WO2022064081A1 - Installation industrielle de lavage de sols ex situ par voie humide pour la décontamination de terrains contaminés par des radionucléides d'intensité moyenne et faible - Google Patents

Installation industrielle de lavage de sols ex situ par voie humide pour la décontamination de terrains contaminés par des radionucléides d'intensité moyenne et faible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022064081A1
WO2022064081A1 PCT/ES2020/070579 ES2020070579W WO2022064081A1 WO 2022064081 A1 WO2022064081 A1 WO 2022064081A1 ES 2020070579 W ES2020070579 W ES 2020070579W WO 2022064081 A1 WO2022064081 A1 WO 2022064081A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
washing
sand
plant
water
fractions
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Application number
PCT/ES2020/070579
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English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
Arsenio DE LA VEGA MARTÍNEZ
Original Assignee
Sereco Gestion, S.L.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sereco Gestion, S.L. filed Critical Sereco Gestion, S.L.
Priority to PCT/ES2020/070579 priority Critical patent/WO2022064081A1/fr
Publication of WO2022064081A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022064081A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/02—Extraction using liquids, e.g. washing, leaching, flotation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a soil washing and granulometric separation plant, which releases the contaminating compounds (radionuclides of medium and low intensity) from most of the land, remaining decontaminated and concentrating that contamination only in the fine fraction of the soil. (silt).
  • the Utility Model to be registered can be applied to land or waste that has radiological contaminants with a granulometric curve or gravel, sand and fine content of around 40%, 40% and 20% respectively or similar.
  • the radioactive waste from the land where the nuclear power plants are located is of low or medium activity, but represents a considerable volume within the residual material generated in the dismantling processes. It is important, therefore, to distinguish between waste materials that are highly active radioactive and therefore require conditioning and storage under particularly stringent conditions, and waste materials with low enough activity that they can be decontaminated, if necessary, and be treated as conventional waste or as materials that can be recycled.
  • the conditions that must be taken into account and the limitations that exist to undertake the dismantling of a nuclear power plant are, among others, the capacity and availability of the storage facility to manage high-level waste, as well as for the high volume of waste of low activity, the radiological load associated with the dismantling tasks and the availability of financial funds to undertake the work with a sufficient guarantee of safety.
  • Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants is one of the main problems that exists in advanced global industry.
  • Current technology has known how to control nuclear energy and takes advantage of its results, but it does not know how to neutralize and destroy its residues, the only applicable solution currently being to isolate them in drums and bury them at certain depths (mines abandoned and reused for this purpose and lately in underground silos).
  • the waste is encapsulated and stored retrievably in deep and stable geological formations, known as ATC (Centralized Temporary Storage).
  • ATC Centralized Temporary Storage
  • the geological isolation and confinement capacity is combined with artificial barriers made specifically so that the whole (geological formation + artificial barrier) ensures the confinement and isolation of the radioactive waste and radionuclides they contain according to the periods design of the storage facility and that it is tens of thousands of years old.
  • Advanced Closed Cycle Advanced reprocessing of irradiated fuel is carried out, separating actinides, long-lived radioactive chemical elements, and fission products to generate new fuels that can be burned in next-generation reactors or transmutation systems.
  • the final irradiated fuels resulting from the closed cycle will have a lower volume and lower radiotoxicity and will be stored in an underground geological storage facility following the open cycle concept, but for a lower volume, lower radiotoxicity and different classification.
  • Some low-level radioactive waste is disposed of very diluted by dumping it into the atmosphere or water in concentrations so small that they are not harmful and the law allows, since the radiation rates that these discharges give are lower than those that many natural substances usually give. or some everyday objects such as home electronics.
  • Medium or low level waste is placed in special containers that are stored for a time on the surface until they are taken to security dumps.
  • the definitive warehouses for this waste are, in general, underground, ensuring that they will not suffer water leaks that could drag radioactive isotopes out of the dump.
  • the facility prepared for this is El Cabril (Córdoba) where up to 50,000 m 3 of medium and low level waste can be stored.
  • High level waste is the most difficult to treat.
  • the volume of spent fuel remaining in normal nuclear power plants can be greatly reduced if it is reused in special plants. This is done in some cases, but it presents the difficulty that a very dangerous substance has to be transported from one plant to another.
