WO2022037262A1 - 含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒、纳米材料及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用 - Google Patents

含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒、纳米材料及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用 Download PDF

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WO2022037262A1
WO2022037262A1 PCT/CN2021/102962 CN2021102962W WO2022037262A1 WO 2022037262 A1 WO2022037262 A1 WO 2022037262A1 CN 2021102962 W CN2021102962 W CN 2021102962W WO 2022037262 A1 WO2022037262 A1 WO 2022037262A1
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metal nanoparticles
metal
radionuclide
radionuclides
water
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张春富
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Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04Organic compounds
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00Antineoplastic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to metal nanoparticles containing radionuclides, nanomaterials, preparation methods thereof, and applications in the preparation of targeted drugs.
  • Radioactive nanomedicines play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, and one of the key technologies for constructing radioactive nanomedicines is to achieve efficient and stable nuclide labeling.
  • various methods of nuclide labeling of nanomaterials have been proposed. The reported methods are mainly divided into two categories: extra-nuclide labeling and intra-nuclide labeling.
  • Exo-nuclide labeling is currently the most commonly used method for radiopharmaceutical nuclide labeling. It uses chelating agents to coordinately combine with nuclides to achieve rapid and efficient labeling.
  • the commonly used chelating agents are DOTA (1, 4, 7, 10- Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), NOTA (1,4,7-sodium azide-1,4,7-triacetic acid), DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid) etc.
  • DOTA 1, 4, 7, 10- Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
  • NOTA 1,4,7-sodium azide-1,4,7-triacetic acid
  • DTPA diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid
  • Intranuclide labeling is a chelating ligand-free nuclide labeling method, which utilizes the unique physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles or a special chemical reaction process to dope the nuclide inside the nanocarrier.
  • the method of intranuclide labeling has the advantages of rapidity, simplicity, good labeling stability, and no interference from chelating agents and ligands.
  • Ion exchange method and “proton beam excitation” four methods. Among them, the "cold-hot precursor mixing method” is the most widely studied. The basic principle is to mix radionuclide ions with non-radioactive compounds to carry out chemical synthesis reactions together, and then realize nuclide labeling.
  • nuclide labeling methods use chelating agents to couple the nuclide to the drug carrier.
  • the introduction of the chelating agent may change the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug;
  • the existing nuclide internal labeling method can only label a few nuclides with similar chemical properties to the carrier element, which limits the simultaneous labeling of multiple nuclides;
  • the existing nuclear medicine labeling methods require a smaller reaction system to improve the labeling efficiency.
  • the reaction volume is tens to hundreds of microliters. Although the reaction in a small system can improve the labeling efficiency, it limits the radiopharmaceuticals. Large-scale synthesis and preparation.
  • One of the objectives of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, to provide a metal nanoparticle containing a radioactive metal nuclide, a preparation method thereof, and an application in the preparation of a targeted drug.
  • Metal nanoparticles containing radionuclides characterized in that, the metal nanoparticles containing radionuclides include radionuclides and metal nanoparticles; the radionuclides are doped and/or labeled on the metal nanoparticles middle.
  • the radionuclide is doped in the crystal lattice of the metal nanoparticle and/or labeled on the surface of the crystal lattice of the metal nanoparticle.
  • the radionuclide is selected from one or more of 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 198 Au, 64 Cu, 89 Zr, 90 Y, and 89 Sr.
  • the metal nanoparticles are metal nanoparticles containing gold, silver or copper.
  • the gold-containing metal nanoparticles are single metal nanoparticles of gold, silver or copper.
  • the metal nanoparticles are mixed metal nanoparticles, and the mixed metal nanoparticles include at least two metals from gold, silver or copper.
  • the metal nanoparticles are sulfur-containing metal nanoparticles, and the sulfur-containing metal nanoparticles include one or more metals in gold, silver or copper; in the sulfur-containing metal nanoparticles In the metal nanoparticles, the weight content of metal is greater than that of sulfur.
  • a nanomaterial is characterized by comprising the aforementioned metal nanoparticles containing radionuclides and organic substances containing thiol groups.
  • the organic substance containing a thiol group coats the metal nanoparticle containing a radioactive metal nuclide.
  • the number of thiol groups in the organic substance is greater than or equal to 1.
  • the organic substances containing thiol groups include small peptides, amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acids, proteins, polyethylene glycol containing thiol groups or amphoteric compounds with equal positive and negative charges and One or more of alkanethiols.
  • the small peptide is a cysteine-containing small peptide.
  • the small peptide comprises one or more of glutathione, RGD peptide and octreotide.
  • the preparation method of the aforementioned nanomaterial is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
  • step (3) is performed after step (2); if a water-soluble metal salt of gold is not added in step (1), step (1) is performed Then proceed directly to step (3).
  • the pH value of the reaction solution in the step (1) is adjusted to 6.5-7.5; in the step (3), the reaction solution obtained in the step (2) is at 40 React at °C ⁇ 75°C.
  • the pH value of the reaction solution obtained in the step (1) is adjusted to 3-6.5; in the step (3), the reaction solution obtained in the step (2) is adjusted The solution was reacted at 75°C-120°C.
  • the radionuclide salt is a water-soluble salt.
  • the radionuclide salt is a hydrochloride and/or nitrate of a radionuclide.
  • a water-soluble alkali or a water-soluble carbonate is used to adjust the pH value of the reaction solution.
  • the water-soluble alkali includes one or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia;
  • the water-soluble carbonate includes potassium carbonate, hydrogen carbonate One or more of potassium, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the molar ratio of the water-soluble metal salt to the organic substance containing a mercapto group is 1:(1.5-3).
  • step (4) it further comprises step (4), ultrafiltration of the solution obtained in step (3), and washing with a phosphate buffer solution.
  • the number of thiol groups in the organic substance is greater than or equal to 1.
  • the organic substance containing a thiol group is selected from small peptides, amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins, polyethylene glycol containing a thiol group or amphoteric compounds with equal positive and negative charges and one or more of alkanethiols.
  • the small peptide is a cysteine-containing small peptide.
  • the small peptide is selected from one or more of glutathione, RGD peptide and octreotide and derivatives thereof.
  • step (3) further comprises adding a water-soluble alkaline sulfide.
  • the water-soluble alkaline sulfide is ammonium sulfide, sodium sulfide or potassium sulfide.
  • the metal nanoparticles containing radionuclides, the nanomaterials, the preparation method thereof, and the application in the preparation of targeted drugs in the present invention realize ligand-free and ligand-free nuclide labeling based on metal nanoparticles.
  • the ligand-free labeling of the present invention establishes a general method, realizes individual or simultaneous labeling of multiple radioactive metal nuclides, and broadens the application of radioactive metal nuclides in radioactive nano-drugs.
  • the invention realizes that the nuclide can still be efficiently labeled under the condition of large-scale system synthesis, and promotes the large-scale synthesis of radioactive nano-medicine.
  • the invention establishes a novel radionuclide labeling method based on metal nanoparticles, so that the nanomaterials have better targeting properties, minimize aggregation in the liver and spleen, and reduce damage to normal tissues and organs.
  • the radionuclide involved in the present invention has no ligand labeling, and through doping, the radionuclide occupies the crystal lattice of the metal nanocluster particles in the form of atoms, which greatly improves the stability of the radioactive metal nuclide labeling.
  • the invention can realize broad-spectrum labeling of radionuclides, and multiple radionuclides can be labeled individually or simultaneously, such as labeling of 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 198 Au, 64 Cu, 89 Zr, 89 Sr, 90 Y, etc.
  • Traditional nuclide internal standard methods can only label radioactive metal nuclides with the same or similar chemical properties as the carrier element.
  • the simultaneous labeling of multiple radionuclides can provide a powerful tool for the integration of diagnosis and treatment, such as 68 Ga/ 177 Lu, 64 Cu/ 177 Lu, 89 Zr/ 177 Lu, 68 Ga/ 90 Y, 64 Cu/ 90 Y, 89 Zr / 90 Y et al.
  • the radionuclide labeling method involved in the present invention can realize large-scale and large-volume synthesis, and the volume can reach 500 mL of product; it breaks the limitation that the traditional radionuclide labeling method must be a small system, only tens of microliters to hundreds of microliters, and The radioactive nanomaterials synthesized by this method have >90% yield and >90% labeling rate.
  • the radiopharmaceuticals that can be made from the synthesized products of the present invention take ultra-small particle size metal nanoparticles as carriers, which can be cleared by the kidneys, greatly reducing the long-term toxicity caused by traditional nanoparticles to organs such as liver and spleen due to accumulation in the body. At the same time, this nanomaterial has better tumor targeting, and it is easy to achieve active targeting of tumors by coupling targeting molecules.
