RU2150021C1 - Method and megawatt-capacity power-plant module for recovering energy of reusable sources (options) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: conversion of energy of wind-induced waves in water reservoirs. SUBSTANCE: rigid three-dimensional framework built up of similar-type modules is assembled from standard items; sets of floats are installed in several rows both along and perpendicular to operating shaft with one-way rotation clutches provided for each float; the latter are coupled with clutches through flexible links. Auxiliary shafts of transfer mechanisms of different modules are joined through gimbal transmissions. Power plant area, parameters and number of floats are found from formula derived as function of design capacity. Use is made of floats of two optimal shapes for two versions of suspension: on double-arm lever and on vertical section of link closed through four pulleys. Wind-power units, solar energy converters, industrial and dwelling buildings are installed on framework. Wave and wind energy is converted into rotary motion of shaft which transmits it through coupling mechanisms, dispensing boxes, and the like to drives of electric generators, pumps, vacuum distillation plants, reverse- osmosis demineralizing units, mills, etc. Primary electrical energy having unstable characteristics is used for heating steam, charging storage batteries, for feeding electrolyzers and producing hydrogen which is stored in tanks and used for internal-combustion engines driving other generator whose variables are regulated by means of feedback circuit. Pumps function to convey sea water to tanks above sea surface level and are used for hydroelectric power unit operating as pumped storage plant. The latter is mounted on hinged support or on piles, or on pontoons for regulating framework elevation relative to water surface level which is equipped with wheels for better maneuverability. EFFECT: improved efficiency, power capacity, and operating reliability. 25 cl, 14 dwg

Description

 The group of inventions relates to "small energy", mainly to the hydromotive, to the expansion, development and improvement of technical means and methods of effective use, that is, "disposal or use with good" (see Sov. Encycl. Dictionary. Ed. " Sov. Encycl., M., 1980, p. 1403) of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources - sea and ocean waves, wind and sun.

 Known methods for using these sources using wind turbines, solar panels (see ibid., P. 218 and p. 1250), as well as wave power plants (for example, US patent N 5359229, CL 290-53, 1994). The disadvantages of wind power plants include their noise, low power and instability, solar power plants occupy large areas and are also unstable. Wave installations favorably differ in that they do not occupy expensive plots of land in densely populated areas while at sea. However, having analyzed more than 1000 patents and copyright certificates for inventions on this topic, we can conclude that the wave energy in these projects is used irrationally, spending it not only on useful work, but also on the work of lifting the weight of the floats themselves. These losses are significant when evaluating profitability, when it is necessary to obtain large powers of the order of megawatts and the installations should occupy areas of the order of ha, and then one of the main issues is the metal consumption of the structure. The losses and dissipation of wave energy on the parts of the supports and floats immersed in water are also significant, and at the same production costs, the output power of the installation will be higher if the dissipation is less. The practical implementation of well-known wave power plant projects and, moreover, bringing their capacities to megawatts is unprofitable due to their low efficiency and high cost of materials and means, and especially because of the need for expensive underwater construction and installation works or because of the need to use expensive watercraft, as well as due to low reliability due to excessive complexity and many moving parts. Therefore, to date, wave installations have not been included in the category of practically used ones, and all over the world there are only a few prototypes.

 The closest analogue (prototype) of all variants of the "method" of the group of inventions is US patent N 4495424, 1985, class. 290-53, (F 03 B 13/12) - "Plant for Utilization of Wind and Waves". Although the object of this patent is a device, its description briefly lists very promising ideas containing the signs of a "method", the use of floating platforms with wind and wave power plants for the utilization of wind and waves for a number of production purposes, for example, for the desalination of sea water, as well as production and storage of hydrogen, in particular for powering hydrogen engines. The emphasis is on the original wind power installation, and the wave installation described here has the drawbacks listed above. So, it is proposed to use floats on pendulum arms to drive hydraulic pumps to rotate the hydrogenerator - here are complex long lines for sea water, and many piston pumps for each float, and a bulky and expensive tanker-type vessel. To implement this project is a very expensive pleasure already because of the need to manufacture corrosion-resistant lines and many pumps for sea water, not to mention the cost of a vessel such as a tanker.

 Analogues of devices used in all the claimed inventions of the group, you can recognize the patent of France N 2339071, 1977, cl. F 03 B 13/12, RF patent N 2049927, 1995, cl. F 03 B 13/18 and Aut. St. USSR N 1596125, 1990, class. F 03 B 13/12. In the first embodiment of the claimed "method" in a particular case using a device similar to that described in ed. St. USSR N 1617182, 1990, class. F 03 B 13/12. Common with the declared are such signs as the presence of supports, floats, flexible couplings, power take-off shafts with one-way rotation couplings. The closest analogue (prototype) of the claimed device can be considered US patent N 3911287, 1975, class. 290-53 (F 03 B 13/12). The disadvantages of the prototype and analogues include the use of heavy floats, since the weight of the float itself is used to perform work during wave decay. In addition, the overly complex suspension design of the floats and links makes it difficult to use dozens of floats in a large area with a single shaft drive, which is necessary to obtain significant power. These solutions can also not be considered cost-effective and able to solve serious problems of energy supply - this is a complex metal-intensive kinematics, and the use, in the prototype, of the circuit as a flexible connection in contact with sea water and therefore having a small resource of work.

 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION.

 The objective of this group of inventions is to obtain energy from renewable sources, primarily from sea waves, increase efficiency and increase power, to megawatts, and the reliability of wave power plants, as well as create on the basis of their simple and inexpensive prefabricated modular power plants using, as additional, and the energy of solar radiation and wind, and the creation on this base of various industries and residential complexes using not only electricity, but also the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft.

 A common technical result in the implementation of all variants of the inventions of this group, to the extent of their independent clauses, is the generation of useful energy from sea or ocean waves, i.e., the utilization (use) of their energy, which is converted into rotational energy of the power plant’s power take-off shaft consisting of the same type of modules. At the same time, according to the author, a higher efficiency is achieved compared to analogues, and the net power that can be taken from the specified shaft for disposal to the consumer can be megawatts and this is of industrial importance. Thus, the invention solves the problem.

The invention is illustrated by graphic material, where
FIG. 1 - wave installation unit with a float suspension on a two-arm lever;
FIG. 2 - installation unit with communication through the block;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the installation with the suspension of several floats on two shoulders levers in the form of a pulley segment;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 3 with floats in several rows (2 rows shown);
FIG. 5 is a side view of a wave installation with a suspension of floats on closed links;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a side view of the coastal version of the location of the installation with the suspension of the floats on two shoulders;
FIG. 8 is a plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a side view of a floating installation with suspension of floats on two-arm levers;
FIG. 10 is a diagram of a power plant with possible variations in its structure and various ways of utilizing wave energy and wind energy.

 FIG. 11 is a side view of the float of the most efficient form for the installation shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 12 - one-way rotation coupling on the shaft as a ratchet mechanism, with the connection on the drum;
FIG. 13 - gears of metal on a square shaft rotating in plain bearings in the form of a pair of rings;
FIG. 14 - desalination distillation vacuum installation driven by a power take-off shaft.

 The essence of the invention and the totality of distinguishing features that unite the group of inventions, variants of the proposed method for the disposal of renewable energy sources, as well as the claimed device, is to convert the energy of sea and ocean waves, as the main source, using many floats 1 (Fig. 1 - 9), installed in modular (i.e., of the same type) cells transparent for the passage of waves of a rigid volumetric power frame, flexible connections 2, in particular cases, steel or nylon cables, or chains, and t also clutch 14 of one-way rotation with drums 13, into low-speed energy, up to 500 rpm, of a rotating power take-off shaft 3 and then connected to this shaft through gears 4 containing clutch mechanisms, transfer boxes, gearboxes and adapters, various consumers energy using shaft torque for their work. Each float 1 corresponds to its own coupling 14, one or more, which, in special cases, are pulled together with pins into bags. As consumers they use electric generators 5, various pumps, desalination plants based on them, for example, vacuum distillation plants and reverse osmosis plants with 50-150 atm high pressure pumps, mills, crushers, etc. (Fig. 10). In special cases, on the frame of a power plant, which can occupy an area of 1-100 hectares or more on the surface of the water, both wind turbines and solar energy converters are installed, which complement each other and are used depending on weather conditions. To obtain total capacities from several modules of the power plant, in particular cases using cardan gears, or using couplings, secondary shafts 55 (or shafts of the third and next gear stages) connected from the power take-off shafts 3 of different modules are connected. This allows to reduce the metal consumption of the installation.

