WO2022166289A1 - 一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法及系统 - Google Patents

一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法及系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022166289A1
WO2022166289A1 PCT/CN2021/129245 CN2021129245W WO2022166289A1 WO 2022166289 A1 WO2022166289 A1 WO 2022166289A1 CN 2021129245 W CN2021129245 W CN 2021129245W WO 2022166289 A1 WO2022166289 A1 WO 2022166289A1
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Prior art keywords
voltage
host
given
value
slave
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PCT/CN2021/129245
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李星
耿后来
郑群
曹梦林
张志飞
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阳光电源股份有限公司
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Priority to AU2021426006A priority Critical patent/AU2021426006A1/en
Priority to US18/273,006 priority patent/US20240088656A1/en
Priority to EP21924285.6A priority patent/EP4290726A1/en
Publication of WO2022166289A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022166289A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/007—Arrangements for selectively connecting the load or loads to one or several among a plurality of power lines or power sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/388—Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/10—Power transmission or distribution systems management focussing at grid-level, e.g. load flow analysis, node profile computation, meshed network optimisation, active network management or spinning reserve management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of power generation, and in particular relates to a method and system for off-grid start-up of a power generation system.
  • the traditional black start method of new energy power generation system includes the synchronous start of the master and the slave.
  • the synchronous start of the master and the slave can be at low voltage (or 0 voltage) by connecting the master and slave in parallel, and then the master and slave together.
  • the boost powers the load.
  • This kind of starting method requires a general controller to receive the signal and send the synchronization signal so that the master and the slave can start synchronously, and keep the power evenly divided during the starting process, so as not to cause a certain generator set (or power generation system) due to uneven power distribution. ) overcurrent during startup.
  • the stability of the system depends on the speed of communication. The slower the communication, the lower the reliability of the system; the faster the communication, the better the synchronization between the master and the slave, but the higher the cost.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method and system for off-grid start-up of a new energy power generation system, so as to realize the black start of the system without upper-layer synchronous control and without the need for communication between the master and the slave, And during the start-up process, the power of each generator set or power generation subsystem is maintained evenly.
  • the specific technical solutions are as follows:
  • the present invention provides an off-grid startup method for a new energy power generation system, wherein the new energy power generation system includes one master and N ⁇ 1 slaves, wherein N is a positive integer greater than 1, and the The host is provided with N voltage given values that increase sequentially from small to large, and the Nth voltage given value is a given voltage given rated value; the method includes:
  • the host When the host detects that the load voltage is lower than the set value, it controls the output voltage of the host to gradually increase in the order of the given voltage value from small to large, and stops increasing until the voltage regulation condition is satisfied.
  • the voltage regulation condition includes that the host has an overcurrent risk, or the output voltage of the host reaches a given voltage rating;
  • the target slave starts with the target voltage given as the voltage given and is connected in parallel with the master, and the target slave is the difference between the slave identification and the target voltage given in each of the voltage givens Sort matching slaves;
  • the host After the host determines that the target slave is successfully connected in parallel by detecting the output current of the host, it returns to control the output voltage of the host to gradually increase in the order of the given voltage value from small to large until the voltage regulation conditions are met. steps until all slaves are running in parallel.
  • controlling the output voltage of the host to gradually increase in order of the voltage given value from small to large until the voltage regulation condition is satisfied including:
  • the output voltage of the host is controlled to gradually increase following the given voltage value
  • the given voltage value of the host rises to the i-th given voltage value and i ⁇ N, determine whether the host has an overcurrent risk according to the output current of the host, where i is a positive integer, and 1 ⁇ i ⁇ N, N is the total number of the master and the slave, and the Nth given voltage value is the given rated value of the voltage;
  • determining whether the host has an overcurrent risk according to the output current of the host includes:
  • the process in which the host determines that the target slave is successfully connected in parallel by detecting the output current of the host includes:
  • the host If the host detects that the output current I o ⁇ i*I max /(i+1) of the host, determine whether the voltage clamp identifier is the preset clamp character;
  • the voltage clamp identifier is a preset non-clamp character, update the voltage given value of the host to the i+1 th voltage given value, and return to control the output voltage of the host to follow the given voltage the steps of rising values;
  • the voltage clamp identifier is the preset clamp character, it is determined that the target slaves are successfully connected in parallel, the voltage clamp identifier is set to the preset non-clamp character after a preset time delay, and The voltage given value of the host is updated to the i+1th given voltage value, and the step of controlling the output voltage of the host to follow the voltage given value to rise is returned to.
  • the preset clamp character is 1, and the preset non-clamp character is 0.
  • the N voltage given values are obtained by dividing the voltage given rated value N in equal parts, and the size of the ith voltage given value is i*V rn /N, where i is a positive integer, and 1 ⁇ i ⁇ N , Vrn is the voltage given rated value.
  • each of the slaves detects that the load voltage is stable, determine, according to the stabilized load voltage, a given target voltage value corresponding to the master when the voltage regulation condition is met, including:
  • Each of the slaves detects that the variation of the load voltage within a preset time period is less than a first voltage threshold, and determines that the load voltage is stable;
  • Each of the slaves selects the voltage given value closest to the stabilized load voltage from the given voltage values of the host, and determines it as the target voltage given value.
  • Various voltage given values of the host are stored.
  • the target slave starts with the target voltage given value and is connected in parallel with the master, including:
  • the slave identifier of the slave matches the sequence of the target voltage given value in each voltage given value of the master, determining that the slave is a target slave that satisfies the startup condition;
  • the given voltage correction value ⁇ V is calculated by the following formula:
  • mV rn /N represents the target given voltage value of the host
  • k 1 I d / Idre
  • k 2 V load /V loadre
  • I d is the real-time active current
  • V load is the new energy power generation System real-time load voltage
  • the target slave updates the voltage given value to V load + ⁇ V, and the target slave controls the output voltage of the target slave according to the updated voltage given value.
  • the target slave starts with the target voltage given value and is connected in parallel with the master, including:
  • the unstarted slaves will delay the preset time for the voltage A given rating is activated and connected in parallel with the master, and the preset duration matches the slave identification.
  • the present application also provides a new energy power generation system, comprising: 1 master and N-1 slaves, wherein N is a positive integer greater than 1, and the master is provided with N numbers ranging from small to The voltage given value that increases sequentially, the Nth voltage given value is the voltage given rated value;
  • the host is used to control the output voltage of the host to gradually increase according to the order of the voltage given value from small to large when it is detected that the load voltage is lower than the set value, until the voltage regulation condition is satisfied and the increase is stopped.
  • the voltage regulation condition includes that the host has an overcurrent risk, or the output voltage of the host reaches a given voltage rating;
  • Each of the slaves is configured to determine, according to the stabilized load voltage, the target voltage given value corresponding to the host when the voltage stabilization condition is satisfied after detecting that the load voltage is stable;
  • the target slave is used to start the voltage given with the target voltage given value and connect it in parallel with the master, and the target slave is the slave identification and the target voltage given value at each voltage given Slave that matches the ordering in the value;
  • the host is also used to determine that the target slaves are successfully connected in parallel by detecting the output current of the host, and then return to control the output voltage of the host to gradually increase in the order of the given voltage value from small to large until it meets the requirements. regulated conditions until all slaves are operating in parallel.
  • the new energy power generation system includes a main machine and N-1 slave machines, a total of N power generation equipments, wherein the main machine is provided with N voltages with values from small to large in order The given value, and the Nth voltage given value is the voltage.