  • Fig. 1 is the stability curve of the nuclide labeling of RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs prepared in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is the UV-Vis absorption spectrum and product photo (inset) of the RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs material prepared in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • Example 3 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization diagram of the RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs material prepared in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is the particle size distribution diagram of the RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs product in Example 1 of the present invention and its Gaussian distribution fitting curve. The figure shows that the particle size of the synthesized product is concentrated at about 2 nm, and the particle size distribution is relatively uniform.
  • FIG. 5 is the stability curve of the nuclide labeling of RGD-GS- 68 GaAu NCs prepared in Example 2 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is the particle size distribution histogram of the F-GS- 68 GaAu NCs product in Example 16 of the present invention and its Gaussian distribution fitting curve, the figure shows that the particle size of the synthesized product is concentrated at about 1 nm, and the particle size distribution is relatively uniform .
  • Example 7 is a UV-Vis absorption spectrum diagram of the F-GS- 68 GaAu NCs product prepared in Example 16 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is the fluorescence spectrum of the F-GS- 68 GaAu NCs product in Example 16 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a TEM characterization diagram of the F-GS- 68 GaAu NCs product in Example 16 of the present invention.
  • the basic principle of the metal nanoparticles containing radioactive metal nuclides in the present invention is metal doping, that is, a radionuclide such as one of 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 198 Au, 64 Cu, 89 Zr, 90 Y, and 89 Sr, etc. Or several kinds are doped into the crystal structure of the metal nanoparticle, and the radioactive metal nuclide doped into the metal nanoparticle has excellent stability because it occupies the lattice position of the metal nanoparticle itself.
  • the technical core of the method of the present invention lies in the co-reduction of water-soluble metal salts and radionuclide salts of gold, silver or copper by organic substances containing sulfhydryl groups, and the reaction is divided into the following processes:
  • the gold-containing product in step (1) is gradually digested and dissolved in water at a certain pH value and reaction temperature;
  • the water-soluble metal salts of gold, silver or copper and the radionuclide salt solution to be labeled are mixed in ultrapure water, then small peptides are added, and the reaction is stirred at room temperature. At this time, the sulfhydryl groups on the surface of small peptides will interact with gold The gold ions in the water-soluble metal salts react with the radionuclide metal ions to form white flocs that are insoluble in water. With the extension of time, the white flocs continued to increase until there was no significant change.
  • the alkaline solution is added dropwise to the reaction solution in step (1), and the pH value of the reaction solution is adjusted to 6.5-7.5; and the reaction system is colorless and transparent until the white flocs are completely dissolved.
  • the water-insoluble white flocs in step (1) are digested to be colorless and transparent, and metal nano-cluster particles are preliminarily formed.
  • the reaction solution in step (2) is placed in a water bath at 40°C to 75°C and stirred slowly for 30 minutes to generate metal nanoparticles with a particle size of about 2 nm.
  • the metal nanocluster particles are doped with radionuclides.
  • the doping amount of the radionuclide can be adjusted by changing the amount of the radionuclide salt added before the reaction.
  • the nuclide-containing metal nanoparticles are coated with small peptides.
  • the rate of nuclide labeling (%) the radioactivity of the product/(the radioactivity of the product+the radioactivity of the filtrate) ⁇ 100%.
  • Radiochemical purity 1 ⁇ L of the product was added dropwise to instant thin-layer chromatography paper, and radioactive thin-layer chromatography was carried out to obtain radiochemical purity.
  • the final product was characterized by particle size, morphology, UV-Vis absorption spectrum and atomic absorption spectrum, and it was confirmed as the expected product.
  • This example takes GS- 177 LuAu NCs (referred to as RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs) radioactive nanomaterials coated with c(RGDyC) cyclic small peptides as an example and a synthesis method thereof.
  • RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by GSH and cyclic RGD small peptide c (RGDyC), and 177 Lu was doped into the lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms, and the final product was Colorless transparent liquid.
  • the final product after purification is GS- 177 LuAu NCs coated with cyclic small peptide c (RGDyC).
  • the final reaction pH of this example is about 7.0, and the reaction temperature is 60°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the ratio of the moles of HAuCl 4 ⁇ 3H 2 O to GSH and cyclic RGD cyclic peptide is 1:2, and each molecule of GSH and cyclic RGD cyclic peptide contains a sulfhydryl group.
  • reaction system changed from light yellow to yellowish brown, and then quickly changed to colorless, and then white flocs were formed, and the white flocs were [Au(I)-SG] high polymers.
  • Radionuclide labeling rate take the final product and filtrate to measure their radioactivity, and calculate the labeling rate according to the following formula:
  • the rate of nuclide labeling (%) the radioactivity of the product/(the radioactivity of the product + the radioactivity of the filtrate) ⁇ 100%;
  • Radiochemical purity 1 ⁇ L of the product was added dropwise to instant thin-layer chromatography paper, and radioactive thin-layer chromatography was carried out to obtain radiochemical purity.
  • Figure 1 shows the nuclide stability of gold nanoparticles labeled with 177 Lu in rat serum. It can be seen from the figure that the RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs material still has >80% stability after three days. The rate is above 90%.
  • Figure 2 shows the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the synthesized RGD-GS- 177 LuAuNCs material.
  • FIG. 3 is the TEM image of the RGD-GS- 177 LuAuNCs material
  • Figure 4 is the particle size distribution diagram of the RGD-GS- 177 LuAu NCs product in Example 1 of the present invention and its Gaussian distribution fitting curve. It can be seen from Figure 3 and Figure 4 that the particle size distribution of the material is uniform, about 2nm.
  • This example takes GS- 68 GaAu NCs (referred to as RGD-GS- 68 GaAu NCs for short) radioactive nanomaterials coated with cyclic RGD cyclic peptides as an example and a synthesis method thereof.
  • RGD-GS- 68 GaAu NCs radioactive nanomaterials coated with cyclic RGD cyclic peptides
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by GSH and RGD cyclic peptide c (RGDyC), and 68 Ga was doped into the lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final product is a colorless transparent nanoparticle suspension.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 6.8, and the reaction temperature was 50°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the ratio of the moles of HAuCl 4 ⁇ 3H 2 O to GSH and cyclic RGD cyclic peptide is 1:2, and each molecule of GSH and cyclic RGD small peptide contains a sulfhydryl group.
  • the white floc is [Au(I)-SG] high polymer.
  • Figure 5 shows the nuclide stability of 68 Ga-labeled gold nanoparticles in rat serum. It can be seen from the figure that the RGD-GS- 68 GaAuNCs material still has high nuclide stability when it is close to two half-lives (>80% in one half-life), the nuclide labeling rate is above 90%.
  • This example takes GS- 68 Ga 177 LuAuNCs (referred to as RGD-GS- 68 Ga 177 LuAuNCs) radioactive nanomaterials coated with c(RGDyC) cyclic small peptides as an example and a synthesis method thereof.
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by GSH and RGD small peptide c (RGDyc), and 68 Ga and 177 Lu were doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final product is a colorless transparent nanoparticle suspension.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 7.5, and the reaction temperature was 70°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the ratio of the moles of HAuCl 4 ⁇ 3H 2 O to GSH and cyclic RGD small peptide is 1:2, and each molecule of GSH and cyclic RGD small peptide contains a sulfhydryl group.
  • reaction system changed from light yellow to yellowish brown, then quickly changed to colorless, and then formed a white floc, which is [Au(I)-SG] high polymer.
  • This example takes 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs (referred to as RGD-GS- 68 Ga 177 LuAuNCs for short) radioactive nanomaterials coated with c(RGDyC) cyclic small peptides as an example and a synthesis method thereof.
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by GSH and RGD cyclic peptide c (RGDyc), and 68 Ga and 177 Lu were doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 6.5, and the reaction temperature was 40°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the ratio of the moles of HAuCl 4 ⁇ 3H 2 O to GSH and cyclic RGD small peptide is 1:2, and each molecule of GSH and cyclic RGD small peptide contains a sulfhydryl group.
  • reaction system changed from light yellow to yellowish brown, then quickly changed to colorless, and then formed a white floc, which is [Au(I)-SG] high polymer.
  • 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs radioactive nanomaterials (Cys- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs for short) were synthesized by using cysteine Cys as a reducing agent.
  • Cys- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by Cys, and 68 Ga and 77 Lu were doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final product is a colorless transparent nanoparticle suspension.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 7.0, and the reaction temperature was 60°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • reaction system changed from light yellow to yellowish brown, then quickly changed to colorless, and then formed a white floc, which is [Au(I)-SG] high polymer.
  • 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs radioactive nanomaterials (Cys- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs for short) were synthesized by using cysteine Cys as a reducing agent.
