18a to the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b were simulated.
- the positions X of the X coordinates of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are normalized.
- the position X where the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b and the connection layer 14b are in contact is set to 0, and the position X where the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b and the connection layer 14a are in contact is set to 1.
- the position Z of the Z coordinate of the heat conductive layer 16a is normalized.
- the position Z at which the heat conductive layer 16a and the insulating film 20a are in contact is set to 0, and the position Z at which the heat conductive layer 16a and the connection layer 14a are in contact is set to 1.
- FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are diagrams showing the normalized heat flow for normalized X and normalized Z, respectively.
- the 0-1 range of normalized X and the 0-1 range of normalized Z were divided into 10 and 15 ranges, respectively.
- the dots in FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) indicate the sum of the normalized heat flow within the divided range.
- a straight line is a line that connects dots.
- FIG. 5(a) shows normalized heat flow 53 flowing from insulating layer 18a into thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b.
- the normalized heat flow is a heat flow obtained by standardizing each heat flow with the total heat flow that flows into the insulating film 20a from the outside. As shown in FIG.
- the normalized heat flow 53 is large when the normalization x is near 0, and the normalized heat flow 53 decreases as the normalization X increases. This corresponds to a higher temperature of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b as the normalization X increases. The lower the temperature of thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b, the greater the heat flow from insulating layer 18a. In region 50, normalized heat flow 53 increases as normalized X increases.
- FIG. 5(b) shows a normalized heat flow 54 leaking from the thermally conductive layer 16a to the insulating layer 18a.
- the normalized heat flow 54 is almost zero in the region 52.
- FIG. In region 50 normalized heat flow 54 increases as normalized Z increases.
- the contact thermal resistance k PC is sufficiently small, the heat flow through the region 50 is attributed to the high thermal conductivity of the insulating layer 18a.
- the normalized heat flows 53 and 54 in FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are smaller than for sample HSQ. This is probably because in the sample PS, the thermal conductivity of the insulating layer 18a is low, so that the amount of heat passing through the insulating layer 18a is small.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing heat flow in Comparative Example 1.
- the lower surface of the insulating film 20a is set to a high temperature
- the upper surface of the insulating film 20b is set to a low temperature.
- a heat flow 58 leaking from the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b to the insulating layer 18b and a heat flow 59 flowing from the insulating layer 18b to the thermally conductive layer 16b were simulated.
- Normalization X is the same as in FIG.
- a position Z at which the heat conductive layer 16b and the connection layer 14b contact is set to 0, and a position Z at which the heat conductive layer 16b and the insulating film 20b are in contact is set to 1.
- FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) are diagrams showing the normalized heat flow for normalized X and normalized Z, respectively.
- FIG. 7(a) shows normalized heat flow 58 from thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b into insulating layer 18b.
- the normalized heat flow 58 is large when the normalization X is around 1 in the region 56, and the normalized heat flow 58 becomes small when the normalization X becomes small. This is due to the temperature distribution of thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b.
- region 55 normalized heat flow 58 increases as normalized X decreases.
- FIG. 7(b) shows a normalized heat flow 59 flowing from the insulating layer 18b to the heat conducting layer 16b.
- the normalized heat flow 59 is almost zero in the region 57.
- FIG. In region 55 normalized heat flow 59 increases as normalized Z decreases.
- the normalized heat flows 58 and 59 of sample PS are also smaller than those of sample HSQ. This is probably because in the sample PS, the heat flow passing through the insulating layer 18b is small because the thermal conductivity of the insulating layer 18b is small.
- the heat flow passing through the insulating layers 18a and 18b includes the heat flow dependent on the temperature distribution of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b and the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 18a and 18b passing through the regions 50 and 55.
- Patent Document 2 does not suggest the existence of two heat flows with different mechanisms. It is believed that the leakage of heat flow to the insulating layers 18a and 18b by these two mechanisms causes the output power P out to be lower for samples HSQ and SiO 2 than for sample PS. The output power of Example 1 in the presence of the above two mechanisms was simulated.
- the sample HSQ/PS is a sample using HSQ as the insulating layers 17a and 17c and using PS as the insulating layers 17b and 17d.
- the sample SiO 2 /PS is a sample using SiO 2 as the insulating layers 17a and 17c and using PS as the insulating layers 17b and 17d.