 Power plants are installed ashore on a hinged support 47 (Fig. 7), either on piles, or are afloat using unsinkable pontoons 6 and 48 (Fig. 9), while the minimum size of the frame of the power station, in order to avoid tipping and wave flooding, must be not less than 3 in length and width, and height - not less than 1.1 times greater than the maximum wave height characteristic of the exploitation area. Pontoons 6 and 48 are made of an elongated shape, for example, of steel pipes with welded ends, they are placed either in a horizontal position under water at a depth of 0.1-10 m, or in a vertical position, with adjustable partial immersion. The latter are immersed by force to a certain depth and thereby regulate the position of the waterline, i.e., the height of the platform relative to the water level. Then the vertical pontoons 6 are fixed relative to the frame, with a lock, because this is a very critical site. In particular, the vertical pontoons 6 are made up of cylinders of different diameters — small (compared to the sizes of floats 1) in the near-surface layer of water with a thickness of 1-10 m, and large diameters - at a greater depth (Fig. 9). This form of the pontoons 6, as the supporting component of the carcass, is preferable to increase the transparency of the carcass for transmitted waves, i.e., to reduce their effect on the waves, causing loss and dissipation of their energy. This is most optimal, since supporting the frame without pontoons 6 and 48 at all, although it is more profitable in terms of reducing energy losses, is hardly possible (except with the help of balloons or airships, but it is too difficult to do due to wind loads) . Horizontal pontoons 48 are placed underwater at a depth of 1-10 m using racks, and their total displacement is made equal to an accuracy of 50% of the sum of their weights and the platform. The position of the waterline is also regulated by filling the ballast tanks with water on the platform.

 To prevent flooding of the installation due to breakdowns and leaks, in special cases, the internal volumes of floats 1 and pontoons 6 and 48 are filled with moisture-resistant, moisture-proof, porous, gas-filled synthetic materials, for example, foams or polyurethanes. The total volume of all pontoons 6 and 48, in cubic meters, is 1.1-5 times greater than the weight of the entire platform, in tons, and pontoons 6 are distributed over the platform area so that they are not in the way of the waves running on the floats 1, and the distance between the vertical pontoons 6 in the upper layer of water with a thickness of 1-10 m can withstand 3-5000 times their transverse dimensions. The total volume of all floats 1, in cubic meters, is equal to 0.5-3.0 of the total weight, in tons, of the entire platform with equipment and people. Floating power plants can be the so-called floating islands with industrial and residential buildings, they are equipped with anchors with winches and water wheels, for example, on the periphery of the platform frame, for moving it and maneuvering, driven by its own power take-off shaft 3.

 Due to the variability of the intensities of the waves, wind, or solar radiation, the problem arises of stabilizing the output parameters of the power station. To do this, a stock of intermediate product with potential energy is obtained, and then, using an appropriate engine, the generator is rotated, the rotation frequency and output voltage of which is stabilized using a feedback unit that controls the supply of this product to power the engine. Such a product can be, for example, hydrogen, which is obtained using electrolyzers after the primary conversion of the energy of a rotating shaft into electricity with unstable parameters, unsuitable for ordinary consumers, but suitable for the operation of electrolyzers. In a particular case, the primary electric power is obtained using a high-frequency electric generator 5 when it is rotated at a speed of 7000-25000 rpm using a step-up transmission box and is used for induction heating of water and producing high pressure steam in a steam boiler. In other special cases, such an energy carrier is compressed air, which is pumped into high pressure tanks, or water in a tank built at an altitude, for example, more than 10 m above sea level, which is pumped into the tank from the sea by hydraulic pumps. These energy carriers are then used to drive steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, respectively, with stabilization of the output parameters by regulating the supply of energy to the turbine blades using the feedback unit. It is possible to obtain other high-potential energy carriers, for example, calcium carbide, to obtain then acetylene.

 The claimed device and its design features within the scope of the independent claim can be briefly characterized as follows: on a support in the form of a rigid volumetric power frame transparent to waves, a power take-off shaft 3, one-way clutch 14, a plurality of floats 1 on the lower shoulders of two-shouldered levers, and the length of the shoulders is not less than the maximum amplitude of the waves characteristic of operating conditions. A flexible link 2 is attached to the second arm 40, enveloping the drum 13 several times on the one-way coupling 14 on the power take-off shaft 3 (Fig. 12), and after a part of the revolutions around the drum 13, the link 2 is fixed on the drum 13, and to the free end of the link 2 suspended load 12 pulling it. The weight of the load 12 is experimentally selected to be minimal, but such that when the float 1 is lowered and the connection 2 is not tensioned 2 from the side of the lever 40 with the float 1, the torque of the load 12 is sufficient to overcome the internal resistance (friction) of the coupling 14 and rotate it relatively shaft 3 to the side of the load 12. By the word "module" it should be borne in mind that the design of the power station is made in the form of typical, mating with each other blocks, which can be either one-piece, welded from steel metal, or collapsible and, from standard components. An indication that the power station is megawatt power is given to highlight its capabilities with respect to known wave installations, which, according to the author, are not able to provide cost-effective power of the order of megawatts. Special cases of the device are described above and hereinafter in the description of all the inventions of the group.

 One of the essential groups of distinguishing features of all variants of the method and device is that the own weights of the floats 1 are balanced by the loads of counterweights in the suspension systems of the floats: either by balancing the loads of the two shoulders of the two shoulders with the float 1 (Fig. 1-4; 7-9), or using the load 8, which is attached to a closed flexible connection 2 (Fig. 5-6), thrown over 4 pulleys 21 installed in the corners of an imaginary rectangle of type ABCD, for each of the drums 13 of the couplings 14 on the shaft 3.

 After assembly, the power stations regulate, in the absence of waves, the depth of immersion of the floats 1 within 0.0001-0.5 of their volume, this is achieved with the help of these weights, but the balancing of the floats 1 by experiment is made incomplete so that the floats 1 do not hang in the upper point, and they dropped after the wave decay under the influence of an advantage in 0.1-100 s. Balancing is also convenient for maintenance and repair, as allows you to manually, for example with the help of mounts or crowbars, to stop very massive floats 1, for example, up to 10-30 cubic meters, at the top points of the vibration amplitude and fix them, thereby stopping the rotation of the shaft 3. The shaft is also stopped by fixing at the top point the load 12 of the bond tension 2 in the suspension circuit shown in FIG. 1-4; and FIG. 7-9, or by fixing at the lower points the amplitude of the oscillations of the loads 8 during operation of the installation depicted in FIG. 5-6.

 In particular cases of the claimed variants of the methods and devices for accelerating the lowering of the floats 1, containers 9 with holes 10 are attached to the lower part, as well as flexible elements 11 in the form of freely hanging materials that absorb water, such as ropes, threads, sponges (Fig. 11 ) - when the floats 1 are in the water, their weight and the damping effect on the wave are almost invisible, and when the floats 1 are lifted above the water, they weigh enough to quickly lower the float 1 into the water. When the floats 1 are immersed, the indicated containers 9 are filled with water and when the floats are raised above the water, they are emptied through the holes 10 for 1-100 s, which contributes to the speedy lowering of the floats 1 after the falling wave.

An essential feature of all the claimed inventions is that only the work of the resulting buoyant Archimedean vulture F _A and the frontal force of the hydrodynamic pressure F _h acting on the floats from the side of the waves are converted into useful work (see Figs. 1-3). These forces can amount to tens of tons and they are obviously much larger in magnitude than the own weights of real floats 1 and therefore the gain in obtaining high powers, in comparison with the work due to lowering the floats 1, is obvious (you can, of course, make heavy floats 1, but they will rise very weakly).

 Another important group of essential distinguishing features common to all inventions of the group is to simplify kinematics and increase its reliability through the use of a drum 13 on a one-way rotation clutch 14 with the connection 2 secured at the midpoint 15 (for example, using a bolt) after part of its revolutions around drum 13 (Fig. 12). As a one-way rotation coupling, it is most convenient to use couplings 14 with a ratchet mechanism, and the number of dogs 16, their sizes and corresponding teeth 17 should provide a margin of safety corresponding to the tension of flexible ties 2 to values of the order of tens of tons. In practice, the values of ultimate strengths should be, in tons, not less than half of the volumes of the corresponding floats 1, in cubic meters. Power couplings 14 with ratchet mechanisms and drums 13 are installed on the power take-off shaft 3 on the splines 18, or on a rectangular fit in the case of a rectangular shaft, tightly to one another so that their number on one linear meter of the shaft is as possible as possible - it is realistic to place 10 - 15 couplings 14, which are pulled together in a single package with studs and nuts to eliminate backlash. Accordingly, on one meter of the power take-off shaft 3, simultaneously pulses of forces are collected from 10-15 floats 1, which are installed both along the shaft 3, in several rows, on one or both sides of the shaft 3, and in one or several rows, perpendicular to the shaft 3, or at an angle to it (Fig. 3-9). As a result, acting "differently", asynchronously, many pulses from tens and hundreds of floats merge into one constant torque of the power take-off shaft 3, with any theoretically specified power. The power shaft 3 power take-off, as well as the shafts of rotation of the floats 1 on the two-arm levers, rotate in the bearings 19 of sliding or rolling. For a more uniform rotation of the shaft 3, a flywheel 44 is used. The gear wheel 43 is made as large as possible, for example, 2-6 meters or more. Since such large gears can be made only at single heavy engineering factories, they are very expensive and difficult to transport, these wheels and the wheels driven by them can be made in place, for example, by welding from metal, and teeth 51 (Fig. 13) can be made from pieces of steel rods or cylinders with a diameter of 10 - 100 mm, which are coaxially welded to the wheel rim (from a square bar) with increased welding due to welding also additional coaxial rods of a smaller diameter 4-8 times.

