WO2022133503A2

WO2022133503A2 - Buoyant and gravity forces generate electricity

Info

Publication number: WO2022133503A2
Application number: PCT/US2022/016498
Authority: WO
Inventors: David Allen ZORNES
Original assignee: Zornes David Allen
Priority date: 2020-12-15
Filing date: 2022-02-15
Publication date: 2022-06-23
Also published as: WO2022133503A8

Abstract

Water waves forcing a float up and down reciprocating a Scotch Yoke mechanism that is forced into motion by the water waves moving under a floating structure connected to the reciprocating motion mechanism comprised of a float, reciprocating rod, and slotted Scotch Yoke, converting the upward linear motion, and downward motion of a slider being lifted and lowered by a wave traveling under the float into rotational motion, or vice versa. This invention teaches a water wave generates electricity from lifting and lowering floating assemblies Buoyant on water waves. Floating assembly comprises a float connected to reciprocating rod, reciprocating within a cylinder, and rod connects float to slotted Scotch Yoke rotating flywheel that rotates around flywheel's center from forces applied to rotating pin from the motion of Scotch Yoke slot reciprocating.

Description

TITLE: BUOYANT AND GRAVITY FORCES GENERATE ELECTRICITY

INVENTOR(S): David Allen ZORNES

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This invention teaches water wave electric generators producing rotational and linier electric generation from forces produced from water waves vertical or horizontal motion. A system to fill containers at a highpoint to pull devices in motion with gravitational forces to generate electricity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] A machine (or mechanical device) is a mechanical structure that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an intended action. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems and Artificial Intelligence (Al) and Machine Learning (MI).

[0003] Mechanical advantage is defined by calculating the ratio of output force to input force of elementary devices that put a load into motion.

[0004] Modem machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements, mechanisms and control components and include interfaces for convenient use. Examples include a wide range of vehicles, such as automobiles, boats and airplanes, appliances in the home and office, including computers, building air handling and water handling systems, as well as farm machinery, machine tools and factory automation systems and robots.

[0005] Although not a common metalworking machine nowadays, crude shapers can use Scotch Yokes. Almost all those use a Whitworth linkage, which gives a slow speed forward cutting stroke and a faster return.

[0006] Scotch Yoke mechanisms have been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke engine, SyTech engine, many hot air engines, and steam engines. [0007] The term Scotch Yoke continues to be used when the slot in the Yoke is shorter than the diameter of the circle made by the crank pin. For example, the side rods of a locomotive may have Scotch Yokes to permit vertical motion of intermediate driving axles.

[0008] In PRIOR ART what is essentially a Scotch Yoke, is used in the Tide-Predicting Machine to generate a sinusoidal motion (Sine functions), not a floating device in water performing any function from the forces of nature in motion.

[0009] Modifications:

[00010] An improved Scotch Yoke, with a means of absorbing sideways thrust, was patented in 1978 by William L. Carlson, Jr., US patent 4075898.

[00011] According to Wikipedia the Scotch Yoke (also known as slotted link mechanism) is a reciprocating motion mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion, or vice versa. The piston or other reciprocating part is directly coupled to a sliding Yoke with a slot that engages a pin (or flat bearing) on the rotating part. The location of the piston versus time is simple harmonic motion, i.e., a sinewave having constant amplitude and constant frequency, given a constant rotational speed.

[00012] One drawback of the prior art is the lack of rotational wave generators relative to up and down vertical forces combined with horizontal water wave motion providing orientation of the system to capture wave forces and then reposition floats and mechanisms to minimize the resistance to moving back out into waves, cycling physically relative to component orientation determined by sensors measuring nature and the mechanism to optimize mechanical advantages. This invention teaches the pin within the slot of a Scotch Yoke can pull out the size of a slot and reciprocating length of the reciprocator relative to larger or smaller waves. Relative to rotation the radius of the pin to center point of rotation is modified by the different height of waves that increase the distance of travel of components increasing torque by adapting to wave dimensions, height, weight, distance between waves, and speed of waves. Reciprocating elements can be lifted up, increasing the height but when reversing to drop down, one-way friction zones apply the larger reciprocating and radial pathways and store many liquid-filled containers at elevated heights for later use. The same water can put a load into motion by floating opposing ends of reciprocating device or adding gravitational loads into motion, slot of a Scotch Yoke can be long relative to a pin being moved relative to the center of rotation axis providing radius adjustments increasing and decreasing torque tip-path force changes relative to larger and smaller radius of pin relative to rotation. [00013] This invention presents a Scotch Yoke mechanism that is forced into motion by water waves or falling water from up to down (i.e., waterfall) moving under a floating structure connected to the reciprocating motion mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider being lifted and lowered by a wave traveling under the float into rotational motion, or vice versa.

[00014] This invention teaches floating structures are provided with optional shapes and mechanisms to optimize the motion of water against the slider's buoyant float that reciprocates a Scotch Yoke mechanism providing a rotating flywheel. A square block sandwiched between two lubricated bearing surfaces to convert linier motion into rotational motion. Two bearings can be placed on a pin on the rotating part inserted in a sliding Yoke with a slot. The rotating reciprocating part is directly coupled to a sliding Yoke with slots that each engages independent bearings on a pin at a radial distance from the center point of a rotating part providing two or more bearings rotating in opposite directions as they roll on separate surfaces of the Scotch Yoke. All bearing can me bearings and electric generators too combined elements, linier or rotational.

[00015] A further drawback of the prior art is that combined assemblies of Scotch Yokes taught in this invention optimizes electric generation by converting two or more Scotch Yoke assemblies into additional rotating flywheel mechanisms adapting to large storms by positioning the device to capture wave sizes and motion to apply forces relative to weather variables, calm, or storm cycles. All assemblies are vertical or horizontally floating on waves and angles between.

[00016] One Way Clutch bearings (or Sprag style bearings), Anti-Reverse Bearings, and Clutch bearings are constructed from a drawn cup with needle roller clutches and have a small radial section height. Relative to device size these units can be compact, lightweight, operate directly on a shaft, and can be engineered for transmitting high torque for generating electricity by modifying the reciprocating and radial distance.

[00017] This invention teaches the radius of a circle, length of a reciprocating rod, and Scotch Yoke slide distance are all re-sized relative to water wave height by transmitting torque in One Way Bearings that are designed to transmit torque between the shaft and housing in one direction and allow free motion in the opposite direction providing an increase and decrease in size dimensions relative to pulling the size of a system assembly larger, then directional friction maintains a size providing free motion in the other direction adapting the stroke (larger and smaller) of a Scotch Yoke to wave sizes. Proper mounting is easily accomplished with a simple press fit in the housing. Clutches, clutch, and bearing assemblies are provided to adapt the size of an assembly to the wave size by free motion forced out relative to a wave size and then friction in opposite direction of Scotch Yoke mo- tion for power generation, generating more or less energy relative to water wave sizes.

[00018] Electrolyzer is a device that utilizes electricity to break down water into oxygen and hydrogen through a process called electrolysis. The device comprises a cathode, an anode, and a membrane. The system creates hydrogen gas through the process of electrolysis. Power Generation from electrolysis within a fluid (e.g., water, petroleum, gas. . .) filled tower is the passing of a direct electric current through an electrolyte producing chemical reactions at the electrodes and decompo- sition of the materials into a container (or separate gases into more than one container), inflatable, or light weight container, where gases within the container become buoyant within a liquid or denser gas and force up the container forcing a linear, rotational, or any pathway of motion to generate electricity from an electric generator stator and rotor type electrodynamic relationship. Permanent magnets or conductive coil windings can provide the electric power generator. A permanent magnet fixed to a buoyant container can pass by copper coil windings to generate electricity, or an electric controller can manage sets of conductive windings to cycle magnetic dynamics for electric power generation. Buoyancy of an object moving opposite the center of gravity or away from relative forces is designed to pull a rotational generator around in circular motion from a cable (e.g., belt, rope, chain. . .) motion, same type of rotating components moving linear relative to each other, and any other pathway. In summary if electrolysis is installed within the bottom of a tower of liquid, like water, the electrolyte producing chemical reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the mate- rials into lighter weight gases filling a buoyant container at the bottom of the liquid filled tower, so buoyancy of gas’ forces converts mechanical motions into electric energy at any mechanical or nan- otechnology nanometer level where buoyancy forces occur. Providing electrical power to nanoscale devices, where elements are measured in billionths of a meter requires buoyancy to make power on a minuscule scale. Energy sources are needed for sensor systems, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), personal electronics, and nanorobotics. Nanogenerator nanowires must generate electricity simultaneously and continuously, so all electricity can be collected and distributed. Uniform arrays of Zinc oxide nanowires that all produce electricity can have their working life extended by the elec- trolysis chemical process providing a lifetime of service life to nano-generators. Prior art devices failing was likely the packaging technology for assembling the top electrode and the nanowire ar- rays. If the electrode presses on the nanowires too firmly, for example from gravity, no current will be generated, so the buoyancy forces lifting the nanowires electrodes eliminates the malfunction of electrode’s gravitational pressure on the nanowires. The height of the fluid filled tower (water tank, liquid tank, or gas tank) housing the whole system is relative to the electric power generation re- -uired to fill another buoyant container for sequential cycles of buoyancy generated from electricity provided from motion time period of buoyant container from bottom to top of the tower (fluid tank) housing. The exact size of the tank (tower) can vary greatly. MEMS and nanowire generators can be functional when container inflates moving materials.

[00019] With these and other objects in view that will more readily appear as the nature of the in- vention is better understood, the invention consists in the novel process and construction, combina- tion and arrangement of parts hereinafter more fully illustrated, described, and claimed, with refer- -nce being made to the accompanying drawings in which:

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[00020] Accordingly, there is a need in the field for an ocean wave electric generator and apply- ing water falling from a source, like a waterfall or dam, to the ground generating electricity many times from the same unit of water forces putting a load into motion in and out of many generators or rotating the same generator many times on the way down. Prior art just processes water “instantly” once on the tangent of a water turbine or waterwheel floating on water. Mechanical advantage is de- fined in this invention by calculating the ratio of output force to input force of elementary devices that put a load into motion many more times than prior art.

[00021] The present invention is directed towards converting wave motion into rotational motion by a Scotch Yoke mechanism providing a rotating flywheel that common electric generators connect onto.

[00022] In another aspect of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, motion of the Scotch Yoke flywheel can be forced around independent of the float up and down motion by a tire on underwater terrestrial soil surfaces, or manmade track with high surface connectivity to convert horizontal wave motion into electric energy. Piezoelectric materials within tires taught in this inven- tion generate electricity when compressed within flat zones between tires a track (road). Inflatable tires with Piezoelectric materials can compress on top of the tire in motion on an upper track or air- free tires can be at the bottom of the system under liquid both producing electricity floating or not floating. [00023] In another embodiment of the present invention, the combined forces of Scotch Yoke slotted pin rotating a flywheel and the flywheel being designed as a tire or sprocket to force rotation on the same electric generator connection, adds to the electric energy generation.

[00024] The present invention also provides a method for making two or more Scotch Yoke as- semblies with similar rod reciprocating within a cylinder mechanism adding a Scotch Yoke between two or more full Scotch Yoke assemblies with smaller Scotch Yokes.

[00025] The present invention also provides a method for making two or more Scotch Yoke as- semblies assembled on top of one another, so water falling through one capture vessel rotates the flywheel 180-degrees but then the water lifts up the opposing vessel by filling full of water, completely rotating a full 360-degrees by managing the pathway of water falling down filling up vessels, one pushing down and next vessel floating Scotch Yoke up. The same volume of water keeps falling onto a series of Scotch Yoke mechanisms stacked on top of one another providing a multiplication of power from the same water weight as it flows down through this invention, all related to the height of water falling for how many times the same water generates electricity from how many units are installed from top to bottom of liquid forces.

[00026] This invention teaches curves replacing parallel Stoch Yoke slots where bearing rotating on a curve provides more steady state of rotation. A cycloid curve is an example to adjust for bear- ing rotating or container motion in one direction and then reverse rotating every 180-degrees can be modified by cycloid or other curves. Spiral or zigzag tracks can be provided.

[00027] Power Generation in a tower from electrolysis is the passing of a direct electric current through an electrolyte producing chemical reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the ma- -erials into a container (or separate gases into more than one container), inflatable, or light weight container, where gases within the container become buoyant within a liquid or denser gas and force up the container from the bottom to the top of a tower forcing a linear, rotational, or any pathway of motion to generate electricity from an electric generator stator and rotor type electrodynamic rela- tionship. The height of the fluid filled tower (water tank, liquid tank, or gas tank) housing the whole system is relative to the electric power generation required to fill another buoyant container for se- quential cycles of buoyancy generated from electricity providing from motion of buoyant container from bottom to top of the tower (fluid tank) housing. Water towers can be any shape or size to opti- mize buoyancy distant, more or less than one electrolyzer within one tank, tank can be curved for boyant containers to rotate against, and fuel cells can be consuming hydrogen, oxygen, and other fases anywhere along the upper or lower distance. Exact size and shape of the tank can vary greatly. [00028] These and other aspects of this invention will become evident upon reference to the fol- lowing detailed description and attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00029] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will be- come more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[00030] FIGURE (FIG) 1 illustrates a side view of an assembly in a water wave that is com- prised of three elements: a Buoyant water wave float connected to a reciprocating rod and slotted Scotch Yoke, all reciprocating within a cylinder together as one structure, which rotates a flywheel around rotating flywheel center providing rotating flywheel rotating pin at four 90-degree angles relative to a wave: 00-degrees of rotation, 90-degrees of rotation, 180-degrees of rotation, and 270- degrees of rotation, also flywheel circumference rotates on underwater soil in Counterclockwise di- -ection of rotation illustrated but reverses back into next wave;

[00031] FIG 2 illustrates FIG 1 mechanism with a square Scotch Yoke that slides on surfaces of Scotch Yoke slot replacing roller bearings rolling on just one side of slot, which the square block can be sandwiched between two lubricated bearing surfaces to convert linier motion, 00-degrees of rotation, into a Counterclockwise direction of rotation or vis versa;

[00032] FIG 3 illustrates the Scotch Yoke slot in FIG 01 divided into two equal slots offset at a distance that provides two independent bearing tracks with two separate bearings mounted onto one common pin crossing the total distant of the two slots, so two separate bearings are engaged with two separated offset tracks;

[00033] FIG 4 illustrates a wave with low and high-water patterns like a sine wave provided high and low surface contact from a floating tank floating in a parallel position of wave up and down sine wave type motion, then same floating tank in positioned perpendicular to sine wave pattern of wave providing the minimum surface area forces between tank and wave, even an air space may be pre- sent if length of tank and wave distances are less than length of tank;