- the optimized output power P out was simulated.
- FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams showing P out with respect to t ins1 in Example 1.
- FIG. Samples HSQ/PS and SiO 2 /PS as Example 1 and sample PS as Comparative Example 1 are shown.
- FIGS. 8A to 8C when t ins1 is around 0, the output power P out of both samples HSQ/PS and SiO 2 /PS is less than half that of sample PS.
- Table 2 is a table showing the ratio P out HSQ/P out PS indicating the output voltage P out HSQ of the sample HSQ/PS to the output voltage P out PS of the sample PS.
- Table 3 is a table showing the ratio P out SiO 2 /P out PS indicating the output voltage P out SiO 2 of the sample SiO 2 /PS to the output voltage P out PS of the sample PS.
- Tables 2 and 3 show P out HSQ/P out PS and P out SiO 2 /P out PS when t C2 is 1 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, and t ins1 is t C1 and tC /2. .
- Tables 2 and 3 show P out HSQ/P out PS and P out SiO 2 /P out PS when t C2 is 1 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, and t ins1 is t C1 and tC /2.
- Tables 2 and 3 show P out HSQ/P out PS and P out SiO 2 /P out PS when t C2 is 1 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, and t ins1 is t C1 and tC /2.
- P out HSQ and P out SiO 2 are approximately
- the reason why the output power Pout cannot be increased unless the thickness t ins1 of the insulating layers 17b and 17d is increased is considered as follows.
- the heat flow 53 flowing from the insulating layer 18a to the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b when the normalization X is near 0 passes through the range from the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b in the insulating layer 18a to about tC1 . it is conceivable that.
- the region 50 where the heat flow 54 leaking from the heat conductive layer 16a to the insulating layer 18a exists extends from the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b to about t C1 . Also in FIG.
- thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b it is thought that the heat flow 58 leaking from the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b to the insulating layer 18b when the normalization X is around 1 passes through the range from the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b in the insulating layer 18b to about tC1 . be done. Furthermore, it is considered that the region 55 where the heat flow 59 flowing from the insulating layer 18b to the heat conductive layer 16b exists extends from the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b to about t C1 .
- the thickness t ins1 of the insulating layers 17b and 17d is set to t C1 /4 or more. This allows the output power P out to be 75% or more of the output power P out of the sample PS.
- t C1 is the distance between the end of the heat conductive layer 16a on the thermoelectric layer 12a side and the center of the heat conductive layer 16b in the X direction, or the distance between the end of the heat conductive layer 16a on the thermoelectric layer 12b side and the heat conductive layer 16b and the center of the X direction, whichever is larger.
- the thickness t ins1 is more preferably t C1 /3 or more, further preferably t C1 /2 or more.
- the thickness t int1 of the insulating layers 17b and 17d By setting the thickness t int1 of the insulating layers 17b and 17d to 1/2 of t C1 , an output power of about 90% of the output power of the sample PS is obtained, and the thickness t int1 is set to 1/3 of t C1 . This is because it was obtained from a highly accurate distributed constant circuit model simulation that an output power of about 85% of the output power of the sample PS can be obtained.
- the thickness t ins1 is preferably 2 ⁇ t C1 or less, more preferably 1.5 ⁇ t C1 or less, and even more preferably t C1 or less.
- a preferable range of the thickness t ins1 is determined by changing the materials of the insulating layers 17b and 17d and T C2 as shown in FIGS. 8(a) to 8(c). does not change.
- the thickness t ins1 of either one of the insulating layers 17b and 17d may be t C1 /4 or more and 2 ⁇ t C1 or less.
- Thickness t ins2 of insulating layers 17a and 17b is preferably thick in order to increase the mechanical strength of insulating layers 18a and 18b. Therefore, t ins2 is preferably t ins1 /2 or more, more preferably t ins1 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 ⁇ t ins1 or more.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 18a and 18b should be lower than that of the thermal conductive layers 16a and 16b.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17a and 17c is preferably 1/300 or less, more preferably 1/1000 or less, of the thermal conductivity of the thermal conductive layers 16a and 16b.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d should be lower than that of the insulating layers 17a and 17c, preferably 1/5 or less of the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17a and 17c, more preferably 1/10 or less. , is more preferably 1/50 or less.
