Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
  • A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
  • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
  • Y02P60/50—Livestock or poultry management
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
  • Y10S426/807—Poultry or ruminant feed

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of a composition containing guanidinoacetic acid and glycine in the fattening of poultry with a low-protein feed.
• Atmospheric nitrogen can only be fixed by plants and not by animals. Farm animals are kept for meat production, i.e. for the production of animal proteins. Farm animals can only build up their own body proteins from the fed proteins or amino acids. In farm animals, these amino acids usually come from plant feed and in smaller amounts (e.g. fishmeal) from animal feed.
• the aim of meat production is the optimal provision of all required nutrients.
• the optimal composition of the feed can take place under various aspects. These can be: the needs of the animal, animal welfare, cost aspects or the consideration of environmental aspects.
• a recommendation of feed composition for various animals is issued, for example, by the National Research Council US (NRC).
• NRC National Research Council US
• a low-protein diet can also have disadvantages.
• An insufficient supply of proteins can lead to important bodily functions not being carried out or no longer being carried out sufficiently.
• Various possible causes of adverse effects on a low-protein diet of broilers and the effects of a deficiency in the selected protein have been investigated [Khajali F, Widemann R.F., (2010) World's Poultry Science, 66: 751-766], in-depth investigations have shown in all Animals as effects include protein deficiency dystrophy, edema formation and a reduced growth rate.
• Clinically-chemically, protein deficiency is associated with decreased serum albumin levels, low hemoglobin levels, and decreased extracellular potassium. Physical manifestations include frequent infections, diarrhea, hypothermia, and cachexia.
• the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension as an effect of protein malnutrition has been described in broilers [Behrooj N., Khajali F., Hassanpour H., (2012) British Poultry Science, 53: 658-664],
• the present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a feed additive for fattening poultry which, when fed with low-protein feed, significantly increases the weight of the animals at the end of fattening compared to feeding with low-protein feed alone and, if possible, achieves the weight achieved when fed a balanced high-protein diet.
• the present invention is also based on the object of providing a feed additive for fattening poultry which, when fed with low-protein feed, significantly improves the uniformity of the weight of the animals at the end of fattening compared to feeding with low-protein feed alone and, if possible, the uniformity achieved when fed with a balanced protein-rich diet.
• One task of the feed additive is therefore to reduce the standard deviation of the mean slaughter weight at the end of fattening.
• a composition containing guanidinoacetic acid and glycine and a low-protein feed is used in the fattening of poultry.
• a low-protein feed is a feed that has a crude protein content in the range from 14.0 to 18.5% by weight (based on the feed).
• the crude protein content according to the present invention was determined via the Kjeldahl nitrogen content using the Büchi device, AutoKjeldahl Unit K-370. Multiplying the N content by 6.25 gives the crude protein content. This is based on the assumption that an average protein contains 16% nitrogen by weight.
• the low-protein feed for the poultry has a crude protein content in the range from 14.0 to 18.0% by weight, more preferably in the range from 15.0 to 18.0% by weight more preferably in the range from 16.0 to 18.0% by weight and particularly preferably in the range from 16.5 to 18.0% by weight and very particularly preferably from 17.5% by weight (based on the total weight of the lining).
• the composition and the low-protein feed be used during fattening from the 11th to 39th day of life of the poultry (hereinafter also the fattening phase), and thus outside the first growth phase of the animals (hereinafter also the start phase), the first to to the 10th day of life of the poultry.
• the fattening phase compared to the start phase, a significantly larger amount of feed is consumed both in absolute terms and per day, and a greater weight gain per day is achieved.
• the phase beginning on the 40th day is also not covered by the present invention, since with increasing age and weight the Protein requirement in the diet decreases and in modern animal fattening there is only in a few cases an interest in heavier and therefore older animals.
• the composition containing guanidinoacetic acid and glycine and the low-protein feed for poultry is fed on at least one, more preferably on at least 5, even more preferably on at least 10, in particular on at least 20 and most preferably on all days from the 11th to the 39th Day of life of the poultry used.
• the composition consists of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine.
• Guanidinoacetic acid (syn. glycocyamine, N-guanylglycine, N-amidinoglycine; C3H7N3O2; CAS no. 352-97-6) has been available on the market as a feed additive for some time and is permitted in poultry farming. Various studies have shown, among other things, that guanidinoacetic acid improves feed intake and increases fattening performance.
