WO2022088502A1 - 一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法 - Google Patents

一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022088502A1
WO2022088502A1 PCT/CN2021/070382 CN2021070382W WO2022088502A1 WO 2022088502 A1 WO2022088502 A1 WO 2022088502A1 CN 2021070382 W CN2021070382 W CN 2021070382W WO 2022088502 A1 WO2022088502 A1 WO 2022088502A1
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Prior art keywords
self
truncated
tightening
tightening nut
screw
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PCT/CN2021/070382
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李政冀
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浙江自紧王机械有限公司
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Publication of WO2022088502A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022088502A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B39/00—Locking of screws, bolts or nuts
    • F16B39/22—Locking of screws, bolts or nuts in which the locking takes place during screwing down or tightening
    • F16B39/28—Locking of screws, bolts or nuts in which the locking takes place during screwing down or tightening by special members on, or shape of, the nut or bolt
    • F16B39/282—Locking by means of special shape of work-engaging surfaces, e.g. notched or toothed nuts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/24—Making other particular articles nuts or like thread-engaging members
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0093—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for screws; for bolts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B33/00—Features common to bolt and nut
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B39/00—Locking of screws, bolts or nuts
    • F16B39/22—Locking of screws, bolts or nuts in which the locking takes place during screwing down or tightening
    • F16B39/24—Locking of screws, bolts or nuts in which the locking takes place during screwing down or tightening by means of washers, spring washers, or resilient plates that lock against the object

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of manufacturing, and more particularly to a press molding method for screwing up a self-tightening nut and a self-tightening gasket.
  • the three major piping systems have a thermal exchange in more than 20 minutes, and also a thermal expansion and cold contraction change, which is no longer applicable to disc springs.
  • the flange can only be exposed to the air, which not only brings a lot of heat loss, but also causes high temperature oxidation and corrosion, which still brings safety hazards to production. Regular maintenance and reinforcement are often required.
  • the invention overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art, and provides a press molding method for a self-tightening nut and a self-tightening gasket that is simple to manufacture and can be rotated.
  • a press molding method for screwing up a self-tightening nut and a self-tightening gasket is in the shape of a regular hexagon as a whole, a first through hole is arranged in the center, and a thread is arranged on the inner wall of the first through-hole;
  • the first screw-up bosses connected head-to-tail in the above sections and above form a closed figure as a whole, wherein the first screw-up bosses of each section have the same shape, the height difference between the head and the tail of the first screw-up bosses is fixed, and the first screw-up bosses are of the same shape.
  • the height difference between the inner side and the outer side of the screw-up boss is in a fixed proportion according to the effective width of the screw-up surface, and the height of the middle of the first screw-up boss adopts a linear change;
  • the self-tightening gasket includes a top and a bottom.
  • the top is a driven structure and the bottom is a stop structure.
  • the driven structure on the top is a regular hexagon as a whole, and a second through hole is arranged in the center. The diameter of the second through hole is larger than the nominal diameter of the self-tightening nut.
  • the forming process of the self-tightening nut is as follows:
  • Preliminary annular step the cylindrical raw material is pressed into a regular hexagonal column shape, and its six corners are annular transitions; the upper surface of the regular The cross-sectional view is an isosceles trapezoid, and the lower surface of the regular hexagonal column is compressed into a first truncated column;
  • Preliminary upper and lower pressing steps deepen the first annular truncated groove on the upper surface of the regular hexagonal cylindrical shape pressed in step 1.1.1) to form a second annular truncated groove, and cut the head of the second annular truncated groove Two or more first bosses with the same shape are connected at the tail, and the head and tail of the first boss form a height difference.
  • Fixed ratio the lower surface of the regular hexagonal column is removed from the first truncated truncated cylindrical groove, and internal pressure is performed to form a third annular truncated truncated groove, and the third annular truncated truncated groove is integrally deepened to form a first truncated cylindrical groove;
  • Preliminary deepening step further deepen the second annular circular trough groove on the upper surface of the profiled shape in step 1.1.2), and press and fix the height difference of each part of the two or more first bosses, And the height of the middle of the first boss adopts a linear change;
  • Step 1.1.2) The third annular truncated groove on the lower surface of the profiled shape is further deepened, and the edge of the truncated column groove is arc-shaped to form a deepened second.
  • Secondary deepening step turn over the part that has been initially deepened in step 1.1.3), carry out secondary deepening on the upper surface before it is turned over, and press the first boss into a first screw-up boss ; Flatten the lower surface before it is turned over, and carry out the overall pressing in the middle position;
  • step 1.1.5 Through-molding step: turn over the component after the second deepening in step 1.1.4) again, and penetrate the upper and lower surfaces to penetrate the first through hole formed, and thread the inner wall of the first through hole.
  • the forming process of the self-tightening gasket and the self-tightening nut is similar, the processing dimensions thereof are different, and the inner wall of the generated through hole is smooth.
  • top of the self-tightening gasket is arranged just above the bottom, and an annular groove matched with the bottom is arranged below the top.
