WO2022011904A1 - 储能系统 - Google Patents

储能系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022011904A1
WO2022011904A1 PCT/CN2020/128604 CN2020128604W WO2022011904A1 WO 2022011904 A1 WO2022011904 A1 WO 2022011904A1 CN 2020128604 W CN2020128604 W CN 2020128604W WO 2022011904 A1 WO2022011904 A1 WO 2022011904A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy storage
battery
storage module
switch
module
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2020/128604
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王朝辉
周贺
石磊
Original Assignee
华为数字能源技术有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 华为数字能源技术有限公司 filed Critical 华为数字能源技术有限公司
Priority to CN202080102876.0A priority Critical patent/CN115836455A/zh
Priority to EP20945559.1A priority patent/EP4167423A4/en
Priority to AU2020458519A priority patent/AU2020458519A1/en
Priority to CN202310442460.9A priority patent/CN116488290A/zh
Publication of WO2022011904A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022011904A1/zh
Priority to US18/154,784 priority patent/US20230170711A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/00032—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00304—Overcurrent protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00309—Overheat or overtemperature protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/005—Detection of state of health [SOH]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/32—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from a charging set comprising a non-electric prime mover rotating at constant speed
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/50—Charging of capacitors, supercapacitors, ultra-capacitors or double layer capacitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of battery energy storage, and in particular, to an energy storage system.
  • the industry's usual practice is to connect multiple batteries Modules (battery module, BM) (such as battery module 11 to battery module 1n, battery module 21 to battery module 2n) are connected in series to obtain multiple battery clusters (such as battery cluster 1 and battery cluster 2), and the Multiple battery clusters are connected in parallel, and then a direct current (DC)/alternating current (AC) inverter is shared to realize the energy exchange between the energy storage batteries and the grid in large-scale energy storage.
  • BM batteries Modules
  • DC direct current
  • AC alternating current
  • SOH state of health
  • the battery health degree of battery 1 and battery 2 gradually decreases with the service life of the battery.
  • the SOH of battery 1 is 70%
  • the SOH of battery 2 is 60%
  • the difference in battery health between battery 1 and battery 2 is 10%.
  • the series connection of battery modules makes the charging and discharging time of each battery module in the same battery cluster the same, and the difference between battery modules is increasing.
  • the limitation of the bottleneck battery module must be considered, and the entire cluster of batteries must be derated, resulting in battery waste. Due to the difference in battery internal resistance and battery port voltage, the simple parallel connection of battery clusters will lead to inconsistent charging and discharging among different battery clusters, thus limiting battery utilization.
  • the inventors of the present application found that in order to solve the battery differences between batteries, as shown in Figure 3, the prior art is to introduce a DC/DC converter into each battery module, and in the same battery cluster
  • the DC/DC converters of each battery module share a set of buses
  • the DC/DC converters followed by each battery module are used to realize energy management and make up for the differences caused by battery attenuation.
  • the DC/DC converters of each battery module in battery cluster 1 share a set of buses
  • the DC/DC converters of each battery module in battery cluster 2 share a set of buses.
  • the present application provides an energy storage system, which can improve the management flexibility of the energy storage system, enhance the stability of the energy storage system, and has higher applicability.
  • the present application provides an energy storage system, which includes at least one energy storage unit cluster and a centralized monitoring system for the energy storage unit cluster. It can be understood that if the energy storage system includes more than one energy storage unit unit cluster, then an energy storage unit cluster corresponds to a centralized monitoring system. Any energy storage unit cluster includes at least two energy storage modules and the at least two energy storage modules are connected in series.
  • An energy storage module includes an energy storage element group and a switch bridge arm.
  • the switch bridge arm is composed of a main control switch and a bypass switch. One end of the main control switch is connected to the energy storage element group, and the other end of the main control switch is used as the main control switch.
  • An energy storage unit cluster is coupled to the DC bus through a DC/DC converter, and the centralized monitoring system of the energy storage unit cluster is connected to the energy storage unit cluster through the control bus, which is used to control any energy storage module in the energy storage unit cluster.
  • the main control switch and the bypass switch are turned on or off to connect or bypass any of the energy storage modules.
  • each energy storage unit cluster is coupled to the DC bus through a DC/DC converter to realize simple parallel expansion of multiple energy storage unit clusters, which can increase the energy storage capacity of the energy storage system.
  • the flexible control of the energy of a single energy storage unit cluster and the rapid switching of a single energy storage unit cluster under abnormal working conditions can be realized, and the applicability is strong.
  • the switch bridge arm in the energy storage module combined with the energy management capability of the DC/DC converter connected to the energy storage unit cluster where the energy storage module is located, the flexible control of a single energy storage module can be realized, which can improve the energy storage system.
  • the management flexibility and the stability of the energy storage system have high applicability.
  • the centralized monitoring system of the energy storage unit cluster is integrated in the DC/DC converter, which can simplify the system structure of the energy storage system.
  • the DC/DC converter is installed in close proximity, therefore, integrating the centralized monitoring system of the energy storage unit cluster into the DC/DC converter is beneficial to the connection of the control bus, and has higher applicability.
  • the DC/DC converter can be a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and the circuit topology of the bidirectional DC/DC converter can be a non-isolated circuit topology.
  • the boost ratio of the bidirectional DC/DC converter is determined by the voltage of the DC bus and the energy storage.
  • the port voltage of the cell cluster is determined.
  • one of the above at least two energy storage modules further includes a battery management unit BMU; a centralized energy storage unit cluster
  • the monitoring system connects the BMU of each energy storage module in the energy storage unit cluster through the control bus, and controls the on or off of the main control switch and bypass switch of any energy storage module through the BMU of any energy storage module. It is easy to operate and has high applicability.
  • the main control switch and bypass switch of any of the above energy storage modules are integrated in the BMU of any energy storage module, which can simplify the The system structure of the energy storage system can improve the control flexibility of the switch arm of the energy storage module, and has higher applicability.
  • the main control switch and the bypass switch of any energy storage module in the energy storage unit cluster are turned off, which can improve the energy storage capacity. System maintenance security.
  • the power supply module of the BMU of any energy storage module is composed of the energy storage element group or the energy storage element group of any energy storage module.