  • the host When the host detects the black start command, it controls the output voltage of the host to gradually increase in the order of the voltage given value from small to large until the voltage regulation condition is met; the voltage regulation condition includes the risk of overcurrent in the host, or the host
  • the output voltage reaches the given voltage rated value and there are slaves that are not connected in parallel; each slave determines the voltage given value of the master by detecting the load voltage in the system, that is, the target voltage given value; only the slave identifier and the target voltage given The slaves (that is, the target slaves) whose settings match the order of the N voltage given values are started with the target voltage given value and are connected in parallel with the master; it can be seen that there is no need for communication between the master and the slave.
  • the voltage given of the master and the slave is the same, and finally the reactive power is kept as evenly divided as possible.
  • the host determines that the target slaves are successfully connected in parallel by detecting the output current, the host continues to boost the voltage.
  • the paralleled slaves follow the boost of the host until all the slaves are running in parallel. It can be seen from the above content that the scheme does not require upper-layer synchronization control during the black start process, and also does not require communication between the master and the slave, which reduces the system cost.
  • the slaves whose slave identification matches the ordering of the target voltage given value among the N voltage given values (ie, the target slave) are started with the target voltage given value. And parallel with the host, to ensure that the slaves start parallel machines in a certain order, to avoid parallel start of the slave machines at the same time.
  • Figure 1 is a network topology diagram of a new energy power generation system under the off-grid condition
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for off-grid startup of a new energy power generation system provided by an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart of another off-grid startup method for a new energy power generation system provided by an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a startup process of a host provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIGS. 6 to 10 are schematic diagrams of changes in the given voltage when the new energy power generation system provided by the embodiments of the present application is started with different loads, respectively.
  • the prior art also provides a method of asynchronous startup of the master and slave, which does not require synchronization through the upper-layer controller control, and does not require communication between the master and the slave.
  • the maximum voltage Umax when the master is started is preset through the historical load condition to ensure that the master will not be overloaded during the start-up process.
  • the slave observes the load voltage and starts with the load voltage as the voltage reference. When the difference between the output voltage of the slave and the load voltage remains stable for a period of time, the corresponding switch of the slave is closed, so that the master and the slave are connected in parallel, and then the master and the slave are boosted together. Each slave is connected in parallel with the master in turn until the voltage reaches the rated value.
  • the biggest problem with this scheme is that the load voltage and the host's voltage given are not the same, which will cause the reactive power to not be equally divided.
  • the present application provides a method and system for off-grid start-up of a new energy power generation system.
  • the host computer boosts the voltage according to a preset voltage given value, and the slave device determines the target adopted by the host computer by detecting the load voltage of the system. Voltage given value; after the host determines that the parallel connection of the slaves is successful by monitoring its own output current, it continues to increase the output voltage until all the slaves are running in parallel. Therefore, this scheme does not require upper-layer synchronous control during the black start process, and, There is no need for communication between master and slave.
  • FIG 1 shows a network topology diagram of a new energy power generation system in the case of off-grid, taking a photovoltaic power generation system as an example to illustrate, as shown in Figure 1, N energy storage converters (Power Conversion System, PCS), each PCS is connected to the AC bus through the control switch S, and the AC bus can be connected to a load.
  • PCS Power Conversion System
  • the PCS can control the charging and discharging process of the battery, perform AC-DC conversion, and can directly supply power to the AC load in the absence of a power grid.
  • any one of the N PCSs can be set as the master, and the other PCSs are slaves; moreover, the voltage given of the master is divided into N different voltage given values that increase sequentially from small to large, among which,
  • the Nth voltage reference is the voltage reference rating.
  • the new energy power generation system When the new energy power generation system is black-started, first control the host to start, and the host will boost the voltage according to the order of voltage given value from small to large during the startup process. After the voltage given value is started and stabilized, it runs in parallel with the host; the host determines that the parallel connection of the slaves is successful by monitoring the output current and continues to boost the voltage. Repeat the above process until all the slaves are running in parallel.
  • FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of a method for off-grid startup of a new energy power generation system provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • the method may include the following steps:
  • the load voltage When the load voltage is lower than the set value, it indicates that the new energy power generation system is disconnected from the public grid, that is, it is in off-grid mode. At this time, the new energy power generation system needs to be started to supply power to the load.
  • the voltage regulation condition is that the output voltage of the host continues to increase, and there is a risk of overcurrent. Therefore, the current given voltage value is kept unchanged. At this time, the load voltage is stable, and the slave detects the load voltage. After stabilization, it will start with the current given voltage of the master. After the slaves are connected in parallel, the output current of the master will decrease.
  • the master can gradually increase to a given voltage rating, but the slaves are not started.
  • the voltage regulation condition The output voltage of the main unit reaches the voltage given rating.
  • each slave After each slave detects that the load voltage is stable, it determines, according to the stabilized load voltage, a given target voltage value corresponding to the master when the voltage regulation condition is met.
  • Each slave can detect whether the load voltage is stable in real time or at a certain time interval. When it is detected that the load voltage is stable, it is determined that the voltage given value that is closest to the value of the load voltage among the N voltage given values is the current voltage of the host. The given value, that is, the given value of the target voltage.
  • the target slave starts with the target voltage given value and is connected in parallel with the master.
  • the target slave is a slave whose slave identification matches the order of the target voltage given value in each of the voltage given values.
  • each slave After each slave determines the target voltage given value currently used by the master, it determines whether its own slave identification matches the target voltage given value. The slave determines that its own start condition is not currently met.
  • the master and the slave are numbered in sequence, for example, the master number is #1, and the slaves are sequentially #2 to #N, wherein the target voltage given value currently used by the master is N voltages
  • the target voltage given value currently used by the master is N voltages
  • the mth of the given values, the slave whose slave ID is #(m+1) is the target slave.
  • S140 after the host determines that the target slaves are successfully connected in parallel by detecting the output current, it determines whether there are any slaves that are not connected in parallel, and if so, returns to S110 , and if not, executes S150 .
  • the master can determine whether the target slave is successfully connected in parallel by detecting the change of the output current I o ; when the output current of the master decreases, it is determined that the parallel connection of the slave is successful. ; When the output current of the master does not decrease, it is determined that the slaves are not connected in parallel.
  • the host computer gradually boosts the voltage according to multiple preset voltage given values, and the slave machine determines the target voltage given value adopted by the host computer by detecting the load voltage of the system; By monitoring its own output current to determine that the parallel connection of the slaves is successful, continue to increase the output voltage until all the slaves are running in parallel. Therefore, this scheme does not require upper-layer synchronous control during the black start process, and the master and slave No communication is required.
  • this scheme does not require upper-layer synchronous control during the black start process, and the master and slave No communication is required.
  • the slaves whose slave identification matches the ordering of the target voltage given value among the N voltage given values (ie, the target slave) are started with the target voltage given value. And parallel with the host, to ensure that the slaves start parallel machines in a certain order, to avoid parallel start of the slave machines at the same time.
  • FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of another method for off-grid startup of a new energy power generation system provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • the N voltage given values of the host are the given voltage rating V V rn is obtained by dividing rn into N, that is, each voltage given value can be expressed as iV rn /N, where 1 ⁇ i ⁇ N, and the initial value of i is 1.
  • the method for off-grid startup of a new energy power generation system includes the following steps:
  • the host detects whether the load voltage is lower than the set value, if yes, executes S220; if not, returns to execute S210.
  • the host increases the output voltage according to the voltage given value, and stops the boosting until the voltage regulation condition is satisfied.