  • Cys- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by Cys, and 68 Ga and 77 Lu were doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final product is a colorless transparent nanoparticle suspension.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 6.8, and the reaction temperature was 50°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • reaction system changed from light yellow to yellowish brown, then quickly changed to colorless, and then formed a white floc, which is [Au(I)-SG] high polymer.
  • DMSA 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the purification, concentration and characterization of nanomaterials are the same as in Example 1.
  • the characterization results show that the generated gold nanoparticles have a particle size distribution of about 2 nm, a high nuclide labeling rate (>90%), and a good stability (>80% within a half-life).
  • DMSA 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • DMSA 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • GSH glutathione
  • GS- 68 Ga 177 LuCuAu NCs label 68 Ga and 177 Lu
  • the molar ratio of Au to Cu is 9:1, but it is not limited to this ratio.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • TDDM dodecyl mercaptan
  • a reducing agent to synthesize gold nanoparticles
  • label 68 Ga and 177 Lu (abbreviated as TDDM- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs).
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by TDDM, and 68 Ga and 177 Lu were doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 6.6, and the reaction temperature was 63°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • DNA-SH was used as a reducing agent to synthesize gold nanoparticles, and 68 Ga and 177 Lu were labeled (referred to as DNA- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs).
  • DNA- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by sulfhydryl groups coupled on DNA, and 68 Ga and 177 Lu were doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 7.1, and the reaction temperature was 580°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • the purification, concentration and characterization of nanomaterials are the same as in Example 1.
  • the characterization results show that the generated gold nanoparticles have a particle size distribution of about 2 nm, a high nuclide labeling rate (>90%), and a good stability (>80% within a half-life).
  • PEG-SH was used as a reducing agent to synthesize gold nanoparticles, and label 68 Ga and 177 Lu (referred to as DNA- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs).
  • DNA- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs label 68 Ga and 177 Lu
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by sulfhydryl groups coupled on DNA, and 68 Ga and 177 Lu were doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 6.9, and the reaction temperature was 60°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • GSH glutathione
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by GSH, and 68 Ga was doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 7.0, and the reaction temperature was 40°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • GSH glutathione
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by GSH, and 68 Ga was doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 7.5, and the reaction temperature was 60°C.
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • reaction temperature 75-120°C
  • reaction pH 3-6.5
  • GSH is used as a reducing agent to synthesize metal nanoparticles with fluorescent properties at a relatively high temperature (100° C.), and label 68 Ga (abbreviated as F-GS- 68 GaAu NCs).
  • the preparation method includes the steps:
  • Example 1-15 Difference: the product properties of Example 1-15 are colorless and transparent, and the present embodiment and the following examples are light yellow; 1nm); the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of the two products are slightly different, but both can indicate that the products are ultra-small particle size gold nanoparticles; Examples 1-15 have no fluorescence properties, and this example has green fluorescence.
  • the process of nuclide labeling rate, stability, material purification and concentration, and material characterization is the same as that of Example 1.
  • the characterization results show that the particle size distribution of the generated gold nanoparticles is about 1 nm, and there are shoulder peaks of characteristic absorption at 330 nm and 375 nm. (>90%), good stability (>80% within one half-life).
  • GSH was used as a reducing agent to synthesize metal nanoparticles with fluorescent properties at a relatively high temperature (120° C.), and simultaneously label 68 Ga and 177 Lu (referred to as F-GS- 68 Ga 177 LuAu NCs).
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • cysteine was used as a reducing agent to synthesize metal nanoparticles with fluorescent properties at a relatively high temperature (75°C), and simultaneously label 68 Ga and 177 Lu (referred to as F-CyS- 68 Ga for short). 177 LuAu NCs).
  • the preparation method includes the following steps:
  • GSH glutathione
  • HAuCl 4 was reduced to gold nanoparticles by GSH, and 68 Ga was doped into the crystal lattice of gold nanoparticles in the form of atoms.
  • the final reaction pH of this example was 6.5, and the reaction temperature was 90°C.
  • the preparation method includes the steps:
  • the process of nuclide labeling rate, stability, material purification and concentration, and material characterization is the same as that of Example 1.
  • the characterization results show that the particle size distribution of the generated gold nanoparticles is about 1 nm, and there are shoulder peaks of characteristic absorption at 330 nm and 375 nm. (>90%), good stability (>80% within one half-life).
  • BSA was used as a reducing agent and a stabilizer to synthesize Ag 2 S nanoparticles, and 177 Lu nuclide was labeled at the same time to obtain the final product BSA@ 177 LuAg 2 S radioactive nanoparticles.
  • the preparation method is as follows:
  • the characterization results show that the particle size distribution of the finally generated BSA@ 177 LuAg 2 S nanoparticles is between 1.5-2 nm, the nuclide labeling rate is >90%, and the stability of nuclide labeling is >80% within one half-life.
  • BSA is used as a reducing agent and a stabilizer to synthesize Ag 2 S nanoparticles, and simultaneously label 64 Cu nuclide to obtain the final product BSA@ 64 CuAg 2 S radioactive nanoparticles.
  • the preparation method is as follows:
  • the characterization results show that the particle size distribution of the final BSA@ 64CuAg 2 S nanoparticles is between 1.5-2 nm, the nuclide labeling rate is >90%, and the stability of nuclide labeling is >80% within a half-life.
  • BSA is used as a reducing agent and a stabilizer to synthesize CuS nanoparticles, and at the same time, 64 Cu nuclide is labeled to obtain the final product BSA@ 64 CuCuS radioactive nanoparticles.
  • the preparation method is as follows:
  • the characterization results show that the particle size distribution of the final BSA@ 64CuCuS nanoparticles is about 5nm, the nuclide labeling rate is >90%, and the stability of nuclide labeling is >80% within a half-life.
  • BSA was used as reducing agent and stabilizer to synthesize CuS nanoparticles, and 177 Lu nuclide was labeled at the same time to obtain the final product BSA@ 177 LuCuS radioactive nanoparticles.
  • the preparation method is as follows:
  • the characterization results show that the particle size distribution of the final BSA@ 177 LuCuS nanoparticles is about 5 nm, the nuclide labeling rate is >90%, and the stability of nuclide labeling is >80% within a half-life.
  • the nuclide label is replaced with one or several combinations of 198 Au, 64 Cu, 89 Zr, 90 Y and 89 Sr, and the same can be obtained.
  • the nuclide-labeled metal nanoparticles coated with sulfhydryl group organic matter have a particle size of about 2 nm and a labeling rate of more than 80; the stability within one half-life is greater than 80%.
  • the metal nanoparticles are made of gold-silver alloy, and the nuclide-labeled metal nanoparticles coated with mercapto group organics can also be obtained, and the particle size is about 2 nm. , the labeling rate reaches more than 80; the stability within one half-life is greater than 80%.
  • the nitrate of the metal nuclide can also be used instead of the hydrochloride, and the nuclide-labeled metal nanoparticles coated with the sulfhydryl group organic matter can also be obtained. ; Stability greater than 80% within one half-life.
  • one or more of potassium hydroxide, ammonia water can also be used; one or more of potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate replaces sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH value, and the same
  • potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate replaces sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH value, and the same
  • the nuclide-labeled metal nanoparticles coated with thiol group organic matter can be obtained, the particle size is about 2 nm, the labeling rate reaches more than 80, and the stability in one half-life period is greater than 80%.
  • the molar ratio of chloroauric acid and the organic substance containing sulfhydryl groups was changed to 1; 1.5, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2.3, 1:2.6, 1:2.7, 1:3, the same
  • the nuclide-labeled metal nanoparticles coated with thiol group organic matter can be obtained, the particle size is about 2 nm, the labeling rate reaches more than 80, and the stability in one half-life period is greater than 80%.
  • the metal nanoparticles and nanomaterials containing radionuclides in the present invention are especially suitable for preparing targeted drugs for diagnosis and treatment.
  • the metal nanoparticles containing radionuclides, the nanomaterials, the preparation method thereof, and the application in the preparation of targeted drugs in the present invention realize ligand-free and ligand-free nuclide labeling based on metal nanoparticles.
  • the ligand-free labeling of the present invention establishes a general method, realizes individual or simultaneous labeling of multiple radioactive metal nuclides, and broadens the application of radioactive metal nuclides in radioactive nano-drugs.
  • the invention realizes that the nuclide can still be efficiently labeled under the condition of large-scale system synthesis, and promotes the large-scale synthesis of radioactive nano-medicine.
  • the invention establishes a novel radionuclide labeling method based on metal nanoparticles, so that the nanomaterials have better targeting properties, minimize aggregation in the liver and spleen, and reduce damage to normal tissues and organs.