  • the control bus provides power and operates flexibly, which can ensure the control capability of the energy storage module, so that the energy storage module is in a bypass state without affecting the normal operation of the entire battery cluster, and has high applicability.
  • the centralized monitoring system of the energy storage unit cluster is used to The BMU controls the main control switches of each energy storage module to turn on one by one.
  • the centralized monitoring system of the energy storage unit cluster controls the energy storage modules one by one through the BMU of each energy storage module
  • the main control switch S1 of the group is turned on, which can increase the port voltage of the energy storage unit cluster in a stepwise manner, which can reduce the current impact of the energy storage unit cluster, thereby significantly simplifying the soft-start circuit of the DC/DC converter, even without soft-starting. circuit, simple operation and high applicability.
  • the BMU of any energy storage module is used to detect the charging and discharging of the energy storage element group in any energy storage module.
  • the main control switch of any energy storage module is turned off and the bypass switch of any energy storage module is turned on.
  • the switch arm of the energy storage module can be controlled through the BMU of each energy storage module to realize the cut-in or cut-out of a single energy storage module, and the operation is flexible and the applicability is high.
  • the BMU of any energy storage module is used to detect that the energy storage element group in any energy storage module is abnormal. Turn off the main control switch of any energy storage module and turn on the bypass switch.
  • the abnormality of the energy storage element group includes that the state of health of the energy storage element group SOH is less than the SOH threshold, the energy storage element group is short-circuited, or the energy storage element group is over-temperature.
  • the application realizes the control of the switch arm of the energy storage module through the BMU of each energy storage module, which can realize the automatic removal of the faulty energy storage module, and at the same time ensure the normal operation of the energy storage unit cluster and even the energy storage system, and the operation is flexible. , high applicability.
  • the BMU of any energy storage module is used to send current adjustment to the centralized monitoring system ask.
  • the centralized monitoring system is used to control the DC/DC converter to reduce the battery charging and discharging current of the energy storage unit cluster when the current adjustment request is received.
  • the BMU of any of the above energy storage modules is also used to turn off or turn on the main control switch or bypass switch of any energy storage module when it is detected that the battery charging and discharging current is equal to the preset current threshold, so as to realize the storage It can smoothly cut in and out of the module, and at the same time protect the highly reliable operation of the switching device, and has high applicability.
  • the above-mentioned preset current threshold is 50%, 20% or 10% of the rated working current of the energy storage unit cluster.
  • the BMU of any energy storage module is also used to turn off any energy storage module when the control signal of the centralized monitoring system cannot be detected.
  • the main control switch and bypass switch of the energy storage module so that the output of the energy storage module is in a high-impedance state, which can prevent the energy storage module from affecting the normal operation of the battery cluster, and can improve the stability of the energy storage system. Sex is high.
  • the above-mentioned switching bridge arm is a low-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor MOSFET, and the voltage of the low-voltage MOSFET includes 60V , 80V, 100V, 120V, 150V or 200V.
  • the on-resistance of the low-voltage MOSFET is low, and the low-voltage MOSFET is used for the switching bridge arm to reduce the conduction loss in the on-state.
  • the low-voltage MOSFET can work in the synchronous rectification state, and can achieve low conduction during the charging and discharging process. On-resistance, high applicability.
  • Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of an energy storage system
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between battery health status and service life
  • Fig. 3 is another structural schematic diagram of the energy storage system
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • 5a is a schematic structural diagram of a battery module provided by the present application.
  • 5b is another schematic structural diagram of the battery module provided by the present application.
  • FIG. 6 is another schematic structural diagram of the energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a battery cluster connected to a DC/DC converter in an energy storage system provided by the present application;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the change of the battery cluster port voltage of the energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • FIG. 9 is another schematic structural diagram of the energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of changes in battery parameters when the battery modules in the battery cluster are switched.
  • the energy storage system provided by the present application is suitable for various types of power generation equipment such as photovoltaic power generation equipment or wind power generation equipment, and can be applied to the field of automobiles and the like.
  • the energy storage system provided in this application is suitable for the energy storage of different types of energy storage elements.
  • different types of energy storage elements may include lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries (or lead-acid batteries), and supercapacitors (also known as lead-acid batteries).
  • lead-acid batteries also known as lead-acid batteries
  • the specific type of the energy storage element is not specifically limited in this application. For the convenience of description, this application will take a battery as an example to describe the energy storage system provided in this application.
  • the grid voltage is usually high, such as the AC voltage of 400V to 800V, resulting in a DC side voltage of 550V to 1500V.
  • the voltage of a single battery module is usually small.
  • the voltage of a single battery module is usually less than 60V.
  • multiple battery modules are usually connected in series directly to obtain a high voltage.
  • a battery module can be a battery pack, and a battery pack can be one or more battery cells (a battery cell can be a single cell, etc., the voltage of the battery cell is usually between 2.5V and 2.5V) 4.2V) in series and parallel to form the smallest energy storage and management unit.
  • a battery module will be used as an example for description below.
  • the battery module is the smallest energy storage and management unit composed of one or more battery cells in series and parallel, which will not be described in detail below.
  • the energy storage system provided by the present application has a simple structure and high safety, can improve the control flexibility of each energy storage module in the energy storage system, and at the same time can improve the effective utilization rate of the energy storage module and enhance the management of the energy storage module Effectiveness and applicability.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • the energy storage system provided by the present application includes one or more energy storage unit clusters (ie at least one energy storage unit cluster), one energy storage unit cluster may include at least two energy storage modules, and each energy storage module is connected in series with each other .
  • an energy storage unit cluster can be composed of at least two energy storage modules connected in series.
  • various types of energy storage elements will be described by taking batteries as an example, energy storage unit clusters will be described by taking battery clusters as an example, and energy storage modules will be described by taking battery modules as an example, which will not be repeated below. .
  • FIG. 1 As shown in FIG.
  • one or more energy storage unit clusters can be illustrated by taking battery clusters 1 to 2 as examples, where battery cluster 1 can be composed of battery modules 11 to battery The modules 1n are formed in series, and the battery cluster 2 can be formed by connecting the battery modules 21 to 2n in series, where n is an integer.
  • each battery cluster in the energy storage system can be coupled to the DC bus through a DC/DC converter, and one battery cluster is coupled to the DC bus through a DC/DC converter, as shown in FIG. 4 , the battery cluster 1 can be coupled to the DC bus through converter DC/DC1 and battery cluster 2 can be coupled to the DC bus through converter DC/DC2.