  • the host controls the increase of the output voltage by increasing the voltage given value, for example, increasing the voltage given value by increasing the value of i. Stop increasing the voltage given value until the voltage regulation condition is met, so that the output voltage of the host is gradually stabilized near the current given voltage value, and the load voltage is equal to the output voltage of the host. Therefore, the load voltage is stable at the current given voltage value. nearby.
  • the load voltage is equal to the output voltage of the host, and the output voltage of the host is controlled according to the current voltage given value, the load voltage is stable near the current voltage given value. After detecting the load voltage, find the voltage reference value closest to the load voltage from the N voltage reference values, that is, the current voltage reference value of the host.
  • the slave #(m+1) starts with m*V rn /N as the voltage given value, and after the output is stable, it is connected in parallel with the master to boost the voltage with the master, and returns to execute S220.
  • slave #(m+1) After slave #(m+1) starts and the output is stable, the master will detect that its own output current decreases. At this time, the master continues to raise the output voltage, and slave #(m+1) follows the master to boost.
  • the unstarted slave starts with V rn and is connected in parallel with the master after the output is stable.
  • the host increases the load voltage according to multiple preset voltage given values, and the slave determines the target voltage given value adopted by the host by detecting the load voltage of the system, and uses The target voltage given value is activated. It can be seen that in the case of no communication between the master and the slave, the voltage given of the master and the slave is the same, and finally the reactive power is kept as evenly divided as possible.
  • the host determines that the target slaves are successfully connected in parallel by detecting the output current, the host continues to boost the voltage.
  • the paralleled slaves follow the boost of the host until all the slaves are running in parallel. It can be seen from the above content that the scheme does not require upper-layer synchronization control during the black start process, and also does not require communication between the master and the slave, which reduces the system cost.
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a startup process of a host provided by an embodiment of the present application. As shown in FIG. 4, the method includes the following steps:
  • the host determines that the given voltage is iV rn /N, and controls the output voltage of the host to gradually increase to the current given voltage.
  • the initial value of i is 1, that is, the voltage given when the host starts to start is V rn /N.
  • i is less than N, it means that the voltage of the host has not reached the given voltage rating, and it needs to continue boosting.
  • I max is the maximum current of the host, which can usually be set to be slightly larger than the rated current.
  • the load voltage must be stable around iV rn /N.
  • the slave detects that the load voltage is stable, the voltage given by iV rn /N starts and runs in parallel with the host after the output stabilizes.
  • the voltage reference with the control master rises in a step-by-step manner (that is, the voltage reference first rises to V rn /N, waits for the parallel current of slave #2 to drop and then rises to 2V rn /N, and then waits for the parallel current of slave #3.
  • the output current clamping voltage is used to control the output voltage raising process, which can be used in the case of a small load. , speed up the speed of the voltage reaching the given voltage rating, for example, when no load, the voltage given of the host can be directly raised to the given voltage rating.
  • the host startup process uses the output current to clamp the voltage given.
  • the voltage given is clamped to the current given current value and no longer rises, that is, the load voltage reaches Stable value, at this time, after the slave machine detects that the load voltage reaches a stable value, it starts with the voltage given value closest to the stable value, thereby reducing the output current of the host.
  • the host can continue to boost. Repeat the above process until all slaves are up and running in parallel.
  • the current clamping voltage setting method is adopted in the starting process of the host, which can speed up the speed at which the voltage reaches the rated value and improve the starting speed when the load is small.
  • FIG. 5 a flowchart of a slave startup process provided by an embodiment of the present application is shown.
  • This embodiment takes slave #n as an example, where n is a positive integer, and 2 ⁇ n ⁇ N.
  • the reactive power is naturally divided equally. Therefore, for the slave, the most important thing is to be able to track the voltage given of the host without communicating with the host during the voltage rise process, and try to keep the reactive power evenly divided.
  • slave #n monitors that the load voltage is stable and is closest to m*V rn /N.
  • n can be any positive integer in [2, N], m is a positive integer, and 1 ⁇ m ⁇ N.
  • Each slave stores each voltage given value of the master, and each voltage given value is i*V rn /N, where i is a positive integer of [1, N], and the initial value of i is 1.
  • each slave After each slave monitors the load voltage, it compares the load voltage with each voltage given value of the master. If there is a voltage given value m*V rn /N and the difference between the load voltage is less than or equal to the threshold V oun , then determine that the load voltage is stable at
  • S420 Slave #n judges whether m ⁇ N is satisfied; if yes, execute S430; if not, execute S470.
  • n-1 it means that the starting condition of slave #n is met, and if m ⁇ n-1, it means that the starting condition of slave #n is not met.
  • the load voltage is stable around V rn /N, it must be slave #2 in parallel; if the load voltage is stable around 2V rn /N, it must be slave #3 in parallel; and so on, if the load voltage is stable at When m*V rn /N(m ⁇ N) is near, the slave #(m+1) must be connected in parallel.
  • slave #n starts with m*V rn /N as the voltage given value, after the output voltage is stable, it is connected in parallel with master #1, and after a delay for a period of time, the load voltage V loadre at this time is recorded, and the voltage introduced by droop control is Drop V Qre , active current I dre .
  • k 1 I d /I dre
  • k 2 V load /V loadre
  • I d is the real-time active current
  • V load is the real-time load voltage
  • V rn is the voltage given rated value
  • N is the master, the slave total number of machines.
  • the voltage drop introduced by the virtual impedance and the actual equivalent series resistance is proportional to the active current;
  • the voltage drop introduced by the droop control is determined by the reactive power, and the reactive power is mainly the load voltage and reactive power.
  • the product of the current is considered to be the same as the power factor, and the ratio of reactive current to active current remains unchanged. Therefore, the reactive power is proportional to the load voltage and active current;
  • the slave #n starts with Vrn as a given voltage value, and is connected in parallel with the master after the voltage is stable.
  • slave #n starts with Vrn as a given voltage. After the output voltage of the slave is stable, the control switch Sn is closed, and the start of slave #n ends.
  • each slave determines that it meets its own starting conditions, it delays for a period of time to start parallel connection.
  • the delay time of different slaves is different.
  • the machine number is related, for example, the larger the number, the longer the delay time, or the larger the number, the shorter the delay time.
  • N 2 as an example to illustrate the startup process of the slave:
  • the slave monitors that the load voltage V load is stable near V rn /2, the slave starts with V rn /2 as the voltage reference, and connects in parallel with the master after the voltage is stable. After the current is stable, the slave records the load voltage V loadre at this time, the voltage drop V Qre introduced by the droop control and the active current I dre at this time, and then modifies the slave given to the expression of V load + ⁇ V, ⁇ V The formula is shown in formula (1).
  • the slave waits for the master to boost voltage. After the master boosts the voltage, the slave follows the master to boost the voltage until it reaches the voltage given rated value V rn , and the startup ends.
  • the slave monitors that the load voltage V load is stable near V rn , the slave starts with V rn as a given value. After its output voltage is stable, it is connected in parallel with the master, and the slave starts to end.
  • the slave can not be started in this case.
  • the output current will not have the risk of overcurrent during the start-up process of the master, so it can rise to the rated value V rn , after that, the slaves that are not started will start with the voltage given the rated value in turn .
  • the present application also provides a new energy power generation system, the system includes 1 master and N-1 slaves; wherein, N is a positive integer greater than 1, and the The host is provided with N voltage given values that increase sequentially from small to large, and the Nth voltage given value is the voltage given rated value.