• Glycine (syn. Glycol, aminoacetic acid, aminoethanoic acid; C2H5NO2, CAS No. 56-40-6) is approved as a food additive E640 in the EU without any quantity restrictions, and has also been available on the market as a feed additive for some time.
• Studies for chickens [Corzo A., Kidd, M.T. (2004) Poult. Be. 83(8), 1382-4)] have shown that glycine is a limiting nutrient, although it is also self-produced in the animal.
• guanidinoacetic acid and its salts In contrast to creatine, guanidinoacetic acid and its salts have a significantly higher stability in an acidic aqueous solution and are only converted into creatine under physiological conditions. Guanidinoacetic acid is only converted into creatine after absorption, primarily in the liver. Thus, in contrast to creatine, the majority of the administered or fed guanidinoacetic acid is not destroyed by instability reactions, e.g. B. in the stomach, and excreted before absorption, but is actually available for the corresponding physiological metabolic reactions.
• the chickens fed a low-protein diet enriched with guanidinoacetic acid and glycine achieved better growth and slaughter weight compared to the control group fed the same low-protein diet but without the addition of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine.
• This effect can be observed in comparison to feed enriched solely with glycine and in comparison to feed enriched solely with guanidinoacetic acid, a synergistic effect of the two individual substances being observed completely surprisingly.
• the non-essential amino acid glycine can be formed from 3-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate of glycolysis, via serine as an intermediate step.
• guanidinoacetic acid is formed from glycine and L-arginine. Guanidinoacetic acid is further methylated to creatine. Creatine plays an important role in supplying energy to the cell. Since guanidinoacetic acid is formed from glycine, it was not to be expected that a positive synergistic effect would occur when both components were administered. Without being bound to theory, it is therefore assumed that the simultaneous administration of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine has positive effects that are not linked to energy metabolism.
• composition according to the invention containing guanidinoacetic acid and glycine can be administered in different ways.
• the composition can be used as a solid preparation mixed with the low-protein feed or dissolved in water as a soaking solution.
• the invention therefore also relates to a preferred use in which the composition a) is provided as a solid preparation mixed with the low-protein feed for the poultry or b) is provided as a soaking solution for the poultry separately from the low-protein feed.
• the soaking solution, the low-protein feed or the low-protein feed into which the composition has been mixed as a solid preparation should be made available ad libitum.
• the composition a) is provided as a solid preparation mixed with the low-protein feed for the poultry ad libitum or b) as a soaking solution for the poultry separately from the low-protein feed, the soaking solution and the low-protein feed can be provided ad libitum.
• the term “ad libitum” should be understood to mean an amount of low-protein feed, an amount of soaking solution or an amount of low-protein feed into which the composition has been mixed, which meets the daily requirements for feed and soaking solution for nutrition, based on the total number of individuals in fattening.
• the feed or drink solution should preferably be provided "ad libitum", namely in excess for the free use of the poultry.
• the preferred use ad libitum differs significantly from a specific administration of an active ingredient, which is administered daily in the form of a defined amount of 500 mg per day in single doses and independently of other foods or foods. It is all the more surprising that the sole provision of the low-protein feed ad libitum, namely at the free disposal of the poultry and the composition containing guanidinoacetic acid and glycine, in particular a composition consisting of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine, leads to the desired success, namely to increasing the fattening performance of the poultry and/or to increase the slaughter weight of the poultry and/or to improve the uniformity of the slaughter weight of the poultry.
• guanidinoacetic acid in combination with glycine according to the invention is not limited to the substances as such. On the contrary, it has been shown that guanidinoacetic acid can be used as such, namely as the free acid, or as a salt of guanidinoacetic acid.
• a salt selected from the group of the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of guanidinoacetic acid can particularly preferably be used as the salt.
• Sodium guanidino acetate, potassium guanidino acetate, magnesium guanidino acetate or calcium guanidino acetate can be used here with very particular preference.
• glycine can be used as such, namely as a free acid, or in the form of a salt of glycine.
• the composition contains i) the guanidinoacetic acid as the free acid or in the form of a salt of this acid and/or ii) the glycine as the free acid or in the form of a salt of this acid, in particular consists.
• composition containing guanidinoacetic acid as the free acid and glycine as the free acid.
• a composition consisting of guanidinoacetic acid as the free acid and glycine as the free acid is particularly preferred.