  • Each battery cluster is coupled to the DC bus through a DC/DC converter to realize the simple parallel expansion of multiple battery clusters, which can increase the energy storage capacity of the energy storage system.
  • the DC/DC converter can also realize the flexibility of the energy of a single battery cluster. Control, as well as the rapid switching of a single battery cluster under abnormal conditions, has strong applicability.
  • the DC/DC converter may be a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and the circuit topology of the bidirectional DC/DC converter may be an isolated circuit topology or a non-isolated circuit topology.
  • the ratio is determined by the voltage of the DC bus and the port voltage of the battery cluster. Taking battery cluster 1 as an example, since the port voltage of the battery varies with the energy storage capacity and state of charge (SOC) of the battery, the port voltage of the battery cluster 1 varies with the battery modules connected in series in the battery cluster 1. When the number changes, when the number of battery modules connected in series in the battery cluster 1 changes greatly, the port voltage of the battery cluster 1 also changes greatly.
  • the port voltage of the battery module is 50V
  • the port voltage of battery cluster 1 is 100V
  • the port voltage of the battery cluster 1 can be a wide range of output voltages, such as 100V to 1500V.
  • the converter DC/DC1 can usually be implemented with a non-isolated circuit topology, and can be designed as a converter with a wide range of input/output capabilities, so that it can flexibly adapt to different inputs /The output voltage.
  • the circuit topology of the bidirectional DC/DC converter can choose a boost circuit (boost circuit), a flying capacitor boost circuit (boost circuit boost circuit), a flying capacitor Multilevel circuit (flying capacitor multilevel circuit), positive and negative symmetrical three-level boost circuit (three-level boost circuit), four-tube buck-boost circuit (four-switch buck-boost circuit), etc.
  • boost circuit boost circuit
  • boost circuit boost circuit flying capacitor boost circuit
  • a flying capacitor Multilevel circuit flying capacitor multilevel circuit
  • positive and negative symmetrical three-level boost circuit three-level boost circuit
  • four-tube buck-boost circuit four-switch buck-boost circuit
  • each battery module (eg, battery module 11 to battery module 1 n ) in any battery cluster (eg, battery cluster 1 ) of the energy storage system may include one energy storage element group (ie, battery group) and a switch bridge arm composed of a main control switch and a bypass switch, that is, a battery module includes a switch bridge arm.
  • a main control switch is connected to the battery pack in the battery module
  • the other end of the main control switch is used as the first input/output end of the battery module
  • one end of the bypass switch is connected to the battery The first input/output end of the module, and the other end of the bypass switch is connected to the second input/output end of the battery module.
  • the battery module 11 may include a battery pack (such as the battery pack 1) and a switch bridge arm (it can be assumed to be the switch bridge arm 1 for the convenience of description), and the switch bridge arm 1 is controlled by the master It consists of switch S1 and bypass switch S2.
  • One end of the main control switch S1 is connected to the battery pack 1 , and the other end of the main control switch S1 serves as the first input/output end of the battery module 11 .
  • One end of the bypass switch S2 is connected to the first input/output end of the battery module 11 , and the other end of the bypass switch S2 is connected to the second input/output end of the battery module 11 .
  • the first input/output end of the battery module 11 is the input end of the battery module 11
  • the second input/output end of the battery module 11 is the battery module 11 .
  • the first input/output end of the battery module 11 is the output end of the battery module 11
  • the second input/output end of the battery module 11 is the input end of the battery module 11 .
  • whether the input/output terminal of each battery module is used as an input terminal or an output terminal can be specifically determined according to the actual application scenario, and is not limited here.
  • the battery module 11 when the main control switch S1 is turned on and the bypass switch S2 is turned off, the battery module 11 is connected to the battery cluster 1 to realize high-power charge and discharge control.
  • the main control switch S1 is turned off and the bypass switch S2 is turned on, the battery module 11 is removed from the battery cluster 1, and the battery module 11 does not participate in the high-power charge and discharge control.
  • the switch bridge arm in the battery module combined with the energy management capability of the DC/DC converter connected to the battery cluster where the battery module is located, the flexible control of a single battery module can be realized, such as the charge and discharge management of each battery module, Balanced state of charge, damage bypass of battery modules, etc., the operation is more flexible and the applicability is higher.
  • a centralized monitoring system in order to realize the management of a single battery cluster, can be added for each battery cluster, wherein one battery cluster corresponds to one centralized monitoring system, or several battery clusters correspond to one centralized monitoring system. It is determined according to the actual application scenario, and there is no restriction here.
  • battery cluster 1 can correspond to the centralized monitoring system in the converter DC/DC1.
  • the centralized monitoring system 1 can be used as an example for description.
  • Battery cluster 2 can correspond to the centralized monitoring system in the converter DC/DC2.
  • the centralized monitoring system 2 is taken as an example for description.
  • the centralized monitoring system of each battery cluster can be connected to each battery module in the battery cluster through the control bus, and the centralized monitoring system can exchange information with each battery module in the battery cluster in real time, which can realize the real-time monitoring of the battery modules in each battery cluster. , unified monitoring, so that flexible control of the energy storage system can be achieved, and the applicability is strong.
  • the centralized monitoring system when used as an independently placed circuit module, the centralized monitoring system corresponding to a single battery cluster realizes information exchange with the controller in the DC/DC converter, and the centralized monitoring system is connected to the battery cluster through the control bus. each battery module.
  • the information exchange method between the centralized monitoring system and the battery module can also be wireless communication, DC power carrier communication, etc., which can be determined according to the actual application scenario, with flexible operation and high applicability.
  • the centralized monitoring system of a single battery cluster is integrated into the DC/DC converter connected to the battery cluster as a separate circuit board or circuit module, the system structure of the energy storage system can be simplified.
  • the DC/DC converter is installed in close proximity, so the centralized monitoring system of a single battery cluster is integrated in the DC/DC converter, which is beneficial to the connection of the control bus.
  • the centralized monitoring system of each battery cluster is connected to the battery modules of each battery cluster through the control bus, which is used to control the on or off of the main control switch and bypass switch in any battery module in the battery cluster to connect or bypass. the battery module.