 In particular cases, the amplitudes of movement of the floats 1 are limited by stops using springs and rubber. In particular cases of the claimed variants of the method and device, they use a special, most optimal form of floats, which together should occupy as much as possible the majority, actually 0.1-0.9, of the water surface occupied by the power plant. The calculation shows that in order to achieve the highest efficiency, the lower surface of the floats 1 should be flat, which in the absence of waves should be parallel to the surface of the water and the immersion of the float is minimal. Floats 1 with a height of 0.1 to 2 wavelengths characteristic of operating conditions are used.

 So, in special cases using floats 1 of a cylindrical shape with a horizontal generatrix (Fig. 3-4). The floats 1 are mounted on one of the shoulders of the two shoulders of the lever 40, the levers 40 with the floats are balanced with the help of weights 7, the flexible link 2 is hooked to the other shoulder 40 of the lever, by the end of the link 2 after wrapping it around the drum 13, the load 12 is suspended so that it does not sag more than 0.005-0.5 m. The number of communication revolutions around the drum 13 before and after the fixing point is chosen so that the length of the wound connection 2 to the fixing point is not less than half the maximum amplitude of movement of the lever arm 40, opposite the float 1. Weight 12 select sufficient to overcome the internal friction resistance of the clutch 14 on the shaft 3 and ensure its rotation relative to the shaft 3 in the direction of the moment of force from the load side 12, when during the decay of the wave the moment of forces from the side of the lever 40 with the float 1 is close to zero. The load 12 is placed, for example, on a guide 45, which can be either a hollow pipe (a load inside it), or a rail, or any pipe if the load covers this guide and freely slides along it. The levers 40 with floats 1 are mounted to rotate in a vertical plane in coaxial bearings 19 mounted on the frame (in Fig. 1-4 the frame is not shown), and in the absence of waves the bearings 19 are above the water surface, the axis of rotation OO of the lever 40 is parallel to the shaft 3 and is located at a distance of 0.1-8 meters from the surface of the water with the corresponding sizes of the floats 1.

 The generatrix of the cylinder 1 of the float is parallel to the axis of rotation of the lever OO, and the cross section of the float perpendicular to this axis has the shape of a cut off in the lower part of the circular sector (Fig. 1, c), bounded on one side, in the absence of waves, vertical, accurate to 30 degrees , by a plane perpendicular to the cut line. This side of the float is equipped with a blade 42 in the form of a bucket or shovel and the floats 1 are oriented by the working side of the bucket / shovel to the front of the incident waves. Floats of this form are, in fact, one of the shoulders of a two-shouldered lever. In the absence of waves, the distance from the axis of rotation OO of the lever to the surface of the water is set so that the bottom cut-off line of the said sector of the cross section of the float is horizontal to an accuracy of 30 degrees.

 An arbitrary number of floats in 3 or more rows is placed along one shaft, and the engagement point of the connection 2 to the lever 40 of the float 1 is made in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the shaft 3 and intersecting the drum 13 corresponding to the given connection on the coupling 14, which this connection 2 bends around.

 In the particular case, the second shoulder 40 of the two shoulders of the lever, opposite to the float 1, is made in the form of a segment 41 (Fig. 3) of the pulley coaxial lever 40, bend it around with a flexible connection 2 and this connection 2 is rigidly fixed, for example, at the far point of the segment with respect to the shaft 3, i.e. at the leftmost point in FIG. 3.

 In another particular case, the flexible connection 2 of the float 1 with the power take-off shaft 3 is made closed, in the form of a rectangle ABCD (Fig. 5-6), the plane of which is perpendicular to the shaft 3, and in the corners of the rectangle ABCD there are pulleys 21 mounted on the frame (on the data not shown), the sides of the rectangle are vertical and a float 1 is attached to one of them, and a counterweight load 8 is attached to the opposite one. The shaft 3 is located above the water level at the level of the upper horizontal part of the connection 2. The floats 1 are made in the form of a circular cylinder with a vertical generatrix (Fig. 11), a wave-reflecting skirt 9 is attached to the bottom of the float 1 in the form of a side surface of a truncated cone with a vertical axis of rotation, adjacent to the base of the float and expanding upward, having holes 10 in the shell above the line of contact with the base. This shape of the skirt 9 creates an additional lifting force as a component of the hydrodynamic pressure when the wave runs up. The upper part of the skirt with holes 10 forms a colander type reservoir, which helps to lower the float after the wave decays. The load of the counterweight 8 is selected so that in the absence of waves the flat base of the float 1 is submerged by 0.001-0.02 m, although a greater immersion is acceptable, but then the efficiency of the installation will be lower. The lower pulleys 21 of the connection 2 are under water, and the distance from the upper and lower pulleys 21 to the surface of the water in the absence of waves makes the same and at least half the maximum amplitude of the waves characteristic of the water area of the intended operation.

 It should also be noted that the connection 2 in the case of the lever suspension system of the float 1 (Fig. 1-4) may not necessarily be made from a single piece of cable or chain. This connection 2 can be composite and it is even more cost-effective, namely: from the float 1 to the point of attachment to the drum 13, the connection 2 can be made of a thick cable with a diameter of, for example, 16-50 mm and then a thick cable can be cut, and another tension cable with a diameter, for example, 6-12 mm, can be drawn to the tension load 12 from the drum 13, which is fixed to the drum 13 regardless of the thick cable. The fact is that the buoyant forces acting on the floats 1 can be tons and tens of tons, and the weight of the cargo 12 of the bond tension 2 is, for example, only 20-200 kg. Therefore, the use of communication 2 of cables of different diameters allows to reduce the width of the reels 13 and thereby increase the number of couplings 14 on the power take-off shaft 3 per unit length, and, therefore, increase the number of floats and increase the received power on the shaft 3.

 Similarly, in the case of closed coupling 2, the latter can also be made integral: a thick power cable is passed from the float 1 to the shaft 3 through the CDB blocks, and thin - from the float 1 to the shaft 3 through the block A (Fig. 6).

где N - требуемая мощность энергостанции для утилизации энергии волн;
S₀ - суммарная площадь сечений поплавков 1 поверхностью спокойной воды;
ρ - плотность воды;
g₁ - ускорение свободного падения;
h - высота волны;
T - период волны;
S - площадь сечения одного поплавка 1 поверхностью воды в отсутствие волн;
n - количество поплавков 1, если они одинаковые по размерам.An essential distinguishing feature common to all inventions of the group is the availability of evaluation formulas that allow, when designing and creating a wave power station, to estimate its maximum achievable power depending on the area occupied by the power station, as well as on the number and size of floats 1, the choice of which is made depending on heights and wavelengths characteristic of the water area of the intended operation in accordance with the expression:

where N is the required power of the power station for the utilization of wave energy;
S ₀ - the total cross-sectional area of the floats 1 surface of calm water;
ρ is the density of water;
g ₁ - acceleration of gravity;
h is the wave height;
T is the wave period;
S is the cross-sectional area of one float 1 by the surface of the water in the absence of waves;
n is the number of floats 1, if they are the same in size.

 The dimensions of the cross sections of the floats 1 by the surface of calm water make no more than 0.1-0.25 of the wavelength, and the height of the floats 1 is made in the range of 0.1-2.0 of the height of the waves.

 Another group of features characteristic of the entire group of inventions is that the frame of the power station is assembled from elements made using rolled metal, it is best to use steel pipes of rectangular cross section with a side of 0.04 - 0.5 m, although pipes can also be used with a diameter of up to 2 m. This allows you to manufacture frame elements, for example, at a factory, and then transport typical components and assemble power plants directly in the places of intended operation by simply connecting the elements bolts and nuts. This technology significantly reduces the cost of installation. The ends of the pipes are hermetically sealed, through holes are made in the pipes, into which the sections of the round pipe are tightly welded (the pipe axes are mutually perpendicular) with an internal diameter of 10-100 mm for fixing bolts. The weld points are flush with the surface. In this way, frame elements - beams with positive buoyancy are obtained. For reliability, the internal volumes of the beams are filled with porous synthetic materials such as foams or polyurethane foams through openings with sealed plugs that plug into the pipe wall. Thus, the floating installation becomes unsinkable. Its assembly begins directly on the water, first placing floating longitudinal pipe-pontoons 48 (Fig. 9) and fastening them with bolts and nuts to transverse, also floating, beams, then set the diagonal (not necessarily with positive buoyancy) horizontal elements of the frame, then vertical columns 49, fastening them with horizontal beams at different levels, and fastening them for stiffness with diagonal elements in vertical planes. By adding elements, the overall dimensions of the module frame in the horizontal plane are increased from 1 to 3000 m or more, since there are no restrictions on the dimensions, except for reasonable limits. A power plant can include from 1 to 10,000 or more rigid volumetric frame modules (or modular cells, which is the same) with an area of 20-5000 square meters. m and more, and in one module, one or several floats 1 in 3 or more rows along the shaft 3 can be installed. The most cost-effective is the rectangular shape of the frame modules with sizes of floats 1 and the corresponding frame cells from 2 to 20 m, depending from the height characteristic of the operating conditions of the waves.