  • the present invention has the advantages that: the self-tightening nut and the self-tightening gasket designed by the present invention adopt the principle of self-tightening, and a self-tightening structure is arranged on the nut or bolt to achieve the effect of self-tightening after locking. , so that even if the nut and bolt are displaced or loosened, they can return to the initial state of tightening through the action of self-tightening force, and will not damage the fastened connectors or threads.
  • Bolts can be widely used in mechanical design, processing and manufacturing, and have revolutionary application value in railways, bridges and construction industries; the overall design is novel, practical, and easy to promote and use.
  • the whole molding process of the invention is simple and reasonable, has a high degree of automation, and can realize standardized batch manufacturing.
  • the self-tightening nut and the self-tightening washer are used in combination as a whole, and the locking is ensured by the predetermined clamping force.
  • the stopping effect of the contact between the bottom surface of the locking washer and the connecting piece will continue to increase, while the top surface The follower effect in contact with the nut flank is continuously diminished.
  • the two reach a new mechanical equilibrium point, the nut is firmly locked again.
  • the self-tightening nut and the self-tightening gasket of the present invention realize convenient installation and low maintenance cost during the production and forming process, and can eliminate the risk of leakage even under high temperature, cryogenic temperature and high pressure, and also overcome the corresponding high vibration environment. fastening.
  • the design of the screw-up bosses of the self-tightening nut and the self-tightening washer ensures that the overall practical life is greatly extended.
  • Fig. 1 is the front pressing process figure of the self-tightening nut of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is the backside pressing process diagram of the self-tightening nut of the present invention
  • Fig. 3 is the front pressure molding process diagram of the self-tightening gasket of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is the backside pressing process diagram of the self-tightening gasket of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is the bottom view pressure molding process diagram of the self-tightening gasket of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a profile view of the self-tightening gasket of the present invention, a profile of the pressing process
  • FIG. 7 is a main view of the pressing process diagram of the self-tightening gasket of the present invention.
  • Self-tightening nut 1 first through hole 11, first screw-up boss 12, self-tightening washer 2, top 21, bottom 22, second through-hole 23, second screw-up boss 24;
  • a press molding method for screwing up a self-tightening nut 1 and a self-tightening washer 2 the self-tightening nut 1 is in the shape of a regular hexagon as a whole, a first through hole 11 is arranged in the center, and an inner wall of the first through hole 11 is arranged Thread; two or more first screw-up bosses 12 connected head-to-tail are arranged directly above the self-tightening nut 1, and the whole is enclosed in a closed figure, wherein each section of the first screw-up bosses 12 has the same shape, and the first screw-up boss 12 has the same shape.
  • the height difference between the head and tail of the screw-up boss 12 is fixed, the height difference between the inner side and the outer side of the first screw-up boss 12 is in a fixed proportion according to the effective width of the screw-up surface, and the height of the middle of the first screw-up boss 12 is linear. Variety;
  • the self-tightening gasket 2 includes a top 21 and a bottom 22.
  • the top 21 is a driven structure and the bottom 22 is a stop structure.
  • the driven structure of the top 21 is a regular hexagon as a whole, and a second through hole 23 is provided in the center.
  • the second through hole 23 The diameter is larger than the nominal diameter of the self-tightening nut 1, and the inner wall is smooth.
  • Two or more second screw-up bosses 24 are arranged directly above the top 21, which are connected end-to-end, and form a closed figure as a whole.
  • the shape structure of the lifting boss 24 is seamlessly connected with the structure of the joint surface of the self-tightening nut 1 and is closely matched; the stop structure of the bottom 22 is a regular hexagon as a whole, the bottom surface of the bottom 22 is perpendicular to the second through hole 23, and the entire bottom surface is Through the wear-resistant treatment, it is effectively ensured that the self-tightening gasket 2 achieves the effect of the self-locking and self-tightening nut 1 after being tightened.
  • the self-tightening nut 1 and the self-tightening washer 2 are used in combination as a whole, and the locking is ensured by the action of a predetermined clamping force.
  • the locking is ensured by the action of a predetermined clamping force.
  • the stopping effect of the bottom surface of the locking washer in contact with the connecting piece will continue to increase, while the top
  • the follower effect of the face in contact with the nut face is continuously weakened.
  • the forming process of self-tightening nut 1 takes the M12 model as an example as follows:
  • Preliminary annular step press the cylindrical raw material into a regular hexagonal column shape 311, and its six corners are annular transitions, the widest part is 18mm, and the shortest width is 16.8mm;
  • the 0.4mm first annular circular truncated groove 312 is extruded, the cross-sectional view is an isosceles trapezoid, the angle between the two hypotenuses is 168 degrees, the length of the upper bottom is 9mm, and the length of the lower bottom is 16mm;
  • It has a first circular truncated column shape 313, its cross section is an isosceles trapezoid, the included angle between the two hypotenuses is 100 degrees, and the length of the upper bottom is 10.7 mm.