  • the master is used for executing the starting method on the master side in the above-mentioned off-grid starting method for a new energy power generation system
  • the slave is used for executing the starting method on the slave side in the above-mentioned off-grid starting method for a new energy power generation system. It is not repeated here.
  • modules and sub-modules in the apparatus and terminal in each embodiment of the present application may be combined, divided and deleted according to actual needs.
  • the disclosed terminal, apparatus and method may be implemented in other manners.
  • the terminal embodiments described above are only illustrative.
  • the division of modules or sub-modules is only a logical function division. In actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple sub-modules or modules may be combined. Or it can be integrated into another module, or some features can be ignored, or not implemented.
  • the shown or discussed mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection may be through some interfaces, indirect coupling or communication connection of devices or modules, and may be in electrical, mechanical or other forms.
  • Modules or sub-modules described as separate components may or may not be physically separate, and components described as modules or sub-modules may or may not be physical modules or sub-modules, that is, may be located in one place, or may be distributed to on multiple network modules or submodules. Some or all of the modules or sub-modules may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution in this embodiment.
  • each functional module or sub-module in each embodiment of the present application may be integrated into one processing module, or each module or sub-module may exist physically alone, or two or more modules or sub-modules may be integrated in one processing module. in a module.
  • the above-mentioned integrated modules or sub-modules may be implemented in the form of hardware, and may also be implemented in the form of software function modules or sub-modules.

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Abstract

本申请提供了一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法及系统，主机按照预先设定的多个电压给定值逐渐升压，从机通过检测系统的负载电压确定主机所采用的目标电压给定值；主机通过监测自身的输出电流确定从机并联成功后，继续升高输出电压，直到所有从机均并联运行，因此，该方案在黑启动过程中不需要上层同步控制，而且，主、从机之间不需要通讯。而且，该方案在从机启动过程中，只有从机标识与目标电压给定值在N个电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机(即，目标从机)以目标电压给定值启动并与主机并联，保证从机按照一定的顺序启动并机，避免从机同时并联启动。

Description

一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法及系统
本申请要求于2021年02月03日提交中国专利局、申请号为202110150471.0、发明名称为“一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法及系统”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明属于发电技术领域，尤其涉及一种发电系统离网启动方法及系统。
背景技术
为了提高供电灵活性、同时提高电力系统的带载能力，新能源发电系统并网运行受到广泛关注。在公共电网发生故障，即新能源发电系统进入离网模式后，需要启动新能源发电系统为负载供电。新能源发电系统从无电到机组重新启动并网或建立电网过程称为黑启动。
传统的新能源发电系统黑启动方式包括主、从机同步启动，主、从机同步启动可以在低电压(或0电压)时，先将主、从机并联在一起，然后主、从机一起升压为负载供电。此种启动方式需要一个总控制器来接收信号并发送同步信号使得主、从机可以同步启动，在启动过程中保持功率均分，不至于因为功率分配不均导致某个发电机组(或发电系统)在启动过程中过流。采用该启动方式，系统的稳定性依赖于通讯的速度，通讯越慢系统可靠性越低；通讯越快，主从机能更好地同步，但是成本也越高。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明的目的在于提供一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法及系统，以实现在没有上层同步控制，以及不需要主、从机之间通讯的情况下，实现系统黑启动，且在启动过程中保持各发电机组或发电子系统的功率均分，具体的技术方案如下：
第一方面，本发明提供了一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法，所述新能源发电系统包括1台主机和N-1台从机，其中，N为大于1的正整数，且所述主 机设置有N个由小到大依次增大的电压给定值，第N个电压给定值为电压给定额定值；所述方法包括：
当所述主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，按照所述电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高，直到满足稳压条件停止升高，所述稳压条件包括所述主机存在过流风险，或所述主机的输出电压达到电压给定额定值；
各个所述从机检测到所述负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定所述主机满足所述稳压条件时对应的目标电压给定值；
目标从机以所述目标电压给定值为电压给定启动并与所述主机并联，所述目标从机是从机标识与所述目标电压给定值在各个所述电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机；
所述主机通过检测所述主机的输出电流确定所述目标从机并联成功后，返回执行按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高直到满足稳压条件的步骤，直到所有从机均并联运行。
可选地，所述当所述主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高直到满足稳压条件，包括：
当所述主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值逐渐上升；
当所述主机的电压给定值上升至第i个电压给定值且i＜N时，根据所述主机的输出电流判断所述主机是否存在过流风险，其中，i为正整数，且1≤i≤N，N为所述主机和所述从机的总数，第N个电压给定值为所述电压给定额定值；