 The frame is installed either on piles or ashore on reinforced concrete blocks 46 and hinges 47 with a horizontal axis of rotation above the water level (Fig. 7), or on floating supports, or suspended on ropes. In the case of the structures shown in FIG. 1-4 and 7-9, the floats 1 are installed, for example, using cranes after installing the corresponding horizontal beams. For floating installations, the height of the frame position in relation to the water level is regulated by partial immersion to the required depth of the regulating pontoons 6 (Fig. 9), which have the possibility of vertical movements in the guides and must be reliably fixed, with locking. The position of the frame of onshore installations is regulated using cargo 45 (Fig. 7), the weight of which can be changed, or cargo 45 can be moved on guides, changing the length of the shoulder; the position can also be adjusted using vertical pontoons 6 not shown in this drawing, by analogy with FIG. 9. If necessary, all installation options are equipped with a deck 50 on poles 49, on which wind turbines, solar energy converters, as well as industrial and residential buildings are placed. Gears 43, shaft 3, gears 4 and generators 44 are closed with watertight protective covers; for safety reasons, all moving parts from all sides, including from below, are closed with kapron, or metal mesh, or grilles.

 The essentiality of the rigid, power-based execution of the frame is due to the fact that the tensile forces of flexible ties 2 can reach tens of tons, and with a parallel bond density of 2 from 10 to 15 pieces per linear meter of shaft length 3 of the power take-off, the compression forces of the frame can reach hundreds of tons. The shaft 3 and its thrust bearings 19 are also very loaded with tension ties 2, therefore, at high density they are unloading the shaft 3 by either installing floats 1 on both sides of the shaft 3 equally, i.e. combine the options shown in FIG. 1 and 2, either carry out the connection 54 (Fig. 12) from the float through additional pulleys, one (for example, pulley 20 in Fig. 2) or several. Otherwise, the shaft 3 must have too large a diameter, it will turn out to be too heavy and expensive. So, with a total unilateral force from the flexible connections of 2 of the order of 100 tons and a distance between the shaft support bearings of 2 m, the diameter of the solid shaft 3 of grade 40 steel should be at least 0.6 m. Therefore, making the indicated unloading of the shaft 3, significantly reduce its diameter, which increases profitability. For a greater increase in profitability, a shaft 3 of a square section of a box-shaped, frame construction, welded, for example, from steel corners, channels, or rectangular pipes, for example, from square pipes 52 with a cross section from 40x40 to 150x150 mm, with a wall of 3-10 mm, is used (Fig. 13). The cross section of the shaft can be 0.2x02 m to obtain power of the order of kW, and more than 0.5x0.5 m to obtain power of the order of 100 kW and above. Such a shaft can rotate in sliding bearings, for example, of grade 40 steel, in the form of thick-walled rings 53 inserted into one another into a width of the order of 0.4-0.8 and a wall thickness of 0.06-0.15 of the diameter of the ring. The pairs of rings can also serve as intermediate supports of the shaft with its length, for example, 2-40 m. One of them can be steel-babbit or have soft metal liners. The rings 53 are attached to the frame of the installation and to the frame of the shaft 3 using, for example, angles and bolts, and the corners are screwed to the rings with bolts with conical heads; lubrication is carried out continuously through holes in the outer ring 53 under some pressure, or using a grease nipple.

 The essential features inherent in all the inventions of the group have been described above. The following are signs specific to various variants of the "method".

 The second variant of the method differs from the first in that the energy of renewable sources is used to generate, with the help of generator 5, electricity that has unstable frequency and voltage characteristics due to wave instability. The generator 5 is driven into rotation from the power take-off shaft 3. Electricity is used to operate the cell and produce hydrogen. In a particular case, the resulting hydrogen is accumulated in tanks and then used to operate an internal combustion engine that rotates another electric generator, the output parameters of which are stabilized using a feedback unit that controls the supply of hydrogen to the internal combustion engine.

 In the third variant of the method, the energy of renewable sources is used to operate a vacuum distillation unit (Fig. 14), namely, to drive a vacuum pump 22 from a power take-off shaft 3, for example, a piston type, and also to drive it at a speed of 0.1-100 rpm of the shaft 26 of the drum 23 of the evaporator, inside the evaporation chamber 25, with a highly developed evaporation surface, 0.5 - 1000 square meters. m, hygroscopic material moistened and soaked in sea water. The wetted surface is in the blowing stream of rarefied air at a speed of 0.5-5000 m / s, (shown by arrows) passing through cylindrical channels 24 open from the ends, with walls of this material, in a drum, the axis of rotation of which is horizontal, with deviations up to 30 degrees, and coaxial to the round pipe 25 of the evaporation chamber. The heat of condensation is used to heat the evaporated liquid.

 Air is sucked into the evaporation chamber through an adjustable seal of the drum shaft 26, is enriched inside with moisture, and then sucked up by a vacuum pump connected to the opposite, tapering end of the pipe and then pumped into the condenser coil 27 with valve 28 at the end, by means of which increased pressure is created in the coil . The pipe of the evaporation chamber 25 has a branch down with a water filling and draining valve 29, which is connected to the locking float 30 inside the chamber, forming a device for maintaining a constant water level, which is supported below the axis of the pipe 25. A condenser coil 27 is placed inside the branch, which is immersed in desalinated water. The branch is connected by a pipe 31 of water intake with a tank of desalinated water, for example directly with the sea. The output of the distillate is regulated and the optimum mode is found by rotating the threaded plug 32, sealing the shaft 26 of the drum of the evaporation chamber using an elastic sleeve 33, for example, of silicone rubber, and also valve 28 at the outlet of the coil to create a higher pressure than the atmospheric one, conducive to condensation couple. The pump shaft is driven by a gear 34 and a shaft 35. The coil 36 is used to trap drops and splashes, acting on the principle of a cyclone filter. To improve evaporation, the water in the pipe 25 is heated using element 37 (using an electric heater, or heating with hot steam, etc.). To improve evaporation, an aerator 38 is also used, for example, a ceramic with small pores, connected by a tube to the atmosphere through a control valve 39. Opening the valve, the effect of "pseudo-boiling" of the liquid is obtained due to the upward flow of many air bubbles in the water into which it evaporates. Drain brine is produced by increasing the pressure in the evaporation chamber using valve 32, or an additional valve mounted on the pipe 25.

 The pressure is controlled by a pressure gauge 51. It should be noted that to drive this distillation unit, you can use not only the above-described wave unit, but also any other device containing a rotating shaft and having sufficient power. Such devices can be, in particular, wind engines, electric motors, including those powered by solar panels, as well as internal combustion engines, etc.

 INFORMATION CONFIRMING THE POSSIBILITY OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION.

 Method options are, for example, as follows. Depending on the required power of the power station, it is determined, according to the calculation formula, its required size and the number of floats 1. So, to obtain a power of 100 kW at a wave height of 1 m and a period of 6 seconds, the total area occupied by all floats 1 should be at least 240 sq. . m., which corresponds to 20 floats 1 with a size of 3x4 m for the installation shown in FIG. 3-4. When the density of floats 1, equal to 0.5 of the installation area, the area of the entire power plant will be 480 square meters. m., which corresponds, for example, to dimensions of 24x20 m. To obtain a capacity of 1 MW, this area will already be more than 5000 square meters. m., it can be an installation with dimensions of 50-60 x 100 m, which is close to the size of the football field (the lack of direct proportionality is associated with the inevitable damping of the wave amplitude when it passes through the frame and installation floats). But in the oceans and seas, there are many places where the waves around the year with a significantly higher wave height than 1 m, for example, off the coast of India, on the west coast of Africa and South America, off the coast of Australia (P.A. Kaplin et al., "Nature of the world. Shores", publ. "Thought", M., 1991) and there, installations of the same area will receive 2-3 times greater capacity, which may be enough to power a small settlement. A rough estimate shows that for both cases, the mass of the power plant, which is mainly the mass of metal, will be 60-70 and 600-1000 tons, respectively. In 1999 prices, the cost of frame materials and floats is $ 11-15 thousand for a 100-kilowatt installation, and about $ 100-160 thousand for a megawatt. The indicated amounts are approximately equal to the cost of electricity generated by these installations for 1 year at an average wave height of 1 m, or for 0.5 year at a wave height of 2 m (based on Moscow prices, and abroad, electricity prices are several times higher) .

 Prefabricated components are delivered to the place of intended operation, or to the assembly place (in case of subsequent towing to the place of operation): horizontal 48 and vertical pontoons 6, horizontal, vertical and diagonal frame beams, floats 1, communication cables 2, fasteners, shaft 3, gears, various gears, gearboxes and electric generators, deck elements and protective covers and grilles. In the absence of waves with a height of more than 0.5 m, directly on the water, for example in shallow water, manually and with the help of cranes (up to 5-20 t are enough), the frame of the power station is assembled, floats 1, shaft 3, one or several, with gears are installed wheels, one-way clutch (ratchet) and other gears, generators, deck elements, covers, as well as any additional equipment. Perform the balancing of their own weights of the floats 1 with the corresponding weights 7 (Fig. 1-4; 7-9), or 8 (Fig. 5). As cargo, you can use metal containers-boxes filled with sand. Flexible ties 2 are pulled from the floats 1, according to the accompanying drawings, to the shaft 3, and tension loads 12 are suspended from them. Using vertical pontoons 6 (Fig. 9), by vertically moving them in the guides and fixing, they adjust the height of the frame relative to the water level and achieve the necessary position of the floats 1 - so that in the absence of waves their lower surface touches the water surface with its entire flat surface and diving floats 1 was minimal.