  • Preliminary upper and lower pressing steps the upper surface of the regular hexagonal column 311 pressed in step 1.1.1) is deepened against 9mm, and the width of the upper bottom is 6mm, and the bottom is 14mm.
  • the second annular circular trough groove 321; the second annular circular truncated groove 321 is divided into two or more first bosses 322 of the same shape that are connected head and tail, and the head and tail of the first boss 322 form a height difference, and the inner and outer sides of the first boss 322 The height difference is initially in a fixed proportion according to the effective width of the spiral surface to be formed.
  • the lower surface of the regular hexagonal column 311 removes the first truncated truncated column 313, and performs internal pressure to form a third annular truncated truncated groove 323, the depth of the annular truncated truncated groove is 0.4mm, the overall depth is 0.8mm, and the width of the upper bottom is 6.1mm,
  • the lower bottom is a 10.3mm annular truncated groove; and the third annular truncated groove 323 is integrally deepened to form a first truncated cylindrical groove 324, the upper bottom of the first truncated cylindrical groove 324 is 10.3mm, and the lower bottom is 16.8mm.
  • step 1.1.3) Preliminary deepening step: step 1.1.2) The second annular frustum groove 321 on the upper surface of the profiled shape is further deepened, and the width of the second annular frustum groove 321 of the outermost ring is 12 mm, and the two The height difference of each part of the first boss 322 above the first boss 322 is pressed and fixed, and the middle height is changed linearly.
  • Step 1.1.2 The lower surface of the profiled shape is deepened, and the edge of the truncated cylindrical groove is subjected to an arc transition to form the deepened second truncated cylindrical groove 331 and the fourth annular truncated groove 332, and the second truncated cylindrical groove 331 cross section It is an isosceles trapezoid, the angle between the two hypotenuses is 60 degrees, and the length of the upper bottom is 10.3mm;
  • Secondary deepening step turn over the part after preliminary deepening in step 1.1.3), carry out secondary deepening on the upper surface before it is turned over, and press the first boss 322 into a first spiral raised convex
  • the table 12 has a depth of 2.6 mm and a width of 9.7 mm after the upper surface is deepened; the lower surface before being turned over is flattened, and the overall depth of the middle position is carried out. Inverting processing facilitates better press forming, because the upper front punch can better form and deepen the lower surface before being flipped.
  • step 1.1.5 Through-molding step: the part after the second deepening in step 1.1.4) is turned over again, and the upper and lower surfaces are penetrated.
  • the diameter of the first through-hole 11 formed through the penetration is 10.3 mm. 11
  • the inner wall is threaded.
  • each step has a corresponding integral cylindrical pressing and forming column, which is adapted to the structure of the forming step of each step of the cylindrical raw material to be processed, and the raw material is processed by using the upper and lower two-part pressing and forming columns.
  • the self-tightening gasket 2 includes a top 21 and a bottom 22.
  • the top 21 is similar to the forming process of the self-tightening nut 1, its processing size is different, and the inner wall of the generated through hole is smooth.
  • An annular groove matched with the bottom 22 is arranged below the 21 .
  • the bottom portion 22 may be machined separately or may be machined from the portion removed during the machining of the top portion 21 .
  • the self-tightening nut 1 and the self-tightening gasket 2 need to be heat-treated after being pressed and formed.
  • Furnace installation steps When the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 is installed in the furnace, the interval between the two nuts or between the charging tool and the furnace wall is not less than 50mm.
  • the length of the furnace should not be greater than 3/4 of the effective length of the furnace, and two self-tightening nuts 1 are not allowed to be stacked up and down. If the size of the same furnace module is different, you can place the larger self-tightening nut 1 on the inside of the furnace, and the smaller one can be placed near the furnace door.
  • the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 When the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 is installed in the furnace, it should be heat treated in a vacuum furnace or boxed for protection heating. When the size and surface requirements of the self-tightening nut 1 are high, it can be directly heated.
  • Quenching treatment (1) Heating and preheating requirements: In order to ensure the self-tightening nut 1 and the temperature are uniform, attention should be paid to slow heating and heating, and should be preheated at a temperature of 700-750 °C and 900-950 °C respectively. The specific preheating holding time is shown in Table 1.
  • the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 is kept at 1010 ⁇ 1050°C.
  • the heat preservation time is determined by the effective thickness of the workpiece.
  • the specific heat preservation time is shown in Table 1. Generally, the quenching temperature of the self-tightening nut 1 above M64 should adopt the upper limit, and the self-tightening nut 1 below M64 should adopt the lower limit.
  • Pre-cooling requirements After the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 is kept warm, in order to reduce the deformation, it should be pre-cooled in air after being released from the furnace.
  • the self-tightening nut 1 above M64 should be air-cooled for about 7-10 minutes, and the self-tightening nut 1 below M64 should be about 1 5 ⁇ 7min, then oil cooling.
  • the cooling oil temperature is 20 ⁇ 70°C.
  • the maximum use temperature of quenching oil should be 60-80°C lower than its flash point.
