WO2022101423A1 - Dispositif et procédé de mise à la terre d'un réseau à courant continu - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé de mise à la terre d'un réseau à courant continu Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022101423A1
WO2022101423A1 PCT/EP2021/081552 EP2021081552W WO2022101423A1 WO 2022101423 A1 WO2022101423 A1 WO 2022101423A1 EP 2021081552 W EP2021081552 W EP 2021081552W WO 2022101423 A1 WO2022101423 A1 WO 2022101423A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
network
converter
ground
earth
grounding
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2021/081552
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Marcel Kratochvil
Alexander UNRU
Original Assignee
Sma Solar Technology Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sma Solar Technology Ag filed Critical Sma Solar Technology Ag
Publication of WO2022101423A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022101423A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/125—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for rectifiers
    • H02H7/1257—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for rectifiers responsive to short circuit or wrong polarity in output circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/26—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents
    • H02H3/32—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors
    • H02H3/33—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors using summation current transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/102—Parallel operation of dc sources being switching converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/66—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/68—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/72—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/79—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/797—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only

Definitions

  • a DC energy system comprises at least one energy source that preferably makes electrical power available as direct current, i.e. a DC source, e.g. a battery, a PV generator or a fuel cell, and at least one load that preferably consumes electrical power as direct current. i.e. a DC sink, e.g. B. a consumer, and connections between these electrical components.
  • the DC power system may include a DC grid or bus where the electrical components are connected and may include other sources, storage, and/or loads. The transition between a DC bus with a few connected components, for example only one source and one sink, and a DC network with a large number of such components is fluid.
  • the term DC network is also understood to mean a DC bus.
  • Such a DC network can be grounded or ungrounded.
  • different monitoring and protection mechanisms may be required by standards in the event of a ground fault.
  • An ungrounded DC network in which the potentials DC+ and DC- of the respective DC lines DCL+ and DCL- have no fixed reference to the ground potential, has the advantage that any first ground fault in the DC network, for example an insulation fault along one of the DC lines, still no harm.
  • insulation monitoring is required in order to be able to detect the occurrence of any fault and, if necessary, to be able to initiate countermeasures as early as the first ground fault, eg switch off the energy source or . disconnect the energy source and/or the point of failure from the DC grid.
  • the potentials DC+ and DC- have a defined reference to the ground potential. Such a ground reference can be easily implemented, for example, by means of a resistive connection between the ground potential and one of the DC potentials DC+ or DC-.
  • a DC network can be connected to another energy network, e.g. B. another DC network or an AC network, for example an AC supply network, and exchange electrical power with the other energy network, in particular to support or recharge the DC source in the DC network.
  • the DC network can also be supplied permanently or at times completely with energy from the other energy network via the converter, with the energy source of the DC network being able to be used to buffer power fluctuations if necessary.
  • the DC network can automatically be provided with a fixed earth reference via the power converter, i.e. grounded.
  • the concrete position of the potentials of the DC network relative to the ground reference is specified by the concrete topology of the power converter used.
  • the converter can have a divided intermediate circuit whose midpoint, ie, middle potential, is connected to a neutral conductor with a fixed ground reference, so that the DC potentials on the intermediate circuit are largely symmetrical about ground potential.
  • a DC network that is not grounded per se also becomes a grounded network through a connection to a grounded energy network via a transformerless converter.
  • There can therefore be two operating states for such a DC network unearthed "stand-alone" operation and grounded operation when connected to the grounded energy network. This must be taken into account when designing the system.
  • DC direct current or direct current
  • AC alternating current
  • the invention is based on the object of demonstrating an electrical system and a method that enable safe operation of a DC energy system.
  • the object is solved by an electrical system having the features of independent patent claim 1 .
  • the object is solved by a method having the features of independent claim 8 .
  • Advantageous embodiments of the method are claimed in the dependent claims.
  • the AC side of the power converter is connectable to a grounded three-phase AC utility grid and the DC side of the power converter is connected to an ungrounded DC -Mains connectable.
  • the power converter has a bridge circuit whose AC connections can be connected to the AC side of the power converter and whose DC connections can be connected to the DC side of the power converter, the power converter being designed in such a way that a ground reference is provided by a connected AC supply network leads to an earth reference on its DC side.
  • the electrical system has a grounding circuit connected to the DC grid and a control unit, the control unit being set up to detect a disconnection of the power converter from the AC supply grid and to establish a ground reference for the DC grid via the grounding circuit.