  • the radionuclide involved in the present invention is a ligand-free label, and through doping, the radionuclide occupies the crystal lattice of the metal nanocluster particles in the form of atoms, which greatly improves the stability of the radioactive metal nuclide label.
  • the invention can realize broad-spectrum labeling of radionuclides, and multiple radionuclides can be labeled individually or simultaneously, such as labeling of 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 198 Au, 64 Cu, 89 Zr, 89 Sr, and 90 Y), etc., It breaks the traditional nuclide internal standard method and can only label radioactive metal nuclides with the same or similar chemical properties as the carrier element.
  • the simultaneous labeling of multiple radionuclides can provide a powerful tool for the integration of diagnosis and treatment, such as 68 Ga/ 177 Lu, 64 Cu/ 177 Lu, 89 Zr/ 177 Lu, 68 Ga/ 90 Y, 64 Cu/ 90 Y, 89 Zr / 90 Y et al.
  • the radionuclide labeling method involved in the present invention can realize large-scale and large-volume synthesis, and the volume can reach 500 mL of product; it breaks the limitation that the traditional radionuclide labeling method must be a small system, only tens of microliters to hundreds of microliters, and The radioactive nanomaterials synthesized by this method have >90% yield and >90% labeling rate.
  • the radiopharmaceuticals that can be made from the synthesized products of the present invention use ultra-small particle size metal nanoparticles as carriers, which can be eliminated by the kidneys, which greatly reduces the long-term toxicity of traditional nanoparticles to the liver, spleen and other organs caused by accumulation in the body.
  • this nanomaterial has better tumor targeting, and it is easy to achieve active targeting of tumors by coupling targeting molecules.

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Abstract

一种包含放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,包含该纳米颗粒的纳米材料及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用,其中放射性核素掺杂于所述金属纳米颗粒中和/或标记于其表面,实现了多种放射性核素单独或同时标记,拓宽了放射性核素在放射性纳米药物上的应用。

Description

含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒、纳米材料及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用 技术领域
本发明涉及含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒、纳米材料及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用。
背景技术
放射性纳米药物在多种疾病的诊断与治疗方面发挥着越来越重要的作用,而构建放射性纳米药物的关键技术之一就是实现高效稳定的核素标记。随着核医学与纳米技术的不断发展,多种纳米材料的核素标记方法被提出。目前已见报道的方法主要分为两类:核素外标记与核素内标记。核素外标记是目前放射性药物核素标记最为常用的方法,其利用螯合剂与核素发生配位结合,进而实现快速高效标记,常用的螯合剂主要有DOTA(1,4,7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸)、NOTA(1,4,7-叠氮酸钠-1,4,7-三乙酸)、DTPA(二乙烯三胺五乙酸)等。利用螯合剂实现核素外标记有快速、高效、药物纯化方便等优势,但螯合剂的引入可能会对药物的药代动力学行为及体内稳定性造成影响,且标记的核素有脱标的可能,造成了药物的脱靶及诊断结果的假阳性,因此一些新型的核素内标记方法被提出。
核素内标记是一种无螯合剂配体的核素标记方法,其利用纳米颗粒本身特有的物理、化学性质或特殊的化学反应过程将核素掺杂于纳米载体内部。核素内标记的方法具有快速、简单、标记稳定性好、无螯合剂配体干扰等优点,目前已见报道的主要分为“冷-热前体混合法”、“特定捕获法”、“离子交换法”和“质子束激发”四种方法。其中对“冷-热前体混合法”的研究最为广泛,其基本原理是将放射性核素离子与非放射性的化合物混合,共同进行化学合成反应,进而实现核素标记。
现有的核素标记方法存在以下问题:
1、现有核素标记方法大都借助螯合剂将核素偶联于药物载体上,螯合剂的引入可能会改变药物的药代动力学行为;
2、现有核素内标记的方法仅能标记与载体元素化学性质相近的少数核素,限制了多种核素的同时标记;
3、现有核医学的标记方法要求在较小的反应体系中进行以提高标记效率,反应体积为数十至数百微升,虽然在小体系下反应能提高标记效率,但限制了放射性药物的大规模合成与制备。
4、目前所研究报道的放射性纳米药物大多存在粒径较大、体内行为较差、在肝脾中大量累积的问题,对正常组织器官造成较大伤害。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一是为了克服现有技术中的不足,提供一种含有放射性金属核素的金属纳米颗粒及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用。
为实现以上目的,本发明通过以下技术方案实现:
含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒包括放射性核素和金属纳米颗粒;所述放射性核素掺杂于和/或标记在所述金属纳米颗粒中。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述放射性核素掺杂于所述金属纳米颗粒的晶格中和/或标记于所述金属纳米颗粒的晶格的表面。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述放射性核素选自 68Ga、 177Lu、 198Au、 64Cu、 89Zr、 90Y、 89Sr中的一种或几种。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述金属纳米颗粒为含有金、银或铜的金属纳米颗粒。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,含金的金属纳米颗粒为金、银或铜的单一金属纳米颗粒。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述金属纳米颗粒为混合金属纳米颗粒,所述混合金属纳米颗粒中包括金、银或铜中的至少两种金属。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述金属纳米颗粒中为含硫的金属纳米颗粒,所述含硫的金属纳米颗粒包含金、银或铜中的一种或多种金属;在所述含硫的金属纳米颗粒中,金属的重量含量大于硫的重量含量。
一种纳米材料,其特征在于,包括前述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,以及含有巯基基团的有机物。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述的含有巯基基团的有机物包覆所述含有放射性金属核素的金属纳米颗粒。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述含有巯基基团的有机物,其中巯基基团在有机物中的数量大于或等于1。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述含有巯基基团的有机物包括小肽、氨基酸、脱氧核糖核酸、蛋白质、含有巯基基团的聚乙二醇或带有等量正、负电荷的两性化合物和烷基硫醇中的一种或几种。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述小肽为含有半胱氨酸的小肽。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述小肽包括谷胱甘肽、RGD肽和奥曲肽中的一种或多种。
前述的纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括步骤:
(1)、金、银或铜的水溶性金属盐中的至少一种、放射性核素盐与含有巯基基团的有机物于水中反应,得到反应溶液;
(2)、调节步骤(1)获得的反应溶液的pH值至3~7.5;
(3)、获得的反应溶液在25℃~120℃下反应;
其中,若步骤(1)中加入金的水溶性金属盐,则进行步骤(2)后进行步骤(3);若步骤(1)中未加入金的水溶性金属盐,则在步骤(1)后直接进行步骤(3)。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述步骤(2)中,调节步骤(1)的反应溶液的pH值至6.5~7.5;所述步骤(3)中,步骤(2)获得的反应溶液在40℃~75℃下反应。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述步骤(2)中,将所述步骤(1)获得的反应溶液pH值调节为3-6.5;所述步骤(3)中,步骤(2)获得的反应溶液在75℃-120℃下反应。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述步骤(2)中的调节后的pH值越低,则步骤(3)中的反应温度越高。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述放射性核素盐为可溶于水的盐。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述放射性核素盐为放射性核素的盐酸盐和/或硝酸盐。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述步骤(2)中,使用可溶于水的碱或可溶于水的碳酸盐调节反应溶液的pH值。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述可溶于水的碱包括氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、氨水中的一种或几种;所述可溶于水的碳酸盐包括碳酸钾、碳酸氢钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠中的一种或几种。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述水溶性金属盐与含有巯基基团的有机物的摩尔比为1:(1.5-3)。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,还包括步骤(4),将步骤(3)获得的溶液超滤,再使用磷酸盐缓冲溶液洗涤。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述含有巯基基团的有机物,其中巯基基团在有机物中的数量大于或等于1。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述含有巯基基团的有机物选自小肽、氨基酸、脱氧核糖核酸、蛋白质、含有巯基基团的聚乙二醇或带有等量正、负电荷的两性化合物和烷基硫醇中的一种或几种。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述小肽为含有半胱氨酸的小肽。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述小肽选自谷胱甘肽、RGD肽和奥曲肽及其衍生物中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,步骤(3)中还包括加入水溶性碱性硫化物。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,所述水溶性碱性硫化物为硫化铵、硫化钠或硫化钾。
前述的纳米材料在制备靶向药物中的应用。