  • an appropriate cooling movement direction should be selected, and the movement time is determined according to the specification of the self-tightening nut 1 (generally 30-40min), and then statically cooled, the cooling time of the self-tightening nut 1 Refer to the table 1.
  • the oil temperature of the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 is 150-200 °C. At this time, the oil surface of the self-tightening nut 1 only emits blue smoke and does not catch fire.
  • the metallographic structure is lath martensite + granular carbide + a small amount of retained austenite.
  • Tempering treatment steps of high temperature self-tightening nut 1 In order to avoid cracks caused by excessive quenching stress, the hammer forging die should be installed and tempered immediately after the oil is released. Cooling and tempering should be avoided as much as possible. When cooling and tempering must be used, the furnace temperature must be lowered to below 300°C. The order of tempering and charging should be as consistent as possible with that of quenching. In order to eliminate residual stress, two tempering must be carried out. The structure after two tempering is tempered sorbite + granular carbide.
  • tempering temperature exceeds 500°C, it must be preheated at 250-300°C. If the tempering temperature exceeds 700°C, it must be preheated again at 500-550°C.
  • the preheating holding time is shown in Table 2.
  • tempering temperature is determined according to the hardness requirements, the general range is 750 ⁇ 780 °C, and the heat preservation time is 4 to 5 hours.
  • Tempering treatment of high temperature self-tightening gasket 2 The hardness and strength of high temperature self-tightening gasket 2 are generally higher than that of self-tightening nut 1. In order to ensure that the hardness of the self-tightening gasket 2 is qualified, a special heating furnace should be used to reheat the high-temperature self-tightening gasket 2, and the tempering temperature should be set at 720 ⁇ 760 °C, and the temperature should be kept for 4 ⁇ 5 hours. When tempering, pay attention to the fact that the modules with many times of refurbishment and thin thickness should be tempered in a hot furnace, so as to avoid a long time and reduce the hardness of the spiral surface and the direction of the force. After the first tempering.
  • the second tempering of the high temperature self-tightening gasket 2 the second tempering should be carried out after the first tempering and the tempering of the high temperature self-tightening gasket 2 are cooled to room temperature.