  • the direct ground reference of the DC network can therefore be switched on or off, depending on whether an indirect ground reference is established via the AC supply network via the converter or not. On the one hand, this can ensure that the DC network always has a ground reference, in particular a low-impedance ground reference, and that the potentials of the DC lines are always defined.
  • the constant ground reference can be established either - indirectly - via the converter from the AC supply network or - directly - via the grounding circuit.
  • the constant reference to earth can be desirable for safety reasons.
  • a double ground reference can be avoided, which could lead to unwanted equalizing currents.
  • the earth reference of the DC system can be defined via the converter, in particular by It is a transformerless power converter whose AC and DC connections are galvanically coupled, at least during operation.
  • the DC network can be supplied with electrical power from the AC supply network via the converter.
  • a DC source, e.g. B. Battery, in the DC grid can be used as a support and / or charged from the AC supply grid.
  • the electrical system according to the invention advantageously allows safe continued operation.
  • B. a battery present in the DC network
  • the DC network can continue to be operated by being supplied with electrical power from the energy store.
  • the ground reference of the DC grid is possibly no longer defined via the converter due to the separation of the converter from the AC supply grid and an isolated DC grid could form. This is undesirable because the DC voltages against ground potential in the DC network are no longer clearly defined.
  • establishing a direct ground reference via the grounding circuit can therefore be allow flexible further operation of the DC network in an advantageous and standard-compliant form, since it can create an alternative ground reference for the DC network in a defined manner when the converter is separated from the AC supply network. This is also advantageous compared to solutions in which z. B.
  • a high-impedance earthing is established and a passive balancing of the DC network is effected by, particularly in the case of extensive DC networks with low parasitic conductor-earth resistances and/or a large number Comparatively fewer leakage currents occur at balancing resistors, less corrosion takes place and tolerances or aging of the balancing resistors are irrelevant.
  • the control unit of the electrical system is set up to establish the ground reference of the DC network by driving a ground switch, via which the ground circuit is connected to a ground potential.
  • the control unit is in communication with the grounding circuit and in particular with the grounding switch.
  • the communication link can e.g. B. be wired or wireless.
  • the grounding circuit has a DC/DC converter with a reference potential, it being possible to connect the reference potential to the ground potential by closing the grounding switch.
  • the DC/DC controller is set up to establish the earth reference of the DC network via the connection of the reference potential to the earth potential via the earth switch.
  • a midpoint of a half-bridge of the DC/DC converter can form the reference potential and can be connected to the ground potential via the ground switch. This allows the potentials of the DC conductors to be set symmetrically around the ground potential or to be kept there after the power converter has set these potentials symmetrically as long as it was connected to the grounded AC supply network.
  • the DC/DC converter is connected to an electrical storage unit, e.g. B. DC source, connectable and set up to transfer electrical power between the storage unit and the DC grid.
  • the control unit is set up to control the DC/DC controller in such a way that when the bridge circuit is detected as being disconnected from the AC supply network, the DC network can be operated via the DC/DC controller from the storage unit by using the Network required electrical power alternatively taken from the storage unit and the necessary ground reference of the DC network is alternatively established via the grounding circuit.
  • the DC/DC converter is set up to supply the DC grid with DC power, with the control unit being set up to generate a DC voltage in the DC grid, e.g. B. via a measuring device, and to control the DC / DC controller so that the DC voltage is balanced by the DC potentials of the DC voltage are set symmetrically around the reference potential of the DC / DC controller.
  • the reference potential of the DC/DC converter preferably has a connection to ground potential via the grounding circuit. This then leads to a balancing of the DC voltage around the ground potential.
  • control unit can be set up, another DC / DC controller, z. B. can be located in the converter so that the DC voltage is balanced via the other DC / DC controller.
  • the control unit is set up to detect a fault current by means of a fault current measurement and to disconnect the ground reference of the DC network when a fault current is detected.
  • the residual current measurement is preferably carried out by means of a residual current measurement at the AC connections of the bridge circuit.
  • the fault current measurement can be active in particular when the AC switches are open or closed, i.e. when the AC supply network is disconnected from or connected to the bridge circuit.
  • the fault current measurement can also be carried out by monitoring the insulation of the DC network.
  • the DC network can also be grounded in the event of a fault via a fuse, e.g. B. GFDI (ground fault detection interruption) can be provided. This serves to avoid impermissibly high leakage currents, eg in the event of insulation faults in the DC network.
  • GFDI ground fault detection interruption
  • a method of operating the electrical system includes the steps:
  • the DC network itself remains ungrounded and in this respect retains its ground reference indirectly via the ground reference of the AC supply network via the converter.
  • the method thus enables flexible and safe operation of a DC network.