  • the centralized monitoring system can be placed in a certain battery module to manage the entire battery cluster. In this application, the physical placement position of the centralized monitoring system is not specifically limited.
  • the centralized monitoring system can directly control the switch bridge arm in each battery module through the control bus.
  • the centralized monitoring system can send switch control signals through the control bus to control the main control switch and bypass switch of the switch bridge arm in each battery module. on or off.
  • the switch control signal may be a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, a binary signal of 0 or 1, or any other signal that can be used to control the switch on or off.
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • the centralized monitoring system can also control the switch arm in each battery module through indirect communication.
  • the centralized monitoring system can send a control signal to each battery module, and then the battery in each battery module manages. The unit controls the switch arm.
  • a battery management unit (battery management unit, BMU) may be added to the battery module of each battery cluster, and the BMU may include a battery management unit (BMU).
  • the module battery management system (mBMS) and the corresponding sampling control module, communication module, power supply module, drive control circuit of the switch bridge arm, etc., are used to realize each energy storage element group in the battery module (that is, each battery pack) status detection and control.
  • the switch bridge arm in any battery module can be integrated on the BMU in the battery module, and the BMU controls the on or off of the main control switch and the bypass switch in the switch bridge arm.
  • the centralized monitoring system of battery cluster 1 can connect the BMU of each battery module in the battery cluster through the control bus, and can send control signals to the BMU in each battery module, and control the main battery module in the battery module through the BMU of each battery module.
  • the control switch and the bypass switch are turned on or off.
  • the centralized monitoring system 1 of the battery cluster 1 can connect the battery module 11 to the BMU of each battery module in the battery module 1n through the control bus, and control the BMU of each battery module through the BMU of each battery module.
  • the main control switch and the bypass switch are turned on or off.
  • the centralized monitoring system 1 can control the on or off of the main control switch and the bypass switch of the switch arm 1 through the BMU in the battery module 11 , that is, the BMU in the battery module 11 controls the main control switch S1 and bypass switch S2 are turned on or off.
  • the structure of the battery module is the same as the battery module:
  • the battery module may be any battery module in any battery cluster in the energy storage system, such as any one of the battery modules 11 to 1n and the battery modules 21 to 2n.
  • a battery module will be directly used as an example for description below.
  • FIG. 5a is a schematic structural diagram of the battery module provided by the present application.
  • the battery module includes a battery pack, a switch bridge arm and a BMU, wherein the switch bridge arm can be integrated in the BMU.
  • the battery pack is composed of one or more battery cells (the voltage of the battery cells is usually between 2.5V and 4.2V) in series and parallel, and usually 10 to 20 battery cells can be directly connected in series.
  • the BMU is usually integrated on a circuit board to detect and control the state of each battery unit (or single cell) in the battery pack, and to control the entire battery module at the same time.
  • the BMU may include mBMS and the corresponding sampling control module, power supply module, communication module, switch bridge arm, and drive control circuit of the switch bridge arm (not shown in the figure), wherein the switch bridge arm includes two main control switches S1 and side Road switch S2.
  • the switch arm in any battery module can be placed on a single power board and controlled by a separate controller.
  • the controller communicates with the mBMS through the communication bus.
  • the switch bridge arm on the board can be controlled by the centralized monitoring system by directly sending the switch control signal through the control bus, which can improve the response speed of the centralized monitoring system. Due to the physical separation of the power board and the mBMS board, flexible processing of the board can be realized, and the decoupling of the power board and the control board can be realized at the same time, which enhances the reliability of the circuit and reduces the spread of faults caused by the power circuit.
  • the specific situation between the switch bridge arm and the controller can be determined according to the actual application scenario, which is not limited here.
  • the power supply module of the BMU of the battery module can directly take power to supply power to the sampling control module and the communication module of the mBMS through the battery pack of the battery module, that is, the power supply module of the BMU of the battery module can be powered by the battery The module's battery pack provides power.
  • the power supply module of the BMU of the battery module can also be powered by the control bus, that is, the power supply module of the BMU of the battery module can obtain power through the control bus to supply power to the sampling control module and the communication module of the mBMS.
  • the power supply module of the battery module can be supplied with energy from an external power supply through the control bus. Maintain the conduction of the bypass switch S2 in the switch arm of the battery module to bypass the battery module. At this time, even if the battery module is in the bypass state, the BMU of the battery module can still be kept in the active state, thus ensuring that the The control ability of the battery module makes the battery module in the bypass state without affecting the normal operation of the entire battery cluster. Since the energy required for driving the bypass switch S2 is very limited, the realization of providing energy from an external voltage through the control bus is also very simple, with no extra cost and high applicability.
  • FIG. 5b is another schematic structural diagram of the battery module provided by the present application.
  • the switch arm in the BMU of the battery module can use a low-voltage metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and the voltage of the low-voltage MOSFET can be 60V, 80V, 100V, 120V, 150V, 200V etc., which can be determined according to the actual application scenario, and is not limited here.
  • the low on-resistance of the low-voltage MOSFET can reduce the on-state loss.
  • the low-voltage MOSFET can work in the synchronous rectification state, and can achieve low on-resistance during the charging and discharging process, and has high applicability.
  • FIG. 6 is another schematic structural diagram of the energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • any battery module such as battery module 11 of any battery cluster (such as battery cluster 1)
  • the main control switch S1 when the main control switch S1 is turned on and the bypass switch S2 is turned off , the battery module 11 is connected to the battery cluster 1 to realize high-power charge and discharge control.
  • the main control switch S1 is turned off and the bypass switch S2 is turned on, the battery module 11 is removed from the battery cluster 1, and the battery module 11 does not participate in the high-power charge and discharge control.
  • both the main control switch S1 and the bypass switch S2 are turned off, the port of the battery module is in a high impedance state, that is, the battery module 11 is disconnected.
  • the port voltage of the battery module is the output voltage of the battery pack . Since the ports of the battery modules are charged, when the number of battery modules connected in series in the battery cluster (such as battery cluster 1) increases, the voltage of the ports of the battery cluster to the safe ground also increases continuously.
  • the port voltage of a single battery module as 50V as an example, when two battery modules are connected in series in battery cluster 1, the port voltage of the battery cluster is 100V, and when 20 battery modules are connected in series in battery cluster 1 (that is, n is 20), The terminal voltage of battery cluster 1 can be up to 1000V.