 When a disturbance occurs, the floats 1 begin to oscillate and pull the connection 2, causing the rotation of the power take-off shaft 3. During one wave period (4-20 s), each float 1 pulls the connection for 1.5-10 seconds during its rise and with the total number of floats 1 more than 4 - 5 pieces, their total effect will cause almost uniform rotation of the shaft 3, provided that at least two floats 1 will oscillate in antiphase. For this, the dimensions of the installation must exceed the wavelength. Utilization of wave energy is carried out by connecting various consumers to the shaft 3, for example, according to the circuit in FIG. 10. As consumers, there can be both devices that convert the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft into electricity, and devices that work directly from a rotating shaft. The latter include various pneumatic and hydraulic pumps, crushing machines, mills, etc.

 Having placed windmills and solar energy converters on the frame, they will learn additional opportunities for supplying energy to consumers, as well as for storing energy in batteries, or for obtaining any products with potential energy, such as calcium carbide. On a floating platform can be, for example, a fish processing plant.

The second option is also carried out, but as the primary consumer of renewable energy sources use an electric generator 5, get a constant voltage and use it to operate the electrolyzer and get hydrogen gas (H ₂ ). Hydrogen is a high potential energy source, it can be accumulated in tanks, liquefied, and then used as a highly efficient fuel for a wide range of applications, for example, for the operation of environmentally friendly automobile internal combustion engines, for the operation of thermal power plants and much more (only water vapor is generated during H ₂ combustion! ) To get 1 cube m. of gaseous H ₂ requires 4-6 kW • hours of electricity, and for its liquefaction - another 2-3 kW • hours. Thus, using a power station with an average daily power of 100 kW, you can get 400-600 cubic meters of gaseous H ₂ per day, and at megawatt power - 10 times more, and this is already of industrial importance. In a particular case, H _{2 is} used to power an internal combustion engine that drives a second electric generator, the output parameters of which are stabilized in frequency and voltage using a feedback unit - as in similar diesel and gasoline power plants. In this way, electricity is obtained with parameters acceptable to the general consumer - 220/380 V, 50 Hz. In another particular case, both hydrogen and oxygen are obtained as a result of electrolysis, which is collected in tanks and used for welding and cutting metals, for example, for gas cutting and scrap metal for scrap ships.

 In the third variant of the method, the energy of renewable sources is used, using transmission mechanisms 34 (Fig. 14), to drive the vacuum pump 22 and to rotate the drum 23 of the evaporation chamber 25 of the distillation unit and thereby obtain fresh condensate from sea water. In the particular case, to increase the yield of water condensate, use an aerator 39 (to obtain the effect of "pseudo-boiling" of the liquid), the case of the evaporation chamber is painted black and installed under sunlight, through an additional coil (not shown in Fig. 14), which is placed in the lower part of the lower branch of the chamber 25, cold water is pumped from the deep sea by hydraulic pumps. Using the heater 37, the evaporated water is heated in the upper part of the specified branch. By adjusting the purge speed and pressure in the chamber 25 with the help of the valve 32, and with the help of the valve 28, the pressure in the heat exchanger-condenser, the optimal mode is found to obtain the maximum yield of water condensate. Quantitative data on its output is theoretically quite difficult to determine, but in practice they will be determined empirically. This method does not contradict the well-known laws of physics and thermodynamics, as well as the experience of working with similar known distillers. And the simplest confirmation of the effectiveness of this method is the well-known facts that wet laundry dries faster in the wind, evaporation (the same drying) occurs faster in a vacuum, and condensation accelerates with decreasing temperature and increasing steam pressure. In this method, all these factors are combined.

где N - требуемая мощность энергостанции для утилизации энергии волн;
S - площадь сечения одного поплавка 1 поверхностью спокойной воды;
S₀ - суммарная площадь сечений поплавков 1 указанной поверхностью воды;
ρ - плотность воды;
g - ускорение свободного падения;
h - высота волны, характерная для акватории предполагаемой эксплуатации;
T - период указанной волны;
n - количество поплавков 1.The device, i.e., the power plant module, consists of the following elements and assemblies: on the support in the form of a rigid volumetric power frame transparent to waves, a power take-off shaft 3 is installed above the water surface, one-way clutch 14 with drums 13, many floats 1 on the bottom shoulders of two-shouldered levers, and the length of the shoulders is not less than the maximum amplitude of the waves characteristic of operating conditions. A flexible connection is attached to the second arm 40, enveloping the drum 13 several times on the one-way coupling 14 on the power take-off shaft 3 (Fig. 12), and after a part of the revolutions around the drum 13, the connection 2 is fixed on the drum 13, and suspended from the free end of the connection 2 load 12 pulling it. The weight of the load 12 is selected from the condition that the drum 13 returns to its original position in the absence of tension from the side of the float 1, and the length of the wound on the drum 13, both before and after the fastening point of the connection 2, is not less than half the maximum amplitude of movement of the lever arm 40, opposite the float 1, along the shaft power take-off has an arbitrary number of floats 1 in 3 or more rows, the sizes of the cross-sections of floats 1 by the surface of calm water are not more than 0.25 of the wavelength, and the height of floats 1 is 0.1-2.0 of the height of the waves, typical for the condition th operation, the number and size of floats 1 are selected in accordance with the expressions:

where N is the required power of the power station for the utilization of wave energy;
S is the cross-sectional area of one float 1 by the surface of calm water;
S ₀ - the total cross-sectional area of the floats 1 indicated by the surface of the water;
ρ is the density of water;
g is the acceleration of gravity;
h is the wave height characteristic of the water area of the intended operation;
T is the period of the indicated wave;
n is the number of floats 1.

 By the word "module" it should be borne in mind that the design of this device, that is, power plants, is made in the form of typical, mating with each other blocks, which can be either one-piece, welded from steel metal, or collapsible, from typical component parts.

 In special cases of execution, the frame has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped and one of its sides is perpendicular to the shaft 3, the frame is made of elements using steel pipes and metal, with anti-corrosion treatment and coating. The power station modules are equally oriented to each other and are rigidly fastened with bolts and nuts in a single design. The amplitudes of movement of the floats 1 are limited by stops with elastic elements using springs and rubber. The load 12 provides a tension of connection 2 with a sag of not more than 0.005-0.5 m, the load 12 is placed on the guide. The levers 40 with floats 1 are mounted to rotate around the OO axis in a vertical plane in coaxial bearings 19 mounted on the frame, the OO axis is parallel to the shaft 3. The floats 1 have a cylindrical shape with a horizontal generatrix parallel to the OO axis, and a section perpendicular to it in the form cut off at the bottom of the circular sector, bounded on one side, in the absence of waves, vertical, with an accuracy of 30 degrees, a plane perpendicular, with an accuracy of 30 degrees, the cut line. This side of the float 1 is provided with a blade 42 in the form of a bucket or shovel, and the module is oriented by the working side of the bucket / shovel towards the front of the incident waves. In the absence of waves, the distance from the axis of the OO to the surface of the water is 0.1-8 mi so that the cut-off line of the mentioned sector is horizontal with an accuracy of 30 degrees. In the absence of waves, the immersion of the floats 1 is 0.0001-0.5 of their volume, the floats 1 are balanced together with the lever 40 using loads of 7 balances. Tanks 9 with openings 10 are attached to the bottom of the floats 1, which are filled with water when the float is immersed in water, and emptied through these holes for 1-100 seconds after raising the floats 1 above the water. To the base of the floats 1, flexible elements are made of water-absorbing materials in the form of numerous freely hanging ropes, or threads, or strips of fabric or a sponge. The internal volumes of the floats 1 are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials. The module has a power low-speed, up to 500 rpm, power take-off shaft 3, including one composed of separate parts connected by couplings. The shaft 3 is equipped with gears 4, one or more, with adapters for connecting consumers. The engagement point of the link 2 to the lever 40 of the float 1 is in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the shaft 3 and intersecting the drum 13 corresponding to the given link 2 on the coupling 14, which this link 2 bends around. The values of ultimate bond strengths 2, drum 13 and clutch 14, in tons, are greater than half the volume of the float 1 associated with them, in cubic meters.

 To obtain the total capacities from the various modules of the power station, in particular cases, the secondary shafts 55, driven from the shafts 3 of the power take-off of the different modules, are connected using cardan gears or using power couplings.

 In special cases, the second shoulder 40 of the two shoulders of the lever, opposite the float 1, has the form of a segment 41 of the coaxial lever of the pulley, a flexible connection 2 bends around it and is rigidly fixed.

 The power station is located either offshore or afloat. In the latter case, the module is equipped with horizontal 48 and vertical 6 pontoons, which together with the frame form a floating platform, the length and width of which is more than 3 times, and the height is more than 1.1 times the maximum wave height characteristic of the area of the intended operation. Vertical pontoons 6 are partially immersed in water and fixed on rails in the module frame. The platform is equipped with anchors and winches, water wheels for maneuvering, mounted on the periphery of the platform, are connected to the shaft 3 through gears, clutch mechanisms and gearboxes. Pontoons 6 and 48 have an elongated cylindrical shape, their internal volumes are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, and the total volume of all pontoons 6 and 48, in cubic meters, is 1.1-5 times the weight of the entire platform, in tons. Vertical pontoons are distributed over the platform area so that they are not in the way of the waves running onto the floats, and the distance between them in the upper layer of water 1-10 m thick is 3-5,000 times greater than the transverse dimensions of the pontoons 6. Frame pipes, immersed into the water, welded from the ends and equipped with plugs, plugs, pipes are filled with a waterproof porous gas-filled synthetic material.