如果存在过流风险，则确定满足稳压条件；
如果不存在过流风险，则将所述主机的电压给定值更新为第i+1个电压给定值，并返回执行控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值上升的步骤。
可选地，所述当所述主机的电压给定值上升至第i个电压给定值且i＜N时，根据所述主机的输出电流判断所述主机是否存在过流风险，包括：
当所述主机的电压给定值上升至第i个电压给定值且i＜N时，判断所述主机的输出电流I o是否大于i*I max/(i+1)，其中，I max为所述主机的最大电流；
当检测到I o＞i*I max/(i+1)时，确定所述主机存在过流风险，i值保持不变，并将电压箝位标识置为表示电压给定处于箝位状态的预设箝位字符。
可选地，所述主机通过检测所述主机的输出电流确定所述目标从机并联成功的过程，包括：
如果所述主机检测到所述主机的输出电流I o≤i*I max/(i+1)时，判断所述电压箝位标识是否为所述预设箝位字符；
如果所述电压箝位标识为预设非箝位字符，将所述主机的电压给定值更新为第i+1个电压给定值，并返回执行控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值上升的步骤；
如果所述电压箝位标识是所述预设箝位字符，确定所述目标从机并联成功，延时预设时长后将所述电压箝位标识置为所述预设非箝位字符，并将所述主机的电压给定值更新为第i+1个电压给定值，并返回执行控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值上升的步骤。
可选地，所述预设箝位字符为1，所述预设非箝位字符为0。
可选地，N个电压给定值由所述电压给定额定值N等分得到，第i个电压给定值的大小为i*V rn/N，其中，i为正整数，且1≤i≤N，V rn为电压给定额定值。
可选地，各个所述从机检测到所述负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定所述主机满足所述稳压条件时对应的目标电压给定值，包括：
各个所述从机检测到所述负载电压在预设时长内的变化量小于第一电压阈值，确定所述负载电压稳定；
各个所述从机从所述主机的各个电压给定值中，选取与稳定后的负载电压最接近的电压给定值，确定为所述目标电压给定值，其中，所述各个从机中存储有所述主机的各个电压给定值。
可选地，所述目标从机以所述目标电压给定值启动并与所述主机并联，包 括：
当从机的从机标识与所述目标电压给定值在所述主机的各个电压给定值中的排序相匹配时，确定所述从机为满足启动条件的目标从机；
当所述目标从机检测到所述目标电压给定值不等于所述电压给定额定值时，获取所述目标从机与所述主机并联且稳定时对应的负载电压V loadre、有功电流I dre，因无功功率引入的压降V Qre；
根据所述负载电压、实时有功电流和因无功功率引入的压降，利用如下公式计算得到电压给定修正值ΔV：
ΔV＝k 1(mV rn/N-V loadre-V Qre)+k 1k 2V Qre
其中，mV rn/N表示所述主机的目标给定电压值，k 1＝I d/I dre，k 2＝V load/V loadre，I d为实时有功电流，V load为所述新能源发电系统实时负载电压；
所述目标从机将电压给定值更新给为V load+ΔV，所述目标从机根据更新后的电压给定值控制所述目标从机的输出电压。
可选地，所述目标从机以所述目标电压给定值启动并与所述主机并联，包括：
当所述目标从机检测到所述目标电压给定值等于所述电压给定额定值，且存在至少两个从机未启动时，未启动的从机延时预设时长后以所述电压给定额定值启动并与所述主机并联，所述预设时长与从机标识相匹配。
第二方面，本申请还提供了一种新能发电系统，包括:1台主机和N-1台从机，其中，N为大于1的正整数，且所述主机设置有N个由小到大依次增大的电压给定值，第N个电压给定值为电压给定额定值；
所述主机，用于当检测到负载电压低于设定值时，按照所述电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高，直到满足稳压条件停止升高，所述稳压条件包括所述主机存在过流风险，或所述主机的输出电压达到电压给定额定值；
各个所述从机，用于检测到所述负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定所述主机满足所述稳压条件时对应的目标电压给定值；
目标从机，用于以所述目标电压给定值为电压给定启动并与所述主机并联，所述目标从机是从机标识与所述目标电压给定值在各个所述电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机；
所述主机，还用于通过检测所述主机的输出电流确定所述目标从机并联成功后，返回执行按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高直到满足稳压条件的步骤，直到所有从机均并联运行。
本申请提供的新能源发电系统离网启动方法，新能源发电系统包括一台主机和N-1台从机，共N台发电设备，其中，主机设置有N个数值依次由小到大的电压给定值，且第N个电压给定值为电压。当主机检测到黑启动指令时，按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制主机的输出电压逐渐升高，直到满足稳压条件；其中，稳压条件包括主机存在过流风险，或者，主机的输出电压达到电压给定额定值且存在未并联的从机；各个从机通过检测系统中的负载电压确定主机的电压给定值，即目标电压给定值；只有从机标识与目标电压给定值在N个电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机(即，目标从机)以该目标电压给定值启动并与主机并联；可见，在主、从机之间无需通讯的情况下，实现主机和从机的电压给定相同，最终使得无功功率尽量保持均分。主机通过检测输出电流确定目标从机并联成功后，主机继续升压已并联从机跟随主机升压，直到所有从机均并联运行。由上述内容可知，该方案在黑启动过程中不需要上层同步控制，而且，主、从机之间不需要通讯，降低了系统成本。此外，该方案在从机启动过程中，只有从机标识与目标电压给定值在N个电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机(即，目标从机)以目标电压给定值启动并与主机并联，保证从机按照一定的顺序启动并机，避免从机同时并联启动。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创 造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是一种新能源发电系统离网情况下的网络拓扑图；
图2是本申请实施例提供的一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法的流程图；
图3是本申请实施例提供的另一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法的流程图；
图4是本申请实施例提供的一种主机的启动流程示意图；
图5是本申请实施例提供的从机启动过程的流程图；
图6～图10分别是本申请实施例提供的新能源发电系统以不同负载启动时电压给定的变化示意图。
具体实施方式
为了解决主、从机同步启动方案需要上层同步控制、成本高的技术问题，现有技术中还提供了一种主、从机异步启动的方式，此种方式不需要通过上层的控制器进行同步控制，也不需要主、从机之间的通讯，例如，通过历史负载情况预设主机启动时的最大电压Umax，以确保主机启动过程中不会出现过载。从机观测负载电压，以负载电压为电压给定启动。当从机的输出电压和负载电压的差值保持稳定一段时间后，闭合从机相应的开关，使得主、从机并联，然后主、从机一起升压。各从机依次和主机并联，直至电压达到额定值。这种方案最大的问题是，负载电压和主机的电压给定并不相同，这会导致无功功率无法均分。
为了解决该技术问题，本申请提供了一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法及系统，主机按照预先设定的电压给定值升压，从机通过检测系统的负载电压确定主机所采用的目标电压给定值；主机通过监测自身的输出电流确定从机并联成功后，继续升高输出电压，直到所有从机均并联运行，因此，该方案在黑启动过程中不需要上层同步控制，而且，主、从机之间不需要通讯。
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然， 所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
请参见图1，示出了一种新能源发电系统离网情况下的网络拓扑图，以光伏发电系统为例进行说明，如图1所示，N台储能变流器(Power Conversion System，PCS)，每台PCS通过控制开关S连接交流母线，交流母线可以连接有负载。
其中，PCS可以控制蓄电池的充电和放电过程，进行交直流的变换，在无电网情况下可以直接为交流负荷供电。
可以设置N台PCS中的任意一台为主机，其他PCS均为从机；而且，将主机的电压给定分为数值由小到大依次增大的N个不同的电压给定值，其中，第N个电压给定值为电压给定额定值。
新能源发电系统黑启动时，先控制主机启动，主机在启动过程中按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序进行升压，从机通过监测负载电压确定主机的电压给定值，并以该电压给定值启动并稳定后与主机并联运行；而主机通过监测输出电流确定从机并联成功后继续升压，重复上述过程直到所有从机均并联运行。