- insulating layers 17b and 17d may be porous and insulating layers 17a and 17c may be non-porous.
- the porosity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 50% or more. Thereby, the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d can be lowered.
- the porosity of the insulating layers 17a and 17b is preferably 1% or less, more preferably 0.1% or more. Thereby, the mechanical strength of the insulating layers 17a and 17b can be increased.
- Table 4 is a table showing the rate of increase in the output power P out of the sample HSQ/PS with respect to the sample HSQ and the rate of increase in the output power P out of the sample SiO 2 /PS with respect to the sample SiO 2 .
- sample HSQ/PS increases P out by 125% compared to sample HSQ
- sample SiO 2 /PS increases P out by 426% compared to sample SiO 2 .
- FIGS. 9(a) to 9(e) are diagrams showing current I and output power P out with respect to output voltage V out in each sample.
- 9(a) is sample PS
- FIG. 9(b) is sample HSQ
- FIG. 9(c) is sample SiO 2
- FIG. 9(d) is sample HSQ/PS
- FIG. 9(e) is sample SiO 2 /PS.
- the output power Pout peaks when the output voltage Vout is approximately 1V.
- the output power P out of about 2 mW can be achieved when the mounting area S A is 120 cm 2 .
- the sample PS has low mechanical strength of the insulating layers 18a and 18b.
- the output power P out is 1 mW or 0.5 mW or less. As shown in FIGS. 9A to 9E, the output power P out peaks when the output voltage Vout is approximately 1V.
- the output power P out of about 2 mW can be achieved when the mounting area S A is 120 cm 2 .
- the sample PS has low mechanical strength of the insulating layers 18a and 18b.
- the output power P out is 1 mW or 0.5 mW or less.
- [Modification 1 of Embodiment 1] 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a thermoelectric conversion device according to Modification 1 of Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 10 in Modification 1 of Example 1, the lengths in the X direction of thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are different.
- the distance between the end of the heat conductive layer 16b on the side of the thermoelectric layer 12b and the center of the heat conductive layer 16a in the X direction is d1
- the end of the heat conductive layer 16b on the side of the thermoelectric layer 12a and the center of the heat conductive layer 16b in the X direction Let d2 be the distance from Let d be the pitch in the X direction.
- the distance d2 which is the larger one of the distances d1 and d2 , is used as a reference. That is, t ins1 is preferably d 2 /4 or more, more preferably d 2 /3 or more, and even more preferably d 2 /2 or more. t ins1 is preferably 2 ⁇ d 2 or less, more preferably 1.5 ⁇ d 2 or less, and even more preferably d 2 or less.
- the distances d1 and d2 may be the same as the manufacturing error, or as in Modification 1 of Embodiment 1 , the distances d1 and d2 may differ by the manufacturing error or more . good too.
- the insulating layers 18a and 18b whose cross section is shown in FIG. 10 are repeatedly arranged at a pitch d in the X direction. Since the pitch d is a constant value, there are two distances, distances d1 and d2. Note that the pitch d may not be constant. In this case, the largest distance among the plurality of distances d1 and the plurality of distances d2 may be used as a reference.
- the first thermally conductive layer penetrates, has a lower thermal conductivity than the first insulating layer, and is provided between the first insulating layer and the first thermoelectric layer and the second thermoelectric layer, a distance between an end of the first thermally conductive layer on the first thermoelectric layer side and a center of the second connection layer in the first direction, and an end of the first thermally conductive layer on the second thermoelectric layer side and the
- the insulating layers 17b and 17d are used.
- thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b and the insulating layer 17a when the insulating layer 17b is in contact with the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b and the insulating layer 17a, and the insulating layer 17d is in contact with the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b and the insulating layer 17a, the base 22a and Between the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b and between the base portion 22b and the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b, no space 15 (that is, a void) as shown in FIG. 8 of Patent Document 2 is formed. This is because the base portion 22a, the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b, and the base portion 22b are produced by a fine lamination process such as a semiconductor formation process. As a result, it is possible to provide a very high-density, small-sized thermoelectric conversion device at a low manufacturing cost, and to increase the strength of the thermoelectric conversion device.