• the amounts of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine to be used are limited to a certain extent and ratio. Particularly good results can be achieved if the guanidinoacetic acid is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight, preferably at least 0.02% by weight, more preferably at least 0.03% by weight, more preferably at least 0.04% by weight and more preferably at the same time at most 0.20% by weight, more preferably at most 0.15% by weight, more preferably at most 0.12% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.10 % by weight and very particularly preferably not more than 0.08% by weight (in each case based on the low-protein feed).
• the weight information herein always relates to the proportion of guanidinoacetic acid in the guanidinoacetic acid salt or the proportion of glycine in the glycine salt.
• the glycine is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight, preferably at least 0.02% by weight, more preferably at least 0.03% by weight, more preferably at least 0.04% by weight and more preferably at the same time at most 0.20% by weight, more preferably at most 0.15% by weight, more preferably at most 0.12% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.10 % by weight and very particularly preferably not more than 0.08% by weight (in each case based on the low-protein feed).
• the guanidinoacetic acid is present in an amount of 0.01 to 0.20% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 0.15% by weight and particularly preferably from 0.04 to 0.10% by weight (in each case based on the low-protein feed), and/or that the glycine is used in an amount of 0 0.01 to 0.20% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 0.15% by weight and particularly preferably from 0.04 to 0.10% by weight (in each case based on the low-protein feed).
• the use takes place in such a way that the composition is provided as a solid preparation mixed with the low-protein feed for the poultry. More preferably, the composition is provided as a solid preparation mixed with the low-protein feed for the poultry, the composition containing the guanidinoacetic acid in an amount of 0.01 to 0.20% by weight, preferably 0.02 to 0.15% by weight. % and particularly preferably from 0.04 to 0.10 wt 0.02 to 0.15% by weight and particularly preferably from 0.04 to 0.10% by weight (in each case based on the low-protein feed), in particular consists of the stated amounts.
• the use is such that the composition is provided as a solid preparation mixed with the low-protein feed for the poultry, the composition comprising guanidinoacetic acid in an amount of 0.03 to 0.08% by weight and glycine in an amount of 0.03 to 0.08% by weight (in each case based on the low-protein feed).
• a composition which contains guanidinoacetic acid and glycine, in particular consists of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine, the weight ratio of guanidinoacetic acid to glycine being in the range from 2:1 to 1:2, preferably from 1.8:1 to 1:1. 8, more preferably from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, particularly preferably from 1.3:1 to 1:1.3 and very particularly preferably 1:1.
• composition consisting of equal parts of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine.
• the use is such that the composition is provided as a solid preparation mixed with the low-protein feed for the poultry, the composition comprising guanidinoacetic acid in an amount of 0.03 to 0.08% by weight and glycine in a crowd from 0.03 to 0.08 wt. lies.
• the use takes place in such a way that the composition is provided as a drinking solution for the poultry separately from the feed.
• Such impregnation solutions contain water and the composition.
• the use can be carried out particularly preferably when the water used is drinking water, spring water, well water or tap water.
• Such impregnation solutions particularly preferably contain water, guanidinoacetic acid in an amount of 0.05 to 1.2 g per liter of water and glycine in an amount of 0.05 to 1.2 g per liter of water.
• the use can also be such that the composition is provided as a soaking solution for the poultry and the soaking solution contains water containing guanidinoacetic acid in an amount of 0.05 to 1.2 g per 1 liter of water, in particular 0.
• 1 to 0.9 g per 1 liter of water in particular from 0.15 to 0.6 g per 1 liter of water, particularly preferably from 0.2 to 0.5 g per 1 liter of water and the glycine in an amount of 0, 05 g to 1.2 g per 1 liter of water, in particular from 0.1 to 0.9 g per 1 liter of water, in particular from 0.15 to 0.6 g per 1 liter of water, particularly preferably from 0.2 to 0 .5 g per 1 liter of water.
• the use can be such that the composition is provided as a soaking solution for the poultry and the soaking solution contains water, the guanidinoacetic acid in an amount of 0.05 to 1.2 g per 1 liter of water and the glycine in an amount of 0. 05 g to 1.2 g per 1 l of water, the weight ratio of guanidinoacetic acid to glycine being in the range from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5, in particular 1:1.
• the invention described herein can be applied to a variety of different poultry.