  • the temperature of the second tempering is generally higher than
  • the first temperature is 10-20°C lower, and the holding time can be shortened by 20%-25% compared with the first tempering. Refer to Table 2 for other process specifications.
  • Heat treatment inspection steps Ensuring the effectiveness of heat treatment is the key to ensuring the quality of high temperature self-tightening nuts 1 or gaskets. Appearance and hardness inspections must be carried out, and according to the inspection results, the heat treatment process parameters should be revised in time to ensure the quality of the later heat treatment.
  • Appearance inspection Check whether the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 or gasket is deformed after heat treatment, so as to prevent excessive deformation from causing subsequent processing problems. Use coloring inspection to check whether the high temperature self-tightening nut 1 or gasket has cracks.
  • Re-quenching step If the hardness is unqualified after quenching, it is allowed to re-quench the self-tightening nut 1 or washer.
  • the annealing before requenching and its subsequent quenching should be protected by boxing to prevent further oxidation and decarburization at the spiral surface and thread of the product. Packing with dry pig iron filings and 6% to 8% charcoal as protective agents.
  • the annealing process is that the self-tightening nut 1 is heated to 500-550°C with the furnace, preheated and kept for 2-3 hours, and then heated to 700-780°C with the furnace for heat preservation, and cooled after the heat preservation is completed.
  • the requenching temperature can be 20°C lower than the normal quenching temperature, and the holding time should be appropriately extended for 2 to 3 hours.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法，自紧螺母整体呈正六边形，中心设置第一贯穿孔，第一贯穿孔内壁上设置螺纹；自紧垫片包括顶部和底部，顶部为从动结构，底部为止动结构，顶部的从动结构整体呈正六边形，中心设置第二贯穿孔，第二贯穿孔直径大于自紧螺母的公称直径，且内壁光滑，顶部正上方设置两段及以上头尾相连的第二旋升凸台，且整体围成一个封闭的图形；本发明提供了一种制作简单、可以相互配合自旋的一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法。

Description

一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法 技术领域
本发明涉及制造领域，更涉及一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法。
背景技术
目前国内外炼化企业在生产过程中普遍存在一个安全隐患，在高温或者深冷工况条件下法兰紧固件容易出现松动，造成泄漏着火或者高温高压介质泄漏的隐患。中石化或者中石油等大型国企在关键的高温或者深冷法兰上面都采用美国赤土盾或者法国拉迪等进口的碟簧，理论上使螺栓螺母与法兰时刻都保留预紧力，确保法兰始终压紧垫片，解决现场泄漏着火爆炸或者高温高压介质泄漏的隐患。但是碟簧相对来说价格过于昂贵，并且碟簧属于一次性产品，另外碟簧使用是相对要比较稳定不需要冷紧或者热紧工况。但对于丙烷脱烃制丙烯而言，尤其是LUMMUS工艺来讲，三大管系是20多分钟就出现一次热交变，同样产生一次热膨胀冷缩变化，这样对于碟簧而言已经不能适用，只能把法兰裸露在空气中，这样不仅带来大量的热量损失，也同时造成高温氧化腐蚀，仍然给生产带来安全隐患。经常需要对其进行定期检修加固。