 If the power station is located near the shore, the support 46 is mounted on the ground and the module is fixed at the midpoint on the support 46 using an axial hinge 47 with a horizontal axis of rotation above the water level. There is a balancing weight 45 to maintain the module in working position. In order to maintain large size power plants, for example, more than 30 m wide from support 46 towards the water, the modules are also equipped with vertical 6 and horizontal 48 pontoons, as in the case of a floating platform.

 In other particular cases, an electric generator 5 connected to an electrolyzer connected to reservoirs for storing hydrogen and oxygen is connected to the transmission mechanism 4. The hydrogen storage tank is connected to an internal combustion engine connected to a second electric generator equipped with a frequency and voltage stabilization unit for the output parameters controlling the hydrogen supply.

 The device operates as follows: when a disturbance occurs, the floats 1 begin to oscillate and pull the connection 2, causing the rotation of the power take-off shaft 3. During one wave period (4-20 s), each float 1 pulls the link 2 for 1.5-10 seconds during its rise and with the total number of floats 1 more than 4-5 pieces, their total effect will cause almost uniform rotation of the shaft 3 , provided that at least two floats 1 will oscillate in antiphase. For this, the dimensions of the installation must exceed the wavelength. Utilization of wave energy is carried out by connecting various consumers to the shaft 3, for example, according to the circuit in FIG. 10. By placing windmills and solar energy converters on the frame, they gain additional opportunities for supplying energy to consumers, as well as for storing energy in rechargeable batteries, or for obtaining any products with potential energy, as described above.

Claims (25)

1. A method of utilizing the energy of renewable sources through the use of floats that oscillate up and down when the water surface sways relative to the support, while the floats are connected to a power take-off shaft by a transmission mechanism, which is rigidly mounted on a support in bearings, and the mechanical energy from rotation is disposed of by the consumer , characterized in that as a support they use a rigid, voluminous, wave-transparent frame assembled from elements with the formation of modular cells for placement along swimming trunks, the number and size of which are selected in accordance with the expressions

S ₀ = nS,
where N is the required power of the power station for the utilization of wave energy;
S is the cross-sectional area of one float by the surface of calm water;
S ₀ is the total cross-sectional area of the floats indicated by the surface of the water;
ρ is the density of water;
g is the acceleration of gravity;
h is the wave height characteristic of the water area of the intended operation;
T is the period of the indicated wave;
n is the number of floats,
the dimensions of the cross-sections of the floats by the surface of calm water make no more than 0.25 of the wavelength characteristic of the intended water area, and the height of the floats is within 0.1 - 2.0 of the characteristic wave height, while using the counterweights, the depth of immersion is controlled floats in still water within 0.0001 - 0.5 of their volume and the time of descent from the top point after the wave decay within 0.1 - 100 s.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy is utilized by connecting various consumers, using the torque of the rotation shaft for their work, through adapters and transmission mechanisms to the power take-off shaft, one or more, which perform a rectangular cross-section from rolled metal by welding in the form of power low-speed up to 500 vol. / min shaft; secondary, driven from the PTO shafts, the shafts of the modular cells are connected by cardan gears; on the shaft or PTO shafts, one-way clutches relative to the shaft, with drums are installed, and the number of couplings is not less than the number of floats; the power take-off shaft is rotated by means of a flexible connection, which is carried out directly from the floats to the shaft or by means of a two-shouldered lever, and wrapped around the drum corresponding to each float several times, and after part of the revolutions the connection is fixed to the drum, and its free end is connected to the tension system and moreover, in the absence of wavelengths of ties wound around the drum, at least half of the maximum amplitude of the reciprocating movement of the bond is made before and after the fastening point; the total area occupied by the floats on the surface of the water is kept within 0.1 - 0.9 of the area of the water surface occupied by the frame, the internal volumes of the floats are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, and containers with openings of such a section are attached to the bottom of the floats so that after filling with water during immersion, the tank was empty for 1 - 100 s after raising the floats above the water, flexible elements from the water-absorbing material are attached to the base of the floats in the form of a multitude of freely hanging ropes, or threads, or strips of fabrics, ensuring a float that is inseparable from the wave, the amplitudes of its movement are limited by stops using springs and rubber. 3. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the frame is supported afloat using a plurality of horizontally and vertically arranged pontoons, forming together with the frame a floating platform, the length and width of which is more than 3 times, and the height is more than 1.1 times the maximum wave height characteristic of the intended water area, the total volume of all floats, in cubic meters, is equal to 0.5 - 3.0 of the total weight, in tons, of the entire platform with equipment and people, the platform is collected in view of the unit on the surface There are many water spans, from 1 to 10,000, rigid volumetric modules with an area of 20 - 5000 m ² with a power frame made using steel pipes and rolled steel, with anti-corrosion treatment and coating, the modules are fastened together, the platform is equipped with anchors and winches, to the shaft through the transmission mechanisms, clutch mechanisms and gearboxes, water wheels are connected, which are installed on the platform and with their help they move and maneuver, the deck, residential and industrial buildings and use for appropriate purposes, use elongated cylindrical pontoons, fill the internal volumes of the pontoons with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, place horizontal pontoons under water at a depth of 1-10 m using racks, and their total displacement is made equal to within 50% of their weight and platforms, vertical pontoons are lowered at one end into the water along the guides in the frame and, by force, are immersed to a position that ensures that, in the absence of waves, the existing position of the frame relative to the water level, then the total volume of all pontoons is fixed relative to the frame, in cubic meters, they are 1.1 to 5 times the weight of the entire platform, in tons, and the vertical pontoons are distributed over the platform area so that they are not on the paths of the waves running onto the floats, and the distance between the pontoons in the upper water layer with a thickness of 1-10 m can withstand 3 to 5000 times more than the transverse dimensions of the pontoons, the frame pipes immersed in water are selected with a transverse size of 0.04 - 2, 0 m and x welded from the ends, threaded plugs are inserted, filled with a moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic material and hermetically closed. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the frame is made of rectangular parallelepipeds-modules, one of whose sides is perpendicular to the shaft, the modules are equally oriented between each other, floats are installed on one of the shoulders of a two-shouldered lever, one or more the module, the levers with floats balance, the flexible link is hooked to the other lever arm, by the end of the link after wrapping it around the drum, the load is suspended to tension it with a sag of not more than 0.005 - 0.5 m, and the weight of the load is selected to be minimal, but sufficient for To ensure rotation of the drum relative to the shaft in the direction of the load in the absence of tension from the side of the float; the load is placed on the guide, levers with floats are mounted for rotation in a vertical plane in coaxial bearings in the frame supports, and in the absence of waves the supports are located above the water surface, the axis of rotation of the lever is parallel to the power take-off shaft, the floats are made of a cylindrical shape with a horizontal generatrix parallel to the axis rotation of the lever, and a section perpendicular to this axis in the form of a circular sector cut off at the bottom of the sector, bounded on one side, in the absence of waves, vertical with an accuracy of 30 ^{o by a} plane perpendicular to an accuracy of 30 ^{o of} the cutting line, this side of the float is equipped with a bucket or shovel blade and the platform is oriented with the working side of the bucket / shovel to the front of the incident waves, and in the absence of waves, the distance from the axis of rotation of the lever to the water surface is adjusted so that the cut line of said sector has a horizontal cross section of the float up to 30 ^o, the shaft positioned in any number of floats 3 or more rows, wherein the engagement point of connection to the float lever doing in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the shaft and passing through the drum on the sleeve, which surrounds this relationship.  5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the second shoulder of the two shoulders of the lever, opposite the float, is made in the form of a segment coaxial to the pulley lever, envelope it with a flexible connection and the connection is rigidly attached to the specified shoulder.  6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the frame of the platform is made of modules in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds with a horizontal one of the sides, the power take-off shaft is rotated using a closed flexible connection, which is carried out to the shaft from the floats and which has the shape of a rectangle , the plane of which is perpendicular to the specified shaft, and in the corners of the rectangle there are pulleys mounted on the frame, the sides of the rectangle are vertical and a float is attached to one of them, and attached to the opposite the counterweight load, the power take-off shaft is positioned above the water level at the level of the upper horizontal part of the connection, the floats are made in the form of a round cylinder with a vertical generatrix, a skirt in the form of a side surface of a truncated cone with a vertical axis of rotation adjacent to the base of the float is attached to the bottom of the float expanding to the top, having openings in the shell above the line of contact with the base, the weight of the counterweight is selected so that in the absence of a wave the base of the float is submerged by 0.001-0.02 m, the lower connection pulleys under water, and the distance from the upper and lower pulley to the water surface without waves do the same and not less than half of the maximum wave height characteristic of waters intended service.  7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, as a consumer, a high-frequency electric generator is connected to the power take-off shaft via a high-speed transmission mechanism, it is used for induction heating of water in a high-pressure steam boiler, heated steam is used to drive a steam turbine .  8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that as a consumer, a pneumatic pump is connected to the power take-off shaft via a transmission mechanism, with which high pressure air is pumped into the tanks, which is then used for production purposes.  9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the installation frame is placed offshore, as a consumer, hydraulic pumps are connected to the power take-off shaft via transmission mechanisms, with which water is pumped into the reservoir on the shore at an altitude of more than 10 m above sea level, the water from the reservoir is used to operate a turbine.  10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, as a consumer, high pressure hydraulic pumps are connected to the power take-off shaft via transmission mechanisms, which are used for the operation of desalination plants using the reverse osmosis method.  11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the wind turbine is installed on the frame, as well as solar energy converters. 12. A method of utilizing the energy of renewable sources by using floats that oscillate up and down when the water surface sways relative to the support, while the floats are connected to the power take-off shaft by a transmission mechanism, which is rigidly mounted on the support in bearings, and the mechanical energy from rotation is disposed of on the generator with the production of electricity, characterized in that as a support they use a rigid, voluminous, wave-transparent frame assembled from elements with the formation modular compartments for placing the floats, whose number and size selected in accordance with the expressions