[00034] FIG 5a illustrates an electric generator where water is filled in a container forced to move down by gravity, so gravity moves the water filled container providing a continuous a force that optimizes how much water can generate electricity relative to rotor increasing torque and force by increasing the length and force vectors of the containers force around in a circle many times ver- sus a wheel or tangentially entering and exiting a water turbine generator;

[00035] FIG 5b illustrates an electric generator where water is filled in a container forced to move down by gravity, so gravity moves the water filled container through Zigzag curves on outside of dam in FIG 5a;

[00036] FIG 6 illustrates an electric motor tip-path relative to the stator and the rotor increasing torque and force by increasing the length and force vectors of the motor pushing a force around in a circle;

[00037] FIG 7 illustrates a curve that a cone in FIG 6 would roll around with the point of the cone connected to the motors rotating hub shaft with an increase in torque because of force vectors moving along a longer curve at more angles;

[00038] FIG 8 illustrates two isometric view of how bearings are assembled onto rotating rod, which geometrically rolls on both sides of the rhumb curve structure;

[00039] FIG 9 illustrates an elevated view of the geometric rhumb curve path of circle;

[00040] FIG 10 illustrates a top view of the rhumb curve in FIG 9;

[00041] FIG 11 illustrates a photon with internal positron and electron FIGS 8, 9, 10 through 12 illustrates one pole Photon polarization from positron and electron, which have to follow the rhumb curve on from the top to the bottom of the circle that is twice as long as the sphere’s outer circle;

[00042] FIG 12 illustrates FIG 11 with a positron and electron within the geometric rhumb curve path of circle;

[00043] FIG 13 illustrates FIG 12 with the surface of the circle added with the geometric rhumb curve, which rotates twice for every single 360-degree rotation of the electron and positron on the path of circle;

[00044] FIG 14 illustrates FIG 13 with the surface of the circle added with the geometric rhumb curve, which rotates twice for every single 360-degree rotation of the electron and positron on the path of circle;

[00045] FIG 15 illustrates FIG 14 with the surface of the circle added with the geometric rhumb curve, which rotates twice for every single 360-degree rotation of the electron and positron on the path of circle; [00046] FIG 16 illustrates FIG 15 with the adjacent photons added end to end with the geometric rhumb curve positioned on both ends of intake and exhaust of energy transferred , which positrons- electron pairs synchronize relative to positive-negative alignments every 360-degree of rotation of the electron and positron on the path of circle;

[00047] FIG 17 illustrates an anti-rollback device diagram depicting the anti -rollback safety mechanism where water waves lift up containers for release back down for water electric generation; [00048] FIG 18 illustrates FIG 17 assemble of how a water wave providing a wave force arrow to force a water container up recycling containers around travel direction on the track, electric gener- ator is pulled around by gravitational force when water container rolls down pulling an electric gen- erator cable, spinning generator;

[00049] FIG 19 illustrates a triangle chain-link 401 assembled on two sprockets 403 and 405 similar to a bicycle sprocket and chain to rotate and move the chain-links 401 from top of sprocket 403 to source of liquids, and then forced down to bottom sprocket 405 by gravitational force on ei- ther side of the chain-link providing a steady state of rotation without slipping between the sprocket and the chain, like a cable;

[00050] FIG 20 illustrates a tower filled with liquid for electrolysis at bottom of liquid to provide buoyant force up to top of tower to produce electricity;

[00051] FIG 21 illustrates a closeup view of FIG 20’ s electrolyzer;

[00052] FIG 22 illustrates a curved hexagonal tube assemble for towers, tanks, and pipes;

[00053] FIG 23 illustrates a piezoelectric wafer arrayed within an inflated tire to when a tire com- pression zone occurs a piezoelectric wafer bends and generates electricity;

[00054] FIG 24 illustrates a piezoelectric wafer arrayed within an airless tire to when a tire com- pression zone occurs a piezoelectric wafer bends and generates electricity;

[00055] FIG 25 illustrates FIG 24 airless tire’s flat zone of tires piezoelectric wafer arrayed; [00056] FIG 26 illustrates FIGS 24 and 25 airless tire’s flat zone of tires piezoelectric wafer;

[00057] FIG 27 illustrates FIGS 24, 25, and 26 compressible material rotated 180-degrees angle of rotation providing two sets of compressible elements between the road and tire's outer surface next to road and inner surface providing sets arrayed that balance compression in both directions;

[00058] FIG 28 illustrates a traditional hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste" valve sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "delivery" check valve, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable. [00059] FIG. 29 Illustrates a vibrating Piezoelectric Wafer with two vibration wafers and mounted on fixed center providing a motion element from a tire rotating relative to assembly pass- ing by a contact element that hits the ends of wafer configured to Vibrate at many frequencies, in- cluding ultrasonic vibration frequency;

[00060] FIG. 30 Illustrates a carbon fiber monolith with carbon nanofiber grown onto the car- bon fiber with open nanotube that are hydrophilic;

[00061] FIG. 31 Illustrates and array of poles that are connected to rotating electric generator 910 or the rotating connection to an electric generator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND BEST MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION

[00062] Sensor systems can monitor all mechanical systems disclosed in this invention to time when valves for ports are open and shut for any liquid system, location of an item, thermal tempera- ture, speed, and all other dimensions of control by sensors of any kind.

[00063] FIG 1 illustrates a side view of assembly 12 in a water wave 1 that is comprised of three elements: a Buoyant water wave float 2 connected to a reciprocating rod 3 and slotted Scotch Yoke 4, all reciprocating within a cylinder 5 together as one structure 12, which rotates flywheel 6 around rotating flywheel center 7 providing rotating flywheel rotating pin 8 to four 90-degree angle views relative to water wave 1 : 00-degrees of rotation location 9a, 90-degrees of rotation location 9b, 180- degrees of rotation location 9c, 270-degrees of rotation location 9d, also rotating circumference on underwater soil 10 in Counterclockwise rotation direction 11 illustrated but reverses rotation back into next water wave 1.

[00064] FIG 1 illustrates a side view of water waves 1 forcing a float 2 up and down reciprocat- ing a Scotch Yoke mechanism 12 that is forced into motion by the water waves 1 moving under a floating structure 2 connected to the reciprocating motion mechanism comprised of a float 2, recip- rocating rod 3, and slotted Scotch Yoke 4, converting the linear motion 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d of a slider being lifted 9c, 9b, and 9a and lowered 9d by a wave traveling under the float 2 into rotational mo- tion 11, or vice versa. This invention teaches a water wave 1 generates electricity from lifting and lowering floating assemblies 12 by buoyant float 2 on water wave 1. Floating assembly 12 com- prises a buoyant float 2 connected to reciprocating rod 3, reciprocating within a cylinder 5, and rod 3 connects float 2 to slotted Scotch Yoke 4 rotating flywheel 6 rotates around flywheel center 7 from forces applied to rotating pin 8 from the motion of Scotch Yoke slot 4 reciprocating.

[00065] Variations are provided with optional shapes and mechanisms to optimize the motion of water waves 1 against the slider's 2, 3, and 4 buoyant float 2 that reciprocates 9a, 9b, 9c. and 9d Scotch Yoke mechanism 12.

[00066] FIG 2 illustrates FIG 1 mechanism with a square Scotch Yoke 14 that slides on surfaces 4a and 4b of Scotch Yoke slot 4 replacing roller bearings rolling on just one side of slot 4. A square block can be sandwiched between two lubricated bearing surfaces 4a and 4b to convert linier motion 00-degrees of rotation 9a, 90-degrees of rotation 9b, 180-degrees of rotation 9c, and 270-degrees of rotation 9d into a Counterclockwise direction of rotation 11, or vis versa.

[00067] FIG 3 illustrate Scotch Yoke slot 4 in FIG 01 divided into two equal slots 4c and 4d offset at distance 17 providing two independent bearing tracks with two separate bearings 8b and 8c mounted onto one common pin 8a crossing the total distance of the two slots 4c and 4d. This inven- tion teaches that bearings 8b and 8c each roll onto one of two surfaces of each slot 4c and 4d provid- ing space 15 relative to bearing 8b and space 16 relative to 8c between each bearing’s rolling surface and slot 4 offset bearing tracks 4c and 4d, so bearings are engaged with two separate tracks on slots 4c and 4d. Bearing impact is avoided because each bearing stays engaged with the track on slots 4c and 4d. Two bearings 8 can be placed on a pin 8 on the rotating part 8 inserted in a sliding Yoke 4 with a slot the rotating reciprocating part 12 is directly coupled to a sliding Yoke 4 with a slot that engages a pin 8 a on the rotating part 8b.

[00068] Scotch Yoke advantages:

[00069] Under ideal engineering conditions, force arrows 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d are applied directly in the line of travel of the assembly 12. The sinusoidal motion, cosinusoidal velocity, and sinusoidal acceleration (assuming constant angular velocity) result in smoother operation. The higher percent- age of time spent at top dead center 9a (dwell) improves theoretical electric generator efficiency of constant Buoyant lift cycles. It allows the elimination of joints typically served by a wrist pin, and near elimination of cylinder scuffing from reciprocating the rod within the cylinder, as side loading of reciprocating due to sine of connecting rod angle is mitigated. The longer the distance between the reciprocating rod and the Scotch Yoke, the less wear that occurs, but the inertia is greater, mak- ing such increases in the reciprocating rod length realistically only suitable for lower RPM (but higher torque) applications taught in this invention as a wave generator that can optionally change size. The Scotch Yoke assembly can rotate relative to water wave 1 motion, including the whole mechanism could float horizontally on the water surface rather than oriented vertically between the surface and underwater soil surface providing closer to shoreline operations because of floating on water wave surfaces horizontally. FIG 1 could be a view of water waves 1 force horizontal rather than vertical Scotch Yoke position, including infinite number of angles from motion.

[00070] The basis for the kinematics and a graphical display calculated (not shown) is a crank length of unity, yielding a stroke of 2 for both mechanisms. The connecting rod length is normalized to the crank length. For a constant crank rotational speed of radians per second, the Scotch Yoke produces a pin displacement at time t of cos(wt), a pin velocity of — w sin(wt) , and a pin accel- eration of — w² cos(wt) . Al strip chart plots are normalized to these values, independent of any manipulated value of the crank angle.

[00071] Relative to longer connecting rods, the Scotch Yoke produces a maximum pin accelera- tion (at top dead center) that is larger than that of the simple crank. This invention teaches how to increase and decrease the mechanisms stroke dimensions relative to wave variable: height, width, and speed. Cycloid curves can replace parallel flat plainer surfaces in FIG 1, 2, and 3 providing re- verse rotation speed adjustments providing constant flywheel rotation speeds relative to time 1 of bearings on cycloid curves moving all reach midpoint of cycloid curves at the same time 2 providing predictable motion between Time-1 and Time-2 to midpoint of cycloid curve.

[00072] Relative to displacement a longer dwell time is produced by the Scotch Yoke at the top of the stroke, and this feature is sometimes offered as a potential advantage in the Al calculations from sensors to modify any element of the system for electric energy synchronization.

[00073] Scotch Yoke Mechanisms applying the same water volume on both sides of Yoke: [00074] Water can fill an upper Scotch Yoke vessel to force it down when the water is moving out of an upper vessel down to a second vessel the water can be filling up and lifting the Scotch Yoke mechanism from filling water on double piston (vessels, floats, etc.. . .) systems where water can fill up and empty from both sides of a piston assembly providing one 360-degrees of rotation from the same mass of water or fluid (sand, rocks, or ice, etc.). Two or more Scotch Yoke systems can be assembled up onto one another into gravitational space providing a pathway down for water to flow from one Scotch Yoke assembly into a lower series of Scotch Yoke assemblies to provide power from the same volume of water between each Scotch Yoke assembly as water falls down the pathway this invention teaches reciprocates the Scotch Yoke on every Scotch Yoke assembly. Just like an ocean water 1 forces buoyant float 2 up in FIG 1 this invention teaches a small volume of water in a container can lift a float within the container up doubling the forces one volume of water provides to one side of the Scotch Yoke for 180-degree of rotation to add another 180-degree of ro- tational forces, constant force by managing the pathway of water falling, reapplying the same water volume, or adding more. A flexible float can transform from a float into a container. More important than doubling the forces from one volume of water on each 180-degrees of rotation of one Scotch Yoke is providing a water pathway from one Scotch Yoke assembly to the next one under the first, multiplying the electric power produced from one volume of water weight moving down from grav- ity from any number of Scotch Yoke assemblies that can be assembled under the source of water. Example: 10-Scotch Yoke assemblies under each other in a series provides 10-times the electric power from the same volume of water moving down from gravitational forces rotating just one Scotch Yoke assemble. Ocean tidal water can be captured in a dam to be released into a generator at low tide. Buoyancy from gas moving up through a liquid can also be applied to rotate one or more Scotch Yoke mechanisms assembled to process buoyant forces in containers, or just gas (or buoyant materials).

[00075] In FIG 1 a Scotch Yoke mechanism 12 is one which translates rotary 11 to linear move- ment 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d or vice versa, by using a pin 8 moving in a slot 4. Scotch Yoke mechanism 12 produces perfect simple harmonic motion e.g., a sinewave. Because velocity and acceleration are the derivative of the displacement time curve Al provides software graphs with a perfect wave form providing a stable electric generator force.

[00076] This invention teaches optimizing a Scotch Yoke assembly 12 used in ocean water waves ending travel near the beach that waves end on, so wave returning pushes Scotch Yoke mechanism back into place, in and out of ocean water via slanted beach surface, natural or manmade.

[00077] FIG 4 illustrates a wave 1 with low and high-water patterns like a sinewave provided high 22b and low surface contact of floating tank 22a and same tank 22b, just renumbered relative to floating in a parallel position of wave l's up and down sine wave type motion. Same floating tank 22b in position 22a is perpendicular to sine wave pattern of wave 1 providing the minimum surface area of forces between tank 22a and wave 1, even an air space may be present if length of tank 22a and wave distances are less than length of tank 22a. Scotch Yoke assembly 12 may be connected an- ywhere along the length of the tank 22b or 22a to optimize transferring energy from waves to the electric generator. An Artificial Intelligence (Al or Machine Learning from sensors) robotic controlled float can optimize the floating shape adapting to variety of forces needed to keep a steady force from water wave 1 to cycle a Scotch Yoke efficiently.