下面将结合图2详细说明新能源发电系统黑启动过程：
请参见图2，示出了本申请实施例提供的一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法的流程图，该方法可以包括以下步骤：
S110，当主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，按照所述电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高，直到满足稳压条件时停止升高。
当负载电压低于设定值时，表明新能源发电系统与公共电网断开，即处于离网模式，此时需要启动新能源发电系统为负载供电。
先启动主机，按照预先设定的电压给定值逐渐抬升输出电压，直到主机的输出电压满足稳压条件时，控制电压给定不再升高进而控制主机的输出电压不再升高。
在本申请的一种应用场景中，稳压条件为主机的输出电压继续升高存在过 流风险，因此，保持当前的电压给定值不变，此时负载电压稳定，从机检测到负载电压稳定后以主机当前的电压给定值启动，从机启动并联后，主机的输出电流减小。
在本申请的另一种应用场景中，空载情况下主机不存在过流现象，因此，主机可以逐渐上升至电压给定额定值，而从机均未启动，此种情况下，稳压条件为主机的输出电压达到电压给定额定值。
S120，各个从机检测到负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定主机满足稳压条件时对应的目标电压给定值。
各个从机可以实时检测或按一定时间间隔检测负载电压是否稳定，当检测到负载电压稳定后，确定N个电压给定值中与负载电压的数值最接近的电压给定值为主机当前的电压给定值，即目标电压给定值。
S130，目标从机以目标电压给定值启动并与主机并联。
其中，目标从机是从机标识与所述目标电压给定值在各个所述电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机。
各个从机确定出主机当前使用的目标电压给定值后，判断自身的从机标识是否与目标电压给定值相匹配，如果是，则该从机确定满足自身启动的条件，如果否，则该从机确定当前不满足自身启动条件。
在本申请的一个实施例中，对主、从机依次进行编号，如主机编号为#1、从机依次为#2～#N，其中，主机当前使用的目标电压给定值为N个电压给定值中的第m个，则从机标识为#(m+1)的从机为目标从机。
S140，主机通过检测输出电流确定目标从机并联成功后，判断是否还有未并联的从机，如果是，则返回执行S110，如果否，则执行S150。
当从机与主机并联后，主机的输出电流减小，因此，主机可以通过检测输出电流I o的变化情况判定目标从机是否并联成功；当主机的输出电流减小，则确定从机并联成功；当主机的输出电流未减小，则确定从机未并联。
S150，主、从机黑启动过程结束。
本实施例提供的新能源发电系统离网启动方法，主机按照预先设定的多个 电压给定值逐渐升压，从机通过检测系统的负载电压确定主机所采用的目标电压给定值；主机通过监测自身的输出电流确定从机并联成功后，继续升高输出电压，直到所有从机均并联运行，因此，该方案在黑启动过程中不需要上层同步控制，而且，主、从机之间不需要通讯。此外，该方案在从机启动过程中，只有从机标识与目标电压给定值在N个电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机(即，目标从机)以目标电压给定值启动并与主机并联，保证从机按照一定的顺序启动并机，避免从机同时并联启动。
请参见图3，示出了本申请实施例提供的另一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法的流程图，本实施例中，主机的N个电压给定值是对电压给定额定值V rn进行N等分得到的，即每个电压给定值可以表示为iV rn/N，其中，1≤i≤N，且i的初始值为1。
如图3所示，本实施例提供的新能源发电系统离网启动方法包括以下步骤：
S210，主机检测负载电压是否低于设定值，如果是，则执行S220；如果否，则返回执行S210。
S220，主机根据电压给定值抬升输出电压，直到满足稳压条件时停止升压。
主机通过升高电压给定值的方式控制输出电压升高，例如，通过增加i值的方式升高电压给定值。直到满足稳压条件时停止升高电压给定值，从而使主机的输出电压逐渐稳定在当前的电压给定值附近，负载电压等于主机的输出电压，因此，负载电压稳定在当前电压给定值附近。
S230，各个从机检测到负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定主机的当前电压给定值为m*V rn/N。其中，本申请中的“*”表示相乘。
因为负载电压与主机的输出电压相等，而主机的输出电压根据当前电压给定值控制，所以，负载电压稳定在当前电压给定值附近。检测到负载电压后，从N个电压给定值中找到与负载电压最接近的电压给定值，即主机的当前电压给定值。
S240，各从机判断是否满足m＝N；如果否，则执行S250；如果是，则执 行S260。
S250，从机#(m+1)以m*V rn/N为电压给定值启动，并在输出稳定后与主机并联跟随主机升压，并返回执行S220。
各个从机判断自身编号#n是否满足n＝m+1；如果满足，则表明该从机满足启动条件，并以m*V rn/N为电压给定值启动；如果从机编号n≠m+1，则确定该从机不满足启动条件。
从机#(m+1)启动后且输出稳定后，主机会检测到自身的输出电流减小，此时，主机继续抬升输出电压，从机#(m+1)跟随主机升压。
S260，未启动的从机以V rn启动，并在输出稳定后与主机并联。
本实施例提供的新能源发电系统离网启动方法，主机按照预先设置的多个电压给定值抬升负载电压，从机通过检测系统的负载电压确定主机所采用的目标电压给定值，并以该目标电压给定值启动，可见，在主、从机之间无需通讯的情况下，实现主机和从机的电压给定相同，最终使得无功功率尽量保持均分。主机通过检测输出电流确定目标从机并联成功后，主机继续升压已并联从机跟随主机升压，直到所有从机均并联运行。由上述内容可知，该方案在黑启动过程中不需要上层同步控制，而且，主、从机之间不需要通讯，降低了系统成本。
下面将结合图4～将分别对主机和从机的启动过程进行详细说明：
请参见图4，示出了本申请实施例提供的一种主机的启动流程示意图，如图4所示，该方法包括以下步骤：
S310，主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，主机启动。
S320，主机确定电压给定为iV rn/N，并控制主机的输出电压逐渐上升至当前电压给定值。
i的初始值为1，即主机开始启动时电压给定为V rn/N。
S330，判断是否满足i＜N；如果是，则执行S340；如果否，则确定主机启动完成。
如果i小于N，表明主机的电压未达到电压给定额定值，还需要继续升压。
如果i＝N，表明主机的电压给定达到电压给定额定值，此时确定主机启动 完成。
S340，判断输出电流I o是否满足I o＞i*I max/(i+1)；如果满足，则执行S350；如果否，则执行S360。
其中，I max为所述主机的最大电流，通常可设置为略大于额定电流。
如果I o≤i*I max/(i+1)，表明主机继续升压不会存在过流风险。
S350，确定主机存在过流风险，i值保持不变，并将电压箝位标识置为1。
如果I o＞i*I max/(i+1)，表明主机电压继续上升到(i+1)V rn/N，会出现过流的风险，因此，i值保持不变，即不再升高电压给定值。同时，将电压箝位标识flag置为1，flag＝1，表示此时电压给定处于被电流箝位的箝位状态。
执行完S350后，间隔一段时间后返回执行S340。
S360，判断电压箝位标识是否为1；如果是，则执行S370；如果否，则执行S380。
flag＝1，表明主机的电压给定被箝位住，电压给定稳定在iV rn/N，因此，负载电压一定稳定在iV rn/N附近，当从机检测到负载电压稳定后，以iV rn/N启动并在输出稳定后与主机并联运行。
从机并联后，由于主、从机采用下垂控制，功率均分，因此，主机的输出电流将下降，主机检测到满足I o≤i*I max/(i+1)，因此，会出现I o≤i*I max/(i+1)，且flag＝1。
S370，延时一段时间后，将电压箝位标识置0，并将i值加1，然后返回执行S320。
当主机检测到I o≤i*I max/(i+1)且flag＝1时，表明主机已经并联，延时一段时间是为了等待从机并联后电流稳定。确定从机并联成功后，设flag＝0，并将i值加1，升高电压给定值，继续抬升主机的输出电压。
S380，将i值加1，并返回执行S320。
如果I o≤i*I max/(i+1)且flag＝0，表明主机还可以继续抬升输出电压，即负载电压继续升高，负载电压处于升压阶段未达到稳定状态，因此，不满足稳压条件。
与控制主机的电压给定按爬台阶方式上升(即，电压给定先抬升至V rn/N,等到从机#2并联电流下降后升到2V rn/N，然后等待从机#3并联电流下降后升到3V rn/N，直到#N从机并联)的启动方式相比，本实施例中采用输出电流箝位电压给定的方式控制输出电压抬升过程，可以在负载较小的情况下，加快电压达到电压给定额定值的速度，例如，空载时，主机的电压给定可以直接升到电压给定额定值。
本实施例提供的主机启动过程，利用输出电流箝位电压给定，当主机的输出电流存在过流风险时，将电压给定箝位在当前电流给定值不再升高，即负载电压达到稳定值，此时，从机检测到负载电压达到稳定值后，以与该稳定值最接近的电压给定值启动，从而降低主机的输出电流，输出电流降低后主机可以继续升压。重复上述过程，直到所有从机均启动且并联运行。本实施例在主机启动过程中采用电流箝位电压给定的方式，能够在负载较小时加快电压达到额定值的速度，提高启动速度。