S ₀ = nS,
where N is the required power of the power station for the utilization of wave energy;
S is the cross-sectional area of one float by the surface of calm water;
S ₀ is the total cross-sectional area of the floats indicated by the surface of the water;
ρ is the density of water;
g is the acceleration of gravity;
h is the wave height characteristic of the water area of the intended operation;
T is the period of the indicated wave;
n is the number of floats,
the dimensions of the cross-sections of the floats by the surface of calm water make no more than 0.25 of the wavelength characteristic of the intended water area, and the height of the floats is within 0.1 - 2.0 of the characteristic wave height, while using the weights of the counterweights, the depth of immersion of the floats is regulated in still water within 0.0001 - 0.5 of their volume and the time of descent from the top point after the wave decay within 0.1 - 100 s, and the resulting electricity is used to operate the electrolyzer and produce hydrogen gas, which is accumulated in the tank ah for subsequent use as an energy source.  13. The method according to p. 12, characterized in that the power take-off shaft, one or more, is made of rectangular cross-section from rolled metal by welding in the form of a power low-speed shaft up to 500 rpm; the secondary shafts, driven from the power take-off shafts, of individual modular cells, are connected by cardan transmissions; on the shaft or power take-off shafts, one-way couplings are installed relative to the shaft, with drums, and the number of couplings is not less than the number of floats, the power take-off shafts are rotated using flexible coupling which is conducted to them from the floats directly or by means of a two-shouldered lever, and is wrapped around the drum corresponding to each float several times, moreover, after a part of revolutions with ide fastened on the drum, and its free end connected to a tensioning system, the length wound on the reels and links before and after the point of attachment do not less than half the maximum amplitude of reciprocation of communication; the total area occupied by the floats on the surface of the water is kept within 0.1 - 0.9 of the area of the water surface occupied by the frame, the internal volumes of the floats are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, and containers with openings of such a section are attached to the bottom of the floats so that after filling with water during immersion, the tank was empty for 1 - 100 s after raising the floats above the water, flexible elements from the water-absorbing material are attached to the base of the floats in the form of a set of freely hanging ropes, or threads, or strips of fabrics, ensuring the float is inseparable from the wave, the amplitudes of movement are limited by stops using springs and rubber, the ultimate bond strengths, the drum and the clutch, in tons, make more than half the volume the float associated with them, in cubic meters; As a result of water electrolysis, both hydrogen and oxygen are obtained, the resulting gases are pumped into tanks, then hydrogen is used to power an internal combustion engine that rotates another electric generator, the output parameters of which are stabilized using a feedback unit. 14. The method according to any one of p. 12 or 13, characterized in that the frame is supported afloat using a plurality of horizontally and vertically arranged pontoons, forming together with the frame a floating platform, the length and width of which is more than 3 times, and the height is more than 1.1 times the maximum wave height characteristic of the intended water area, the total volume of all floats, in cubic meters, is equal to 0.5 - 3.0 of the total weight, in tons, of the entire platform with equipment and people, the platform is made in type of unit on overhnosti water a plurality of rigid bulk moduli of 20 - 5000 m ² to the power frame, manufactured using steel pipes and the rolled steel with the anticorrosive treatment and the coating units bonded to each other, a platform fitted with anchors and winches to the shaft through the gears, clutch mechanisms and gearboxes connect water wheels, which are mounted on the platform and use them to move and maneuver, place the deck, residential and industrial buildings on the frame and using They are used for appropriate purposes, they use elongated cylindrical pontoons, the internal volumes of the pontoons are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, horizontal pontoons are placed under water at a depth of 1-10 m using racks, and their total displacement is made equal to within 50% of their weight and platforms, vertical pontoons are lowered at one end into the water along the guides in the frame and, by force, are immersed to a position that provides, in the absence of waves, the necessary the position of the frame relative to the water level, then fix relative to the frame, the total volume of all the pontoons, in cubic meters, is 1.1 to 5 times the weight of the entire platform, in tons, and the vertical pontoons are distributed over the platform area so that they are not on the paths of the waves running onto the floats, and the distance between the pontoons in the upper water layer with a thickness of 1-10 m can withstand 3 to 5000 times more than the transverse dimensions of the pontoons, the frame pipes immersed in water are selected with a transverse size of 0.04 - 2, 0 m, them for they are cooked from the ends, threaded plugs are inserted, filled with a moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic material, and hermetically closed. 15. The method according to any one of paragraphs 12 to 14, characterized in that the frame consists of rectangular parallelepipeds-modules, one of whose sides is perpendicular to the power take-off shaft, the modules are equally oriented between each other, the floats are mounted on one of the shoulders of the two shoulders lever, one or several in the module, the levers with floats balance, the flexible link is hooked to the other lever arm, by the end of the link after wrapping it around the drum, the load is suspended to tension it with a sag of not more than 0.005 - 0.5 m, and the weight of the load is selected to a minimum sufficient to provide about the drum rotation relative to the shaft in the direction of action of the load in the absence of tension by the float; the load is placed on the guide, levers with floats are mounted for rotation in a vertical plane in coaxial bearings in the frame supports, and in the absence of waves the supports are located above the water surface, the axis of rotation of the lever is parallel to the shaft, the floats are made of a cylindrical shape with a horizontal generatrix parallel to the axis of rotation of the lever , and a section perpendicular to this axis in the form of a circular sector cut off in the lower part, bounded on one side, in the absence of waves, vertical with an accuracy of 30 ^{o a} plane perpendicular to an accuracy of 30 ^o cutting line, this side of the float is equipped with a bucket or shovel shovel blade and the platform is oriented with the bucket / shovel working side to the front of the incident waves, and in the absence of waves, the distance from the axis of rotation of the lever to the water surface is set so that the cut-off line of the said sector of the cross-section of the float was horizontal accurate to 30 ^o , an arbitrary number of floats in 3 or more rows is placed along the shaft, and the engagement point of the connection to the lever of the float is made in flat perpendicular to the axis of the shaft and intersecting the drum on the coupling, which this connection bends around.  16. The method according to p. 15, characterized in that the second shoulder of the two shoulders of the lever, the opposite of the float, is made in the form of a segment, coaxial to the pulley lever, envelope it with a flexible connection and the connection is rigidly fixed.  17. The method according to any one of paragraphs.12 to 16, characterized in that the electrolysis of water produces both hydrogen and oxygen, which are pumped into tanks and then used for cutting and welding of metals. 18. A method of utilizing the energy of renewable sources by using floats that oscillate up and down when the water surface sways relative to the support, while the floats are connected to the power take-off shaft by a transmission mechanism, which is rigidly mounted on the support in bearings, and the mechanical energy from rotation is utilized for desalination sea water, characterized in that as a support they use a rigid, voluminous, wave-transparent frame assembled from elements with the formation of modular cells for placements of floats, the number and sizes of which are selected in accordance with the expressions