[00078] Optional magnetic bearings can be applied to reduce friction. Optional magnetic cou- plings can also be applied to control sizes of travel, increasing, or decreasing the radial and recipro- cating lengths of components in motion. Components can rotate around poles, where between a rod housed and rotating or reciprocating within a cylinder, friction can be high on 180-degrees of rota- tion and then free of friction on the opposite 180-degrees of rotation, so the forces captured can be relative to the height, width, direction of travel, and speed of a wave. This mechanism’s 180-degree frictional zone of rotation modifies the surface area of float positioned on top of water waves that provides a reset to the Scotch Yoke mechanism 12 to capture the power of a wave 1 coming in to- ward the shoreline, and then return to mechanism’s 180-degree friction-free zone of rotation freely repositioning into the direction of the water wave source, like an ocean. A flywheel can be rotating around a pole, so as water travels into shoreline, a point on the wheel rotates 180-degrees nearest to shore and then rotates the next 180-degrees opposite orientation to shoreline, pointing out into ocean for example. These wheels would be observed floating horizontally, on the surface of water wave 1. Capture vessels can be oriented to capture water volume moving into shoreline and then reposi- tioned to capture water volume moving from beach shoreline back out into water. Several wheels could be floating in a position that moved a higher water volume on and off the shoreline increasing the electric generators. A track could be positioned vertical relative to water motion to provide a track to roll the circle surface on to provide a steady state of power force from the engagement of a wheel on a track, which could be straight or curved to optimized forces that rotate the wheel genera- tor. A rotating sprocket or gear (magnetic gears) could be engaged too replacing a smooth track with wheel rolling.

[00079] Electric generators applied have standard rotational generator connections without cus- tomized electric generators. This invention teaches that electric generators can be customized onto the circumference of the rotating flywheel, be customized circle-arc stator generators with a fraction of a full stator cost, a linear generator can be attached to any reciprocating components of the mech- anism, a chain-link (cable or belt, etc. ) around a sprocket like an enlarged bicycle chain can provide electric generator from- the chain and sprocket motion with electric generator components on the sprocket and chain-links, and permanent magnets with wound conductor coils can be adapted to any of the components in motion. [00080] Retroreflective tapes can be attached to floats, underwater components, and on underwa- ter soil to measure all the locations with light sensors measuring where the retroreflectors are and unique identity, like color, large barcode type scans of retroreflective strips, and lasers reflective sensor distances measurements. All sensors applied can me connected to the Cloud of the Internet to manage all the Al and machine learning software coded applications, including reporting the locations of wave generators for the safety of boaters, surfers, and swimmers.

[00081] Water Dams are structuring whose purpose is to raise the water level on the upstream side of river, stream, or another waterway. The rising water will cause hydrostatic force which will tend the dam to slide horizontally and overturn about its downstream edge or toe. The raised water level on the upstream edge or heel will also cause the water to seep under the dam. The pressure due to this seepage is commonly called hydrostatic uplift and will reduce the stability of the dam against sliding and against overturning.

[00082] Gravity Dam Analysis: The weight of gravity dam will cause a moment opposite to the overturning moment and the friction on the base will prevent the dam from sliding. The dam may also be prevented from sliding by keying its base into the bedrock. This invention teaches capturing water into a container where each container pulls an electric generator into motion as it moves down from gravity forces or buoyancy under liquid, which is water in a dam but could be any liquid, moves up through liquid with buoyancy forcing an electric generator into motion.

[00083] Energy is defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work are measured in Newton- meter (or pounds-foot in English). Kinetic energy and potential energy are the two commonly recog- nized forms of energy. In a flowing fluid, potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in the fluid. Head is the amount of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid. Sensors are applied to monitor and control all the elements of this invention.

[00084] Hydraulics is an applied engineering science which treats of water and other fluid in mo- tion.

[00085] A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams. Reser- voirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irriga- tion, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. This invention teaches fish nets and water filled con- tainers can transfer fish, plants, and other life up from the outer bass of a dam to the top of the dam to transfer life in or out of the dam, including sensors that optimize the transfer of life with robotics added, if required. Water filled containers manage life transportation up and down the dam.

[00086] Hydroelectricity from a power generation plant typically has a hydraulic turbine and electric generator. As of 2005, hydroelectric power, mostly from dams, supplies some 19% of the world's electricity, and over 63% of renewable energy. Much of this is generated by large dams, alt- --ugh many small-scale hydro generation are used on a wide scale.

[00087] Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator; to boost the power generation capabilities of a dam, the water may be run through a large pipe called a penstock before the turbine. A variant on this simple model uses pumped-storage hydroelectricity to produce electricity to match periods of high and low demand, by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine, (e.g., Dinorwig Power Station.). Water from current can be applied to this invention recycling water for power.

[00088] FIG 5A illustrates a water dam 320, the design and construction of foundations 301 and embankments 302 apply Hydraulics, an innovative work on the basic principles of hydraulic engi- neering and the design of hydraulic structure. Water dams have infinite variations, and this invention adapts by providing gravity pull 307 from top 310 to bottom 318 of the outer dams, or waterproof tubes can be inserted into the dam water for gravity fall of water filled containers. Lakes, rivers, ponds, oceans, or any liquid can have a tube inserted for gravitational fall of water containers that rotate an electric generator from a cable motion or roll-on track engagement.

[00089] A barrier 302 stops or restricts the flow of water 300 or underground streams. This in- vention teaches an option of filling a container 311 with water 300 to provide several different path- ways that generate electricity as the container falls 307 to the bottom of the downstream side in gravitational pull-down direction 307. A vertical drop is one of many pathway shapes applied.

[00090] Reservoirs of water 300 created by dams 301 not only suppress floods but also provide water 300 for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navi- gability.

[00091] Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity in a rotating electric generator rotated by pully 303 where dam water 300 from spilling 317 from the top of a dam water surface 310 with bonded wall structure 302 is filled in a container 311 forced to move down by gravity arrow 307 so gravity moves the water filled container 311 providing a continuous force 307 over more time than any prior art of water wheels in motion as water passes by a prior art circle- arc relative to a full 360-degrees of rotation of circular electric generator. Again, with just a fraction of the water passing through past prior art turbines or wheels, this invention pulls the electric gener- ator 303 around many times by pulling a cable 314 around the pulley 303 of the electric generator many times relative to the height of dam 302 related to length of cable, size of pully related to elec- tric generator size, and volume of water related to size of the container.

[00092] This invention teaches that a long wire cable in pathway 314, chain sprocket (FIG 19), or other long motion translational devices can rotate a generator 303 wheel many times that optimizes how much water 300 in a dam 302 can generate electricity relative to a container 311 moved in a mechanical pathway 314 under gravitational force 307 from the top 310 of outer dam wall 302 to the bottom where container 312 is just container 311 renumbered because at bottom location it re- leases water 318 converting it 311 into a light weight buoyant container 312.

[00093] The higher the dam wall 302 the more power can be generated because of the number of times a cable 314 can pull the pully 303 around axis 309 to generate electricity.

[00094] Rotors 303 connected to generators within increasing torque and force by increasing the length and force vectors of the containers 311 force around in a circle many times versus prior art of a wheel or tangentially entering and exiting a water turbine generator for a fraction of the time.

[00095] Buoyancy or upthrust in tube 305, is an upward force exerted by a fluid 300 that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid 305, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid in 305 or other liquid.

[00096] Thus, the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the col- umn. Similarly, the pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in a fluid is greater than at the top of the object.

[00097] The pressure difference results in a net upward force on the object 312, emptied of water at 318 bottom of potential gravity forces 307. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the pres- sure difference, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle) is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the submerged volume of the object, i.e., the displaced fluid.

[00098] FIG 5 A illustrates top view details 319b rotated 90-degrees relative to cross-sectional side view of larger hydroelectric dam 320. Top view 319b generator pully 303 is rotating around pulley axle 309 that is mounted to generator mount 308 because water 300 upper surface 310 falls into water spillway 317 into tube 305 also filling upper container 311 positioned to fall down 307 track 306 on cable centerline 314 pathway to lower container 312, emptied container 311. Pathway of the water filled container 311 can be outside the dam 302 providing an update to any dam without cutting into the base of the dam to provide buoyancy upthrust of the container returning to top 310 of the water 300.

[00099] Water spills out bottom 318 of container 311 converting to a buoyant container 312 en- tering the bottom of tube 305 traveling up tube 305 adjacent to the dam tube 305 thickness 304, which inside cross-sectional view 319a is a structure 308 from the top of the dam to the bottom. Structure 308 can be a frame like a crane, or any other material that can provide for optional tube 305. Tube 305 can be removed in the application, so is just an option relative to adding buoyancy to an emptied container 311. Resistance of the container 312 location to enter the bottom of the dam tube 305 is high, so emptying water 318 from the container is best once the water filled container is in the dam water 300 filled in tube 305 providing a water drain valving system 318 on the water container 312. Inflatable light weight water containers 311 can be provided that minimize energy consumption to return the container to the top of dam spillway 317 for refill. Again, the whole sys- tem can be outside the dam wall as illustrated in FIG 05a or reversed in tube 305 and 306 function to insert a system within the dam water 300, tube 305 reverses function because it is empty of water when inserted into water (dam, ocean, lake, commercial wastewater, crude oil tank, tree logs, soil/rocks from mining, ice, etc.... no limit, elevators, or vehicles). Container 311 is emptied 318 of water so is a buoyant container 312 from bottom to top within 305 water and will force the closed container 312 up to position of container 311 providing an additional upthrust force within 305 of buoyancy within the dam water 300 that passed through spillway 317 into tube 305 filling container 311 with water too, providing the weight to pull down 307 by gravity rotating the pully generator many times with the same weight. Ice can be formed in containers that slide away from the original location easily when sensor system applies ice units to each pull an electric generator into motion when ice unit is in motion from gravity, buoyancy, or force in a current of water like a river or ocean.

[000100] Filling container 311 with water 300 at the top from spillway 317, which can be on the outside of the dam, so gravity forces are always pulling the wire rope 314 down towards earth by gravity 307, including using water falling from existing functional turbine systems. [000101] Buoyancy of an air-filled container 305 pulls the wire rope 314 within tube 305 up by upthrust force and a water filled container 311 pulls wire rope down by gravitational forces 307. [000102] For this reason, an object whose average density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the object is less dense than the liquid, the force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a non-inertial reference frame, which either has a gravitational field or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a "downward" direction. The center of buoyancy of an object is the center of gravity of the displaced volume of fluid.

[000103] Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object — with the clarifications that for a sunken object the vol- ume of displaced fluid is the volume of the object, and for a floating object on a liquid, the weight of the displaced liquid is the weight of the object.

[000104] buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid remains valid.

[000105] The weight of the displaced fluid is directly proportional to the volume of the displaced fluid (if the surrounding fluid is of uniform density). In simple terms, the principle states that the buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density of the fluid multiplied by the submerged volume times the gravitational acceleration, g. Thus, among completely submerged objects with equal masses, objects with greater volume have greater buoyancy. This is also known as upthrust.

[000106] Suppose a rock's weight is measured as 10 newtons when suspended by a string in a vac- uum with gravity acting upon it. Suppose that when the rock is lowered into water, it displaces water of weight 3 newtons. The force it then exerts on the string from which it hangs would be 10 newtons minus the 3 newtons of buoyancy force: 10 - 3 = 7 newtons. Buoyancy reduces the apparent weight of objects that have sunk completely to the sea floor. It is generally easier to lift an object up through the water than it is to pull it out of the water.

[000107] Assuming Archimedes' principle to be reformulated as follows, then inserted into the quotient of weights, which has been expanded by the mutual volume yields the formula below. The density of the immersed object relative to the density of the fluid can easily be calculated without measuring any volumes.: (This formula is used for example in describing the measuring principle of a dasymeter and of hydrostatic weighing.)

[000108] Example: If you drop wood into water, buoyancy will keep it afloat. [000109] Example: A helium balloon in a moving car. During a period of increasing speed, the air mass inside the car moves in the direction opposite to the car's acceleration (i.e., towards the rear). The balloon is also pulled this way. However, because the balloon is buoyant relative to the air, it ends up being pushed "out of the way” and will actually drift in the same direction as the car's accel- eration (i.e., forward). If the car slows down, the same balloon will begin to drift backward. For the same reason, as the car goes round a curve, the balloon will drift towards the inside of the curve. [000110] Only waterfilled containers 311 are needed to generate electricity from the wire rope 314 forcing an electric generator down 307 rotating a generator 303 around axle 309 many times unlike prior art of water wheels or water turbines.

[000111] Container 311 can roll down a ramp or other means to provide electric generator rotation relative to the motion and shape of the containers 311 and 312 (same container in different loca- tions).

[000112] Spillway 317 is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of wa- ter 300 in a dam 301 and 302 to the downstream side in direction 307. A dam 302 is not needed be- cause a river or any water or sand source can fill the containers elevated, so gravity 307 makes a generator 303 turn, recycling the containers up and down to the water source 317. FIG 5A illustrates a hydroelectric dam foundation 301 with structural wall 302 filled with water 300 to water level 310 by structural wall 302 held in place by structural foundation 301.

[000113] A water container 311 is filled full of water 300 at level 310 and has a pathway 317 with a flexible wire rope 314 connected to a second container 312 that as the water moves under the foun- dation 301 after water is emptied 318 outside the dam’s tube 305 with tube thickness 304.

[000114] Many spillways have floodgates designed to control the flow through the spillway 317. There are several types of spillways. A "service spillway" or "primary spillway" passes normal flow. An "auxiliary spillway" releases flow in excess of the capacity of the service spillway. An "emer- gency spillway" is designed for extreme conditions, such as a serious malfunction of the service spillway. A "fuse plug spillway" is a low embankment designed to be overtopped and washed away in the event of a large flood. The elements of a fuse plug are independent free-standing blocks, set side by side which work without any remote control. They allow increasing the normal pool of the dam without compromising the security of the dam because they are designed to be gradually evacu- ated for exceptional events. They work as fixed weirs at times by allowing overflow in common floods. -000115] In prior art a spillway can be gradually eroded by water flow, including cavitation or tur- bulence of the water flowing over the spillway, leading to its failure. Erosion rates are often moni- tored, and the risk is ordinarily minimized, by shaping the downstream face of the spillway into a curve that minimizes turbulent flow, such as an ogee curve.

[000116] In FIG 5b illustration of Cycloid curve track pathway 330. Container 311 rolling down cycloid curve 333 between starting Time 331 container 311 rolls down to Time 332 over the same time period no matter where on cycloid curve 333 container 311 starts on. On quarter sphere 334 is sized relative to container 311, so 311 can pass from one cycloid curve 333 to the next one down the pathway. Illustration of one half a sphere 340 is ½ a circle-arc offset to line up for pathway of con- tainer 311 to roll down the tube. One half a sphere 341 with straight long Zigzag shape provides a longer time and greater distance than illustration of one half a sphere 340. Many more containers can be pulled up the long straight Zigzag 341 than in just the circle-arc connected structure 340. Zig- zag 350 container 311 travels in a Zigzag as another motion pathway example. Water containers can roll down a zigzag pattern made up of small corners at variable angles, though constant within the zigzag, tracing a path between two parallel lines; it can be described as both jagged and fairly regu- lar. From the point of view of symmetry, a regular zigzag can be generated from a simple motif like a line segment by repeated application of a glide reflection.