  • Ex situ wet soil washing is an effective technique in contaminated soil remediation processes, applicable in the case of contamination by a diverse range of organic and inorganic contaminants.
  • different techniques, stages and processes must be applied to concentrate said contaminants in the silt.
  • the technique is based on the difference in the size of the particles and the density of the materials, washing and separating the different fractions.
  • the polluting substances contained in the interstices of the affected material are separated from it and transferred from the granular fractions (gravel and sand) to the finer fractions (silt). For this, washing, screening, hydrocycloning, attrition, agitation and dehydration techniques must be combined.
  • the soils are washed together with water and later they are separated into the 3 previously defined fractions: gravel, sand and silt.
  • the gravel fraction must subsequently be subjected to an independent energetic washing process in order to reliably remove the contamination still attached.
  • the sand fraction is especially sensitive and special washes must be carried out to eliminate both the contamination and the silt present in them. This is not achieved with a simple desanding as it is usually done, but rather a simple desanding, an attrition phase and later a double cycloning stage sand washing for its complete washing must be equipped in series.
  • the cycloning systems are usually conical with small granulometric cuts ( ⁇ 0.080 mm) with the consequent risk that the contamination is found in a slightly larger fraction and the sand cannot be decontaminated. For this reason, this plant equips the combination of conical cyclones and flat cyclones that allows choosing larger granulometric cuts that enable the declassification of sand as waste.
  • Figure 1 Bar Separator, shows a top perspective view of a bar separator.
  • Figure 2 Hopper and Belt Feeder, shows a bottom perspective view of a hopper and belt feeder.
  • FIG. 3 Washing Trommel, is a bottom perspective view of the washing trommel.
  • Figure 4 Screens, shows a perspective view of the screens from above.
  • Figure 5 Stonewasher, shows a top perspective view of a stonewasher.
  • FIG. 6 Desander, shows a bottom perspective view of a desander.
  • Attrition tank shows a bottom perspective view of an attrition tank.
  • Figure 9 Block diagram of an attrition tank, is a perspective view from above, partially cut away, of the attrition tank.
  • Two-stage sand washing group shows a bottom perspective view of a two-stage sand washing group.
  • Sludge thickeners shows a top perspective view of two sludge thickeners.
  • FIG. 12 Scheme of a sludge thickener, is a cutaway perspective view of a sludge thickener. The description of the operation of a settling-clarification equipment, where:
  • FIG. 13 Filter presses, is a perspective view from below of sludge filter presses.
  • Figure 14 Diagram of a filter press, is a perspective view from profile, cut away, of the operation of the filter press.
  • Conveyor belts shows a bottom perspective view of the conveyor belts.
  • Figure 16 Flow diagram of the different stages of the soil washing plant with radiological contamination in the wet process.
  • Appropriate technology that allows the decontamination of land or waste with medium or low radioactivity affected by the activity of nuclear power plants or by any other source of radioactive energy includes the following equipment for washing aggregates and granulometric classification:
  • Feed hopper it is a device similar to a large funnel intended for the deposit and channeling of granular or pulverized materials, among others. Sometimes, it is mounted on a chassis that allows transport. Figure 2 shows the image of a feeding hopper.
  • FIG. 1 shows the image of a bar separator.
  • the belt feeder is a piece of equipment used for transferring material continuously and regularly, from the feed hopper to the rest of the installation.
  • Head scrapers can be installed.
  • Figure 2 shows the image of a conventional band feeder.
  • Trommels the trommels or "washing cylinders" are equipment intended for the energetic washing of rocks, gravel, minerals of coarse granulometry, disintegrating the coarsest fractions, through the impact of particles generated by the rotation of the drum, of the finest fractions.
  • the drum usually has elements that cause the turning and advancement of the material from the feeding to its exit.
  • the friction that is generated inside, together with the necessary contribution of water, causes a washing effect that eliminates the remains of dirt-surface contamination that the material presents, as well as the fine particles of the matrix.
  • the intensity of the washing is linked to the necessary residence time according to the problem to be treated and varies with the diameter, length of the cylinder and its rotation speed.
  • FIG. 3 shows the image of a washing trommel.
  • Vibrating screens A screen is equipment designed to separate the different fractions contained in a material, normally granular soil, by granulometrics. They are widely used equipment in gravel pits and quarries, allowing to obtain selected stockpiles of the desired sizes.