- thermoelectric conversion device in which voids are not formed, by making the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d smaller than the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17a and 17c, the simulations of FIGS. You can apply the results. That is, by setting the thickness of each of the insulating layers 17b and 17d with low thermal conductivity to 1/4 times or more of tC1 , the output power is reduced compared to the case where all of the insulating layers 18a and 18b are made of a material with low thermal conductivity. Power P out can be increased.
- the output power can be increased, for example, by 75% or more compared to the case of using SiO 2 .
- the insulating layers 17a and 17c having high thermal conductivity and high mechanical strength are provided, and the thickness of each of the insulating layers 17b and 17d having low mechanical strength is set to be twice or less than tC1 .
- the mechanical strength of the thermoelectric conversion device can be increased compared to the case where all of 18b are made of a material with low mechanical strength such as porous silica. In this way, it is possible to suppress the decrease in the output power Pou while ensuring the mechanical strength of the thermoelectric conversion device.
- the thermal conductivity of insulating layers 17b and 17d ( porous silica) is ) are 1/8.4 and 1/25.2 times the thermal conductivity of ), respectively.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d (porous silica) is 1/10800 times the thermal conductivity of the connection layers 14a and 14b and the thermal conductive layers 16a and 16b (Cu).
- the thermal conductivity range of the insulating layers 17b and 17d should be 1/5 of the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17a and 17c. It is preferably not more than two times and not less than 1/100 times.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d is suppressed to the same range as the simulation result. can. Thereby, a decrease in output power can be suppressed.
- thermoelectric conversion device can be ensured while suppressing the heat flow through the insulating layers 17b and 17d to the same range as the simulation result.
- the range of thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d is preferably 1/300 times or less and 1/30000 times or more that of the connection layers 14a and 14b and the thermal conductive layers 16a and 16b.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d can be at least 1/30000 times the thermal conductivity of the connection layers 14a and 14b and the thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b.
- the insulating layers 17b and 17d can be used for microstructures such as semiconductor formation processes. Practical materials such as porous silica applicable to the lamination process can be used. Therefore, costs can be reduced.
- the thickness of the insulating layers 17b and 17d is preferably 1/4 or more and 2 or less times t C1 .
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d should be 1/10 of the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17a and 17c. It is more preferably twice or less, and further preferably 1/20 or less.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d is more preferably 1/1000 times or less, more preferably 1/5000 times or less, that of the connection layers 14a and 14b and the thermal conductive layers 16a and 16b. preferable.
- thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b When the thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b is small, a temperature distribution occurs in the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b in Comparative Example 1. Therefore, the heat flow from the insulating layer 18a to the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b like the heat flow 53 in FIG. 4 and the heat flow from the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b to the insulating layer 18b like the heat flow 58 in FIG. 6 increase. .
- the thermal conductivity of thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b (BiTe) is 1/1 that of connecting layers 14a and 14b and thermally conductive layers 16a and 16b (Cu). 270 times. Therefore, in order to apply the simulation results of FIGS. 8(a) to 8(c), the thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b should It is preferably 1/50 times or less of the ratio.
- the thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b should be It is more preferably 1/100 times or less of the thermal conductivity.
- the thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b is, for example, 1/1000 times or more the thermal conductivity of the connection layers 14a and 14b and the thermal conductive layers 16a and 16b.
- thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b are too small, the heat flow through the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b is reduced.
- the thermal conductivity of thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b (BiTe) is 40 times that of insulating layers 17b and 17d (porous silica). Therefore, in order to obtain effects similar to those of the simulations of FIGS. preferable.
- the thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b is more preferably 10 times or more the thermal conductivity of the insulating layers 17b and 17d. .
- the thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric layers 12a and 12b is, for example, 100 times or less that of the insulating layers 17b and 17d.