  • the main control switch S1 and the bypass switch S2 of each battery module in the battery cluster can be turned off by default, that is, when the energy storage system is in a state of assembly or maintenance, the energy storage system
  • the switch arm of each battery module is in the off state (that is, the main control switch S1 and the bypass switch S2 are both off), which can make the port of each battery module in a high-impedance state, which can significantly reduce the battery cluster.
  • the danger of the terminal voltage to the operator's personal safety ensures the operator's personal safety.
  • the main control switch S1 and bypass switch S2 of each battery module in battery cluster 2 are both turned off.
  • the port voltage of each battery module is 0V, which makes battery cluster 2
  • the port voltage is 0V.
  • the terminal voltage of the battery cluster 2 is 0V, which does not threaten the personal safety of the operator and has high applicability.
  • FIG. 7 is an equivalent schematic diagram of a battery cluster connected to a DC/DC converter in an energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • Vbat can be the port voltage of battery cluster 1
  • Cin is the filter capacitor
  • R1 is the circuit impedance
  • K1 is the switch between the battery cluster terminal and the DC/DC converter
  • lin is the current on the line
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the change of the port voltage of the battery cluster of the energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • the port voltage of battery cluster 1 is 1000V
  • the line impedance is 50m ⁇
  • the main control switch and bypass switch of each battery module in the battery cluster are in the off state. If the main control switch of each battery module is closed at the same time, the port voltage of the battery cluster can quickly reach 1000V, which will bring a serious current shock.
  • the centralized monitoring system of the battery cluster can The BMU of the group controls the main control switches S1 of the energy storage modules to be turned on one by one, so that the port voltage of the battery cluster increases in steps until the main control switches of all battery modules in the battery cluster are turned on. to 1000V.
  • the voltage step value of the battery cluster that is, the value of the stepwise increase in the port voltage of the battery cluster, which can be the port voltage value of a single battery module, such as 50V
  • the start-up method of the energy storage system provided by the present application can significantly simplify the soft-start circuit of the DC/DC converter, even without the need for a soft-start circuit, with simple operation and high applicability.
  • the energy storage system provided by the present application can realize balanced management between battery modules, simplify the field wiring of the energy storage system, reduce the difficulty of on-site delivery of the energy storage system, and enhance the stability of the energy storage system high applicability.
  • FIG. 9 is another schematic structural diagram of the energy storage system provided by the present application.
  • the main control switch S1 when the main control switch S1 is turned on and the bypass switch S2 is turned off, the battery module is connected to the battery cluster to realize high-power charge and discharge control.
  • the main control switch S1 is turned off and the bypass switch S2 is turned on, the battery module is removed from the battery cluster, that is, the battery module does not participate in high-power charge and discharge control.
  • the BMU (specifically, the mBMS in the BMU, which will not be described in detail below) in any battery module of any battery cluster, detects that the battery module has
  • the charging port voltage is equal to the protection voltage threshold of battery charging (ie, the upper limit protection voltage threshold of charging)
  • the BMU of the battery module can turn off the main control switch S1 of the battery module and turn on the bypass switch S2, so that the battery module can be switched on.
  • the battery module works in bypass mode. At this time, the DC/DC converter connected to the battery cluster no longer charges the battery module.
  • the BMU of BM21 can turn off the main control switch S1 in BM21 and turn on the bypass switch D2, To control the BM21 to enter the bypass mode to work.
  • the BMU of any battery module in any battery cluster detects that the discharge port voltage of the battery module is equal to the battery discharge protection voltage threshold (that is, the discharge lower protection voltage threshold) At this time, the BMU of the battery module can turn off the main control switch S1 of the battery module and turn on the bypass switch S2, and also make the battery module work in the bypass mode, then the DC/DC converter connected to the battery cluster The battery module is no longer discharged.
  • the BMU of any battery module in any battery cluster detects that the parameters of the battery pack in the battery module exceed the threshold, it turns off the main control switch of the battery module and turns on the battery module. Bypass switch.
  • the parameters of the battery pack include charge and discharge time, state of charge, depth of discharge (DOD), state of health, and port voltage, etc., which can be determined according to actual application scenarios, and are not limited here.
  • the parameters of the battery pack exceeding the threshold may include that the charging and discharging time of the battery pack is greater than the time threshold, the SOH of the battery pack is less than the SOH threshold, or the port voltage of the battery pack is equal to the protection voltage threshold, etc.
  • the way the parameters of the battery pack exceed the threshold may be It is determined according to the type of the parameter, and there is no restriction here.
  • the DC/DC converter connected to the battery cluster can work in a wide range of input/output voltage ranges, the cutting and cutting of a single battery module in the battery cluster from the battery cluster does not affect the battery cluster. It can realize the control of a single battery module without affecting the normal operation of the battery cluster, and has high applicability.
  • the action of the switch bridge arm can realize the flexible switching in and out of the battery module in the battery cluster.
  • the conditions for switching in and out can be determined according to parameters such as the charging and discharging time, state of charge, depth of discharge, health state and port voltage of the battery module. Specifically, it can be determined according to the actual application scenario, and is not limited here.
  • the BMU of any battery module in the energy storage system can also turn off the main control switch of the battery module and turn on the bypass when detecting that the battery pack of the battery module is abnormal Switch to realize automatic removal of faulty energy storage modules, while ensuring the normal operation of the battery cluster and even the energy storage system.
  • the abnormality of the battery pack may include that the SOH of the battery pack is less than the SOH threshold, or the battery pack is short-circuited or the battery pack is over-temperature, etc., which can be determined according to the actual application scenario, and is not limited here.
  • the main control switch S1 in all battery modules is in the conducting state, and the charging and discharging of all battery modules can be realized through the converter DC/DC1 manage.
  • the BMU in any battery module that is, a certain battery module
  • a certain threshold which can be a preset SOH threshold
  • the BMU of the battery module will automatically turn off the main control switch S1 and turn on the bypass switch S2, that is, automatically control the battery module to work in the bypass mode.
  • the battery module is cut from the battery cluster (the battery module is in a shorted state).
  • the BMU of the battery module can also send an alarm signal at the same time.