因此在很多其它情况下，如需要应用到振动状态下的设备中，同样经常需要对已经锁紧的结构件进行定期检修加固，防止因为类似采用螺母螺栓件的松动带来结构的松动或者错位。
针对上述这种情况，在实际操作中，也经常使用各种方法去紧固已锁紧的螺母螺栓，例如用强力胶水，电焊，穿孔二次加固等等，但是这样还是没有办法从根本上去解决螺母松动移位的现象。
发明内容
本发明克服了现有技术的不足，提供了一种制作简单、可以自旋的一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法。
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明的技术方案如下：
一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法，自紧螺母整体呈正六边形，中心设置第一贯穿孔，第一贯穿孔内壁上设置螺纹；自紧螺母的正上方设置两段及以上头尾相连的第一旋升凸台，且整体围成一个封闭的图形，其中每段第一旋升凸台形状相同，第一旋升凸台的头尾高度差固定，第一旋升凸台的内侧和外侧的高度差根据旋升面的有效宽度呈固定比例，第一旋升凸台的正中间高度采用线性变化；
自紧垫片包括顶部和底部，顶部为从动结构，底部为止动结构，顶部的从动结构整体呈正六边形，中心设置第二贯穿孔，第二贯穿孔直径大于自紧螺母的公称直径，且内壁光滑，顶部正上方设置两段及以上头尾相连的第二旋升凸台，且整体围成一个封闭的图形，其中每段第二旋升凸台形状结构都与自紧螺母接合面的结构相互无缝连接，紧密配合；底部的止动结构整体呈正六边形，底部的底面与第二贯穿孔垂直，整个底面通过耐磨处理，有效保证自紧垫片在拧紧后实现自锁自紧螺母的效果；
自紧螺母成型过程如下：
1.1.1)初步环形步骤：将圆柱形原材料压制成正六边形柱状，且其六个角为环形过渡；正六边形柱状的上表面下压出第一环形圆台槽，第一环形圆台槽的截面图为等腰梯形，正六边形柱状的下表面压缩成第一圆台柱状；
1.1.2)初步上下压型步骤：将步骤1.1.1)压制的正六边形柱状的上表面的第一环形圆台槽进行加深，形成第二环形圆台槽，且对第二环形圆台槽切分 头尾相连的形状相同的两段及以上第一凸台，且第一凸台的头尾形成高度差，第一凸台的内侧和外侧的高度差根据将形成的旋升面的有效宽度初步呈固定比例；正六边形柱状的下表面去除第一圆台柱状，并进行内压形成第三环形圆台槽，且对第三环形圆台槽进行整体加深形成第一圆台柱状槽；
1.1.3)初步加深步骤：对步骤1.1.2)压型的形状的上表面的第二环形圆台槽进行进一步加深，并对两段及以上第一凸台的各部分高度差进行压制固定，且第一凸台的正中间高度采用线性变化；步骤1.1.2)压型的形状的下表面第三环形圆台槽进行进一步加深，将圆台柱状槽边缘进行弧形过渡，形成加深后的第二圆台柱状槽和第四环形圆台槽；
1.1.4)二次加深步骤：对步骤1.1.3)初步加深后的部件进行翻转，对其未翻转前的上表面进行二次加深，并将第一凸台压制成第一旋升凸台；对其未翻转前的下表面进行压平，并且进行中间位置的整体压深；
1.1.5)贯穿成型步骤：将步骤1.1.4)二次加深后的部件再次进行翻转，并将上下表面进行贯通，贯通形成的第一贯穿孔，对第一贯穿孔内壁加工螺纹。
进一步的，自紧垫片与自紧螺母的成型过程相近，其加工尺寸不同，且生成的贯穿孔内壁光滑。
进一步的，自紧垫片的顶部设置在底部的正上方，且顶部的下方设置与底部相配合的环形槽。
本发明相比现有技术优点在于：本发明结构设计的自紧螺母、自紧垫片，采用自紧原理，在螺母或螺栓上设置一自紧结构，使其锁紧后达到自紧的效果，让螺母螺栓即使出现移位或者松动时也能通过自紧力的作用返回到紧固的初始状态，并且不会损伤被紧固的连接件或者螺纹，能够在螺母或螺栓这种自紧螺母螺栓可以广泛应用于机械设计、加工和制造业，并在铁路、桥梁和建筑行业 上有革命性的应用价值；整体设计新颖，实用性强，易于推广使用。
本发明整个成型过程简单合理，自动化程度高，能够实现标准化的批量制造。自紧螺母与自紧垫片作为整体组合使用，通过既定的夹紧力作用来确保锁紧。在锁紧状态下，即使受到振动或高低温蠕变作用使自紧螺母向松动反向微动滑移，此时锁紧垫片底面与连接件接触的止动效果会不断增强，而顶面与螺母旋面接触的从动效果会不断削弱。当两者达到一个新的力学平衡点时，螺母又被牢牢锁住。
本发明的自紧螺母与自紧垫片在生产成型过程中，实现了安装便捷，维护成本低，且能消除即使在高温、深冷、高压下的泄漏风险，也克服了相应高振动环境下的紧固。自紧螺母与自紧垫片的旋升凸台的设计，确保了整体的实用寿命也得到大大延长。
附图说明
图1为本发明自紧螺母的正面压型过程图；
图2为本发明自紧螺母的背面压型过程图；
图3为本发明自紧垫片的正面压型过程图；
图4为本发明自紧垫片的背面压型过程图；
图5为本发明自紧垫片的仰视角压型过程图；
图6为本发明自紧垫片的剖面视角压型过程图；
图7为本发明自紧垫片的主视角压型过程图。
图中标识：
自紧螺母1、第一贯穿孔11、第一旋升凸台12、自紧垫片2、顶部21、底部22、第二贯穿孔23、第二旋升凸台24；
正六边形柱状311、第一环形圆台槽312、第一圆台柱状313、第二环形圆台槽321、第一凸台322、第三环形圆台槽323、第一圆台柱状槽324、第二圆台柱状槽331、第四环形圆台槽332。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明进一步说明。
实施例：