请参见图5，示出了本申请实施例提供的从机启动过程的流程图，本实施例以从机#n为例，其中，n为正整数，且2≤n≤N。
当从机的电压给定与主机的电压给定相同时，根据下垂控制的相关知识，无功功率自然均分。因此，对于从机，最重要的是电压上升过程中能够在不与主机进行通讯的情况下，跟踪主机的电压给定，尽量保持无功功率均分。
如图5所示，从机#n的启动过程如下：
S410，从机#n监测到负载电压稳定且与m*V rn/N最接近。
其中，n可以是[2，N]中的任一正整数，m为正整数，且1＜m≤N。
每个从机均存储主机的各个电压给定值，且每个电压给定值为i*V rn/N，其中，i为[1，N]的正整数，且i的初始值为1。
每个从机监测到负载电压后，将负载电压与主机的各个电压给定值进行比较，如果存在一个电压给定值m*V rn/N与负载电压之间的差值小于等于阈值V oun，则确定负载电压稳定在
S420，从机#n判断是否满足m＜N；如果是，则执行S430；如果否，则 执行S470。
S430，从机#n判断m的数值是否满足m＝n-1；如果是，则执行S440；如果否，则从机#n不动作并返回执行S410。
如果m＝n-1表示符合从机#n的启动条件，如果m≠n-1表示不符合从机#n的启动条件。
在本申请的一个实施例中，各个从机通过判断从机编号n与m之间是否满足m＝n-1(即，各个从机中从机编号与主机的电压给定值在各个电压给定值中的排序相匹配的目标从机启动)，来避免从机出现竞争并联的情况。
例如，如果负载电压稳定在V rn/N附近时，一定是从机#2并联；如果负载电压稳定在2V rn/N附近时，一定是从机#3并联；依次类推，如果负载电压稳定在m*V rn/N(m<N)附近时，一定是从机#(m+1)并联。
S440，从机#n以m*V rn/N为电压给定值启动，输出电压稳定后与主机#1并联，延时一段时间后记录此时的负载电压V loadre,因下垂控制引入的压降V Qre,有功电流I dre。
S450，将从机#n的电压给定值更新为V load+ΔV，等待主机升压并返回执行S410，其中，ΔV的计算公式如公式1所示：
ΔV＝k 1(mV rn/N-V loadre-V Qre)+k 1k 2V Qre     (式1)
公式1中，k 1＝I d/I dre，k 2＝V load/V loadre，I d为实时有功电流，V load为实时负载电压，V rn为电压给定额定值，N为主、从机的总数量。
因为在电压上升过程中，虚拟阻抗以及实际的等效串联电阻引入的压降和有功电流成正比；因下垂控制引入的压降由无功功率决定，而无功功率主要为负载电压与无功电流的乘积，认为功率因数不变，无功电流与有功电流的比值不变，因此，无功功率和负载电压、有功电流成正比；综上，得到公式1的表达式。
S460，从机#n是否已经启动；如果是，则执行S470；如果否，则执行S480。
S470，若从机#n的电压给定值不是V rn，则将从机#n的电压给定更新为V rn。
如果m＝N，且从机#n已经启动，则将从机#n的电压给定更新为V rn，由于估算误差，从机#n在启动时可能出现略小于V rn的情况，所以将从机#n的电压给定更新为V rn。从而确保从机的电压给定与主机的电压给定相同。
S480，从机#n以V rn为电压给定值启动，且电压稳定后与主机并联。
如果m＝N，且从机#n未启动，则从机#n以V rn为电压给定启动，待从机的输出电压稳定后，闭合控制开关S n，从机#n的启动结束。
为了降低多台从机同时启动的可能性，每个从机确定出符合自身启动的条件后，延时一段时间启动并联，其中，不同从机的延时时间不同，例如，延时时间与从机编号相关，如，编号越大延时时间越长，或者，编号越大延时时间越短。
下面以N＝2为例说明从机的启动过程：
当N＝2时，#1为主机，#2。主机电压稳定时分两种情况：①V rn/2，此时负载电压V load稳定在V rn/2附近；②V rn，此时V load稳定在V rn附近。
若从机监测到负载电压V load稳定在V rn/2附近，则从机以V rn/2为电压给定启动，电压稳定后与主机并联。待电流稳定后，从机记录此时的负载电压V loadre,因下垂控制引入的压降V Qre和此时的有功电流I dre，然后将从机给定修改为V load+ΔV，ΔV的表达式如式(1)所示。从机等待主机升压，主机升压后，从机跟随主机升压，直至达到电压给定额定值V rn，启动结束。
若从机监测到负载电压V load稳定在V rn附近，则从机以V rn为给定启动，待其输出电压稳定后，与主机并联，从机启动结束。
需要说明的是，如果已知未来负载不会增加，这种情况可以不启动从机。
下面将结合图6～10说明不同负载情况下，主机的电压给定在启动过程中变化示意图，而且，以N＝4为例进行说明：
如图6所示，空载时，主机启动过程中，输出电流不会出现过流风险，因此，能够一直上升到额定值V rn，之后，未启动的从机依次以电压给定额定值启动。
如图7所示，负载为40％额定负载时，主机的电压给定一直上升至2V rn/4 时稳定，此时从机#3启动；当从机#3与主机并联运行后，主机电流下降，主机的电压给定再次上升，从机跟随主机升压，当电压给定达到V rn时，未启动的从机#2和#4依次以V rn为电压给定值启动。
如图8所示，负载为60％额定负载时，主机的电压给定上升到V rn/4时稳定，此时从机#2启动；当从机#2与主机并联运行后，主机电流下降，主机的电压给定再次上升，直到上升至3V rn/4时达到新的稳定状态，此时从机#4以3V rn/4为电压给定值启动；当从机#4与主机并联运行后，主机电流再次下降满足升压条件，主机的电压给定再次上升，直到达到V rn，从机#3以V rn为电压给定启动。
如图9所示，负载为70％额定负载时，主机的电压给定上升到V rn/4时达到稳定状态，此时从机#2启动；此后，主机电压继续上升至2V rn/4再次达到稳定状态，此时，从机#3启动；此后，主机电压一直上升到V rn后，从机#4启动。
如图10所示，负载为100％额定负载时，主机的电压给定上升至V rn/4时达到稳定状态，从机#2启动；此后主机电压给定继续上升到2V rn/4时，从机#3启动；主机电压给定继续上升至2V rn/4时，从机#4启动；此后，主机继续上升至V rn，所有从机跟随主机升压。
相应于上述的新能源发电系统离网启动方法，本申请还提供了新能源发电系统，该系统包括1台主机和N-1台从机；其中，N为大于1的正整数，且所述主机设置有N个由小到大依次增大的电压给定值，第N个电压给定值为电压给定额定值。
主机用于执行上述新能源发电系统离网启动方法中主机侧的启动方法，从机用于执行上述新能源发电系统离网启动方法中从机侧的启动方法。此处不再赘述。
对于前述的各方法实施例，为了简单描述，故将其都表述为一系列的动作组合，但是本领域技术人员应该知悉，本发明并不受所描述的动作顺序的限制，因为依据本发明，某些步骤可以采用其他顺序或者同时进行。其次，本领域技 术人员也应该知悉，说明书中所描述的实施例均属于优选实施例，所涉及的动作和模块并不一定是本发明所必须的。
需要说明的是，本说明书中的各个实施例记载的技术特征可以相互替代或组合，每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处，各个实施例之间相同相似的部分互相参见即可。对于装置类实施例而言，由于其与方法实施例基本相似，所以描述的比较简单，相关之处参见方法实施例的部分说明即可。
本申请各实施例方法中的步骤可以根据实际需要进行顺序调整、合并和删减。
本申请各实施例中的装置及终端中的模块和子模块可以根据实际需要进行合并、划分和删减。
本申请所提供的几个实施例中，应该理解到，所揭露的终端，装置和方法，可以通过其它的方式实现。例如，以上所描述的终端实施例仅仅是示意性的，例如，模块或子模块的划分，仅仅为一种逻辑功能划分，实际实现时可以有另外的划分方式，例如多个子模块或模块可以结合或者可以集成到另一个模块，或一些特征可以忽略，或不执行。另一点，所显示或讨论的相互之间的耦合或直接耦合或通信连接可以是通过一些接口，装置或模块的间接耦合或通信连接，可以是电性，机械或其它的形式。
作为分离部件说明的模块或子模块可以是或者也可以不是物理上分开的，作为模块或子模块的部件可以是或者也可以不是物理模块或子模块，即可以位于一个地方，或者也可以分布到多个网络模块或子模块上。可以根据实际的需要选择其中的部分或者全部模块或子模块来实现本实施例方案的目的。
另外，在本申请各个实施例中的各功能模块或子模块可以集成在一个处理模块中，也可以是各个模块或子模块单独物理存在，也可以两个或两个以上模块或子模块集成在一个模块中。上述集成的模块或子模块既可以采用硬件的形式实现，也可以采用软件功能模块或子模块的形式实现。
最后，还需要说明的是，在本文中，诸如第一和第二等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一个实体或操作区分开来，而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。而且，术语“包 括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素，或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下，由语句“包括一个……”限定的要素，并不排除在包括所述要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备中还存在另外的相同要素。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明，使本领域技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域技术人员来说将是显而易见的，本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下，在其它实施例中实现。因此，本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例，而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种新能源发电系统离网启动方法，其特征在于，所述新能源发电系统包括1台主机和N-1台从机，其中，N为大于1的正整数，且所述主机设置有N个由小到大依次增大的电压给定值，第N个电压给定值为电压给定额定值；所述方法包括：