本发明中的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒、纳米材料及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用,实现基于金属纳米颗粒的无配体和配体的核素标记。本发明无配体标记建立了一种通用方法,实现对多种放射性金属核素的单独或同时标记,拓宽了放射性金属核素在放射性纳米药物上的应用。本发明实现大体系合成条件下仍然能高效标记核素,推动放射性纳米药物的大批量合成。本发明基于金属纳米颗粒建立新型核素标记方法,使得纳米材料有更好的靶向性,尽量减少在肝脾部的聚集,降低对正常组织器官的损伤。
本发明涉及的放射性核素无配体标记,通过掺杂,放射性核素以原子形式占据了金属纳米团颗粒的晶格,极大提高了放射性金属核素标记的稳定性。
本发明可实现放射性核素的广谱标记,多种放射性核素可单独或同时标记,如 68Ga、 177Lu、 198Au、 64Cu、 89Zr、 89Sr、 90Y的标记等,打破了传统核素内标方法只能标记与载体元素化学性质相同或相近的放射性金属核素。多种放射性核素同时标记可为诊疗一体化提供有力的工具,比如 68Ga/ 177Lu、 64Cu/ 177Lu、 89Zr/ 177Lu、 68Ga/ 90Y、 64Cu/ 90Y、 89Zr/ 90Y等。
本发明涉及的放射性核素标记方法可实现大批量大体积合成,体积可达500mL产品;打破了传统放射性核素标记方法必须为小体系,只有数十微升至数百微升的限制,且此方法合成的放射性纳米材料具有>90%的产率和>90%的标记率。
本发明所合成产品可制成的放射性药物以超小粒径金属纳米颗粒为载体,可通过肾 脏清除,极大降低了传统纳米颗粒由于体内累积而对肝、脾等器官造成的长期毒性。同时,此纳米材料具有更好的肿瘤靶向性,且容易通过偶联靶向分子实现对肿瘤的主动靶向。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中制备的RGD-GS- 177LuAu NCs核素标记稳定性曲线。
图2为本发明实施例1中制备的RGD-GS- 177LuAu NCs材料的紫外-可见吸收光谱图与产品照片(插图)。
图3为本发明实施例1中制备的RGD-GS- 177LuAu NCs材料的透射电镜(TEM)表征图。
图4为本发明实施例1中RGD-GS- 177LuAu NCs产品的粒径分布图及其高斯分布拟合曲线,图中显示合成后的产品粒径集中在2nm左右,粒径分布较为均一。
图5为本发明实施例2中制备的RGD-GS- 68GaAu NCs核素标记稳定性曲线。
图6为本发明实施例16中F-GS- 68GaAu NCs产品的粒径分布柱状图及其高斯分布拟合曲线,图中显示合成后的产品粒径集中在1nm左右,粒径分布较为均一。
图7为本发明实施例16中制备的F-GS- 68GaAu NCs产品的紫外-可见吸收光谱图。
图8为本发明实施例16中F-GS- 68GaAu NCs产品的荧光光谱图。
图9为本发明实施例16中F-GS- 68GaAu NCs产品的TEM表征图。
具体实施方式
本发明中的含有放射性金属核素的金属纳米颗粒基本原理为金属掺杂,即将放射性核素如 68Ga、 177Lu、 198Au、 64Cu、 89Zr、 90Y和 89Sr等中的一种或几种掺杂进金属纳米颗粒的晶体结构中,掺杂进去的放射性金属核素由于占据了金属纳米颗粒本身的晶格位置,因此具有极好的稳定性。
本发明方法的技术核心在于含有巯基基团的有机物对金、银或铜的水溶性金属盐及放射性核素盐的共还原,反应分为以下过程:
(1)、含有巯基基团的有机物、金、银或铜的水溶性金属盐中的至少一种,以及放射性核素盐,于混合溶液中反应生成含金、银或铜的产物。
(2)、步骤(1)中的含金产物在一定的pH值及反应温度下逐渐消解溶于水中;
(3)、金、银或铜的水溶性金属盐和放射性核素盐在含有巯基基团的有机物的还原作用下共同生成掺杂放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒。
本发明中的纳米材料合成路线有两种,一种是在反应溶液pH值为6.5~7.5,在40℃~75℃下反应;另一种路线是在反应溶液pH值为3.5~6.5,在75℃~120℃下反应。
第一种路线中,以含有巯基基团的有机物选自小肽为例对反应原理总结为:
(1)、不溶于水的含金的产物的生成:
首先将金、银或铜的水溶性金属盐与需要标记的放射性核素盐溶液混合于超纯水中,然后加入小肽,室温下搅拌反应,此时小肽表面的巯基基团会与金的水溶性金属盐中的金离子和放射性核素金属离子反应生成不溶于水的白色絮状物。随着时间的延长,白色絮状物不断增多,直至不再有显著变化。
(2)、白色絮状物的消解:
向步骤(1)的反应溶液中逐滴滴加碱溶液,将反应溶液pH值调整为6.5~7.5;而且直至白色絮状物完全溶解,反应体系此时呈无色透明状。此时步骤(1)中不溶于水的白色絮状物消解为无色透明,金属纳米团颗粒初步生成。
(3)、金属纳米颗粒的生成:
将步骤(2)中的反应溶液置入40℃~75℃水浴中,缓慢搅拌30分钟,生成粒径为 2nm左右的金属纳米颗粒,此金属纳米团颗粒掺杂了放射性核素。放射性核素的掺杂量可通过改变反应前加入的放射性核素盐的量来调节。最终的产物中,含有核素的金属纳米颗粒外包覆有小肽。
产品浓缩与纯化处理:
将前述步骤(3)生成的产品转移至超滤管中,离心过滤出未完全反应的小肽、金属离子等,然后用pH值为7.4的磷酸缓冲盐溶液洗涤3次,得到无色透明的纳米悬浮液,其中的纳米粒子为1-2nm。
分别取最终产品及滤液测其放射性活度,计算得到核素的标记率,计算公式为:
核素标记率(%)=产品的放射性活度/(产品的放射性活度+滤液的放射性活度)×100%。
放射性化学纯度测定:取1μL产品滴加于即时薄层色谱纸上,进行放射性薄层色谱分析,得到放射性化学纯度。
材料表征:
对最终产品进行粒径、形貌、紫外-可见吸收光谱及原子吸收光谱表征,确认为预期产物。
实施例1
本实施例以包覆有c(RGDyC)环状小肽的GS- 177LuAu NCs(简称为RGD-GS- 177LuAuNCs)放射性纳米材料及其合成方法为例。RGD-GS- 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH和环状RGD小肽c(RGDyC)还原为金纳米颗粒, 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中,最终产品为无色透明液体。纯化后的最终产品即包覆有环状小肽c(RGDyC)的GS- 177LuAu NCs。本实施例的最终反应pH为7.0左右,反应温度为60℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O及3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL),搅拌混合均匀,然后将200μL浓度为100mM的还原型谷胱甘肽(Reduced GSH)与100μL浓度为1mg/mL的环状RGD环肽c(RGDyc)溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH和环状RGD环肽的摩尔数之和比为1:2,每一分子的GSH与环状RGD环肽中均含有一个巯基基团。
可观察到反应体系由淡黄色变为黄褐色,又快速变为无色,接着形成白色絮状物,白色絮状物为[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]高聚物。
(2)、室温下搅拌,逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至7.0,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至60℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纯化与浓缩:将合成好的上述产品转移至50mL体积的超滤管中,离心超滤以去除未完全反应的谷胱甘肽、氯金酸和游离的放射性金属核素,然后用磷酸盐缓冲液超滤洗涤三次,得最终产品RGD-GS- 177LuAuNCs。
核素标记率测定:分别取最终产品及滤液测其放射性活度,依据下式计算标记率:
核素标记率(%)=产品的放射性活度/(产品的放射性活度+滤液的放射性活度)×100%;
核素标记稳定性表征:将50μL产品与950μL 10%的大鼠血清(溶于PBS)混合均匀,分别于混合后24h,48h,72h按照上述方法测定标记率,得到稳定性曲线。
放射性化学纯度测定:取1μL产品滴加于即时薄层色谱纸上,进行放射性薄层色谱分析,得到放射性化学纯度。
放射性纳米材料表征:取浓缩纯化后的材料稀释5倍,分别进行水合粒径(HD)、 紫外-可见光吸收光谱(Uv-vis spectrum)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)及透射电镜(TEM)的表征。结果表明:材料的粒径为2nm左右,在330nm和375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰。各项表征结果见附图。
图1为标记了 177Lu的金纳米颗粒在大鼠血清中的核素稳定性,图中可以看出RGD-GS- 177LuAu NCs材料在三天后仍然有>80%的稳定性,核素标记率在90%以上。图2为RGD-GS- 177LuAuNCs材料合成后的紫外-可见吸收光谱图,可以看出材料在330nm和375nm处有特征的肩峰,在500nm之后没有吸收峰,表明生成的产品为小粒径的金纳米颗粒;图3为RGD-GS- 177LuAuNCs材料的TEM图;图4为本发明实施例1中RGD-GS- 177LuAu NCs产品的粒径分布图及其高斯分布拟合曲线。从图3、图4中可以看出材料粒径分布均一,在2nm左右。
实施例2
本实施例以包覆有环状RGD环肽的GS- 68GaAu NCs(简称为RGD-GS- 68GaAu NCs)放射性纳米材料及其合成方法为例。
RGD-GS- 68GaAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH和RGD环肽c(RGDyC)还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。最终产品为无色透明纳米颗粒悬浮液。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.8,反应温度为50℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O及3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的还原型谷胱甘肽(Reduced GSH)与100μL浓度为1mg/mL的RGD环肽c(RGDyc)溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH和环状RGD环肽的摩尔数之和比为1:2,每一分子的GSH与环状RGD小肽中均含有一个巯基基团。
可观察到反应体系由淡黄色变为黄褐色,又快速变为无色,接着形成白色絮状物。白色絮状物为[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]高聚物。
(2)、室温下搅拌,逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.8,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至50℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。
图5为标记了 68Ga的金纳米颗粒在大鼠血清中的核素稳定性,图中可以看出,RGD-GS- 68GaAuNCs材料在接近两个半衰期时仍然有较高的核素稳定性(一个半衰期内>80%),核素标记率在90%以上。
实施例3
本实施例以包覆有c(RGDyC)环状小肽的GS- 68Ga 177LuAuNCs(简称为RGD-GS- 68Ga 177LuAuNCs)放射性纳米材料及其合成方法为例。
RGD- 68Ga 177LuAuNCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH和RGD小肽c(RGDyc)还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。最终产品为无色透明纳米颗粒悬浮液。本实施例的最终反应pH为7.5,反应温度为70℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的还原型谷胱甘肽(Reduced GSH)与100μL浓度为1mg/mL的RGD环肽c(RGDyc)溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH 和环状RGD小肽的摩尔数之和比为1:2,每一分子的GSH与环状RGD小肽中均含有一个巯基基团。
可观察到反应体系由淡黄色变为黄褐色,又快速变为无色,接着形成白色絮状物,即为[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]高聚物。
(2)、室温下搅拌,逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至7.5,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至70℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例4
本实施例以包覆有c(RGDyC)环状小肽的 68Ga 177LuAu NCs(简称为RGD-GS- 68Ga 177LuAuNCs)放射性纳米材料及其合成方法为例。
RGD- 68Ga 177LuAuNCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH和RGD环肽c(RGDyc)还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.5,反应温度为40℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的还原型谷胱甘肽(Reduced GSH)与100μL浓度为1mg/mL的RGD环肽c(RGDyc)溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH和环状RGD小肽的摩尔数之和比为1:2,每一分子的GSH与环状RGD小肽中均含有一个巯基基团。