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Abstract
Description
まず、絶縁層17bおよび17dを設けず、絶縁層18aおよび18bの全体を絶縁層17aおよび17cとした比較例1について、シミュレーションを行った。
以下のように、図1~図3に記載の構造パラメータを定義した。
D:基部22aおよび22bのX方向およびY方向の幅
D´:領域35のX方向およびY方向の幅
D0:熱電変換装置30のX方向の長さ(ブロック31a~31cの合計の長さ)
H:領域36における基部22aと22bとの間隔
x:支持体34のX方向およびY方向の幅
d:熱電層12aおよび12bのX方向のピッチ
γ:トレードオフパラメータ、熱電層12aおよび12bの占める幅がγdとなるパラメータ
γd:熱電層12aおよび12bのX方向の幅
(1-γ)d:熱電層12aと12bとのX方向の間隔
L:熱電層12aおよび12bのY方向の長さ
ts:熱電層12aおよび12bのZ方向の厚さ
tins1:絶縁層17bおよび17dのZ方向の厚さ、比較例1ではtins1は0である。
tins2:絶縁層17aおよび17cのZ方向の厚さ
tC=tC1+tC2:絶縁層18aおよび18bのZ方向の厚さ
tC1:熱伝導層16aの端と熱伝導層16bの中心とのX方向の距離、熱伝導層16bの端と熱伝導層16aの中心とのX方向の距離のうち大きい方
tPI:絶縁膜20aおよび20bのZ方向の厚さ
m0:熱電層12aおよび12bの対数(すなわちゼーベック素子10の個数)
ΔTS:基部22aの下面と基部22bの上面の温度差
Pout:熱電変換装置の出力電力
D×D=10mm×10mm
D´×D´=3mm×3mm
D0=9mm
H=5mm
x=0.5mm
tS=1000nm
tPI=100nm
熱電層12aおよび12b
材料:BiTe
ゼーベック係数=Sp-Sn:434μV/K
熱伝導率λ=(λp+λn)/2:1.43W/(m・K)
電気抵抗率ρ=(ρp+ρn)/2:8.11μΩ・m
λnおよびρnはそれぞれ熱電層12aの熱伝導率および電気抵抗率であり、λpおよびρpはそれぞれ熱電層12bの熱伝導率および電気抵抗率である。
接続層14a、14b、熱伝導層16aおよび16b
材料:Cu
熱伝導率λC:386W/(m・K)
電気抵抗率ρC:17nΩ・m
絶縁膜20aおよび20b
材料:AlOx
熱伝導率λPI:1.5W/(m・K)
支持体34
材料:有機材料
熱伝導率λWL:0.15W/(m・K)
熱絶縁体32
真空
接触抵抗
BiTeとCu
接触電気抵抗rPC:1.0Ω・μm2
接触熱抵抗kPC:140μm2・K/mW
CuとAlOx
接触熱抵抗kC-PI:3.4μm2・K/mW
人体の体温と大気の温度との温度差を10Kとした。なお、接触電気抵抗は2つの材料が接触する面における単位面積当たりの電気抵抗であり、接触熱抵抗は2つの材料が接触する面における単位面積当たりの熱抵抗である。
サンプルPS
材料:ポーラスシリカ
熱伝導率λPS:35.7mW/(m・K)
サンプルHSQ
材料:水素シルセスキオキサン
熱伝導率λHSQ:0.3W/(m・K)
サンプルSiO2
材料:SiO2
熱伝導率λSiO2:0.9W/(m・K)
PSは、熱伝導率が低いが脆い。このため、厚く形成することが難しい。SiO2は、機械的強度が高く、厚く形成することが容易であるが熱伝導率が高い。HSQ(水素シルセスキオキサン:hydrogen silsesquioxane)は、シリカとシリコンの中間材料であるシルセスキオキサンに水素をドープした分子であり、機械的強度はSiO2より弱いが熱伝導率はSiO2より低い。
サンプルHSQ/PSは、絶縁層17aおよび17cとしてHSQを用い、絶縁層17bおよび17dとしてPSを用いたサンプルである。サンプルSiO2/PSは、絶縁層17aおよび17cとしてSiO2を用い、絶縁層17bおよび17dとしてPSを用いたサンプルである。tC1=7μmおよびtC2=1μm、tC1=8μmおよびtC2=10μm、tC1=9.4μmおよびtC2=30μmの3つの条件について、絶縁層17bおよび17dの厚さtins1を変化させ最適化した出力電力Poutをシミュレーションした。
図10は、実施例1の変形例1における熱電変換装置の拡大断面図である。図10に示すように、実施例1の変形例1では、熱電層12aと12bのX方向における長さが異なる。熱伝導層16bの熱電層12b側の端と熱伝導層16aのX方向の中心との距離をd1とし、熱伝導層16bの熱電層12a側の端と熱伝導層16bのX方向の中心との距離をd2とする。X方向のピッチをdとする。
12a、12b 熱電層
14a、14b 接続層
16a、16b 熱伝導層
17a~17d、18a、18b 絶縁層
22a、22b 基部
24a~24d 電極
Claims (15)
- 第1熱電層および第2熱電層の表面に平行な第1方向に交互に設けられた互いに反対の導電型を有する前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層と、
前記第1熱電層と前記第2熱電層との間において前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層と電気的および熱的に接続され、前記第1方向に交互に設けられた第1接続層および第2接続層と、
前記第1接続層に熱的に接続し前記表面に交差する第2方向に延伸する第1熱伝導層と、
前記第1熱伝導層が貫通し、前記第1熱伝導層より熱伝導率が小さい第1絶縁層と、