[000117] FIG 6 illustrates an electric motor tip-path 91 and 92 relative to the stator and the rotor increasing torque and force by increasing the length and force vectors of the motor pushing a force around in a circle’s curves 91 and 92 when roller cones 94 and 95 in FIG 7 roll in 360-degrees of rotation. FIG 7 illustrates circles 93 and 94 that could be two surfaces rotating relative to each providing four rotating circles of two pairs of plates 90 in FIG 6 providing the ability to rotate all cones 95 and 96 illustrated without one pair interfering with the other further producing more torque and each circle would be offset with clearance so one circle 94 would rotate 90-degrees relative to the other circle 93 where aerospace, automotive, flying car, or other adaptations of water in motion can be integrated to generate power. FIG 5b cycloid curves 333 can be located anywhere on or be- tween the rotating circles to force rotation between two cones to arrive at the cycloid midpoint at the same Time between a start and finish Period of travel (between Time 1 and Time 2), even if placed tangentially between circle 91 and 92, replacing a circle-arc with a cycloid curve as an option. FIG 7 illustrates a curve that a cone 95 and 96 in FIG 7 would roll around with the point of the cone con- nected structurally to the motors rotating hub in center point of circle 94 shaft with an increase in torque because of force vectors moving along a longer curves 91 and 92 at more angles and a longer length with more force applied. A rotor stator logic controller moves the cone shaped rollers 96 around with the directional force vectors applied to all curved tip-paths 91 and 92 under sensors to optimize energy. These can be aerodynamic rotors including 91 and 92 applied flexible materials. These cones 96 can be floats for ocean waves that lift, lower, rotate, around the center of the rotating hub to generate electricity as inward and outward wave motion drives the float into rotation around the tip-path 91 and 93 by forcing cones up and down cones rotate on curves 91 and 92 forcing rota- tion of 90 around center point hub 98.

[000118] Rhumb curve analysis for FIGS 8 to 16: All cross sections of a sphere are circles (Cross Sections). Spheres are all similar to each another. Hemisphere is defined as half a sphere divided by a cutting-plane, also geometrically is a cutline, intersecting the center of a sphere dividing the sphere into two hemispheres providing greatest diameter of original sphere circle.

[000119] A hemisphere’s volume is one-half the volume of a sphere.

[000120] The surface area of a hemisphere's surface area can include the base or not. The formula for the surface area of a sphere without the base: SA = 2π r2

[000121] Hemisphere's surface area including the area of the circular base:

[000122] SA = 2π r2 + 7πr2, SA = 37πr2

[000123] In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb, (/rAm/) or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true or magnetic north of earth.

[000124] In FIG 8 illustration assembly 30 is a rhumb line that is a physical bar 109 in image 30 in the rhumb lines pathway around the sphere 203 in FIGS 8 through 16 providing roller bearings 31 and 32 mounted to pole 113 ends that travels around the sphere surface 203 following the rhumb curve as pole 113 rotates around its axis. Bearings 31 and 32 trap the rhumb curve and drives the sphere into rotation twice for every 360-degree rotation of pole 113 around an axis 100. The sphere could have water or wind blades extended out of sphere surface to become rotated twice forcing in- ner poles 113 to rotate once. Bearings 31 and 32 could be suspended by magnetic bearings or driven by electric motor elements. This invention teaches that for any motion or bearings, electric propul- sion, generators, or suspended magnetic bearings, the bearings can be replaced with electromagnetic systems for each function. Below FIGS 8 through 16 describes rhumb lines of a photon to relate mo- tors and/or electric generators to this invention. [000125] This invention teaches applying the polarization of light spinning around a rhumb curve within places single particles of light, photons, under full control, controlling photons by using an optical electrodynamic cavity calculated around the rhumb curve pattern on the outer sphere to di- rect the location and record a photons position and travel without bouncing around at high frequen- cies.

[000126] In FIGS 8 through 16 a rhumb line is illustrated that can be contrasted with a great circle, which is the path of shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere. On a great cir- cle, the bearing to the destination point does not remain constant. If one were to drive a car along a great circle one would hold the steering wheel fixed, but to follow a rhumb line one would have to turn the wheel, turning it more sharply as the poles are approached. In other words, a great circle is locally "straight" with zero geodesic curvature, whereas a rhumb line has non -zero geodesic curva- ture. In FIGS 8 and 9 circle 110 is rotated 360-degrees around center point 111 marked every 45.0- degrees, 8 times, providing a full 360-degrees circle divided by 8 relative to electric motor poles lo- cations as one motor pole 119 is rotated 180-degrees amount axis 100 around rotating arrowl08 in perpendicular angle through intersecting points 101, 102, 103a, 104, 103b 105, 106, and 107, as cir- cle 110 is rotated the full 360 degrees around center point 111 in direction arrow 108. This invention teaches the circle 110 rotating a sphere 203 around center point 111 provides a rhumb curve 109 to rotate independent pole 119 from point 101 through points 102, 103a, 104, 103b, 105, 106, and end- ing at point 107 it has to follow the rhumb curve 109 equaling the circumference of circle 110. Points 103a and 103b illustrate two pole positions where a pole lifting up from point 45b to 103b is hidden, combined, aligned view of 103a and 103b. Pole 119 rotates at 90-degree angle relative to axis (axle) 100 so curve 109 has to be followed to rotate pole 109 180-degrees relative to rotation curve 108 around axis 100. Rhumb curve 109 equals full circle 110 length, so in order to rotate pole 119 around axis (axle) 100 a full 360-degrees pole 109 illustrated in FIGS 8, 9, top view 10, 11, 12, and 13 illustrates sphere 203 rhumb details in FIG 9 must rotated twice in order for pole 119 to ro- tate 180-degrees on top half of sphere 203 and then during the second full rotation of sphere 203 pole 119 continues on the mirror of rhumb curve 109 on the bottom half of the sphere. In order to rotate pole 119 360-degrees around axis 100, the sphere in FIG 8 has to rotate twice 720-degrees of rotation around center point 111 as pole 119 has to follow rhumb curve 109 on top and bottom of sphere 203 in FIG 9. FIG 8 illustrates the pathway pole 119 has to follow on top and bottom of sphere 203 in FIG 9 as the sphere 203 circles around sphere 203 curve 204 illustrated in FIG 8. Rhumb bearing 31 and 32 assembled to rotating rod 113, which geometrically is aligned to rhumb curve structure 109.

[000127] FIGS 12 and 13 illustrates photon 203 with internal positron 200 and electron 201 FIGS 8 through 13 illustrates one pole Photon polarization from positron 200 and electron 201 which have to follow rhumb curve 109 that is twice as long as the sphere 203 outer circle 110 defining the sphere 203 providing sphere 203 ’s requirement to rotate around curve 204 in FIG 9 defines a photon 203 in FIGS 12 and 13 circling twice around center point 111 in order for positron 200 and electron 201 to rotate one full 360-degrees around axis 100. This is a new teaching of quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. An individual photon can be described as having right or left circular polarization under this invention relative to the ex- change of the sphere energy in sphere 203 rotating twice for every 1 -rotation of positron 200 and electron 201 pair, or a superposition of the two. Equivalently, a photon can be described as having horizontal or vertical linear polarization, or a superposition of the two relative to the photon sphere energy cycle rotation TWICE around the rotation of positron/electrons within the sphere 203.

[000128] The description of photon polarization contains many of the physical concepts and much of the mathematical machinery of more involved quantum descriptions, such as the quantum me- chanics of an electron in a potential well. Polarization is an example of a qubit degree of freedom, which forms a fundamental basis for an understanding of more complicated quantum phenomena. Much of the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics, such as state vectors, probability am- plitudes, unitary operators, and Hermitian operators, emerge naturally from the classical Maxwell's equations in the description. The quantum polarization state vector for the photon, for instance, is identical with the Jones vector, usually used to describe the polarization of a classical wave. Unitary operators emerge from the classical requirement of the conservation of energy of a classical wave propagating through lossless media that alter the polarization state of the wave. Hermitian operators then follow for infinitesimal transformations of a classical polarization state.

[000129] Many of the implications of the mat-ematical machinery are easily verified experimen- tally. In fact, many of the experiments can be performed with polaroid sunglass lenses.

[000130] The connection with quantum mechanics is made through the identification of a mini- mum packet size, called a photon, for energy in the electromagnetic field. The identification is based on the theories of Planck and the interpretation of those theories by Einstein. The correspondence --inciple then allows the identification of momentum and angular momentum (called spin), as well as energy, with the photon.

[000131] Contents - Polarization of classical electromagnetic waves: Meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude provide special cases of the rhumb line, where their angles of intersection are respectively 0° and 90°. On a north-south passage the rhumb line course coincides with a great cir- cle, as it does on an east-west passage along the equator of earth. FIG 8 detailed view 30 of rhumb curve 109, bearings 31 and 32 can all be replaced with electromagnetic material to provide electric generator, motor, and magnetic force transfer coupling (permanent-magnets 31, 32 around conduc- tive bar 109) across an air gap. Electromagnetic wave air gap bonds replace bearings.

[000132] On a Mercator projection map, any rhumb line is a straight line; a rhumb line can be drawn on such a map between any two points on Earth without going off the edge of the map. But theoretically a loxodrome can extend beyond the right edge of the map, where it then continues at the left edge with the same slope (assuming that the map covers exactly 360 degrees of longitude). [000133] Rhumb lines which cut meridians at oblique angles are loxodromic curves which spiral towards the poles. On a Mercator projection the north and south poles occur at infinity and are there- fore never shown. However, the full loxodrome on an infinitely high map would consist of infinitely many line segments between the two edges. On a stereographic projection map, a loxodrome is an equiangular spiral whose center is the north or south pole.

[000134] All loxodromes spiral from one pole to the other. Near the poles, they are close to being logarithmic spirals (which they are exactly on a stereographic projection, see below), so they wind around each pole an infinite number of times but reach the pole in a finite distance. The pole-to-pole length of a loxodrome (assuming a perfect sphere) is the length of the meridian divided by the co- sine of the bearing away from true north. Loxodromes are not defined at the poles.

[000135] Operation cycle: The circuit operates in a rapid, repeating cycle in which the supply transformer (T) charges the primary capacitor (Cl) up, which then discharges in a spark through the spark gap, creating a brief pulse of oscillating current in the primary circuit which excites a high os- cillating voltage across the secondary.

[000136] Current from the supply transformer (T) charges the capacitor (Cl) to a high voltage.

[000137] When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the breakdown voltage of the spark gap (SG) a spark starts, reducing the spark gap resistance to an extremely low value. This completes the primary circuit and current from the capacitor flows through the primary coil (LI). The current flows rapidly back and forth between the plates of the capacitor through the coil, generating radio frequency oscillating current in the primary circuit at the circuit's resonant frequency.

[000138] The oscillating magnetic field of the primary winding induces an oscillating current in the secondary winding (L2), by Faraday's law of induction. Over a number of cycles, the energy in the primary circuit is transferred to the secondary. The total energy in the tuned circuits is limited to the energy originally stored in the capacitor Cl, so as the oscillating voltage in the secondary in- creases in amplitude ("ring up") the oscillations in the primary decrease to zero ("ring down"). Alt- hough the ends of the secondary coil are open, it also acts as a tuned circuit due to the capacitance (C2), the sum of the parasitic capacitance between the turns of the coil plus the capacitance of the toroid electrode E. Current flows rapidly back and forth through the secondary coil between its ends. Because of the small capacitance, the oscillating voltage across the secondary coil which appears on the output terminal is much larger than the primary voltage.

[000139] The secondary current creates a magnetic field that induces voltage back in the primary coil, and over a number of additional cycles the energy is transferred back to the primary. This pro- cess repeats, the energy shifting rapidly back and forth between the primary and secondary tuned circuits. The oscillating currents in the primary and secondary gradually die out ("ring down") due to energy dissipated as heat in the spark gap and resistance of the coil.

[000140] When the current through the spark gap is no longer sufficient to keep the air in the gap ionized, the spark stops ("quenches"), terminating the current in the primary circuit. The oscillating current in the secondary may continue for some time.

[000141] The current from the supply transformer begins charging the capacitor Cl again and the cycle repeats.

[000142] This entire cycle takes place very rapidly, the oscillations dying out in a time of the order of a millisecond. Each spark across the spark gap produces a pulse of damped sinusoidal high volt- age at the output terminal of the coil. Each pulse dies out before the next spark occurs, so the coil generates a string of damped waves, not a continuous sinusoidal voltage. The high voltage from the supply transformer that charges the capacitor is a 50 or 60 Hz sine wave. Depending on how the spark gap is set, usually one or two sparks occur at the peak of each half-cycle of the mains current, so there are more than a hundred sparks per second. Thus, the spark at the spark gap appears contin- uous, as do the high voltage streamers from the top of the coil. [000143] The supply transformer (T) secondary winding is connected across the primary tuned cir- cuit. It might seem that the transformer would be a leakage path for the RF current, damping the os- cillations. However, its large inductance gives it an exceedingly high impedance at the resonant fre- quency, so it acts as an open circuit to the oscillating current. If the supply transformer has inade- quate leakage inductance, radio frequency chokes are placed in its secondary leads to block the RF current.

[000144] Oscillation frequency: To produce the largest output voltage, the primary and secondary tuned circuits are adjusted to resonance with each other. The resonant frequencies of the primary and secondary circuits (many types) are determined by the inductance and capacitance in each circuit. [000145] Generally, the secondary is not adjustable, so the primary circuit is tuned, usually by a moveable tap on the primary coil LI, until it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary [000146] Thus, the condition for resonance between primary and secondary is:

[000147] The resonant frequency of Tesla coils is in the low radio frequency (RF) range, usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz. However, because of the impulsive nature of the spark they produce broadband radio noise, and without shielding can be a significant source of RFI, interfering with nearby radio and television reception.