可观察到反应体系由淡黄色变为黄褐色,又快速变为无色,接着形成白色絮状物,即为[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]高聚物。
(2)、室温下搅拌,逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.5,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至40℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应2h,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例5
本实施例以半胱氨酸Cys为还原剂合成 68Ga 177LuAu NCs放射性纳米材料(简称Cys- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)。Cys- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被Cys还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 77Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。最终产品为无色透明纳米颗粒悬浮液。本实施例的最终反应pH为7.0,反应温度为60℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的半胱氨酸(Cys)溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与Cys的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的Cys中含有一个巯基基团。
可观察到反应体系由淡黄色变为黄褐色,又快速变为无色,接着形成白色絮状物,即为[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]高聚物。
(2)、室温下搅拌,逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至7.0,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至60℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例6
本实施例以半胱氨酸Cys为还原剂合成 68Ga 177LuAu NCs放射性纳米材料(简称Cys- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)。Cys- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被Cys还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 77Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。最终产品为无色透明纳米颗粒悬浮液。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.8,反应温度为50℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的半胱氨酸(Cys)溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与Cys的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的Cys中含有一个巯基基团。
可观察到反应体系由淡黄色变为黄褐色,又快速变为无色,接着形成白色絮状物,即为[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]高聚物。
(2)、室温下搅拌,逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.8,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至50℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例7
本实施例以2,3-二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)为还原剂合成 68Ga 177LuAu NCs(简称为D- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)放射性纳米材料。
D- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被DMSA还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为7.2,反应温度为40℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为50mM的DMSA溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与DMSA摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的DMSA含有两个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,然后逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至7.2,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至40℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应2h,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分 布在2nm左右,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例8
本实施例以2,3-二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)为还原剂合成 68Ga 177LuAu NCs(简称为D- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)放射性纳米材料。
D- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被DMSA还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.9,反应温度为55℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为50mM的DMSA溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与DMSA摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的DMSA含有两个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,然后逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.9,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至55℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应2h,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例9
本实施例以2,3-二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)为还原剂合成 68Ga 177LuAu NCs(简称为D- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)放射性纳米材料。
D- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被DMSA还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.5,反应温度为70℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为50mM的DMSA溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与DMSA摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的DMSA含有两个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,然后逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.5左右,溶液变为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至70℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例10
本实施例以谷胱甘肽(GSH)为还原剂合成Au-Cu合金纳米颗粒,并标记 68Ga与 177Lu(简称为GS- 68Ga 177LuCuAu NCs)。本实施例合金纳米颗粒中,Au与Cu的摩尔比为9:1,但不仅限于此比例。
GS- 68Ga 177LuCuAu NCs中,CuCl 2与HAuCl 4被GSH还原为合金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进合金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.5,反应温度为60℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入36μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、20μL浓度为50mM的CuCl 2溶液、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3 (100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的GSH溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与CuCl 2的摩尔数之和与GSH的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的GSH含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,然后逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.5左右,溶液为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至60℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例11
本实施例以十二烷基硫醇(TDDM)为还原剂合成金纳米颗粒,并标记 68Ga与 177Lu(简称为TDDM- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)。TDDM- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被TDDM还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.6,反应温度为63℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的TDDM溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与TDDM的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的TDDM含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,然后逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.6,溶液为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至63℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例12
本实施例以DNA-SH为还原剂合成金纳米颗粒,并标记 68Ga与 177Lu(简称为DNA- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)。DNA- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被DNA上偶联的巯基还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为7.1,反应温度为580℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的DNA-SH溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与DNA-SH的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的DNA-SH含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,然后逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至7.1,溶液为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至58℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分 布在2nm左右,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例13