  • the equipment (see figure 4) consists of a metal structure on which a set of springs sit, connected to the screen body, which, due to the eccentric oscillation generated by a set of counterweights attached to the screen body, produce the vibration in the set.
  • Screening can be carried out dry or wet, by injecting water through a pressurized irrigation system that facilitates the separation of the fine fractions, generating a clarification of the screened material.
  • This equipment are variable, being able to go from 2.3 to 15 m 2 of surface in commercial manufacture, although they can be designed, sized and manufactured specifically for each type of action.
  • the stone washer also called Log-washer, is a secondary type washing machine to treat granulometries between 2/3 mm and 90/100 mm.
  • the equipment is arranged in an inclined and ascending position, working against the current, that is, the washing water and the material circulate in the opposite direction, the effect of the washing is by attrition and shearing between the blades and the material. It is possible to eliminate the clay, chalk and slime that accompany the material, crumble the decomposed soft particles and clean the contamination adhered to the outside of the stone.
  • Figure 5 shows an image of a stone washer.
  • the material from the fractions less than 4 mm classified in the screening process and also from the energetic gravel washing is sent together with the process water to the sand washing treatment.
  • This exhaustive washing of the sand with a grain size of less than 4 mm requires a double desanding in series (1st and 2nd washing stages ) , where an attrition is inserted, to ensure its correct washing.
  • the particles smaller than 0.080 mm (silt) are separated by hydrocycloning, together with the water, from the particles between 4 and 0.080 mm (sand).
  • the objective is to release the greatest amount of fines so that they drag the contamination with them and so that the subsequent sand attrition process is as effective as possible.
  • This separation is carried out by means of two conical-bottomed cyclones and especially flat-bottomed ones that allow the effective cutting diameter to be adjusted by changing the configuration of the cyclones based on the analytics obtained in the sands, being able to sweep a range of 0.250 - 0.080 mm and thus be able to decontaminate the sands.
  • the water with this fine material is extracted by the overflow (upper part of the hydrocyclone) and sent to the thickening process.
  • the fractions of the cut 4 - 0.080 mm are sent by the underflow (lower part of the hydrocyclone) to a drainer and with a humidity lower than 20% they will be introduced by gravity in the attrition cells.
  • Sand traps They are equipment designed to wash sand without loss of fines and with reduced humidity at the end of the process, the sand and water are introduced into a tank through a side access. From the bottom of the tank, the mixture of water and sand is sucked in by means of a pump that drives the pulp towards a cyclone.
  • the drainer causes the sand to advance towards its front part, allowing the water to filter through the grid (made of polyurethane or steel).
  • the water contained in the fines is evacuated for later treatment, balancing the water in the tank by means of a float valve.
  • Figure 6 shows a photograph of a sand trap.
  • Figure 7 shows a diagram of the work and classification process that occurs in the sand trap.
  • Sand treatment capacities can be found between 5 Tm/h and 200 Tm/h and water intake capacity of between 10 m 3 /hour and 700 m 3 /hour.
  • Attrition tanks They are specific equipment designed to wash sandy materials, through a physical process that generates friction between the granular particles. This process needs a slight humidity to be able to be produced, so it is necessary to precisely adjust the humidity of the material before it enters the process. An excess of water would generate a lubrication effect between particles that would reduce the desired effect.
  • Figure 8 shows an image of an attrition tank.
  • Figure 9 presents a block diagram of the treatment process within a attrition tank;
  • the material is introduced into a first chamber in which, a double axis moved by an external motor, moves two propellers in the opposite direction, each one of them, generating the necessary friction movement and the displacement of the material inside the chamber.
  • the material passes into a second chamber on the inside of the tank, where it is stirred in reverse by another set of propellers that moves it outwards.
  • Equipment of different capacities can be found on the market, however, since they are very specific equipment, their manufacture is normally carried out under specific conditions for the specific application, being systems that are usually manufactured to order.
  • a 2-stage sand washing group is a special configuration made up of 2 grit traps (1st and 2nd stage) with the particularity that the first one does not have a drainer and the sands, instead of After leaving the equipment, they go to the second sand trap where clean water is added for better washing.