  • the maintenance of the energy storage system can be carried out manually on the station, which can greatly reduce the maintenance cycle of the energy storage system and ensure the energy storage.
  • the uninterrupted operation of the system has high applicability and enhances the value and market competitiveness of the energy storage system.
  • the BMU of each battery module in the energy storage system is in an uninterrupted communication state with the centralized monitoring system of the battery cluster.
  • the BMU of any battery module detects that it cannot receive a control signal from the centralized control system (that is, when the BMU cannot detect the control signal of the centralized monitoring system)
  • the BMU of the battery module can control the switch arm in the battery module to be in a disconnected state, that is, the BMU of the battery module can turn off the power of the battery module.
  • the main control switch and bypass switch make the output of the battery module in a high-impedance state, thereby preventing the battery module from affecting the normal operation of the battery cluster, improving the stability of the energy storage system, and having high applicability.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of changes in battery parameters when the battery modules in the battery cluster are switched.
  • the battery parameter transformation when the battery modules in the battery cluster are switched may include changes in the terminal voltage of the battery cluster and changes in the charging and discharging current of the battery cluster.
  • each battery module in the battery cluster operates at the rated operating current of the battery cluster, if the switch arm of a certain battery module is directly switched to switch in or off the battery module, the battery The parasitic inductance of the module and the high rate of current change (ie di/dt) can cause severe voltage stress that can damage power devices.
  • the battery cluster port voltage is Vr
  • the BMU of a battery module directly switches the switch arm of the battery module to switch to the battery module (the main control switch S1 is turned on, the bypass Switch S2 is turned off), at this time, as shown in FIG.
  • the battery cluster port voltage can be increased to V2, where the voltage difference between V2 and Vr can be the port voltage of the battery module (eg, 50V).
  • the battery cluster port voltage is Vr
  • the BMU of the battery module 11 directly switches the switch arm of the battery module to cut off the battery module (the main control switch S1 is turned off, and the bypass switch S2 is turned on)
  • the battery cluster port voltage can drop to V1, where the voltage difference between Vr and V1 can be the port voltage of the battery module (for example, 50V).
  • the BMU of any battery module in the energy storage system provided by the present application can send a current adjustment request to the centralized monitoring system of the battery cluster when the mBMS detects that the port voltage of the battery module is close to a critical value (such as a preset voltage threshold) .
  • the centralized monitoring system can control the DC/DC converter of the battery cluster to reduce the battery charging and discharging current of the battery cluster.
  • the above-mentioned preset current threshold Is may be 50%, 20%, or 10% of the rated operating current Ir of the battery cluster, etc., which can be specifically determined according to actual application scenarios, and is not limited here.
  • the centralized monitoring system can control the DC/DC of the battery cluster to increase the battery charging and discharging current of the battery cluster.