前記第1熱伝導層が貫通し、前記第1絶縁層より熱伝導率が小さく、前記第1絶縁層と前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層との間に設けられ、前記第1熱伝導層の前記第1熱電層側の端と前記第2接続層の前記第1方向における中心との距離と、前記第1熱伝導層の前記第2熱電層側の端と前記第2接続層の前記第1方向における中心との距離と、のうち大きい方の距離の1/4以上の厚さを有する第2絶縁層と、
を備える熱電変換装置。 - 前記第2接続層に熱的に接続し、前記第1熱伝導層とは前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層に対し反対側に設けられ、前記第2方向に延伸する第2熱伝導層と、
前記第2熱伝導層が貫通し、前記第2熱伝導層より熱伝導率が小さい第3絶縁層と、
前記第2熱伝導層が貫通し、前記第3絶縁層より熱伝導率が小さく、前記第3絶縁層と前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層との間に設けられ、前記大きい方の距離の1/4以上の厚さを有する第4絶縁層と、
を備える請求項1に記載の熱電変換装置。 - 前記第2絶縁層の厚さは前記大きい方の距離の2倍以下である請求項1または2に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第1絶縁層の厚さは、前記第2絶縁層の厚さの1/2以上である請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第2絶縁層は多孔質であり、前記第1絶縁層は非多孔質である請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第2絶縁層は、前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層と接し、前記第1絶縁層と接する請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第4絶縁層は多孔質であり、前記第3絶縁層は非多孔質である請求項2に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第4絶縁層は、前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層と接し、前記第3絶縁層と接する請求項2または7に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第2絶縁層は、前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層と接し、前記第1絶縁層と接し、
前記第2絶縁層の厚さは前記大きい方の距離の2倍以下であり、
前記第4絶縁層の厚さは前記大きい方の距離の2倍以下である請求項8に記載の熱電変換装置。 - 前記第2絶縁層および前記第4絶縁層の熱伝導率は、前記第1絶縁層および前記第2絶縁層の熱伝導率の1/5倍以下かつ1/100倍以上である請求項9に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第2絶縁層および前記第4絶縁層の熱伝導率は、前記第1接続層、前記第2接続層、前記第1熱伝導層および前記第2熱伝導層の熱伝導率の1/300倍以下かつ1/30000倍以上である請求項10に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層の熱伝導率は、前記第1接続層、前記第2接続層、前記第1熱伝導層および前記第2熱伝導層の熱伝導率の1/50倍以下である請求項11に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第1熱電層および前記第2熱電層の熱伝導率は、前記第2絶縁層および前記第4絶縁層の熱伝導率より大きい請求項12に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第1絶縁層および前記第3絶縁層は、HSQ層または酸化シリコン層であり、前記第2絶縁層および前記第4絶縁層はポーラスシリカである請求項2、および7から13のいずれか一項に記載の熱電変換装置。
- 前記第1熱伝導層の前記第1熱電層側の端と前記第2接続層の前記第1方向における中心との距離と、前記第1熱伝導層の前記第2熱電層側の端と前記第2接続層の前記第1方向における中心との距離と、は同じである請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載の熱電変換装置。
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WO2018042708A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-30 | 2018-03-08 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | 熱電変換装置および電子装置 |
JP2019140182A (ja) * | 2018-02-07 | 2019-08-22 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | 熱電変換装置 |
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WO2018042708A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-30 | 2018-03-08 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | 熱電変換装置および電子装置 |
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