  • the ground reference can be established flexibly via the converter and the grounded AC supply network or - if there is no connection to the grounded AC supply network - using the grounding circuit.
  • the ground reference of the DC network is established by closing the ground switch. This enables a particularly simple establishment of the ground reference.
  • the control unit preferably controls the earth switch in order to cause it to close.
  • the closing of the grounding switch creates a connection between a reference potential of a DC/DC converter, the grounding circuit and a ground potential, the DC/DC converter being designed in such a way that the reference potential is connected via the grounding switch to the ground potential establishes the ground reference of the DC network.
  • the DC network is supplied with an electrical DC power via the DC/DC controller, the DC/DC controller preferably setting the DC voltage of the DC network symmetrically about the reference potential, in particular when the bridge circuit is disconnected from the AC supply network.
  • the DC grid is supplied with electrical power from an electrical energy store connected to the DC/DC controller, e.g. B. in the form of a DC source.
  • the DC/DC controller is connected to the electrical energy store on one of its two sides and is able to set a DC/DC output voltage on the other side. If the DC network is supplied with electrical power via the DC/DC controller and the bridge circuit is disconnected from the AC supply network, the DC/DC output voltage corresponds to the DC voltage of the DC network.
  • 1 schematically shows an embodiment of an electrical system
  • 2 schematically shows an exemplary embodiment of a method.
  • FIG. 1 an embodiment of an electrical system is shown schematically.
  • a power converter 10 has an AC side 16 and a DC side 18 .
  • a three-phase AC supply network 12 grounded at ground potential PE is connected to the AC side 16 .
  • a DC network 14 is connected to the DC side 18 .
  • the DC grid 14 has a battery 42 , a load 44 and a DC/DC converter 40 .
  • the load 44 can be connected to the DC grid via a DC switch 48 .
  • the load 44 can in particular include one or more consumers such.
  • the battery 42 and the load 44 are connected to the power converter 10 via DC lines DC+, DC-.
  • the power converter 10 has a bridge circuit 20 which is designed to convert alternating current or alternating voltage at AC terminals ACL1, ACL2, ACL3 into direct current or direct voltage at DC terminals DCL+, DCL+.
  • the bridge circuit 20 is also designed to convert direct current or direct voltage at the DC terminals DCL+, DCL+ into alternating current or alternating voltage at the AC terminals ACL1, ACL2, ACL3.
  • the conversion takes place in that a control unit 30 suitably controls the semiconductor switch of the bridge circuit 20 .
  • the bridge circuit 20 with semiconductor switches is usually designed without a transformer, i. H. the AC connections ACL1, ACL2, ACL3 and the DC connections DCL+, DCL- of such a bridge circuit are galvanically coupled. If the AC supply network has an earth reference, e.g. B. by a grounded to PE neutral conductor, the DC connections DCL +, DCL- are thus automatically grounded via the bridge circuit 20 in regular operation of the power converter 10 .
  • the DC lines DC+, DC- are connected to the DC terminals DCL+, DCL-.
  • the concrete position of the potentials of the DC lines relative to the ground reference (DC+/DC- to PE) are specified by the topology of the bridge circuit 20 that is actually used.
  • the bridge circuit 20 can have a DC-side, divided DC intermediate circuit, the center point of which is connected to the neutral conductor of the AC supply network 12 with a fixed earth reference PE as the center potential, so that the DC potentials in the DC intermediate circuit and thus to the DC connections DCL+, DCL- mostly symmetrical around the Set earth potential PE.
  • a DC network 14 that is not grounded per se also becomes a grounded DC network 14 through a connection to the grounded AC supply network 12 via the transformerless converter 10. It can thus be a grounded operation of the DC network 14 when connected to the grounded AC utility grid 12.
  • the AC connections ACL1, ACL2, ACL3 can be connected to the AC side 16 via the AC switch 22.
  • the power converter 10 also has a fault current measurement 32 at the AC connections ACL1, ACL2, ACL3, which is based on a residual current measurement of the three AC connections ACL1, ACL2, ACL3. About the fault current measurement 32 z. B. a malfunction in the DC network can be detected.
  • the DC/DC converter 40 is arranged between the battery 42 and DC switches 46 .
  • the DC/DC converter 40 can be connected to the DC network 14 via the DC switch 46 and is set up to set a DC/DC output voltage on an output side of the DC/DC converter 40 .
  • the DC/DC output voltage can be set, for example, by the control unit 30 driving semiconductor switches of the DC/DC controller 40 .