  • Rated working current Ir may be 50%, 20%, or 10% of the rated operating current Ir of the battery cluster, etc.
  • the energy storage system provided by the present application can realize the rapid switching in or out of the battery module through the switch bridge arm of each battery module, realize flexible control of each battery cluster in the energy storage system, and enhance the maintenance convenience and efficiency of the energy storage system. safety.
  • the energy management flexibility of each battery cluster can be improved. Improve the stability and applicability of the energy storage system.

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Abstract

一种储能系统，该储能系统中包括至少一个储能单元簇和储能单元簇的集中监控系统，储能单元簇由至少两个储能模组串联组成；一个储能模组中包括一个储能元件组和一个开关桥臂，开关桥臂由主控开关和旁路开关组成，主控开关的一端连接储能元件组，主控开关的另一端作为储能模组的第一输入/输出端，旁路开关的一端连接第一输入/输出端，旁路开关的另一端连接储能模组的第二输入/输出端；储能单元簇通过DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线；集中监控系统通过控制总线连接储能单元簇，用于控制储能单元簇中任一储能模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。可提高储能系统的管理灵活性，提高储能系统的稳定性，适用性更高。

Description

储能系统
本申请要求于2020年7月15日提交中国专利局、申请号为202010683032.1、申请名称为“储能系统”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池储能技术领域，尤其涉及一种储能系统。
背景技术
为克服大规模光伏发电和风力发电间歇性严重的问题，同时随着电池成本的快速下降，电池储能由于其应用的灵活性、可控性和高能量密度等特点，无论是在发电侧还是在用电侧均得到快速发展。由于单个电池模组的电压通常较小，即使将多个电池模组进行串联也无法满足大规模储能的需求，因此为了权衡成本和性能，如图1，业界的惯用做法是将多个电池模组(battery module，BM)(如电池模组11至电池模组1n，电池模组21至电池模组2n)进行串联得到多个电池簇(如电池簇1和电池簇2)，并将多个电池簇进行并联，之后共用一个直流(direct current，DC)/交流(alternating current，AC)逆变器来实现大规模储能中储能电池和电网之间的能量交换。然而，随着使用年限的增加，电池的健康状态(state of health，SOH)不断下降，电池中可存储的容量也随之逐年下降。由于电池个体的差异性，不同的电池的健康度离散性也日益显著，如图2所示，电池1和电池2的电池健康度均随着电池的使用年限逐渐下降，在第10年的时候电池1的SOH为70％，电池2的SOH为60％，电池1和电池2的电池健康度相差有10％。电池模组的串联使得同一个电池簇中各电池模组的充放电时间相同，而电池模组之间的差异性越来越大，为保证单簇电池中任一电池模组的安全可用，必须考虑瓶颈电池模组的限制，对整簇电池进行降额使用，从而造成电池的浪费。由于电池内阻和电池端口电压的不同，电池簇的简单并联会导致不同电池簇间的充放电不一致，从而限制电池的利用率。
本申请的发明人在研究和实践过程中发现，为了解决电池之间的电池差异性，如图3，现有技术是在每个电池模组中引入一个DC/DC变换器，同一电池簇中各电池模组的DC/DC变换器共用一组总线，借助各电池模组跟随的DC/DC变换器来实现能量管理，弥补电池衰减导致的差异性。如图3，电池簇1中各电池模组的DC/DC变换器共用一组总线，电池簇2中各电池模组的DC/DC变换器共用一组总线。然而，现有技术无法解决电池簇和电池簇之间电池的差异，同时由于各个DC/DC变换器的引入，需要额外的接线才能实现不同电池模组之间的能量传递，接线复杂度高且出错概率高，使得储能系统的交付难度大，交付质量无法保障，适用性差。
发明内容
本申请提供了一种储能系统，可提高储能系统的管理灵活性，增强储能系统的稳定性，适用性更高。
第一方面，本申请提供了一种储能系统，该储能系统中包括至少一个储能单元簇和储 能单元簇的集中监控系统，可以理解，若储能系统中包括多于一个储能单元簇，则一个储能单元簇对应一个集中监控系统。任一储能单元簇中包括至少两个储能模组且这至少两个储能模组串联。一个储能模组中包括一个储能元件组和一个开关桥臂，该开关桥臂由主控开关和旁路开关组成，主控开关的一端连接储能元件组，主控开关的另一端作为储能模组的第一输入/输出端，旁路开关的一端连接第一输入/输出端，旁路开关的另一端连接储能模组的第二输入/输出端。一个储能单元簇通过一个直流DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线，储能单元簇的集中监控系统通过控制总线连接储能单元簇，用于控制储能单元簇中任一储能模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断以接入或者旁路该任一储能模组。在本申请中，各储能单元簇通过DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线以实现多个储能单元簇的简单并联扩展，可增加储能系统的储能容量，通过DC/DC变换器还可实现单个储能单元簇的能量的灵活控制，以及异常工况下单个储能单元簇的快速切换，适用性强。通过储能模组中的开关桥臂，结合储能模组所在储能单元簇所连接的DC/DC变换器的能量管理能力，可实现单个储能模组的灵活控制，可提高储能系统的管理灵活性和储能系统的稳定性，适用性高。
结合第一方面，在第一种可能的实现方式中，储能单元簇的集中监控系统集成在DC/DC变换器中，可简化储能系统的系统结构，同时由于储能单元簇通常与DC/DC变换器近距离安装，因此，将储能单元簇的集中监控系统集成在DC/DC变换器中有利于控制总线的连接，适用性更高。这里DC/DC变换器可为双向DC/DC变换器，双向DC/DC变换器的电路拓扑可为非隔离型电路拓扑，双向DC/DC变换器的升压比由直流母线的电压和储能单元簇的端口电压确定。
结合第一方面第一种可能的实现方式，在第二种可能的实现方式中，上述至少两个储能模组中一个储能模组还包括一个电池管理单元BMU；储能单元簇的集中监控系统通过控制总线连接储能单元簇中各储能模组的BMU，并通过任一储能模组的BMU控制该任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断，操作简单，适用性高。
结合第一方面第二种可能的实现方式，在第三种可能的实现方式中，上述任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关集成在任一储能模组的BMU中，可简化储能系统的系统结构，同时可提高储能模组的开关桥臂的控制灵活性，适用性更高。
结合第一方面第三种可能的实现方式，在第三种可能的实现方式中，储能单元簇中任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关为关断状态，可提高储能系统的维护安全性。
结合第一方面第四种可能的实现方式，在第五种可能的实现方式中，所述任一储能模组的BMU的供电模块由所述任一储能模组的储能元件组或者所述控制总线提供电力，操作灵活，可保证储能模组的控制能力，使得储能模组处于旁路状态下也不影响整个电池簇的正常工作，适用性高。
结合第一方面第五种可能的实现方式，在第六种可能的实现方式中，储能单元簇的集中监控系统用于在储能系统启动时，通过储能单元簇中各储能模组的BMU逐个控制各储能模组的主控开关导通。在本申请中，在储能单元簇中各电池模组的主控开关和旁路开关处于关断状态下，储能单元簇的集中监控系统通过各储能模组的BMU逐个控制储能模组的主控开关S1导通，可使储能单元簇的端口电压呈阶梯增加，可降低储能单元簇的电流冲击，进而可显著简化DC/DC变换器的软启动电路，甚至无需软启动电路，操作简单，适用性高。