如图所示，一种旋升自紧螺母1及自紧垫片2的压制成型方法，自紧螺母1整体呈正六边形，中心设置第一贯穿孔11，第一贯穿孔11内壁上设置螺纹；自紧螺母1的正上方设置两段及以上头尾相连的第一旋升凸台12，且整体围成一个封闭的图形，其中每段第一旋升凸台12形状相同，第一旋升凸台12的头尾高度差固定，第一旋升凸台12的内侧和外侧的高度差根据旋升面的有效宽度呈固定比例，第一旋升凸台12的正中间高度采用线性变化；
自紧垫片2包括顶部21和底部22，顶部21为从动结构，底部22为止动结构，顶部21的从动结构整体呈正六边形，中心设置第二贯穿孔23，第二贯穿孔23直径大于自紧螺母1的公称直径，且内壁光滑，顶部21正上方设置两段及以上头尾相连的第二旋升凸台24，且整体围成一个封闭的图形，其中每段第二旋升凸台24形状结构都与自紧螺母1接合面的结构相互无缝连接，紧密配合；底部22的止动结构整体呈正六边形，底部22的底面与第二贯穿孔23垂直，整个底面通过耐磨处理，有效保证自紧垫片2在拧紧后实现自锁自紧螺母1的效果。
自紧螺母1与自紧垫片2作为整体组合使用，通过既定的夹紧力作用来确保锁紧。在锁紧状态下，即使受到振动或高低温蠕变作用使自紧螺母1向松动反向微动滑移，此时锁紧垫片底面与连接件接触的止动效果会不断增强，而顶面与螺母旋面接触的从动效果会不断削弱。当两者达到一个新的力学平衡点时， 螺母又被牢牢锁住。
自紧螺母1成型过程以M12型号为例如下：
1.1.1)初步环形步骤：将圆柱形原材料压制成正六边形柱状311，且其六个角为环形过渡，最宽部分为18mm，最短宽度为16.8mm；正六边形柱状311的上表面下压出0.4mm第一环形圆台槽312，截面图为等腰梯形，其两斜边的夹角为168度，上底长度为9mm，下底长度为16mm；正六边形柱状311的下表面压缩成第一圆台柱状313，其截面为等腰梯形，两斜边的夹角为100度，上底长度为10.7mm。
1.1.2)初步上下压型步骤：将步骤1.1.1)压制的正六边形柱状311的上表面对着9mm进行加深，且形成上底宽度为6mm，下底为14mm的第二环形圆台槽321；对第二环形圆台槽321切分头尾相连的形状相同的两段及以上第一凸台322，且第一凸台322的头尾形成高度差，第一凸台322的内侧和外侧的高度差根据将形成的旋升面的有效宽度初步呈固定比例。正六边形柱状311的下表面去除第一圆台柱状313，并进行内压形成第三环形圆台槽323，该环形圆台槽深度为0.4mm，整体加深0.8mm，其形成上底宽度为6.1mm，下底为10.3mm的环形圆台槽；且对第三环形圆台槽323进行整体加深形成第一圆台柱状槽324，第一圆台柱状槽324的上底为10.3mm，下底为16.8mm。
1.1.3)初步加深步骤：对步骤1.1.2)压型的形状的上表面的第二环形圆台槽321进行进一步加深，最外圈的第二环形圆台槽321的宽度为12mm，并对两段及以上第一凸台322的各部分高度差进行压制固定，且中间高度采用线性变化。
步骤1.1.2)压型的形状的下表面进行加深，将圆台柱状槽边缘进行弧形过渡，形成加深后的第二圆台柱状槽331和第四环形圆台槽332，第二圆台柱状槽 331截面为等腰梯形，两斜边的夹角为60度，上底长度为10.3mm；第四环形圆台槽332截面为等腰梯形，上底为6.1mm，下底为10.3mm。
1.1.4)二次加深步骤：对步骤1.1.3)初步加深后的部件进行翻转，对其未翻转前的上表面进行二次加深，并将第一凸台322压制成第一旋升凸台12，上表面加深后的深度为2.6mm，宽度为9.7mm；对其未翻转前的下表面进行压平，并且进行中间位置的整体压深。翻转加工有助于更好地进行加压成型，因为上方的前冲压能更好的进行成型，更好的加深未翻转前的下表面。
1.1.5)贯穿成型步骤：将步骤1.1.4)二次加深后的部件再次进行翻转，并将上下表面进行贯通，贯通形成的第一贯穿孔11的直径为10.3mm，对第一贯穿孔11内壁加工螺纹。
自然每一步有相应整体成圆柱形的压制成型柱，其与待加工圆柱形原材料每一步的成型步骤的结构相适应，且采用上下两部分压制成型柱对原材料进行加工。
自紧垫片2包括顶部21和底部22，其顶部21与自紧螺母1的成型过程相近，其加工尺寸不同，且生成的贯穿孔内壁光滑，顶部21设置在底部22的正上方，且顶部21的下方设置与底部22相配合的环形槽。底部22可单独加工，也可从顶部21加工过程中去除的部分中加工而成。
对自紧螺母1、自紧垫片2压制成型后需进行热处理。
2.1)装炉步骤：耐高温自紧螺母1装炉时，两螺母或之间、装料工装与炉壁之间的间隔不小于50mm。装炉长度不大于炉子有效长度的3/4，不允许两个自紧螺母1上下堆放，同炉各自紧螺母1的规格尺寸应尽量相近。若同炉模块尺寸大小有差异，可将自紧螺母1尺寸大的放在炉子的内侧，尺寸小的靠近炉门摆放。
耐高温自紧螺母1装炉时，应采用真空炉热处理或者装箱保护加热，自紧螺母1螺纹及旋升面等尺寸及表面要求较高处有足够加工余量时可直接加热。
2.2)淬火处理：⑴升温和预热要求：为保证自紧螺母1和温度均匀，应注意缓慢加热升温，并应分别在700～750℃、900～950℃温度下预热均温。具体预热保温时间见表1。
Figure PCTCN2021070382-appb-000001
表1耐高温自紧螺母1的保温和油冷时间
⑵保温要求：耐高温自紧螺母1在1010～1050℃保温，保温时间根据工件有效厚度而定，具体保温时间见表1。一般M64以上的自紧螺母1淬火温度应采用上限，M64以下的自紧螺母1应采用下限。
⑶预冷要求：耐高温自紧螺母1保温结束后，为减小变形，出炉后应在空气中预冷，M64以上的自紧螺母1空冷约7～10min，M64以下的自紧螺母1约5～7min，然后油冷。
⑷油冷要求：冷却油温在20～70℃。淬火油的最高使用温度应低于其闪点60～80℃。为保证自紧螺母1的冷却均匀性，应选择适当的冷却运动方向，运动时间根据自紧螺母1的规格而定(一般30～40min)，然后静止冷却，自紧螺母1的冷却时间参考表1。耐高温自紧螺母1出油温度150～200℃，此时自紧螺母1提出油面只冒青烟而不着火，如将水滴滴至自紧螺母1的表面有缓慢的爆裂声，淬火(淬油)后金相组织为板条马氏体+粒状碳化物+少量残留奥氏体。