本实施例以PEG-SH为还原剂合成金纳米颗粒,并标记 68Ga与 177Lu(简称为DNA- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)。PEG- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被DNA上偶联的巯基还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga和 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.9,反应温度为60℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入5mL超纯水,然后依次加入40μL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL)和3mCi  68GaCl 3(100μL,0.05M HCl),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入5μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将200μL浓度为100mM的PEG-SH溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与PEG-SH的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的PEG-SH含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,然后逐滴加入浓度为0.5M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至6.9,溶液为无色透明状,标志着[Au(Ⅰ)-SG]低聚物的生成。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至60℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例14
本实施例以谷胱甘肽(GSH)为还原剂进行大批量(500mL)合成 68GaAu NCs(简称为GS- 68GaAu NCs)。
GS- 68GaAuNCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为7.0,反应温度为40℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入500mL超纯水,然后依次加入4mL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、10mCi  68GaCl 3(1mL,0.05M HCl)及GaCl 3溶液(1mL,0.1μM),搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入50μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将4mL浓度为500mM的GSH溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的GSH中含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,溶液出现白色絮状物,然后逐滴加入浓度为50M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至7.0,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至40℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应2h,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例15
本实施例以谷胱甘肽(GSH)为还原剂进行大批量(1000mL)合成 68GaAu NCs(简称为GS- 68GaAu NCs)。
GS- 68GaAuNCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为7.5,反应温度为60℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入1000mL超纯水,然后依次加入8mL浓度为250mM的HAuCl 4·3H 2O、10mCi  68GaCl 3(1mL,0.05M HCl)及GaCl 3溶液(2mL,0.1μM), 搅拌混合均匀,在混合液中加入50μL左右浓度为1.0M的NaOH,以中和 68GaCl 3引入的盐酸溶液。然后将8mL浓度为500mM的GSH溶液逐滴加入混合体系。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH的摩尔数之比为1:2,每一分子的GSH中含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、室温下搅拌5-10min,溶液出现白色絮状物,然后逐滴加入浓度为50M的NaOH溶液,调节pH至7.5左右,白色絮状物消解,溶液变为无色透明状。
(3)、接下来将反应瓶转移至60℃水浴中,继续搅拌反应30min,即可收样,最终合成产品为无色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在2nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,核素标记率>90%,稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
以下实施例合成有荧光性能的金属纳米颗粒,选用的合成条件为:反应温度:75-120℃;反应pH:3-6.5
实施例16
本实施例以GSH作为还原剂,在较高温度(100℃)下合成有荧光性能的金属纳米颗粒,并标记 68Ga(简称为F-GS- 68GaAu NCs)。
F-GS- 68GaAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为4.0,反应温度为100℃。
制备方法包括步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入4.5mL超纯水,然后依次加入HAuCl 4·3H 2O(250mM,48μL)及3mCi 68GaCl 3(0.05M HCl,0.5mL),搅拌混合均匀,加入NaOH溶液(1.0M,25μL)以中和核素溶液引入的盐酸。然后加入配制好的GSH溶液(100mM,180μL)。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH的摩尔数之比为1:1.5,每一分子的GSH中含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、紧接着逐滴加入NaOH溶液(1.0M)将混合溶液pH调节至4.0,然后在室温下快速搅拌5min。
(3)、转移至100℃水浴中继续搅拌反应15min即可收样。最终产品为淡黄色透明的纳米悬浮液,纳米材料表现出荧光性质。
本实施例方法路线下合成的金属纳米颗粒与以上实施例(例1-15)的差异在于:
(1)相同之处:最终产品均为<2nm,内标了放射性元素的金纳米颗粒;
(2)不同之处:实施例1-15产品性状为无色透明,本实施例及以下实施例为淡黄色;例1-15产品的粒径(约1.7nm)略大于本实施例(约1nm);两产品的紫外-可见吸收光谱略有差异,但都可以表明产品为超小粒径金纳米颗粒;实施例1-15无荧光性能,本实施例有绿色荧光。
核素标记率、稳定性、材料的纯化与浓缩以及材料表征过程同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在1nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,荧光性质为:最大激发峰在450nm附近,最大发射峰在580nm附近,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例17
本实施例以GSH作为还原剂,在较高温度(120℃)下合成有荧光性能的金属纳米颗粒,并同时标记 68Ga与 177Lu(简称为F-GS- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)。
F-GS- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga与 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为3.0,反应温度为120℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入4.5mL超纯水,然后依次加入HAuCl 4·3H 2O(250mM, 48μL)、3mCi 68GaCl 3(0.05M HCl,0.5mL)及3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL),搅拌混合均匀,加入NaOH溶液(1.0M,25μL)以中和核素溶液引入的盐酸。然后加入配制好的GSH溶液(100mM,180μL)。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH的摩尔数之比为1:1.5,每一分子的GSH中含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、紧接着逐滴加入NaOH溶液(1.0M)将混合溶液pH调节至3.0,然后在室温下快速搅拌5min。
(3)、将反应液转移至120℃油浴中继续搅拌反应15min即可收样。最终产品为淡黄色透明的纳米悬浮液,纳米材料表现出荧光性质。核素标记率、稳定性、材料的纯化与浓缩以及材料表征过程同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在1nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,荧光性质为:最大激发峰在450nm附近,最大发射峰在580nm附近,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例18
本实施例以半胱氨酸(Cys)作为还原剂,在较高温度(75℃)下合成有荧光性能的金属纳米颗粒,并同时标记 68Ga与 177Lu(简称为F-CyS- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs)。
F-GS- 68Ga 177LuAu NCs中,HAuCl 4被Cys还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga与 177Lu以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为5.0,反应温度为75℃。
制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入4.5mL超纯水,然后依次加入HAuCl 4·3H 2O(250mM,48μL)、3mCi 68GaCl 3(0.05M HCl,0.5mL)及3mCi  177LuCl 3(3μL),搅拌混合均匀,加入NaOH溶液(1.0M,25μL)以中和核素溶液引入的盐酸。然后加入配制好的Cys溶液(100mM,180μL)。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与Cys的摩尔数之比为1:1.5,每一分子的Cys中含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、紧接着逐滴加入NaOH溶液(1.0M)将混合溶液pH调节至5左右,然后在室温下快速搅拌5min。
(3)、将反应液转移至75℃水浴中继续搅拌反应15min即可收样。最终产品为淡黄色透明的纳米颗粒悬浮液,纳米材料表现出荧光性质。核素标记率、稳定性、材料的纯化与浓缩以及材料表征过程实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在1nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,荧光性质为:最大激发峰在450nm附近,最大发射峰在580nm附近,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
实施例19
本实施例以谷胱甘肽(GSH)为还原剂进行大批量(500mL)合成有荧光的 68GaAu NCs(简称为F-GS- 68GaAu NCs)。
GS- 68GaAuNCs中,HAuCl 4被GSH还原为金纳米颗粒, 68Ga以原子的形式被掺杂进金纳米颗粒的晶格中。本实施例的最终反应pH为6.5,反应温度为90℃。
制备方法包括步骤:
(1)、在反应瓶内加入450mL超纯水,然后依次加入HAuCl 4·3H 2O(250mM,4.8mL)及15mCi 68GaCl 3(0.05M HCl,1.5mL),搅拌混合均匀,加入NaOH溶液(1.0M,75μL)以中和核素溶液引入的盐酸。然后加入配制好的GSH溶液(100mM,18mL)。其中HAuCl 4·3H 2O与GSH的摩尔数之比为1:1.5,每一分子的GSH中含有一个巯基基团。
(2)、紧接着逐滴加入NaOH溶液(1.0M)将混合溶液pH调节至6.5,然后在室温下快速搅拌5min。
(3)、将反应液转移至90℃水浴中继续搅拌反应15min即可收样。最终产品为淡 黄色透明的纳米悬浮液,纳米材料表现出荧光性质。
核素标记率、稳定性、材料的纯化与浓缩以及材料表征过程同实施例1。表征结果显示生成的金纳米颗粒粒径分布在1nm左右,在330nm与375nm处有特征吸收的肩峰,荧光性质为:最大激发峰在450nm附近,最大发射峰在580nm附近,核素标记率高(>90%),稳定性好(一个半衰期内>80%)。
以下实施例合成有含硫的金属纳米颗粒
实施例20