  • the sand and water are introduced into a tank through a side access. From the bottom of the tank, the mixture of water and sand is sucked in by means of a pump that drives the pulp towards a cyclone.
  • this clean water falls directly on the sands that are already free of fines (only 20% of the fines remain) and therefore it is the greatest washing that can be done to some sands.
  • the operation is analogous to that of a conventional sand trap. Due to the effect of centrifugal force, the clay particles are separated from the sand. The clays, together with the water, rise inside the cyclone and are expelled through the upper part of this element, while the sands leave the hydrocyclone and are sent to a drainer.
  • the drainer causes the advance of the sand towards its front part, allowing the filtering of the water through the grid (made of polyurethane or steel).
  • the water contained in the fines is evacuated for later treatment, balancing the water in the tank by means of a float valve.
  • Figure 10 shows a photograph of a 2-stage sand washing group.
  • Both equipments are simultaneously and innovatively equipped with conical bottom cyclones and especially flat bottom cyclones that allow the effective cutting diameter to be adjusted by changing the configuration of the cyclones based on the analytics obtained in the sands, being able to sweep a range of 0.250 - 0.080 mm and thus be able to decontaminate the sands.
  • Sand treatment capacities can be found between 5 Tm/h and 200 Tm/h and water intake capacity of between 10 m 3 /hour and 700 m 3 /hour.
  • the stages described above cause a stream of water, silt and contaminants to be adequately treated (sludge). To do this, they are subjected to different stages of physical-chemical adaptation (coagulation-flocculation) and thickening.
  • Coagulation The mixture of mud and water, coming from the gravel and sand washing equipment, is sent to a tank where the corresponding coagulant is added, starting the physical-chemical treatment process. This tank is equipped with an agitator to facilitate the mixing of the coagulating agent with the sludge. This additive is injected by means of an addition pump. Once mixed, a bottom pump sends the sludge to the thickener pre-feeder.
  • Flocculation The sludge is sent to the thickener pre-feeder where the polyelectrolyte necessary for its flocculation is added.
  • This reagent is prepared in a compact polyelectrolyte manufacturing plant with three chambers: preparation, maturation and dosing, and is added through a dosing pump controlled by an automatic flocculation verification system.
  • the objective of carrying out the coagulation-flocculation process is to concentrate the solid particles as much as possible in such a way that it gives the material the appropriate density to precipitate and easily separate from the water. This is done inside the thickener.
  • the sludge thickener or decanter - clarifier is a tank, usually circular, whose mission is to separate the clays or sludge from the water, which are concentrated in the process and are extracted from the bottom of the tank, while the water clarified water overflows from the periphery and the upper part for later reuse.
  • the thickeners can be installed on a concrete base or elevated on a metal structure and can incorporate a centrifugal, volumetric or membrane pump, depending on their application.
  • Figure 11 shows the image of a sludge thickener.
  • Clarification equipment can be found on the market with treatment capacities from 20 m 3 /h to 1,000 m 3 /h, with different dimensions and powers, although they are equipment that can be dimensioned and built to the needs of each project.
  • the sludge extracted from the bottom of the thickener contains the contaminants and is concentrated but still contains a significant volume of water. To minimize the volume of the waste and remove as much water as possible (up to 80% reduction), the sludge is dewatered.
  • the equipment used in sludge dewatering is described below.
  • Press filters they are the equipment designed to cause the greatest possible reduction of the volume of water contained in a sediment, by applying high pressure, consisting of a battery of successive square or rectangular plates facing each other in a vertical position arranged on a frame with one end fixed and the other mobile. The filter cloths are fitted on each of these plates.
  • the plates are held together by hydraulic presses or mechanically actuated screws between the fixed and mobile ends. In this way they are hermetically adhered and can resist the pressure that is applied to them during filtration.
  • the filter circuit consisting of ducts located in the central part and distributed between the spaces between the plates until these cavities are filled with wet mud.
  • the liquid is forced to pass through the filter cloth and the outlet holes of the plates.
  • the dehydrated material called cake
  • the plates separate and the mud cake falls off, reaching a dryness percentage of 55-65% and even higher (up to 90%) depending on the nature of the material. soil to treat.
  • the duration of the filtration cycle includes the time necessary to fill the filter press, maintain the pressure between the plates, open the filter and discharge the sludge cake, cleaning the filter cloths.