[000148] FIGS 15 illustrates positron-electron pair 200 and 201bonded together as 3 -sided pyra- -ids 200 and 201 is a 3 -sided triangular base. So technically, a 3 -sided pyramid actually has 4-sides counting the base, in a rotation. The Planck length is 1.6 x 10-35meters. (That's 0.000000000000000000000000000000000016 meters.) To give you an idea, let us compare it with the size of an atom, which is already about 100,000 times smaller than anything you can see with your unaided eye (an atom size is about 0.0000000001 meters). Rather than positron-electron pair bonded together illustrated as two spheres in FIGS 9 through 14, the proper illustration is 3-sided or optionally 4-sided pyramid with points of the pyramid pointed to engage the rhumb lines on outer sphere 203 as positron-electron pair 200 and 201bonded together rotating on circle tip-path 115. [000149] FIGS 8 through 14 illustrates rhumb curved line 109, direction and orientation of a sphere's rotation around the sphere center point and axis point 116, two motor poles 113 position 180-degree angles from each other and rotating around axis (axle) 114, and perpendicular circle 115 that the two motor poles 113 rotate around relative to the sphere rotating twice in order for one pole 113 to completely rotate 360-degrees along circle 115. [000150] In FIGS 13 and 14 a photon’s sphere surface has a rhumb line 109 (loxodrome) tip-path twice the sphere’s great circle’s (orthodrome) 115 length. Photon sphere’s diameter is a fixed great circle axis relative to photon’s internal positron 200-electron 201 pairs rotating perpendicular to fixed axis 100 along outer great circle’s tip-path 115, forcing a photon’s energy sphere 200 to rotate twice on a rhumb line 109 relative to one rotation of positron-electron pairs 200-201 around the great circle axis 100, providing a proportionality constant of light energy transferred through spacetime from one photon’s rotating axis 100 to another because sphere’s rhumb line 109 length is twice the distance of the great circle 115.

[000151] In FIGS 8 through 15 Rhumb Line 109 requires a PHOTON Energy -Wave to rotate TWICE relative to Positron -Electron Pair 200-201 polarized within Photon Sphere 202 rotating ONCE around Axis 100 perpendicular to Sphere’s Great Circle 115.

[000152] In FIG 14 Rhumb lines 109a and 109b are photon energy tip-paths from two additional photons end-to-end relative to the central photon. Rhumb line 109a’s arrow direction entering the central photon 200 rotates TWICE relative to positron-electron pairs 200-201 rotating ONCE within the photon. Rhumb line 109b’s exit arrow illustrates that each photon’s energy wave 109 rotates TWICE forcing the photons energy in from a photon 203a and then out to the next photon 203b at the speed of light. Positron-electron pairs 200 and 201 rotate relative to energy entering 109a and exiting 109b a photon’s tip-paths of rhumb lines 109, so where positron 200 passes to an adjacent photon sphere the next receiving photon 202b has an electron 201 circling by the positron 200 syn- chronizing positive and negative forces along the tip-path providing the momentum of light. These fields can all be rotated relative to entering input from any dimensions, including energy directional orientation can be observed from any angle because of electrodynamic three-dimensional tessella- tions of paired intersecting fields of energy. A double-slit experiment is just a measurement from slits open to light relative to electrodynamic repositioning of positron-electron pair’s axis of rotation reorienting, so this invention teaches how to manage all directions of photon travel, number of pho- tons grouped, angles of energy projection, and manipulations of any photon’s tip-path.

[000153] FIG 16 illustrates FIG 15 with the adjacent photons added end to end with the geometric rhumb curve positioned on both ends of intake and exhaust of energy transferred , which positrons- electron pairs synchronize relative to positive-negative alignments every 360-degree of rotation of the electron and positron on the path of circle. [000154] FIG 17 illustrates an anti-rollback device that is a standard safety feature in prior art but is energy storage in this invention, typically consisting of a continuous, saw-toothed 45 and 46, sec- tion of metal 44, forming a linear ratchet 44 with a roller track 48 for wheel traveling. This invention teaches rather than a safety function, the anti-rollback device provides a new potential energy stor- age machine to water wave 1 lift 9 a set of water filled containers 41 up 50 to an electric generator 55 to provide a downward gravitational pulling force 51 for a longer time than the same amount of water would force a wheel or water turbine blade around in prior art.

[000155] Prior art applies water wheels for only a fraction of 360-degrees of rotation because up- per wheel is out of water, so water between wheel and water current surface will rotate the wheel. Even in prior art where water filled buckets arrayed around a waterwheel that provided gravitational forces of water weight to rotate the wheel on less than one half of the wheel’s rotation, so power generation is only a small fraction of what this invention teaches about increasing the distance water filled containers fall forcing rotation or any other motion: spiral, straight, circle-arc... The power of an individual bucket of water pulling a generator around connected to a cable can rotate the genera- tor multiple times relative to the height of water filled bucket released from the source of water trav- eling down to the landing that ends the travel from gravity. Containers filled with water are emptied on the landing, end of gravitational forces, and elevated back up to a water (or sand, rocks, soil, sew- age, elevators) source.

[000156] FIG 17 and 18 illustrates an anti-rollback device diagram depicting the anti -rollback safety mechanism where water waves 1 lift up containers 41 for release back down in direction 51 for forcing water electric generator 55 rotation. In prior art, the familiar "click-clack" sound that oc- curs as a train, like a roller coaster, ascends the lift hill is not caused by the chain itself. The cause for this noise is actually a safety device used on lift hills — the anti-rollback device.

[000157] FIG 18 illustrates wave 1 providing a wave force arrow 9 to force water container 41, up recycled travel direction 51 on the track 48, electric generator 55 is pulled around by gravitational force 51 when water container 41 rolls down pulling an electric generator cable 59, spinning genera- tor 55. Roller coaster type trains 40 are fitted with anti-rollback "dogs" 47 and 49, details in FIG 17, which are essentially heavy-duty pieces of metal 47 and 49 which fall and rest in each set of grooves 46 of the anti-rollback device 44 assembled to roller track 48 as the trains 40 ascend up in direction 50 on the lift-hill. Grooves 46 provide the shape 44 by the cut 45, which is the stopping point for dogs 47 and 49. This makes the "clicking" sound and allows the train 40 to go upwards 50 only, effectively preventing the train tires 52a and 52b from rolling back down the hill on rolling track rails 48 should it ever encounter no wave 1 lifting power force 50. Gravitational force 51 pull- ing water container 41 down pulls a cable around the electric generator 55 rotating the generator for the distance of the track 51 providing reliable consistent energy forces. Lifting up water container 41 [000158] Roller coaster trains are fitted with anti-rollback "dogs" which are essentially heavy-duty pieces of metal which fall and rest in each groove of the anti-rollback device on the track as the trains ascend the lift-hill. This makes the "clicking" sound and allows the train to go upwards only, effectively preventing the train from rolling back down the hill should it ever encounter a power fail- ure or broken chain.

[000159] This feature was derived from the similar feature originally used on the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway in Pennsylvania, starting in 1846. The two uphill planes that cars were drawn up under the power of a stationary steam engine had two slightly different early forms of this anti- rollback device. The entire concept of the modem roller coaster was also initially inspired by this railroad.

[000160] Given circumference (C) = 24

[000161]

[000162]

[000163]

[000164]

[000165] A container is any receptacle or enclosure for holding a product used in storage, packag- ing, and transportation, including shipping. Things kept inside of a container are protected by being inside of its structure. The term is most frequently applied to devices made from materials that are durable and are usually at least partly rigid. A container can also be considered as a basic tool, con- sisting of any device creating a partially or fully enclosed space that can be used to contain, store, and transport objects or materials. This invention teaches that any container can be used to fill with weight: water, ice, sand, rocks, people, animals, products, and elevators applied in buildings. People can be scheduled to enter elevators together for enough weight to generate electricity for the motion of the elevators. Smartphones and other devices can notify people to enter the elevators on a sched- ule that generates electricity. Sewage and drinking water plumbing can be arranged with this invention to generate electricity from the motion. Human athletic events and travel routes can pro- vide systems that generate water, just like water containers described in this invention.

[000166] Modem characteristics of containers: A number of considerations go into the design of modern containers:

[000167] The product characteristics that create utility for a container go beyond just providing shock and moisture protection for the contents. A well-designed container will also exhibit ease of use, that is, it is easy for the worker to open or close, to insert or extract the contents, and to handle the container in shipment. In addition, a good container will have convenient and legible labeling locations, a shape that is conducive to efficient stacking and storing, and easy recycling at the end of its useful life.

[000168] Variety of Containers, so practical examples of containers are listed below:

[000169] Ceramic cylindrical vessels including: Ancient vessels, including Amphoras, Kvevri, Pi- thos, and Dolium. Bottles, similar to a jar in being traditionally symmetrical about the axis perpen- dicular to its base and made of glass. Jars, traditionally cylindrical and made of glass.

[000170] Cylindrical vessels including: Barrels, made of wooden staves bound by rope, wooden or metal hoops. Cans, traditionally cylindrical and sheet-metallic. Drums, similar to a can but definitely cylindrical and not necessarily metallic. Tub.

[000171] Rectilinear vessels including: Boxes: Crates, a box or rectilinear exoskeleton, designed for hoisting or loading. Wooden boxes. Lift-vans. Corf

[000172] Flexible containers including: Bags, such as shopping bags, mail bags, sick bag. uggage, including satchels, backpacks, and briefcases. Packets. Gunny sacks, flour sacks. Wallets

[000173] Shipping containers, including: Cormgated boxes, made of cormgated fiberboard. Inter- modal containers, a.k.a. ship container or cargo container

[000174] Twenty -foot equivalent units, an industry standard intermodal container size: Intermedi- ate bulk containers. Unit load devices, similar to a crate. Flexible intermediate bulk containers.

[000175] FIG 19 illustrates a triangle chain-link 401 assembled on two sprockets 403 and 405 similar to a bicycle sprocket and chain to rotate and move the chain-links 401 from top of sprocket 403 to source of liquids, and then forced down to bottom sprocket 405 by gravitational force on ei- ther side of the chain-link providing a steady state of rotation without slipping between the sprocket and the chain, like a cable, wire rope, belts, and other pulleys might slip between pulleys and cable (wire rope). Triangular chain-link 401 is arrayed around both sprockets 403 and 405. Either one of the straight sides of the chain can be returning a container or carrying a container down providing the force of gravity to rotate the sprockets from higher weight on one side. A triangular chain link 401 pathway can be provided by assembling chain links around three sprockets. This chain can be placed on waves in the ocean too with floats attached to triangle link 401 engineered relative to floats attached to be vertical to ocean surface, horizontal, or at many angles, relative to natures re- quirements to adapt to wildlife, people, rocky shores, high wind versus low wind because wind blades could be folded up into wind at angles to capture motion of wind forces and then reposition around a hinge assembled to triangular link 401, so wind adds forces to the wave motion against ele- ments hinged onto 401, like the plates 408 expanded on the curve in assemble 402, versus removed on assembly 404, and compressed in the straight travel of the chain-links. Triangle link 401 can hold water containers, wind power blades, floats, and anything in motion. This invention teaches that be- cause of “triangle” chain-link the chain adapts to many things, for example a 402 or 403 can be laid onto a boat equivalent, so one side of the flat chain has open cups (shaped floats) that captures water motion on a water stream in motion, providing a longer water motion capture system compared to past prior art of floating wheel on water. Also working on the long moving surface evenly provides the ability to optimize the water capturing shapes relative to water motion: calm, waterfall, rough water over rocks under water, etc.. . . This invention teaches longer or shorter chains and multiple sprockets on one chain can be shaped to a rough river between rocks, then flat and calm, circular motion, and other things like floating logs, bushes and trees can be adapted to from applying special adaptation shapes to triangle chain-link 401. A moving semitruck, bus, or train could have these tri- angle chain-links mounted to capture air on one side of the chain-link with wind blades that fold down (or fabric rollup) as the blades move against the wind on the opposite side of the chain-link rotating around sprockets. In other words, one straight side of chain-links captures wind, water, or any source, and the opposite side folds around triangle chain link 401, without force capturing or gravity pulling on the chain-links.

[000176] Hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine electric generator from the application of input gravitational forces from many liquid-units divided by turbine blades on a circle in motion rotating a turbine mechanism, converting many liq- uid-units in linear motion that tangentially engages a fraction of a 360-degree hydraulic turbine’s full circle rotating with zero-forces added after liquid-unit output from turbine. To boost the power -eneration each liquid-unit is filled in an elevated container wire roped around electric generators forcing circular motion many times from gravity forces of a liquid-unit falling.

[000177] FIG 20 illustrates tower 66 filled with liquid to be decomposed by an electrolyzer, e.g., when you electrolyze a liquid like water it splits into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen and be- comes a buoyant gas within a container, or each gas fills a separate container. Tower 66 is a cross sectional view 67 geometrically of top view 68 of cylinder wall 69. Top of cylinder wall 70 and bottom of cylinder wall 71 is relative to the height of tower 66 providing a liquid filled tower 66 to electrolyze the liquid at the bottom of the tower 66 to fill buoyant containers 76 and 77 to force up a wire rope to rotate electric generator 72 around center axis 73. Belt, chain, or wire rope 74/75 rotat- ing rotors 72 and 79 being force up 74 to rotating disk 79 and then back down in direction 75 from forces provided by buoyant gas filled containers 76 and 77 that are forced up to top 70 of tower 66 by buoyancy and then return to electrolysis device 80 along bidirectional arrow 78. Electrolyzer 80 has a positive and negative electrode to decompose liquids filling tower 88. An optional linear gen- erator has buoyancy lifting 87 up to top 70 in gas emptying location 88 moving bidirectionally 78 into a cycle to force an electric generator element 87 up within linear generator stator 86 with elec- trodynamic elements required in a linear generator. Basis of generating buoyancy is electrolysis of fluid filling tower 66 to provide buoyant gases 76 and 77 within the fluid 66. for electrolysis a tower for Power Generation from electrolysis within a fluid (e.g., water, petroleum, gas. . .) filled tower is the passing of a direct electric current through an electrolyte producing chemical reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the materials into a container (or separate gases into more than one container), inflatable, or light weight container, where gases within the container become buoyant within a liquid or denser gas and force up the container forcing a linear, rotational, or any pathway of motion to generate electricity from an electric generator stator and rotor type electrody- namic relationship. Permanent magnets or conductive coil windings can provide the electric power generator. A permanent magnet fixed to a buoyant container can pass by copper coil windings to generate electricity, or an electric controller can manage sets of conductive windings to cycle mag- netic dynamics for electric power generation. Buoyancy of an object moving opposite the center of gravity or away from relative forces is designed to pull a rotational generator around in circular mo- tion from a cable (e.g., belt, rope, chain. . .) motion, same type of rotating components moving linear relative to each other, and any other pathway. In summary if electrolysis is installed within the bot- tom of a tower of liquid, like water, the electrolyte producing chemical reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the materials into lighter weight gases filling a buoyant container at the bot- tom of the liquid filled tower, so buoyancy of gas’ forces converts mechanical motions into electric energy at any mechanical or nanotechnology nanometer level where buoyancy forces occur. Provid- ing electrical power to nanoscale devices, where elements are measured in billionths of a meter re- quires buoyancy to make power on a minuscule scale. Energy sources are needed for sensor sys- tems, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), personal electronics, and nanorobotics. Nanogener- ator nanowires must generate electricity simultaneously and continuously, so all electricity can be collected and distributed. Uniform arrays of Zinc oxide nanowires that all produce electricity can have their working life extended by the electrolysis chemical process providing a lifetime of service life to nano-generators. Prior art devices failing was likely the packaging technology for assembling the top electrode and the nanowire arrays. If the electrode presses on the nanowires too firmly, for example from gravity, no current will be generated, so the buoyancy forces lifting the nanowires electrodes eliminates the malfunction of electrode’s gravitational pressure on the nanowires. The height of the fluid filled tower (water tank, liquid tank, or gas tank) housing the whole system is rel- ative to the electric power generation required to fill another buoyant container for sequential cycles of buoyancy generated from electricity provided from motion time period of buoyant container from bottom to top of the tower (fluid tank) housing. The exact size of the tank (tower) can vary greatly, including any natural liquid filled: hydroelectric dam, ocean water, lake, river, etc. can be provided an electrolyzer towards the bottom to decompose liquid for a buoyant source of gas taught in this invention as a force of motion for electric generators. Material expansion and compression of a buoyant back can be a piezoelectric source too to add electric power to the system. Fuel cells can generate electricity by combining the electrolysis source of decomposed buoyant gases back into the original liquid, or desalination can be provided as an optional use of the electrolysis process to pro- vide safe drinking water. An independent force of any type (electrical, mechanical, thermal, etc.) has to be applied to initiate the electrolysis process time period required to continuously operate electrol- ysis from the capacity of a buoyant container and the distance up to top of cycle, after initiating the motion of a buoyant container engineered to be high enough to generate enough buoyant gas to force an electric power generator into motion up and down continuously.