S ₀ = nS,
where N is the required power of the power station for the utilization of wave energy;
S is the cross-sectional area of one float by the surface of calm water;
S ₀ is the total cross-sectional area of the floats indicated by the surface of the water;
ρ is the density of water;
g is the acceleration of gravity;
h is the wave height characteristic of the water area of the intended operation;
T is the period of the indicated wave;
n is the number of floats,
the dimensions of the cross-sections of the floats by the surface of calm water make no more than 0.25 of the wavelength characteristic of the intended water area, and the height of the floats is within 0.1 - 2.0 of the characteristic wave height, while using the weights - counterweights regulate the immersion depth floats in still water in the range of 0.0001 - 0.5 of their volume and the time of descent from the top point after the wave recession in the range of 0.1 - 100 s, and a vacuum distillation unit is used as a device for utilization of wave energy, and a vacuum is used in the unit smart pump and drive it from the shaft through the transmission mechanism, the evaporation is carried out from a surface area of 0.5 - 1000 m ² in a high-speed flow of blowing air at a speed of 0.5 - 5000 m / s, the heat of condensation is used to heat the evaporated liquid, evaporation carried out in a low-pressure evaporation chamber, made in the form of a horizontally arranged round pipe, with a rotating evaporator drum inside and with constrictions at the ends of the pipe, one of which through an adjustable seal of the shaft of rotation of the evaporator drum with combined with the atmosphere, and the other with the inlet of the vacuum pump, the outlet of which is connected to the condenser coil, which is placed below the water level inside the branch of the evaporation chamber, containing in the lower part a seawater fill-drain valve connected to the float of the device, which maintains a constant liquid level in the evaporation chamber, the evaporator drum is made with a plurality of coaxial pipe channels open at both ends with walls of hygroscopic material, the drum being rotated at a speed 0.1 - 100 rpm by connecting it through a transmission mechanism with a power take-off shaft, the output of the distillate is regulated to obtain the optimum mode by rotating the threaded sealing sleeve with an elastic cuff restricting the air supply on the shaft of the evaporator drum at the entrance to the evaporation chamber, and the brine is drained by increasing the pressure in the evaporation chamber.  19. The method according to p. 18, characterized in that the water level in the evaporation chamber is maintained below the axis of rotation of the drum, an aerator is installed in the lower branch of the evaporation chamber in the form of a finely porous tube tip connected to the atmosphere through a control valve, the body of the evaporation chamber is painted black , through an additional coil, which is placed in the lower part of the lower branch of the evaporation chamber, pumps pump cold water from the deep sea; a power take-off shaft, one or more, is made of rectangular cross-section from rolled metal by welding in the form of a power low-speed shaft up to 500 rpm; secondary, driven from the power take-off shafts, the shafts of the modular cells are connected by cardan transmissions, on the power take-off shafts one-way rotation couplings are installed relative to the shaft, with drums, and the number of couplings is not less than the number of floats, the shaft is rotated using a flexible connection that is conducted to the shaft from the floats directly or by means of two-arm levers, and they are wrapped around the drum corresponding to each float several times, and after part of the revolutions the connection is fixed to the drum, and free the end thereof is connected to the tensioning system, the lengths of the ties wound around the drum, before and after the fixing point, make at least half of the maximum amplitude of the reciprocating movement of the connection; the total area occupied by the floats on the surface of the water is kept within 0.1 - 0.9 of the area of the water surface occupied by the frame, the internal volumes of the floats are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, and containers with openings of such a section are attached to the bottom of the floats so that after filling with water during immersion, the tank was empty for 1 - 100 s after raising the floats above the water, flexible elements from the water-absorbing material are attached to the base of the floats in the form of a multitude of freely hanging ropes, or threads, or strips of fabrics, the amount of which is determined from the condition of the float moving continuously from the wave, the amplitudes of its movement are limited by stops using springs and rubber; the frame is kept afloat using a plurality of horizontally and vertically arranged pontoons, forming together with the frame a floating platform, the length and width of which is more than 3 times, and the height is more than 1.1 times the maximum wave height characteristic of the area of intended operation, the total volume of all floats, in cubic meters, is equal to 0.5 - 3.0 of the total weight, in tons, of the entire platform with equipment and people, the platform is assembled in the form of an aggregate on the surface of the water of many modules; the frame is made using steel pipes and rolled products with anti-corrosion treatment and coating, the platform is equipped with anchors and winches, water wheels are connected to the shaft through the transmission gears, which are mounted on the platform and use it to move and maneuver it, place the deck, residential and industrial buildings; they use elongated cylindrical pontoons, the internal volumes of the pontoons are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, horizontal pontoons are placed under water at a depth of 0.1 - 10 m using racks, and their total displacement is made equal to within 50% of the sum of their weight and the platform, the total volume of all pontoons, in cubic meters, is 1.1 to 5 times greater than the weight of the entire platform, in tons, and the vertical pontoons are distributed over the platform area so that they are not on these waves running onto the floats, and the distance between the pontoons in the upper water layer with a thickness of 1 - 10 m can withstand 3 - 5000 times more than the transverse dimensions of the pontoons, the frame pipes immersed in water are selected with a transverse size of 0.04 - 2, 0 m, they are welded from the ends, threaded plugs are inserted, filled with a moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic material and hermetically closed. 20. A power plant module with a capacity of up to megawatts for utilizing renewable energy sources, comprising a support, a power take-off shaft, one-way clutch, a plurality of floats on the arms of the levers, a mechanism transmitting rotation of the lever with the float to the power take-off shaft, characterized in that the support is made in the form a modular transparent volumetric rigid body for the waves, the levers are made of two shoulders, on one of the shoulders of which floats are installed, and a flexible connection is attached to the other shoulder, enveloping several times of the single coupling external rotation on the power take-off shaft, and after part of the revolutions around the drum, the connection is fixed to the drum, a tension load is suspended to the free end of the connection, the weight of the load is selected from the condition that the drum returns to its original position in the absence of tension from the float side, the length of which is wound on the drum and up to and after the connection fixation point is not less than half of the maximum amplitude of movement of the lever arm opposite the float, an arbitrary number of floats in 3 or more rows are placed along the power take-off shaft, sizes eny floats calm water surface is not more than 0.25 of the wavelength, and floats height is 0.1 - 2.0 of the height of the waves, characteristic of operating conditions, the number and size of the floats are chosen in accordance with the expressions

S ₀ = nS,
where N is the required power of the power station for the utilization of wave energy;
S is the cross-sectional area of one float by the surface of calm water;
S ₀ is the total cross-sectional area of the floats indicated by the surface of the water;
ρ is the density of water;
g is the acceleration of gravity;
h is the wave height characteristic of the water area of the intended operation;
T is the period of the indicated wave;
n is the number of floats. 21. The power plant module with a capacity of up to megawatts according to claim 20, characterized in that the frame is in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, one of whose sides is perpendicular to the power take-off shaft, the frame is made of elements using steel pipes and metal, with anti-corrosion treatment and coating, power station modules are equally oriented to each other and rigidly fastened with bolts and nuts in a single design, the amplitude of the movement of the float is limited by stops with elastic elements using springs and rubber; tension load ensures slack of communication not more than 0.005 - 0.5 m, the load is placed on the guide; levers with floats are mounted for rotation in a vertical plane in coaxial bearings mounted on the frame, the axis of rotation of the lever is parallel to the power take-off shaft, the floats have a cylindrical shape with a horizontal generatrix parallel to the axis of rotation of the lever, and a section perpendicular to the axis in the form of a cut in the lower part circular sector delimited on one side, in the absence of waves, the vertical up to 30 ^o plane perpendicular to within 30 ^o a cut line, this side of the float snab the blade in the form of a bucket or shovel, the module is oriented by the working side of the bucket / shovel to the front of the incoming waves, and in the absence of waves, the distance from the axis of rotation of the lever to the surface of the water is 0.1 - 8 m and is selected so that the cut line of the mentioned sector is horizontal up to 30 ^o, in the absence of waves immersion floats is 0.0001 - 0.5 times their volume floats are balanced together with the lever by means of a counterweight, to fasten the bottom of the vessel floats with holes which fill water when the float is immersed, and emptied through the indicated holes within 1 - 100 s after raising the floats above the water, attach flexible elements from water-absorbing materials to the base of the floats in the form of numerous freely hanging ropes, or threads, or strips of fabric or sponge, internal the volumes of the floats are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, a power take-off shaft with low speed up to 500 rpm is installed in the module, including a power take-off shaft, including one made up of separate parts, soy dyny couplings, the named shaft is equipped with gears, one or more, with adapters for connecting consumers; the engagement point of the connection to the lever of the float is in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the corresponding shaft and intersecting the drum corresponding to the given connection on the coupling, which this connection bends around.  22. The power plant module with a capacity of up to megawatts according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the second shoulder of the two-shouldered lever, opposite the float, has the form of a segment coaxial to the pulley lever, a flexible connection bends around it and is rigidly fixed.  23. The power plant module with a capacity of up to megawatts according to any one of claims 20 to 22, characterized in that the module is equipped with horizontal and vertical pontoons, which together with the frame form a floating platform, the length and width of which is more than 3 times and the height more than 1 , 1 times the maximum wave height characteristic of the area of intended use, the vertical pontoons are partially submerged in water and fixed on the rails in the module frame, the platform is equipped with anchors and winches; maneuvering water wheels connected to the power take-off shaft through gears, clutch mechanisms and gearboxes mounted on the periphery of the platform, pontoons have an elongated cylindrical shape, the internal volumes of the pontoons are filled with moisture-proof porous gas-filled synthetic materials, and the total volume of all pontoons, in cubic meters, in 1.1 - 5 times the weight of the entire platform, in tons, and the vertical pontoons are distributed over the platform so that they are not and the paths of the waves running onto the floats, and the distance between them in the upper layer of water with a thickness of 1 - 10 m is 3 to 5000 times longer than the transverse dimensions of the pontoons, the frame pipes immersed in water are welded from the ends and equipped with plugs, the pipes are filled waterproof porous gas-filled synthetic material.  24. A power plant module with a capacity of up to megawatts according to any one of claims 20 to 22, characterized in that the support is mounted on the ground and the module is fixed at a midpoint on the support using an axial hinge with a horizontal axis of rotation located above the water level, there is a balancing load for keeping the module in working position.  25. The power plant module with a capacity of up to megawatts according to any one of claims 20 to 24, characterized in that an electric generator connected to an electrolyzer connected to hydrogen and oxygen storage tanks is connected to the power take-off shaft through the transmission mechanism, and the hydrogen storage tank is connected to an internal combustion engine connected to a second electric generator provided with a stabilization unit.

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