• the composition containing guanidinoacetic acid and glycine, in particular consisting of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine, and the low-protein feed for poultry selected from the group of chickens, broilers, chickens, chickens can be used particularly preferably.
• the investigations on which the invention is based have shown that the low-protein feed used should have a defined calorific value. On the one hand, the low-protein feed should not fall below and on the other hand not exceed a calorific value specified for normal nutrition and healthy growth in order to avoid obesity.
• the feed for the poultry has a calorific value of 8 MJ to 20 MJ per 1 kg of feed, in particular 10 MJ to 15 MJ per 1 kg of feed and/or the feed is a balanced feed according to the Animal Nutrition Handbook , 3rd Revision , 2014 Section 12, Poultry Nutrition and Feeding is.
• the low-protein feed comprises at least one grain, grain flour, grain meal or extracts thereof.
• at least one grain, grain flour, grain meal or extracts thereof is selected from the group: a. corn, corn flour, corn meal or an extract thereof, b. millet, millet flour, millet meal or an extract thereof, c. Soy, soy flour, soy meal or an extract thereof, d. Wheat, wheat flour, crushed wheat or an extract thereof, e. barley, barley meal, barley meal or an extract thereof, f. sunflower, sunflower meal, sunflower meal or an extract thereof, and/or g. Rapeseed, rapeseed meal or rapeseed meal.
• the use can be carried out particularly preferably if the low-protein feed comprises at least one further feed additive, in particular a further feed additive from the group of minerals, amino acids and vitamins.
• This feed additive can very particularly preferably be selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, mono- or dicalcium phosphate, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, arginine and vitamins and mixtures thereof.
• a preferred basic feed thus essentially comprises corn or corn components, millet or millet components, wheat or wheat components, barley or corn components, sunflower or sunflower components.
• the preferred feed contains only a limited amount of protein-rich feed from the rapeseed and soybean plants.
• the invention relates to a composition consisting of guanidinoacetic acid and glycine for use as a feed additive for poultry, in particular for fattening poultry, when feeding low-protein feed to increase fattening performance and fattening weight of the animals at the end of fattening and to improve the uniformity of the weight of the animals .
• the air temperature was between 20 and 23°C with humidity between 60 and 75%.
• Water was served through nipple drinkers, with 12 animals per nipple, and the height of the nipple drinker was adjusted according to the age of the animals.
• On the feeding bowl system 45 animals shared one feeding bowl.
• the litter depth was 5 cm and the litter was evenly distributed.
• a crude protein content of 17.5% by weight was therefore set as a low-protein feed whose crude protein content is at least 10% below the recommendations.
• the crude protein content was determined by determining the N content of the finished feed mixture using the Kjeldahl method, based on the fact that proteins have a nitrogen content of 16% by weight.
• the feed mixture was made from corn, soy flour, soy oil, calcium phosphate, grit, salt, sodium bicarbonate, vitamin supplement: additives per kg vitamin A 13,000 IU, vitamin D3 5,000 IU, vitamin E 100 mg, copper 10 mg, selenium 0.42 mg.
• the concentration of methionine was kept constant by adding it to the low-protein feed, resulting in 0.57% methionine in the feed for both variants. Metabolic energy was adjusted to 3200 kcal/kg.
• the blend was otherwise prepared according to the recommendations of the Ross Broiler Nutrition Specification, Table 2 [http://tmea.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/RossBroilerNutritionSpecs2019-EN. pdf].
• the difference between the two feed mixtures was the crude protein content: the standard feed had a crude protein content of 19.8% by weight, the low-protein feed had a crude protein content of 17.5% by weight.
• the animals in the 6 groups were provided with the feed described above ad libitum and water also ad libitum. At the end of the experiment after day 38, the animals were removed and the average live weight was determined. Stable losses were comparable in all test groups, namely between 2.18% and 2.30%.
• SDnorm standard deviation normalized
• Table 1 Results of the feeding study As expected, the highest final weight of 2120 g and the lowest standard deviation from the mean final live weight was obtained in trial 1, in which the feed composition corresponded to the recommendations. With a low-protein diet without any additional additives (experiment 2), i.e. with a 10% reduced proportion of proteins in the feed relative to the official recommendations, a significantly reduced final weight of 2005 g was found. At 1.31, SDnorm was well above the reference value of 1 and shows the great inhomogeneity of the stock.

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