[000178] FIG 29 illustrates carbon fiber monolith with carbon nanotubes grown onto the monolith 800. In the fabrication process carbon fiber 801 and 802 are bonded together electrically and physi- cally at bond 803 providing one carbon fiber monolith to grow carbon nanotubes 804 onto, which are illustrated as straight but randomly start growing on all surfaces of the carbon fibers 801 and 802. Carbon monolith 800 can have any number of carbon fibers 801 and 802 in many lengths and angles all bonded together into one monolith, then carbon nanotubes grown onto the carbon fiber start out at so many location, so line of carbon nanotubes is just for illustrating relationship but real life pictures show so many nanotubes all over the monolith bonded together with space for gases, water, liquids, molecules, energy waves, etc. carbon nanotubes are terminated with cobalt, iron, nickel, etc. so a process can be applied to extract the end of those elements opening up the nanotube to water and other gases within the nanotube, which provides hydrophilic nanotubes grown and bonded to carbon fiber monolith. Electrolyzer is a device that utilizes electricity to break down water into oxygen and hydrogen through a process called electrolysis. The device comprises a cathode, an anode, and a membrane. The system creates hydrogen gas through the process of electrolysis. FIG 21 illustrates an example of an electrolyzer device 80 in closeup detail two tubes 82 and 83 con- nected together by liquid intake upside-down “T” partition 81 (e.g., salt bridge) providing new fluid between electrodes 84 and 85 at the bottom within the electrolyzer container with internal electrodes 84 and 85 externally wired to external power source through wiring 86 to electrode 84 and wiring 87 to electrode 85. During electrolysis buoyant gas 76 travels up to top from positive electrode 84 and buoyant gas 77 travels up to top from negative electrode 85. Illustrated in a top view of a quadrupole option a distribution of electric charge or magnetization consisting of four equal monopoles, or two equal dipoles, arranged close together with alternating polarity and operating as a unit, positive elec- trodes 84 in 180-degree angle in opposing corners of a square 88 relative to negative electrodes 85 in 180-degree angle in opposing corners of a square 88 and each positive and negative set of two poles are 90-degree angles relative to each other. A greater electrolysis rate of liquid to buoyant gas can be provided from quadrupole 88, including within the electrodynamics chemistry can be divided up into a location within the square quadrupole 88 area because of electrodynamics like a Space So- lar system relative to predictable planets but in this case predictable atoms within different regions. Electrodes can be carbon fiber monolith comprised of carbon fibers stacked, so gas pathways are spaced for liquids to potentially contact all fiber surfaces, which have the option of growing nanotubes (e.g., carbon) by vapor deposition onto the larger carbon fiber monolith, including removing nanotube termination metals at ends: nickel, iron, and cobalt, (into a hydrophilic nanocarbon tube) as an example of a high surface area single monolithic carbon electrode filled with liquid during de- composition. [000179] The main components required to achieve electrolysis are an electrolyte, electrodes, and an external power source. A partition (e.g. an ion-exchange membrane or a salt bridge) is optional to keep the products from diffusing to the vicinity of the opposite electrode.

[000180] The electrolyte is a chemical substance which contains free ions and carries electric cur- rent (e.g. an ion-conducting polymer, solution, or a ionic liquid compound). If the ions are not mo- bile, as in most solid salts, then electrolysis cannot occur. A liquid electrolyte is produced by: Solva- tion or reaction of an ionic compound with a solvent (such as water) to produce mobile ions. An ionic compound melted by heating.

[000181] The electrodes are immersed separated by a distance such that a current flows between them through the electrolyte and are connected to the power source which completes the electrical circuit. A direct current supplied by the power source drives the reaction causing ions in the electro- lyte to be attracted toward the respective oppositely charged electrode.

[000182] Electrodes of metal, graphite and semiconductor material are widely used. Choice of suit- able electrode depends on chemical reactivity between the electrode and electrolyte and manufactur- ing cost. Historically, when non-reactive anodes were desired for electrolysis, graphite (called plum- bago in Faraday's time) or platinum were chosen. They were found to be some of the least reactive materials for anodes. Platinum erodes very slowly compared to other materials, and graphite crum- bles and can produce carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions but otherwise does not participate in the reaction. Cathodes may be made of the same material, or they may be made from a more reactive one since anode wear is greater due to oxidation at the anode.

[000183] Process of electrolysis: The key process of electrolysis is the interchange of atoms and ions by the removal or addition of electrons due to the applied current. The desired products of elec- trolysis are often in a different physical state from the electrolyte and can be removed by physical processes (e.g. by collecting gas above an electrode or precipitating a product out of the electrolyte). [000184] The quantity of the products is proportional to the current, and when two or more electro- lytic cells are connected in series to the same power source, the products produced in the cells are proportional to their equivalent weight. These are known as Faraday's laws of electrolysis.

[000185] Each electrode attracts ions that are of the opposite charge. Positively charged ions (cati- ons) move towards the electron-providing (negative) cathode. Negatively charged ions (anions) move towards the electron-extracting (positive) anode. In this process electrons are effectively introduced at the cathode as a reactant and removed at the anode as a product. In chemistry, the loss of electrons is called oxidation, while electron gain is called reduction.

[000186] When neutral atoms or molecules, such as those on the surface of an electrode, gain or lose electrons they become ions and may dissolve in the electrolyte and react with other ions.

[000187] When ions gain or lose electrons and become neutral, they will form compounds that separate from the electrolyte. Positive metal ions like Cu2+ deposit onto the cathode in a layer. The terms for this are electroplating, electrowinning, and electrorefining.

[000188] When an ion gains or loses electrons without becoming neutral, its electronic charge is altered in the process.

[000189] For example, the electrolysis of brine produces hydrogen and chlorine gases which bub- ble from the electrolyte and are collected. The initial overall reaction is thus:

[000190]

[000191] The reaction at the anode results in chlorine gas from chlorine ions:

[000192]

[000193] The reaction at the cathode results in hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions:

[000194]

[000195] Without a partition between the electrodes, the OH ions produced at the cathode are free to diffuse throughout the electrolyte to the anode. As the electrolyte becomes more basic due to the production of OH-, less Cl₂ emerges from the solution as it begins to react with the hydroxide pro- ducing hypochlorite at the anode:

[000196]

[000197] The more opportunity the Ch has to interact with NaOH in the solution, the less Cl₂ emerges at the surface of the solution and the faster the production of hypochlorite progresses. This depends on factors such as solution temperature, the amount of time the Cl₂ molecule is in con- tact with the solution, and concentration of NaOH.

[000198] Likewise, as hypochlorite increases in concentration, chlorates are produced from them:

[000199] Other reactions occur, such as the self-ionization of water and the decomposition of hy- pochlorite at the cathode, the rate of the latter depends on factors such as diffusion and the surface area of the cathode in contact with the electrolyte.

[000200] Decomposition potential

[000201] Decomposition potential or decomposition voltage refers to the minimum voltage (differ- ence in electrode potential) between anode and cathode of an electrolytic cell that is needed for elec- trolysis to occur.

[000202] The voltage at which electrolysis is thermodynamically preferred is the difference of the electrode potentials as calculated using the Nernst equation. Applying additional voltage, referred to as overpotential, can increase the rate of reaction and is often needed above the thermodynamic value. It is especially necessary for electrolysis reactions involving gases, such as oxygen, hydro- gen or chlorine.

[000203] Oxidation and reduction at the electrodes

[000204] Oxidation of ions or neutral molecules occurs at the anode. For example, it is possible to oxidize ferrous ions to ferric ions at the anode:

[000205] Fe²⁺

[000206]

[000207]

[000208] Reduction of ions or neutral molecules occurs at the cathode. It is possible to reduce fer- ricyanide ions to ferrocyanide ions at the cathode:

[000209]

[000210]

[000211]

[000212] Neutral molecules can also react at either of the electrodes. For example: p-Benzoqui- none can be reduced to hydroquinone at the cathode:

[000213] In the last example, H⁺ ions (hydrogen ions) also take part in the reaction and are pro- vided by the acid in the solution, or by the solvent itself (water, methanol, etc.). Electrolysis reactions involving H⁺ ions are fairly common in acidic solutions. In aqueous alkaline solutions, re- actions involving OH- (hydroxide ions) are common.

[000214] Sometimes the solvents themselves (usually water) are oxidized or reduced at the elec- trodes. It is even possible to have electrolysis involving gases, e.g. by using a gas diffusion elec- trode.

[000215] Energy changes during electrolysis

[000216] The amount of electrical energy that must be added equals the change in Gibbs free en- ergy of the reaction plus the losses in the system. The losses can (in theory') be arbitrarily close to zero, so the maximum thermodynamic efficiency equals the enthalpy change divided by the free en- ergy change of the reaction. In most cases, the electric input is larger than the enthalpy change of the reaction, so some energy is released in the form of heat. In some cases, for instance, in the electroly- sis of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperature, the opposite is true and heat energy is absorbed. This heat is absorbed from the surroundings, and the heating value of the produced hydro- gen is higher than the electric input.

[000217] Variations

[000218] Pulsating current results in products different from DC. For example, pulsing increases the ratio of ozone to oxygen produced at the anode in the electrolysis of an aqueous acidic solution such as dilute sulphuric acid. Electrolysis of ethanol with pulsed current evolves an aldehyde instead of primarily an acid.

[000219] Related technique

[000220] The following techniques are related to electrolysis:

[000221] Electrochemical cells, including the hydrogen fuel cell, use differences in Standard elec- trode potential to generate an electrical potential that provides useful power. Though related to the interaction of ions and electrodes, electrolysis and the operation of electrochemical cells are quite distinct. However, a chemical cell should not be seen as performing electrolysis in reverse.

[000222] Electrometallurgy of aluminium, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and in some cases copper.

[000223] Production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide, called the Chloralkali process. [000224] Production of sodium chlorate and potassium chlorate. Production of perfluorinated or- ganic compounds such as trifluoroacetic acid by the process of electrofluorination.

[000225] Purifying copper from refined copper.

[000226] Production of fuels such as hydrogen for spacecraft and nuclear submarines.

[000227] Rust removal and cleaning of old coins and other metallic objects.

[000228] In manufacturing processes, electrolysis can be used for: Electroplating, where a thin film of metal is deposited over a substrate material. Electroplating is used in many industries for ei- ther functional or decorative purposes, as in-vehicle bodies, and nickel coins. Electrochemical ma- chining (ECM), where an electrolytic cathode is used as a shaped tool for removing material by an- odic oxidation from a workpiece. ECM is often used as a technique for deburring or for etching metal surfaces like tools or knives with a permanent mark or logo.

[000229] Competing half-reactions in solution electrolysis: Using a cell containing inert platinum electrodes, electrolysis of aqueous solutions of some salts leads to the reduction of the cations (e.g., metal deposition with, e.g., zinc salts) and oxidation of the anions (e.g. evolution of bromine with bromides). However, with salts of some metals (e.g. sodium ) hydrogen is evolved at the cathode, and for salts containing some anions (e.g. sulfate SO₄ ²- ) oxygen is evolved at the anode. In both cases, this is due to water being reduced to form hydrogen or oxidized to form oxygen. In principle, the voltage required to electrolyze a salt solution can be derived from the standard electrode poten- tial for the reactions at the anode and cathode. The standard electrode potential is directly related to the Gibbs free energy, AG, for the reactions at each electrode and refers to an electrode with no cur- rent flowing. An extract from the table of standard electrode potentials is shown below.

[000230] In terms of electrolysis, this table should be interpreted as follows:

[000231] Moving down the table, E° becomes more positive, and species on the left are more likely to be reduced: for example, zinc ions are more likely to be reduced to zinc metal than sodium ions are to be reduced to sodium metal. Moving up the table, E° becomes more negative, and species on the right, are more likely to be oxidized: for example, sodium metal is more likely to be oxidized to sodium ions than zinc metal is to be oxidized to zinc ions.

[000232] Using the Nemst equation, the electrode potential can be calculated for a specific concen- tration of ions, temperature and the number of electrons involved. For pure water (pH 7):

[000233] the electrode potential for the reduction producing hydrogen is -0.41 V

[000234] the electrode potential for the oxidation producing oxygen is +0.82 V.

[000235] Comparable figures calculated in a similar way, for IM zinc bromide, ZnBr², are -0.76

V for the reduction to Zn metal and +1.10 V for the oxidation producing bromine. The conclusion from these figures is that hydrogen should be produced at the cathode and oxygen at the anode from the electrolysis of water — which is at variance with the experimental observation that zinc metal is deposited and bromine is produced. The explanation is that these calculated potentials only indicate the thermodynamically preferred reaction. In practice, many other factors have to be taken into ac- count such as the kinetics of some of the reaction steps involved. These factors together mean that a higher potential is required for the reduction and oxidation of water than predicted, and these are termed overpotentials. Experimentally it is known that overpotentials depend on the design of the cell and the nature of the electrodes.