    当所述主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，按照所述电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高，直到满足稳压条件停止升高，所述稳压条件包括所述主机存在过流风险，或所述主机的输出电压达到电压给定额定值；
    各个所述从机检测到所述负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定所述主机满足所述稳压条件时对应的目标电压给定值；
    目标从机以所述目标电压给定值为电压给定启动并与所述主机并联，所述目标从机是从机标识与所述目标电压给定值在各个所述电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机；
    所述主机通过检测所述主机的输出电流确定所述目标从机并联成功后，返回执行按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高直到满足稳压条件的步骤，直到所有从机均并联运行。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述当所述主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高直到满足稳压条件，包括：
    当所述主机检测到负载电压低于设定值时，控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值逐渐上升；
    当所述主机的电压给定值上升至第i个电压给定值且i＜N时，根据所述主机的输出电流判断所述主机是否存在过流风险，其中，i为正整数，且1≤i≤N，N为所述主机和所述从机的总数，第N个电压给定值为所述电压给定额定值；
    如果存在过流风险，则确定满足稳压条件；
    如果不存在过流风险，则将所述主机的电压给定值更新为第i+1个电压给定值，并返回执行控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值上升的步骤。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述当所述主机的电压给定值上升至第i个电压给定值且i＜N时，根据所述主机的输出电流判断所述主机是否存在过流风险，包括：
    当所述主机的电压给定值上升至第i个电压给定值且i＜N时，判断所述主机的输出电流I o是否大于i*I max/(i+1)，其中，I max为所述主机的最大电流；
    当检测到I o＞i*I max/(i+1)时，确定所述主机存在过流风险，i值保持不变，并将电压箝位标识置为表示电压给定处于箝位状态的预设箝位字符。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述主机通过检测所述主机的输出电流确定所述目标从机并联成功的过程，包括：
    如果所述主机检测到所述主机的输出电流I o≤i*I max/(i+1)时，判断所述电压箝位标识是否为所述预设箝位字符；
    如果所述电压箝位标识为预设非箝位字符，将所述主机的电压给定值更新为第i+1个电压给定值，并返回执行控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值上升的步骤；
    如果所述电压箝位标识是所述预设箝位字符，确定所述目标从机并联成功，延时预设时长后将所述电压箝位标识置为所述预设非箝位字符，并将所述主机的电压给定值更新为第i+1个电压给定值，并返回执行控制所述主机的输出电压跟随电压给定值上升的步骤。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预设箝位字符为1，所述预设非箝位字符为0。
  6. 根据权利要求2-5任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，N个电压给定值由所述电压给定额定值N等分得到，第i个电压给定值的大小为i*V rn/N，其中，i为正整数，且1≤i≤N，V rn为电压给定额定值。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，各个所述从机检测到所述负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定所述主机满足所述稳压条件时对 应的目标电压给定值，包括：
    各个所述从机检测到所述负载电压在预设时长内的变化量小于第一电压阈值，确定所述负载电压稳定；
    各个所述从机从所述主机的各个电压给定值中，选取与稳定后的负载电压最接近的电压给定值，确定为所述目标电压给定值，其中，所述各个从机中存储有所述主机的各个电压给定值。
  8. 根据权利要求1或7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述目标从机以所述目标电压给定值启动并与所述主机并联，包括：
    当从机的从机标识与所述目标电压给定值在所述主机的各个电压给定值中的排序相匹配时，确定所述从机为满足启动条件的目标从机；
    当所述目标从机检测到所述目标电压给定值不等于所述电压给定额定值时，获取所述目标从机与所述主机并联且稳定时对应的负载电压V loadre、有功电流I dre，因无功功率引入的压降V Qre；
    根据所述负载电压、实时有功电流和因无功功率引入的压降，利用如下公式计算得到电压给定修正值ΔV：
    ΔV＝k 1(mV rn/N-V loadre-V Qre)+k 1k 2V Qre
    其中，mV rn/N表示所述主机的目标给定电压值，k 1＝I d/I dre，k 2＝V load/V loadre，I d为实时有功电流，V load为所述新能源发电系统实时负载电压；
    所述目标从机将电压给定值更新给为V load+ΔV，所述目标从机根据更新后的电压给定值控制所述目标从机的输出电压。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述目标从机以所述目标电压给定值启动并与所述主机并联，包括：
    当所述目标从机检测到所述目标电压给定值等于所述电压给定额定值，且存在至少两个从机未启动时，未启动的从机延时预设时长后以所述电压给定额定值启动并与所述主机并联，所述预设时长与从机标识相匹配。
  10. 一种新能发电系统，其特征在于，包括:1台主机和N-1台从机，其中，N为大于1的正整数，且所述主机设置有N个由小到大依次增大的电压给定 值，第N个电压给定值为电压给定额定值；
    所述主机，用于当检测到负载电压低于设定值时，按照所述电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高，直到满足稳压条件停止升高，所述稳压条件包括所述主机存在过流风险，或所述主机的输出电压达到电压给定额定值；
    各个所述从机，用于检测到所述负载电压稳定后，根据稳定后的负载电压确定所述主机满足所述稳压条件时对应的目标电压给定值；
    目标从机，用于以所述目标电压给定值为电压给定启动并与所述主机并联，所述目标从机是从机标识与所述目标电压给定值在各个所述电压给定值中的排序相匹配的从机；
    所述主机，还用于通过检测所述主机的输出电流确定所述目标从机并联成功后，返回执行按照电压给定值由小到大的顺序控制所述主机的输出电压逐渐升高直到满足稳压条件的步骤，直到所有从机均并联运行。
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CN103178544A (zh) * 2013-03-15 2013-06-26 特变电工新疆新能源股份有限公司 并联型多单元光伏并网逆变器系统的启停控制方法
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CN106849186A (zh) * 2016-12-22 2017-06-13 合肥工业大学 一种基于虚拟同步发电机的储能逆变器主从控制方法
CN112165243A (zh) * 2020-10-26 2021-01-01 合肥同智机电控制技术有限公司 一种多逆变器并联系统的主从机自动均流方法
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CN117060446A (zh) * 2023-08-22 2023-11-14 湖南工商大学 一种用于三相串联型储能系统的分散主从自同步控制方法
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