本实施例以BSA为还原剂与稳定剂,合成Ag 2S纳米颗粒,同时标记 177Lu核素,得到最终产物BSA@ 177LuAg 2S放射性纳米颗粒。制备方法如下:
(1)将AgNO 3(2.5mL,4mM)与 177LuCl 3(100μCi)加入到BSA(5mL,2mg/mL)溶液中并进行搅拌,形成BSA-Ag +复合物,将混合物进行过夜搅拌(12h);
(2)将Na 2S(2.5mL,8mM)注射进入上述混合物中,室温下(约25℃)继续搅拌十分钟,得到深棕色的纳米颗粒悬浮液
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。
表征结果显示最终生成的BSA@ 177LuAg 2S纳米颗粒的粒径分布在1.5-2nm之间,核素标记率>90%,核素标记稳定性在一个半衰期内>80%。
实施例21
本实施例以BSA为还原剂与稳定剂,合成Ag 2S纳米颗粒,同时标记 64Cu核素,得到最终产物BSA@ 64CuAg 2S放射性纳米颗粒。制备方法如下:
(1)将AgNO 3(2.5mL,4mM)与 64CuCl 2(100μCi)加入到BSA(5mL,2mg/mL)溶液中并进行搅拌,形成BSA-Ag +复合物,将混合物进行过夜搅拌(12h);
(2)将Na 2S(2.5mL,8mM)注射进入上述混合物中,室温下(约25℃)继续搅拌十分钟,得到深棕色的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。
表征结果显示最终生成的BSA@ 64CuAg 2S纳米颗粒的粒径分布在1.5-2nm之间,核素标记率>90%,核素标记稳定性在一个半衰期内>80%。
实施例22
本实施例以BSA为还原剂与稳定剂,合成CuS纳米颗粒,同时标记 64Cu核素,得到最终产物BSA@ 64CuCuS放射性纳米颗粒。制备方法如下:
(1)将CuCl 2(250μL,0.75M)与 64CuCl 2(100μCi)加入到BSA(10mL,10mg/mL)溶液中并进行搅拌,观察到混合物颜色变为蓝色;
(2)将(NH 4) 2S(100μL,3.2M)注射进入上述混合物中,并加热至90℃继续搅拌30min,得到暗绿色的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。
表征结果显示最终生成的BSA@ 64CuCuS纳米颗粒的粒径分布在5nm左右,核素标记率>90%,核素标记稳定性在一个半衰期内>80%。
实施例23
本实施例以BSA为还原剂与稳定剂,合成CuS纳米颗粒,同时标记 177Lu核素,得到最终产物BSA@ 177LuCuS放射性纳米颗粒。制备方法如下:
(1)将CuCl 2(250μL,0.75M)与 177LuCl 3(100μCi)加入到BSA(10mL,10mg/mL)溶液中并进行搅拌,观察到混合物颜色变为蓝色;
(2)将(NH 4) 2S(100μL,3.2M)注射进入上述混合物中,并加热至90℃继续搅拌30min,得到暗绿色的纳米颗粒悬浮液。
纳米材料的纯化、浓缩与表征同实施例1。
表征结果显示最终生成的BSA@ 177LuCuS纳米颗粒的粒径分布在5nm左右,核素标 记率>90%,核素标记稳定性在一个半衰期内>80%。
作为以上实施例的替代实施例,本发明中的技术方案中,将核素标记更换为 198Au、 64Cu、 89Zr、 90Y和 89Sr中的一种或者几种组合,同样可得到被巯基基团有机物包覆的核素标记的金属纳米颗粒,其粒径为2nm左右,标记率达到80以上;一个半衰期内的稳定性大于80%。
作为以上实施例的替代实施例,本发明中的技术方案中,金属纳米颗粒采用金银合金,同样可得到被巯基基团有机物包覆的核素标记的金属纳米颗粒,其粒径为2nm左右,标记率达到80以上;一个半衰期内的稳定性大于80%。
前述实施例中,还可以使用金属核素的硝酸盐代替盐酸盐,同样可得到被巯基基团有机物包覆的核素标记的金属纳米颗粒,其粒径为2nm左右,标记率达到80以上;一个半衰期内的稳定性大于80%。
前述实施例中,还可以使用氢氧化钾、氨水中的一种或几种;碳酸钾、碳酸氢钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠中的一种或几种代替氢氧化钠调节pH值,同样可得到被巯基基团有机物包覆的核素标记的金属纳米颗粒,其粒径为2nm左右,标记率达到80以上;一个半衰期内的稳定性大于80%。
前述实施例中,氯金酸与含有巯基基团的有机物的摩尔比更换为1;1.5、1:1.8、1:1.9、1:2.3、1:2.6、1:2.7、1:3之后,同样可得到被巯基基团有机物包覆的核素标记的金属纳米颗粒,其粒径为2nm左右,标记率达到80以上;一个半衰期内的稳定性大于80%。
本发明中的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒、纳米材料尤其适合用于制备靶向药物,用作诊断及治疗。
本发明中的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒、纳米材料及其制备方法和在制备靶向药物中的应用,实现基于金属纳米颗粒的无配体和配体的核素标记。本发明无配体标记建立了一种通用方法,实现对多种放射性金属核素的单独或同时标记,拓宽了放射性金属核素在放射性纳米药物上的应用。本发明实现大体系合成条件下仍然能高效标记核素,推动放射性纳米药物的大批量合成。本发明基于金属纳米颗粒建立新型核素标记方法,使得纳米材料有更好的靶向性,尽量减少在肝脾部的聚集,降低对正常组织器官的损伤。
本发明涉及的放射性核素为无配体标记,通过掺杂,放射性核素以原子形式占据了金属纳米团颗粒的晶格,极大提高了放射性金属核素标记的稳定性。
本发明可实现放射性核素的广谱标记,多种放射性核素可单独或同时标记,如 68Ga、 177Lu、 198Au、 64Cu、 89Zr、 89Sr、和 90Y)的标记等,打破了传统核素内标方法只能标记与载体元素化学性质相同或相近的放射性金属核素。多种放射性核素同时标记可为诊疗一体化提供有力的工具,比如 68Ga/ 177Lu、 64Cu/ 177Lu、 89Zr/ 177Lu、 68Ga/ 90Y、 64Cu/ 90Y、 89Zr/ 90Y等。
本发明涉及的放射性核素标记方法可实现大批量大体积合成,体积可达500mL产品;打破了传统放射性核素标记方法必须为小体系,只有数十微升至数百微升的限制,且此方法合成的放射性纳米材料具有>90%的产率和>90%的标记率。
本发明所合成产品可制成的放射性药物以超小粒径金属纳米颗粒为载体,可通过肾脏清除,极大降低了传统纳米颗粒由于体内累积而对肝、脾等器官造成的长期毒性。同时,此纳米材料具有更好的肿瘤靶向性,且容易通过偶联靶向分子实现对肿瘤的主动靶向。
以上仅为本发明较佳的实施例,并不用于局限本发明的保护范围,任何在本发明精神内的修改、等同替换或改进等,都涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围内。

Claims (30)

  1. 含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒包括放射性核素和金属纳米颗粒;所述放射性核素掺杂于所述金属纳米颗粒中和/或标记于所述金属纳米颗粒的表面。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的含有放射性金属核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述放射性金属核素掺杂于所述金属纳米颗粒的晶格中和/或标记于所述金属纳米颗粒的晶格的表面。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述放射性核素选自 68Ga、 177Lu、 198Au、 64Cu、 89Zr、 90Y、 89Sr的一种或几种。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述金属纳米颗粒为含有金、银或铜的金属纳米颗粒。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述金属纳米颗粒为金、银或铜的单一金属纳米颗粒。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述金属纳米颗粒为混合金属纳米颗粒,所述混合金属纳米颗粒中包括金、银或铜中的至少两种。
  7. 根据权利要求4所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,其特征在于,所述金属纳米颗粒为含硫的金属纳米颗粒,所述含硫的金属纳米颗粒包含金、银或铜中的一种或多种金属;在所述含硫的金属纳米颗粒中,金属的重量含量大于硫的重量含量。
  8. 一种纳米材料,其特征在于,包括权利要求1至7任一权利要求所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒,以及含有巯基基团的有机物。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的纳米材料,其特征在于,所述的含有巯基基团的有机物包覆所述含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒。
  10. 根据权利要求8或9所述的纳米材料,其特征在于,所述含有巯基基团的有机物,其中巯基基团在有机物中的数量大于或等于1。
  11. 根据权利要求8或9所述的纳米材料,其特征在于,所述含有巯基基团的有机物包括小肽、氨基酸、脱氧核糖核酸、蛋白质、含有巯基基团的聚乙二醇或带有等量正、负电荷的两性化合物和烷基硫醇中的一种或几种。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的纳米材料,其特征在于,所述小肽为含有半胱氨酸的小肽。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的纳米材料,其特征在于,所述小肽包括谷胱甘肽、RGD肽和奥曲肽及其衍生物中的一种或多种。
  14. 权利要求8至13任一权利要求所述的纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括步骤:
    (1)、金、银或铜的水溶性金属盐中的至少一种、放射性核素盐与含有巯基基团的有机物于水中反应,得到反应溶液;
    (2)、调节步骤(1)获得的反应溶液的pH值至3~7.5;
    (3)、获得的反应溶液在25℃~120℃下反应;
    其中,若步骤(1)中加入金的水溶性金属盐,则进行步骤(2)后进行步骤(3);若步骤(1)中未加入金的水溶性金属盐,则在步骤(1)后直接进行步骤(3)。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,调节步骤(1)的反应溶液的pH值至6.5~7.5;所述步骤(3)中,步骤(2)获得的反应溶液在40℃~75℃下反应。
  16. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,将所述步骤(1)获得的反应溶液pH值调节为3-6.5;所述步骤(3)中,步骤(2)获得的反应溶液在75℃-120℃下反应。
  17. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中的调节后的pH值越低,则步骤(3)中的反应温度越高。
  18. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述放射性核素盐为可溶于水的盐。
  19. 根据权利要求14所述的纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述放射性核素盐为放射性核素的盐酸盐和/或硝酸盐。
  20. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,使用可溶于水的碱或可溶于水的碳酸盐调节反应溶液的pH值。
  21. 根据权利要求20所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述可溶于水的碱包括氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、氨水中的一种或几种;所述可溶于水的碳酸盐包括碳酸钾、碳酸氢钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠中的一种或几种。
  22. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述水溶性金属盐与含有巯基基团的有机物的摩尔比为1:(1.5-3)。
  23. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,还包括步骤(4),将步骤(3)获得的溶液超滤,再使用磷酸盐缓冲溶液洗涤。
  24. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含有巯基基团的有机物,其中巯基基团在有机物中的数量大于或等于1。
  25. 根据权利要求14或23所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含有巯基基团的有机物选自小肽、氨基酸、脱氧核糖核酸、蛋白质、含有巯基基团的聚乙二醇或带有等量正、负电荷的两性化合物和烷基硫醇中的一种或几种。
  26. 根据权利要求25所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在 于,所述小肽为含有半胱氨酸的小肽。
  27. 根据权利要求26所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述小肽选自谷胱甘肽、RGD肽和奥曲肽及其衍生物中的一种或多种。
  28. 根据权利要求14所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中还包括加入水溶性碱性硫化物。
  29. 根据权利要求28所述的含有放射性核素的金属纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,所述水溶性碱性硫化物为硫化铵、硫化钠或硫化钾。
  30. 权利要求8至13任一权利要求所述的纳米材料在制备靶向药物中的应用。
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