[000236] F or the electrolysis of a neutral (pH 7) sodium chloride solution, the reduction of sodium ion is thermodynamically very difficult, and water is reduced evolving hydrogen leaving hydroxide ions in solution. At the anode the oxidation of chlorine is observed rather than the oxidation of water since the overpotential for the oxidation of chloride to chlorine is lower than the overpotential for the oxidation of water to oxygen. The hydroxide ions and dissolved chlorine gas react further to form hypochlorous acid. The aqueous solutions resulting from this process is called electrolyzed wa- ter and is used as a disinfectant and cleaning agent.

[000237] Research trends of Electrolysis of carbon dioxide Main article: Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide: The electrochemical reduction or electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 can produce value-added chemicals such methane, ethylene, ethanol, etc. The electrolysis of carbon dioxide gives formate or carbon monoxide, but sometimes more elaborate organic compounds such as ethylene. This technology is under research as a carbon-neutral route to organic compounds. Electrolysis of acidified water Main article: Electrolysis of water Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxy- gen in a ratio of 2 to 1 respectively.

[000238] 2 H₂O(1) --> 2 H₂(g) + O₂(g); E_o - +1.229 V

[000239] The energy efficiency of water electrolysis varies widely. The efficiency of an electro- lyzer is a measure of the enthalpy contained in the hydrogen (to undergo combustion with oxygen or some other later reaction), compared with the input electrical energy. Heat/enthalpy values for hy- drogen are well published in science and engineering texts, as 144 MJ/kg. Note that fuel cells (not electrolyzers) cannot use this full amount of heat/enthalpy, which has led to some confusion when calculating efficiency values for both types of technology. In the reaction, some energy is lost as heat. Some reports quote efficiencies between 50% and 70% for alkaline electrolyzes; however, much higher practical efficiencies are available with the use of polymer electrolyte membrane elec- trolysis and catalytic technology, such as 95% efficiency.

[000240] The National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimated that 1 kg of hydrogen (roughly equivalent to 3 kg, or 4 L, of petroleum in energy terms) could be produced by wind powered elec- trolysis for between $5.55 in the near term and $2.27 in the long term. [000241] About 4% of hydrogen gas produced worldwide is generated by electrolysis, and nor- mally used onsite. Hydrogen is used for the creation of ammonia for fertilizer via the Haber process, and converting heavy petroleum sources to lighter fractions via hydrocracking. Recently, onsite electrolysis has been utilized to capture hydrogen for hydrogen fuel-cells in hydrogen vehicles.

[000242] Carbon/hydrocarbon assisted water electrolysis Main article: Hydrogen production: Re- cently, to reduce the energy input, the utilization of carbon (coal), alcohols (hydrocarbon solution), and organic solution (glycerol, formic acid, ethylene glycol, etc.) with co-electrolysis of water has been proposed as a viable option. The carbon/hydrocarbon assisted water electrolysis (so-called CAWE) process for hydrogen generation would perform this operation in a single electrochemical reactor. This system energy balance can be required only around 40% electric input with 60% com- ing from the chemical energy of carbon or hydrocarbon. This process utilizes solid coal/carbon par- -icles or powder as fuels dispersed in acid/alkaline electrolyte in the form of slurry and the carbon contained source co-assist in the electrolysis process as following theoretical overall reactions:

[000243] Carbon/Coal slurry' (C + 2H₂O) -> CO2 + 2H₂ E' = 0.21 V (reversible voltage) / E' = 0.46 V (thermo-neutral voltage)

[000244] Or

[000245] Carbon/Coal slurry (C + H >() ) -> CO + H₂ E' == 0.52 V (reversible voltage) / E' === 0.91 V (thermo-neutral voltage)

[000246] Thus, this CAWE approach is that, the actual cell overpotential can be significantly reduced to below 1 V as compared to 1.5 V for conventional water electrolysis.

[000247] Electro crystallization is a specialized application of electrolysis involves the growth of conductive crystals on one of the electrodes from oxidized or reduced species that are generated in situ. The technique has been used to obtain single crystals of low-dimensional electrical conductors, such as charge-transfer salts and linear chain compounds.

[000248] Design aspects

[000249] Energy consumption

[000250] The energy consumption of the desalination process depends on the salinity of the water. Brackish water desalination requires less energy than the seawater desalination. Energy consumption of seawater desalination has reached as low as 3 kWh/m³ including pre-filtering and ancillaries, similar to the energy consumption of other fresh water supplies transported over large distances, but much higher than local fresh water supplies that use 0.2 kWh/m³ or less.

[000251] A minimum energy consumption for seawater desalination of around 1 kWh/m³ has been determined, excluding prefiltering and intake/outfall pumping. Under 2 kWh/m³ has been achieved with reverse osmosis membrane technology, leaving limited scope for further energy reductions as the reverse osmosis energy consumption in the 1970s was 16 kWh/m³.

[000252] Supplying all US domestic water by desalination would increase domestic energy con- sumption by around 10%, about the amount of energy used by domestic refrigerators. Domestic con- sumption is a relatively small fraction of the total water usage.

[000253] Desalination methods can utilize either thermal processes (involving heat transfer and a phase change) or membrane processes (using thin sheets of synthetic semipermeable materials to separate water from dissolved salt). Multistage flash distillation is a thermal process for desalting relatively large quantities of seawater. Based on the fact that the boiling temperature of water is low- ered as air pressure drops, this process is carried out in a series of closed tanks (stages) set at pro- gressively lower pressures. When preheated seawater enters the first stage, some of it rapidly boils (flashes), forming vapor that is condensed into fresh water on heat-exchange tubes. Fresh water is collected in trays as the remaining seawater flows into the next stage, where it also flashes, and the process is continued. One of the largest of these systems, located in Al-Jubayl, Saudi Arabia, can produce more than 750 million liters (200 million gallons) of desalted water per day.

[000254] This invention teaches a desalination method by inserting membrane processes (using thin sheets of synthetic semipermeable materials to separate water from dissolved salt) within the Scotch Yoke mechanism, disclosed in this invention, providing a piston reciprocating within a cylin- der for pressure increases against the sheets of synthetic semipermeable materials to separate water from dissolved salt, including providing a vacuumed phase when the piston reciprocates away from the top dead center of the reciprocating cycle. The same system generating electricity can be con- verted to a

[000255] In small communities where salt water and intense sunlight are both abundant, a simple thermal process called solar humidification can be used. The heat of the Sun partially vaporizes salt water under a transparent cover. On the underside of the cover, the vapor condenses and flows into a collecting trough. The principal difficulty in this process is that large land areas are required, and en- ergy is needed for pumping the water. Another thermal process makes use of the fact that, when salt water is frozen, the ice crystals contain no salt. In practice, however, objectionable amounts of salt water remain trapped between the crystals, and the amount of fresh water needed to wash the salt water away is comparable to the amount of fresh water produced by melting the crystals.

[000256] Membrane processes for desalting include reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Of the two, reverse osmosis is the more widely used, particularly for desalting brackish waters from inland seas. The salt content of brackish inland water, though undesirable, is considerably below that of seawater. Electrodialysis uses electrical potential to drive the positive and negative ions of dissolved salts through separate semipermeable synthetic membrane filters. This process leaves fresh water between the filters. In reverse osmosis salt water is forced against the membranes under high pres- sure; fresh water passes through while the concentrated mineral salts remain behind. To conserve space, the membranes are packaged in multiple layers in a collection of long tubes. One of the larg- est reverse-osmosis desalination plants now in operation is located in Sorek, Israel, and can produce some 627,000 cubic meters (22 million cubic feet) of desalted water per day.

[000257] FIG 22 illustrates a hexagonal tube assembled from offsetting one of six hexagon’s end points to the center of hexagon assembled to, including the closets to triangular end points to each of the two overlapping hexagons. Towers filled with fluids can be assembled from offset hexagon as- semblies providing the option of increasing or decreasing the height of a tower full of liquid or a pipe, tube, etc.

[000258] This invention teaches that any chemical refining plant with many methods of decompo- sition and chemical reactions can be buoyant, gravity, and pressure differences for mechanical force motion to generate electricity, like a petroleum refining factory, can be converted to buoyant genera- tion from the lifting forces of containers filled with gases withing liquids (e.g., crude oil), including liquid filled containers with gravity forces pulling down a wire rope pulling around an electric gen- erator to generate electricity. A container can be defined as a liquid within a pipe forcing the electric generator into rotational, linear, or any pathway. An example of other methods that can be integrated into this invention: Solar reflective mirrors can focus sunlight onto a fluid filled pipe to convert wa- ter into steam vapor for buoyancy lift, where the opposite can provide fluid to a freezing environ- ment to provide ice blocks to pull a generator down, which includes providing a variety of fixed containers (or break up natural ice) in warm weather season to fill full of liquid water for future freezing to schedule release of each container to gravity generator sets when electric utility grid re- quires more or less power. Under water molten lava (e.g., volcano lava) generating buoyant steam and other gases from earth’s surface covered by water provides a buoyancy source to capture within a container taught in this invention to generate lift forces to motion in electric generators for electric energy. A motor vehicle can drive on top of an air-filled compressible container providing an air source at the bottom of a fluid filled tank to inflate as a buoyant container for electric generation taught in this invention. Gas generated from volcanoes lava, eruptions or other thermal sources like nuclear thermal energy under water (oceans, lakes, etc.) can have gases or steam captured in a buoyant container to force an electric generator into motion. Wind power can also force an air com- pressor source to pump air into a buoyant container within the bottom of liquid for a force source for electric power generation. Any tower, tank, pipe, etc. described in this invention can be a natural ocean, lake, sea, river, or any natural structure, so items like liquid filled towers providing a poten- tial buoyancy generator can be just a hydroelectric dam, tower, tank, etc. because this invention teaches buoyancy provides lift forces connected to a mechanical motion from bottom to top of any liquid anywhere. Electrolysis can convert liquid (e.g., water) into Hydrogen and Oxygen buoyant gases to fill a balloon to fly through the air as a transportation device, including using the gases in a fuel cell that converts liquids into electric energy to provide electric energy for electric motors or combust the gas in piston or turbine to drive through the atmosphere. Electrolyze gas sources can also be applied as fuel within automobiles traveling, or other power generators. A tower filled with water for example could be in a closed loop system, providing a buoyant lift force high enough to generate enough electricity to decompose the next buoyant gas source within the liquid to keep a continuous lift force in action moving a generator, so the Hydrogen and Oxygen of water can be converted back into water after reaching the top of the fluid providing water over time without add- ing outside water within a closed system. Water is just an example.

[000259]

[000260] FIG 23 is a piezoelectric rotating tire for generating electricity by providing an array of piezoelectric wafers that produce electric current when deformed by mechanical deformation. Exam- ple, if a curved wafer is pushed in the center by the deformation of an automobile tire in contact with a road, the wafer will be pushed in the opposite direction of the curve generating electricity from one wafer of a set of wafers arrayed around 360-degrees around the center of the air inflated tire.

[000261] FIG 23 illustrates an air inflated road tire 500 rolling on the ground 503 (road) temporar- ily compressing the outer flexible tire 504, the part of a tire that touches the ground 503. According to NASA, the potential of piezoelectric ceramics as actuators and sensors has been widely documented in applications ranging from aerospace to biomedical. One of the areas that incorporates the use of these materials at NASA LaRC is the area of active noise and vibration control. In NASA applications, the targeted fundamental frequency is between 50-100Hz, with the next higher modes ranging up to 400-600Hz. These are higher frequencies than in structural or aeroelasticity control because of the pressurized or pre-loaded aircraft cabin/fuselages in aerospace. Practical limitations such as acceptable excitation voltages, mechanical durability, coupling to the control structure and control system complexity and stability are driving research for sensor and actuator improvement. A critical issue that arises when using surface mounted transducers is the piezoelectric power con- sumption necessary to drive them. Applications are found to depend upon the electrical characteris- tics of the PZT transducers, namely the capacitive and resistive behavior of the actuator, which in turn affect their power consumption characteristics. This invention teaches the generation of elec- tricity from sensor motion which can have a vibration system added to a tire in response to tire con- tact to the ground during rotation, so this invention teaches a vibration generator from mechanical motion will provide more electric generation, The pattern of raised lines on the surface of a tire are called the treads, which can make a mark on the road when it rolls over the ground 503. Tire get compressed temporarily into a flat zone 504 because a gas 502 filled tire 501 has a flat zone 504 that compresses the tire gas 502. This invention teaches inserting an array of circle-arc wafers 512 ori- ented relative to the outer tire diameter and the compression zone 504 providing electric power gen- eration when the piezoelectric wafer 512 is bent out of the neutral shape of a circle. Wafer 512 in position 507 is being compress around center point on triangle's 511 arrayed around in a full circle between the road 503 and the tire 500 in compression zone 504. Wafer 512 in position 508 is com- pressed into a reverse dimension and then position 509 wafer 512 is returning to a neutral position. Electricity is generated when wafer 512 circle arc is forced into a reverse position at 508. Section 510 is a close up view 510 is provided with the same components displayed. Tires can be mixed with fluids and gas but still provide a compression zone 504 to physically bend the wafer 512 in po- sition 508. These tires do not add resistance to the rotation of the tire 500 but the normal flexible zone is positioned to bend a wafer for electrical power generation. Wiring to connect the wafers out- side the tire can be a brush on a conductor, bolts 506 can be insulated and separate electric circuits to transfer electric power, and mounting contact between the tire and rim of tire 500 can provide the circuit. Wafers can be engineered into any shape for bending motion, so this FIG 23 is an example how a wheel rotating on anything from automobiles to the containers in this invention can become the electric energy generators from gravity or buoyancy.