2.3)耐高温自紧螺母1的回火处理步骤：为避免淬火应力过大产生裂纹，锤锻模具出油后立即装炉回火。应尽量避免降温回火，必须采用降温回火时， 炉温必须降至300℃以下。回火装炉顺序应尽量和淬火时的一致。为了消除残余应力，必须进行两次回火。经两次回火后的组织为回火索氏体+粒状碳化物。
⑴升温和预热。回火温度超过500℃，必须在250～300℃预热，回火温度超过700℃，必须在500-550℃再次预热，预热的保温时间见表2。
Figure PCTCN2021070382-appb-000002
表2耐高温自紧螺母1的在电炉中的回火保温和冷却
⑵保温，回火温度根据硬度要求而定，一般范围在750～780℃，保温时间为4～5小时。
⑶冷却，保温结束后出炉空冷。
2.4)耐高温自紧垫片2的回火处理：耐高温自紧垫片2硬度及强度一般高于自紧螺母1。为保证自紧垫片2的硬度合格，应使用专用加热炉重新加热耐高温自紧垫片2，回火温度定为720～760℃，保温4～5小时。回火时注意，翻新次数多厚度薄的模块要热炉回火，以免时间长，使旋升面和作用力方向的硬度降低。在第一次回火之后进行。
2.5)耐高温自紧垫片2第二次回火：第二次回火应在第一次回火、耐高温自紧垫片2回火冷到室温后才能进行，第二次回火的温度一般比第一次的低10～20℃，保温时间可比第一次回火缩短20％～25％，保温结束后出炉空冷。其他工艺规程参照表2。
2.6)热处理检验步骤：保证热处理的有效性，是保证耐高温自紧螺母1或垫片质量的关键，必须进行外观、硬度检验，并根据检验结果，及时修订热处理工艺参数，保证后期热处理质量。
⑴外观检验：检验经热处理后耐高温自紧螺母1或垫片是否有变形，防止变形过大造成后续加工问题。使用着色探伤，检验耐高温自紧螺母1或垫片是否出现裂纹。
⑵硬度检验：使用风动工具，在耐高温自紧螺母1或垫片旋升面、接触支承面打磨平面，打磨深度以见自紧螺母1或垫片原材料火花为止，使用布氏硬度计，检验自紧螺母1或垫片硬度是否合格。
2.7)返淬步骤：淬火后若硬度不合格，允许对自紧螺母1或垫片进行返淬。返淬前退火及其随后的淬火均应装箱保护，以防产品旋升面和螺纹处进一步氧化脱碳。装箱以干生铁屑和6％～8％木炭为保护剂。退火工艺为自紧螺母1随炉升温至500～550℃预热保温2～3小时，然后随炉升温至700～780℃保温，保温结束后冷却。返淬温度可比正常淬火温度低20℃，保温时间要适当延长2～3小时。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明保护范围内。

Claims (3)

  1. 一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法，其特征在于：自紧螺母整体呈正六边形，中心设置第一贯穿孔，第一贯穿孔内壁上设置螺纹；自紧螺母的正上方设置两段及以上头尾相连的第一旋升凸台，且整体围成一个封闭的图形，其中每段第一旋升凸台形状相同，第一旋升凸台的头尾高度差固定，第一旋升凸台的内侧和外侧的高度差根据旋升面的有效宽度呈固定比例，第一旋升凸台的正中间高度采用线性变化；
    自紧垫片包括顶部和底部，顶部为从动结构，底部为止动结构，顶部的从动结构整体呈正六边形，中心设置第二贯穿孔，第二贯穿孔直径大于自紧螺母的公称直径，且内壁光滑，顶部正上方设置两段及以上头尾相连的第二旋升凸台，且整体围成一个封闭的图形，其中每段第二旋升凸台形状结构都与自紧螺母接合面的结构相互无缝连接，紧密配合；底部的止动结构整体呈正六边形，底部的底面与第二贯穿孔垂直，整个底面通过耐磨处理，有效保证自紧垫片在拧紧后实现自锁自紧螺母的效果；
    自紧螺母成型过程如下：
    1.1.1)初步环形步骤：将圆柱形原材料压制成正六边形柱状，且其六个角为环形过渡；正六边形柱状的上表面下压出第一环形圆台槽，第一环形圆台槽的截面图为等腰梯形，正六边形柱状的下表面压缩成第一圆台柱状；
    1.1.2)初步上下压型步骤：将步骤1.1.1)压制的正六边形柱状的上表面的第一环形圆台槽进行加深，形成第二环形圆台槽；对第二环形圆台槽切分头尾相连的形状相同的两段及以上第一凸台，且第一凸台的头尾形成高度差，第一凸台的内侧和外侧的高度差根据将形成的旋升面的有效宽度初步呈固定比例；正六边形柱状的下表面去除第一圆台柱状，并进行内压形成第三环形圆台槽，且对第三环形圆台槽进行整体加深形成第一圆台柱状槽；
    1.1.3)初步加深步骤：对步骤1.1.2)压型的形状的上表面的第二环形圆台槽进行进一步加深，并对两段及以上第一凸台的各部分高度差进行压制固定，且第一凸台的正中间高度采用线性变化；步骤1.1.2)压型的形状的下表面第三环形圆台槽进行进一步加深，将圆台柱状槽边缘进行弧形过渡，形成加深后的第二圆台柱状槽和第四环形圆台槽；
    1.1.4)二次加深步骤：对步骤1.1.3)初步加深后的部件进行翻转，对其未翻转前的上表面进行二次加深，并将第一凸台压制成第一旋升凸台；对其未翻转前的下表面进行压平，并且进行中间位置的整体压深；
    1.1.5)贯穿成型步骤：将步骤1.1.4)二次加深后的部件再次进行翻转，并将上下表面进行贯通，贯通形成的第一贯穿孔，对第一贯穿孔内壁加工螺纹。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法，其特征在于：自紧垫片与自紧螺母的成型过程相近，其加工尺寸不同，且生成的贯穿孔内壁光滑。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法，其特征在于：自紧垫片的顶部设置在底部的正上方，且顶部的下方设置与底部相配合的环形槽。
PCT/CN2021/070382 2020-10-28 2021-01-06 一种旋升自紧螺母及自紧垫片的压制成型方法 WO2022088502A1 (zh)

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