  • Figure 13 shows an image of several press filters arranged in parallel and figure 14 shows the operating scheme of a press filter.
  • Conveyor belts The conveyor belt is an essential element in aggregate treatment facilities and in general in mining and industry. It is designed in most cases for each specific need, for which there are numerous typologies concrete:
  • Figure 15 presents an aggregate installation with conveyor belts.
  • Continuous radioactivity detector This equipment is developed with the purpose of detecting the radioactive emission emitted by the material moved by conveyor belts and to be able to act immediately before it leaves them. In places where a large amount of product is moved at high speed, equipment with a fast response time is needed that can detect and signal the existence of an alarm to the outside in order to stop the belt in time without radioactive material being deposited. out of it and thus avoid contamination of other stockpiles.
  • a sensor that converts the radiation emissions into electrical pulses where the amplitude of said pulses will be proportional to the energy of the emissions.
  • the level of radiation that reaches the sensor is made up of two values. Firstly, we have the amount of radiation emitted by the sample to be controlled and secondly, a more or less constant value that is always present called "BACKGROUND" and that is due to radiation of natural or human origin. Natural radiation comes from many sources, such as the more than 60 naturally occurring radioactive materials in soil, water, and air. In order to increase the accuracy of the measurement, the background value is largely eliminated first with adequate shielding of the sensor and the rest with electronic methods that obtain the real value of the radiation produced by the sample to be measured. Therefore, the correct calibration of the equipment is necessary once it is located in the place where the measurements are to be carried out by specialized personnel. collection of leachate and losses (safety bucket)
  • the electrical installation has all the necessary instrumentation for its correct operation.
  • a general electrical panel is included that contains the protections and control of the equipment that compose it, including those of the intermediate panels, if applicable.
  • the supply of the installation includes a compressor from which compressed air will be supplied to all the elements of the installation that require it, making the connection to them.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Separation Of Solids By Using Liquids Or Pneumatic Power (AREA)

Abstract

Dans la présente invention, le lavage de sols ex situ par voie humide est une technique efficace dans des processus de remédiation de sols contaminés. La technique repose sur la différence de taille des particules et la densité des matériaux, par lavage et séparation des différentes fractions. Les substances contaminantes contenues dans les interstices du matériau affecté, se séparent de celui-ci et traversent les fractions granulaires (gravier et sable) jusqu'aux fractions plus fines (limon). Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de combiner des techniques de lavage, de criblage, d'hydrocyclone, d'attrition, d'agitation et de déshydratation. Dans une première phase, les sols sont lavés conjointement avec de l'eau et sont ensuite séparés en 3 fractions définies préalablement: graviers, sables et limons. On bat le sable avec un processus de lavage énergétique; le gravier avec un dessablage simple, une attrition et un lavage en deux étapes de cyclonage; et les limons avec: adaptation, épaississement, homogénéisation et déshydratation.
PCT/ES2020/070579 2020-09-28 2020-09-28 Installation industrielle de lavage de sols ex situ par voie humide pour la décontamination de terrains contaminés par des radionucléides d'intensité moyenne et faible WO2022064081A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

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PCT/ES2020/070579 WO2022064081A1 (fr) 2020-09-28 2020-09-28 Installation industrielle de lavage de sols ex situ par voie humide pour la décontamination de terrains contaminés par des radionucléides d'intensité moyenne et faible

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PCT/ES2020/070579 WO2022064081A1 (fr) 2020-09-28 2020-09-28 Installation industrielle de lavage de sols ex situ par voie humide pour la décontamination de terrains contaminés par des radionucléides d'intensité moyenne et faible

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995015566A1 (fr) * 1993-11-30 1995-06-08 British Nuclear Fuels Plc Procede de traitement de matiere en particules
KR101876686B1 (ko) * 2017-11-14 2018-07-09 현대건설주식회사 방사성 오염 토양 복합분리 방법 및 처리장치

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995015566A1 (fr) * 1993-11-30 1995-06-08 British Nuclear Fuels Plc Procede de traitement de matiere en particules
KR101876686B1 (ko) * 2017-11-14 2018-07-09 현대건설주식회사 방사성 오염 토양 복합분리 방법 및 처리장치

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