[000262] FIGS 24 through 27 illustrates a Puncture proof “airless” tire system 600 with individual compression elements 601 made from a plastic matrix laced with glass fibers that provide a flexible outer layer with a stiffer inner one that are immune to the punctures that render many useless. In an- other alternate tire bike tires that need no air are made from NASA’s Rover Tech -Tire 600 rotates either directions 604 frontwards or backwards around axis 605 with a Flat-Zone 602 between road and axis 605 on tire section 606 providing compression, bending, of 601 and 603

[000263] FIG 25 illustrates 601 arrays of full length before entering compression -zone 606 where 603 is compressed at a maximum vertical to the road’s flat-zone 606. Piezoelectric wafer arrayed (72-time but infinite variable based on application’s weight, soze, speed, terrestrial surface (), etc.) within an airless tire to when a tire compression zone occurs a piezoelectric wafer bends and gener- ates electricity. Each Piezoelectric wafer within all 72 flexible structures can be any type of Piezoe- lectric wafer, even integrated during manufactured to bond the outer surfaces to Piezoelectric mate- rials of any type, including a rod or wires from woven wire metal flexible tires can pull very small Piezoelectric structures to generate electricity transferred through a concentric set of tubes (axe of wheel) providing electric insulation between two or more conductive circuits that connect Piezoelec- tric sources of electricity to the electronic devices batteries, capacitors, directly to the electric motor, or any methodology of applying electric energy generated from the Piezoelectric elements wired to- gether from the wheel to the electric system. Piezoelectric elements can be outside tire materials, sandwiched within bending materials that enter the flat-zone during rotation. Tire electric generators device in tire circuit can be stationary brushes connected to a rotating circuit to transfer the electric current like standard brush connected rotating electric motors.

[000264] FIG 25 illustrates FIG 24 airless tire’s 600 flat-zone 606 of tires piezoelectric wafer 601 arrayed. FIG 26 illustrates FIGS 24 and 25 airless tire’s flat zone of tires piezoelectric wafer; and FIG 27 illustrates a piezoelectric wafer arrayed within an inflated tire to when a tire compression zone 606 occurs, a piezoelectric wafer 601 (could be non-wafer Piezoelectric elements) bends sort- ing length 603 and generates electricity.

[000265] Bike Tires made from NASA Rover Technology (The Perseverance Rover Wheels) need no air are made from space-age tires that don’t go flat. Materials: Made of aluminum, with cleats for traction and curved titanium spokes for springy support, which can be woven together into an airless tire equivalent in shape to a conventional air inflated tire appearance but are woven flexible spokes that this invention teaches can be stressing piezoelectric elements shaped to adapt to the woven ele- ments being force by bending as rotted around onto the flat-zone between terrestrial (road) ground and mobility device like an automobile, bike, industrial wheeled equipment, etc.. NASA Rover tire Size 52.5 centimeters (20.7-inches) in diameter Other One full turn of the wheels with no slippage drives the rover 1.65 meters (65-inches) for example but tires can have an infinite number of dimen- sions for unlimited applications this invention teaches the elements of ANY tires bending during use can generate electricity. In NASA tires wire is woven together providing potential for Piezoelectric materials in motion from above-mentions system within inflated or airless tires, including applying the individual wire motion pulling and pushing Piezoelectric materials from wire stress motion. FIG 27 illustrates FIGS 24, 25, and 26 compressible material 601 rotated 601 into 180-degrees angle of rotation providing two sets of compressible elements 601 and 621 between the road and tire's outer surface next to road and inner surface. Point 622 on 601 ends up at location point 623.

[000266] Siphon water upwards by a siphon is a way to carry water uphill without the use of pumps. Provide a hose full of water with one end in a water source and the other end pouring out into a destination that is below the source. A combination of gravity and atmospheric pressure drives the water through the hose, even if parts of the hose take the water uphill which is key in this inven- tion for a source of water pulling an electric generator or a high-speed flywheel energy storage sys- tem. Water moving higher than the source and destination of water provides a gravity source for a fluid filled container taught in this invention to pull a generator from gravity. Fill one container with water and place it on the higher surface. Place the empty container on the lower surface. Put one end of the hose in the full water container. Fill the hose with water either by completely submerging it or by sucking water through it. Keep one end submerged and the other totally covered as you move the hose so that air doesn't get into the hose. Place the other end of the hose in the empty container. Wa- ter should immediately begin flowing through the hose and pouring into the container, regardless of how high any part of the hose is. Rest the center of the hose on an object higher than both contain- ers, leaving one end in each container. The water will continue to flow even though the rise in the center of the hose forces it to flow upward. Any fluid can be applied to provide a fluid filled con- tainer to pull a power generating device. Hydrophilic carbon monolith in FIGS 29 through 31 with carbon nanotubes can be applied to adsorb water up above the surface to optimize the Siphon, including adding Solar energy to the water filled carbon monolith to desorb water out higher than the surface of water source to generate electricity. Electric energy can be added to the carbon mono- lith to desorb the water for gravitational pulling forces on a generator. Heat cycle engines like steam engineer but solar desorption or electrical desorption to force a piston to reciprocate.

[000267] A hydraulic ram, or hydram, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower. It takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a por- tion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water origi- nally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.

[000268] Construction and principle of operation: A traditional hydraulic ram has only two mov- ing parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste" valve sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "de- livery" check valve, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable.

[000269] Priestly's Hydraulic Ram, described in detail in the 1947 Encyclopedia Britannica, has no moving parts. Sequence of operation in FIG 28 illustrates the basic components of a hydraulic ram: Inlet drive pipe 701, Free flow at waste valve 702, Outlet delivery pipe 703, Waste valve 704, Deliv- ery check valve 705, and Pressure vessel 706. A simplified hydraulic ram is shown in FIG 28. Ini- tially, the waste valve 704 is open (i.e. lowered) because of its own weight, and the delivery valve 705 is closed under the pressure caused by the water column from the outlet 703. The water in the inlet pipe 701 starts to flow under the force of gravity and picks up speed and kinetic energy until the increasing drag force lifts the waste valve's weight and closes it. The momentum of the water flow in the inlet pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a water hammer that raises the pres- sure in the pump beyond the pressure caused by the water column pressing down from the outlet. This pressure differential now opens the delivery valve 705 and forces some water to flow into the delivery pipe 703. Because this water is being forced uphill through the delivery pipe farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows; when the flow reverses, the delivery check valve 705 closes. Meanwhile, the water hammer from the closing of the waste valve also produces a pres- sure pulse which propagates back up the inlet pipe to the source where it converts to a suction pulse that propagates back down the inlet pipe. This suction pulse, with the weight or spring on the valve, pulls the waste valve back open and allows the process to begin again. Liquid (Water) 700 is pulled up to outlet 703 by gravity of siphon liquid 709 is pulling Liquid from pipe 703 siphoning liquid 709 down within tube 709 providing the option to fill container 707a to pull an electric generator down to bottom 708 emptying inlet back to direction 700 within 701 into recycle the same fluid (water or any liquid). Sensors control valves of container 707 to removed only enough water filled from si- phon. This invention teaches ratio of siphon 703 liquid is pulled up by liquid dropping down in 709 within a closed system relative to liquid leaking out or air vacuumed into he closed system illus- trated in FIG 28. Container 707a is filled based on sensors (or precalculated mechanical system) measuring water volume flowing through system in all critical locations influenced by changes when Container 707a is filled, valve shut, and then falls down to inlet 708 providing fluid back to system whether closed to water flow from source or open to water flow like a river (any liquid flow- ing source, not just water).

[000270] FIG. 28 Illustrates a vibrating Piezoelectric Wafer 650 with two vibration wafers 651 and 652 mounted on fixed center 650 providing a motion element 655 from a tire rotating relative to assembly 650 passing by a contact elemet that hits the ends of wafer 651 and 652 configured to Vi- brate at many frequencies, including ultrasonic vibration frequency

[000271] FIG. 31 Illustrates and array of poles 900 that are connected to rotating electric gen- erator 910 or the rotatin connection to an electric generator.

[000272] Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials — such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins — in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat.

[000273] The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoe- lectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the piezoelectric effect also exhibit the re- verse piezoelectric effect, the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field. For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectric- ity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in the production of ultrasound waves.

[000274] Tire company Goodyear has plans to develop an electricity generating tire which has piezoelectric material lined inside it. As the tire moves, it deforms and thus electricity is generated.

[000275] WIRED. 2015-03-12. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.

[000276] All piezo transducers have a fundamental resonant frequency and many harmonic fre- quencies. Piezo driven Drop-On-Demand fluid systems are sensitive to extra vibrations in the piezo structure that must be reduced or eliminated.

[000277] In this case, locating high traffic areas is critical for optimization of the energy har- vesting efficiency, as well as the orientation of the tile pavement significantly affects the total amount of the harvested energy. [66] A density flow evaluation is recommended to qualitatively evaluate the piezoelectric power harvesting potential of the considered area based on the number of pedestrian crossings per unit time. [67] In X. Li's study, the potential application of a commercial pi- ezoelectric energy harvester in a central hub building at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia is examined and discussed. Optimization of the piezoelectric tile deployment is presented according to the frequency of pedestrian mobility and a model is developed where 3.1% of the total floor area with the highest pedestrian mobility is paved with piezoelectric tiles. The modelling results indicate that the total annual energy harvesting potential for the proposed optimized tile pavement model is estimated at 1.1 MW h/year,

[000278] The present invention has been described in relation to a preferred embodiment and sev- eral alternative preferred embodiments. One of ordinary skill, after reading the foregoing specifica- tion, may be able to affect various other changes, alterations, and substitutions or equivalents thereof without departing from the concepts disclosed. It is therefore intended that the scope of the Letters Patent granted hereon be limited only by the definitions contained in the appended claims and equiv- alents thereof.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is: The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. In a Scotch Yoke apparatus (also known as slotted link mechanism) a reciprocat- ing motion mechanism, converts the linear motion directly coupled to a sliding Yoke, with a slot that engages a pin on the rotating part of a slider, into rotational motion, or vice versa, and the reciprocating part location versus time is simple harmonic motion, i.e., a sine-wave having constant amplitude and constant fre- quency, given a constant rotational speed, wherein the improvement comprises a water wave electric generator Scotch Yoke mechanism:

2. water waves moving under a floating structure connected to the reciprocating mo- tion mechanism converts the linear motion of a slider being lifted and lowered by a wave traveling under the float into rotational motion, or vice versa; and

3. a flywheel in rotational motion can engage the terrestrial surface of earth or a manmade friction track to rotate the electric generator in addition to the Scotch Yoke.

4. Water (liquid) handling power generation plant system apparatus (also known as Hydroelectricity mechanism) has hydroelectric power that comes from the poten- tial gravitational energy of dammed water in motion driving a water turbine elec- tric generator from the application of input gravitational forces from many liquid- units divided by turbine blades on a circle in motion rotating a turbine mecha- nism, converting many liquid-units in linear motion that tangentially engages a fraction of a 360-degree hydraulic turbine’s full circle rotating with zero-forces added after liquid-unit output from turbine, wherein the improvement to boost the power generation capabilities of a dam, comprises:

5. a mechanical structure that uses gravitational forces of each liquid-unit filled in a container system from a source at a high elevated point of liquid in motion from gravitational forces pulling electric generators around in circular motion many times with one liquid-unit pulling a wire rope down from top to bottom, and;

6. said container empties said liquid-unit at bottom for recycling to top for refill.

7. In an air buoyant apparatus (also known as float mechanism) a reciprocating mo- tion mechanism, converts the linear motion directly coupled to a sliding Yoke, with a slot that engages a pin on the rotating part of a slider, into rotational mo- tion, or vice versa, and the reciprocating part location versus time is simple har- monic motion, i.e., a sine-wave having constant amplitude and constant fre- quency, given a constant rotational speed, wherein the improvement comprises a water wave electric generator Scotch Yoke mechanism:

8. water waves moving under a floating structure connected to the reciprocating mo- tion mechanism converts the linear motion of a slider being lifted and lowered by a wave traveling under the float into rotational motion, or vice versa; and

9. a flywheel in rotational motion can engage the terrestrial surface of earth or a manmade friction track to rotate the electric generator in addition to the Scotch Yoke.

10. Siphon water upwards by a siphon is a way to carry water uphill without the use of pumps by provide a hose full of water with one end in a water source and the other end pouring out into a destination that is below the source wherein the im- provement comprises a water wave electric generator Scotch Yoke mechanism:

11. a combination of gravity and atmospheric pressure drives the water through a hose, even if parts of the hose take the water uphill; and

12. said water pulled uphill is a source of water pulling an electric generator or a high-speed flywheel energy storage system; and

13. said water moving higher than the source and destination of water provides a gravity source for a fluid filled container taught in this invention to pull a generator into motion from gravity of water moving from above source back down to source.

14. Siphon of device in claim 4, wherein said liquid fills one container with water and place it on the higher surface.

15. Siphon of device in claim 5, wherein said liquid is placed in the empty container on the lower surface by inserting one end of the hose in the full water container. a) Fill the hose with water either by completely submerging it or by sucking wa- ter through it; a. b) Keep one end submerged and the other totally covered as you move the hose so that air doesn't get into the hose; b. c) Place the other end of the hose in the empty container. Water should immediately begin flowing through the hose and pouring into the container, regardless of how high any part of the hose is; c. d) Rest the center of the hose on an object higher than both containers, leaving one end in each container; d. e) The water will continue to flow even though the rise in the center of the hose forces it to flow upward; e. f) Any fluid can be applied to provide a fluid filled container to pull a power generat- ing device. f. Hydrophilic carbon monolith in FIGS 32 through 35 with carbon nanotubes can be applied to adsorb water up above the surface to optimize the Siphon, including add- ing Solar energy to the water filled carbon monolith to desorb water out higher than the surface of water source to generate electricity. Electric energy can be added to the carbon monolith to desorb the water for gravitational pulling forces on a generator.

Heat cycle engines like steam engineer but solar desorption or electrical desorption to force a piston to reciprocate.

16. A hydraulic ram, or hydram, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower tak- ing in Liquid (water) at one hydraulic head (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate because the device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started, wherein the improvement comprises: i. a water siphon added to the outlet of fluid higher than the source; and ii. control valved fill a container full of fluid to force down a container connected to an electric generator; and iii. container empties at the bottom of the cycle releasing the liquid into the hydraulic ram inlet.

17. The hydraulic ram in accordance with claim 7 wherein containers filled with liq- uid add pressure to the pump to lift water higher than the source. A rotating tire apparatus for generating electricity by providing an array of piezo- electric wafers that produce electric current when deformed by mechanical defor- mation. Tire electric generators device in claim 9, wherein said curved Siphon of device in claim 4, wherein said liquid wafer is pushed in the center by the deformation of an automobile tire in contact with a road, the wafer will be pushed in the oppo- site direction of the curve generating electricity from one wafer of a set of wafers arrayed around 360-degrees around the center of the air inflated tire. Tire electric generators device in claim 9, wherein said piezoelectric circuit (wiring) is provided a concentric rotating axle with electrically conductive tubes rotating within separated by electric insulating tubes. Tire electric generators device in claim 9 wherein said tire circuit are stationary brushes connected to at rotating circuit to transfer the electric current like brush electric motors.