  • An input side of the DC/DC converter 40 is connected to the battery 42 terminals. From the battery 42, the DC network 14, z. B. be supplied with electrical power when the power converter 10 is separated from the AC supply network 12 by the DC / DC controller 40 of the battery 42 removes a corresponding electrical power and feeds it into the DC network 42 with a suitable DC / DC output voltage .
  • the DC/DC converter 40 is part of a grounding circuit.
  • the grounding circuit also includes a grounding switch 24 .
  • a reference potential of the DC/DC converter 40 can be connected to ground potential PE via the ground switch 24 .
  • the ground switch 24 can be controlled by the control unit 30 and can be opened and closed by a control signal from the control unit 30 .
  • the DC connections DCL+, DCL- of the bridge circuit 20 can be connected to the DC side 18 via isolating switches 26.1, 26.2.
  • the DC network 14 has DC lines DC+ and DC-.
  • a measuring device 38 is set up to measure the DC voltage UDC between the two DC lines DC+, DC- of the DC network 14 .
  • the DC voltage UDC can be specified by the power converter 10 and, in particular, can correspond to the DC output voltage of the bridge circuit 20.
  • the DC voltage UDC can be set by the DC/DC controller 40 and in particular correspond to the DC/DC output voltage of the DC/DC controller 40.
  • the DC voltage UDC can be determined on the respective DC lines DC+, DC- against earth potential PE. This means that each of the DC lines DC+, DC- can be measured individually against ground potential PE.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a method for operating the electrical system.
  • step S1 it is checked whether the AC switches 22 are open - branch "yes" - or not - branch "no". If the AC switches are closed, the AC connections ACL1, ACL2, ACL3 of the bridge circuit 20 are connected to the AC side 16 of the converter 10 and the DC network 14 is grounded via the converter 10. If the AC switches are open, the AC connections ACL1, ACL2, ACL3 of the bridge circuit 20 are separated from the AC side 16 of the converter 10 and the DC network 14 does not receive a ground reference via the converter 10. In step S1, if necessary be checked whether the ground reference of the DC network 14 has been omitted via the AC side 16 for other reasons.
  • the ground switch 24 is closed in a step S2 and the DC network 14 is thus grounded.
  • the DC voltage UDC is balanced by the DC/DC converter 40 around the ground potential PE as the reference potential.
  • the DC/DC output voltage can be adjusted on the output side of the DC/DC converter 40 and corresponds to with closed DC switches 46 and a separation of the bridge circuit 20 from the AC supply network 12 of the DC voltage UDC.
  • the method can include the steps of detecting a reconnection of the bridge circuit 20 to the AC supply network 12 and removing the ground reference of the DC network 14 via the grounding circuit by opening the grounding switch 24 when a reconnection is detected. In this detected state, the ground reference of the DC network 14 is again given via the AC side 16, ie the AC supply network 12.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Direct Current Feeding And Distribution (AREA)

Abstract

La demande décrit un système électrique comprenant un convertisseur (10) destiné au transfert de puissance entre un côté CA (16) du convertisseur (10) et un côté CC (18) du convertisseur (10), le côté CA (16) du convertisseur (10) pouvant être raccordé à un réseau d'alimentation CA triphasé (12) mis à la terre et le côté CC (18) du convertisseur (10) pouvant être raccordé à un réseau CC (14) non mis à la terre. Le convertisseur (10) présente un circuit en pont (20) dont les bornes CA (ACL1, ACL2, ACL3) peuvent être raccordées au côté CA (16) du convertisseur (10) et dont les bornes CC (DCL+, DCL-) peuvent être raccordées au côté CC (18) du convertisseur (10), le convertisseur (10) étant conçu de manière à ce qu'une référence de terre conduise à une référence de terre de son côté CC (18) par l'intermédiaire d'un réseau d'alimentation CA (12) raccordé. Le système électrique présente un circuit de mise à la terre relié au réseau CC (14) et une unité de commande (30), l'unité de commande (30) étant conçue pour détecter tout sectionnement entre le convertisseur (10) et le réseau d'alimentation CA (12) et créer une référence de terre du réseau CC (14) par l'intermédiaire du circuit de mise à la terre. L'invention concerne en outre un procédé de fonctionnement d'un système électrique.
PCT/EP2021/081552 2020-11-12 2021-11-12 Dispositif et procédé de mise à la terre d'un réseau à courant continu WO2022101423A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102020129918.4A DE102020129918A1 (de) 2020-11-12 2020-11-12 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erdung eines Gleichspannungsnetzes
DE102020129918.4 2020-11-12

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WO2022101423A1 true WO2022101423A1 (fr) 2022-05-19

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