结合第一方面第六种可能的实现方式，在第七种可能的实现方式中，任一储能模组的BMU用于在检测到该任一储能模组中储能元件组的充放电端口电压等于保护电压阈值时，关断该任一储能模组的主控开关并导通该任一储能模组的旁路开关。本申请可通过各储能模组的BMU实现对储能模组的开关桥臂的控制以实现对单个储能模组的切入或者切除，操作灵活，适用性高。
结合第一方面第六种可能的实现方式，在第八种可能的实现方式中，任一储能模组的BMU用于在检测到该任一储能模组中储能元件组异常时，关断该任一储能模组的主控开关并导通旁路开关。这里，储能元件组异常包括储能元件组的健康状态SOH小于SOH阈值、储能元件组短路或者储能元件组过温。本申请通过各储能模组的BMU实现对储能模组的开关桥臂的控制，可实现自动切除故障的储能模组，同时保证储能单元簇乃至储能系统的正常工作，操作灵活，适用性高。
结合第一方面第七种可能的实现方式或者第一方面第八种可能的实现方式，在第九种可能的实现方式中，任一储能模组的BMU用于向集中监控系统发送电流调整请求。集中监控系统用于在接收到该电流调整请求时，控制DC/DC变换器降低储能单元簇的电池充放电电流。上述任一储能模组的BMU还用于在检测到电池充放电电流等于预设电流阈值时，关断或者导通该任一储能模组的主控开关或者旁路开关，可实现储能模组的平滑切入和切除，同时保护开关器件的高可靠工作，适用性高。
结合第一方面第九种可能的实现方式，在第十种可能的实现方式中，上述预设电流阈值为储能单元簇的额定工作电流的50％、20％或10％。
结合第一方面第六种可能的实现方式，在第十一种可能的实现方式中，任一储能模组的BMU还用于在检测不到集中监控系统的控制信号时，关断任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关，以使储能模组输出为高阻抗状态，进而可避免该储能模组影响电池簇的正常工作，可提高储能系统的稳定性，适用性高。
结合第一方面至第一方面第十一种可能的实现方式，在第十二种可能的实现方式中，上述开关桥臂为低压金属氧化物半导体场效应管MOSFET，该低压MOSFET的电压包括60V、80V、100V、120V、150V或者200V。在本申请中，低压MOSFET的导通电阻低，开关桥臂采用低压MOSFET可降低通态下的导通损耗，同时，低压MOSFET可工作在同步整流状态，在充放电过程中均可实现低导通电阻，适用性高。
附图说明
图1是储能系统的一结构示意图；
图2是电池健康状态和使用年限的关系曲线示意图；
图3是储能系统的另一结构示意图；
图4是本申请提供的储能系统的一结构示意图；
图5a是本申请提供的电池模组的一结构示意图；
图5b是本申请提供的电池模组的另一结构示意图；
图6是本申请提供的储能系统的另一结构示意图；
图7是本申请提供的储能系统中电池簇连接DC/DC变换器的示意图；
图8是本申请提供的储能系统的电池簇端口电压的变化示意图；
图9是本申请提供的储能系统的另一结构示意图；
图10是电池簇中电池模组切换时的电池参数变化示意图。
具体实施方式
本申请提供的储能系统适用于光伏发电设备或者风力发电设备等多种类型的发电设备，可应用于汽车领域等。本申请提供的储能系统适用于不同类型的储能元件的储能，这里，不同类型的储能元件可包括锂离子电池、铅酸电池(或称铅酸蓄电池)，以及超级电容(又名电化学电容)等，本申请对储能元件具体类型不做具体限定。为方便描述，本申请将以电池为例对本申请提供的储能系统进行说明。
无论是大规模光伏发电还是风力发电，电网电压通常较高，比如400V到800V的交流电压，从而导致直流侧电压可达到550V到1500V。然而，单个电池模组的电压通常较小，比如单个电池模组的电压通常小于60V，为了满足电网电压需求，通常会将多个电池模组直接串联以获取高电压。在本申请提供的储能系统中，一个电池模组可为一个电池包，一个电池包可由一个或者多个电池单元(电池单元可以是单体电芯等，电池单元的电压通常在2.5V到4.2V之间)串并联组成，形成最小的能量存储和管理单元。为方便描述，下面将以电池模组为例进行说明。换句话说，本申请提供的储能系统中，电池模组是由一个或者多个电池单元串并联组成的最小的能量存储和管理单元，下面不再赘述。本申请提供的储能系统的结构简单、安全性高，可提高储能系统中各个储能模组的控制灵活性，同时可提高储能模组的有效利用率，增强储能模组的管理有效性，适用性强。
储能系统的结构：
参见图4，图4是本申请提供的储能系统的一结构示意图。本申请提供的储能系统中包括一个或者多个储能单元簇(即至少一个储能单元簇)，一个储能单元簇可包括至少两个储能模组，且各个储能模组相互串联。换句话说，一个储能单元簇可由至少两个储能模组串联组成。在本申请中，各种类型的储能元件以电池为例进行说明，储能单元簇将以电池簇为例进行说明，储能模组将以电池模组为例进行说明，下面不再赘述。如图4所示，在本申请提供的储能系统中，一个或者多个储能单元簇可以以电池簇1至和电池簇2为例进行说明，其中电池簇1可由电池模组11至电池模组1n串联组成，电池簇2可由电池模组21至电池模组2n串联组成，n为整数。
在一些可行的实施方式中，储能系统中各电池簇可通过DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线，一个电池簇通过一个DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线，如图4所示，电池簇1可通过变换器DC/DC1耦合到直流母线，电池簇2可通过变换器DC/DC2耦合到直流母线。各电池簇通过DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线以实现多个电池簇的简单并联扩展，可增加储能系统的储能容量，通过DC/DC变换器还可实现单个电池簇的能量的灵活控制，以及异常工况下单个电池簇的快速切换，适用性强。
这里，DC/DC变换器可以为双向DC/DC变换器，双向DC/DC变换器的电路拓扑可以为隔离型电路拓扑，也可为非隔离型电路拓扑，双向DC/DC变换器的升压比由直流母线的电压和电池簇的端口电压确定。以电池簇1为例，由于电池的端口电压随电池的储能容量以 及荷电状态(state of charge，SOC)的变化，电池簇1的端口电压随着电池簇1中串联的电池模组的数量变化，电池簇1中串联的电池模组的数量变化较大时也将使得电池簇1的端口电压变化较大。例如，假设电池模组的端口电压为50V，当电池簇1中串联2个电池模组时，电池簇1的端口电压为100V，当电池簇1中串联30个电池模组时，电池簇1的端口电压为1500V，即低压系统的上限电压，因此电池簇1的端口电压可为一个宽范围的输出电压，比如100V～1500V。为了匹配电池簇1的端口电压变化范围，变换器DC/DC1通常可采用非隔离型电路拓扑实现，并可设计为具有宽范围的输入/输出能力的变换器，从而可灵活适配不同的输入/输出电压。这里，双向DC/DC变换器(包括变换器DC/DC1和DC/DC2等)的电路拓扑可选用升压电路(boost circuit)、飞跨电容升压电路(boost circuit boost circuit)、飞跨电容多电平电路(flying capacitor multilevel circuit)、正负对称三电平升压电路(three-level boost circuit)，四管升降压电路(four-switch buck-boost circuit)等，具体可根据实际应用场景需求确定，在此不做限制。变换器DC/DC1的升压比可由直流母线的电压和电池簇1的端口电压确定，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。
在一些可行的实施方式中，储能系统的任一电池簇(比如电池簇1)中各个电池模组(比如电池模组11至电池模组1n)中可包括一个储能元件组(即电池组)和一个由主控开关和旁路开关组成的开关桥臂，即一个电池模组中包括一个开关桥臂。在任一电池模组中，主控开关的一端连接该电池模组中的电池组，主控开关的另一端作为该电池模组的第一输入/输出端，旁路开关的一端连接着该电池模组的第一输入/输出端，旁路开关的另一端连接该电池模组的第二输入/输出端。比如，在电池簇1中，电池模组11中可包括一个电池组(比如电池组1)和一个开关桥臂(为方便描述可假设为开关桥臂1)，该开关桥臂1由主控开关S1和旁路开关S2组成。主控开关S1的一端连接电池组1，主控开关S1的另一端作为电池模组11的第一输入/输出端。旁路开关S2的一端连接电池模组11的第一输入/输出端，旁路开关S2的另一端连接电池模组11的第二输入/输出端。其中，储能系统对电池模组11进行充电时，电池模组11的第一输入/输出端为电池模组11的输入端，电池模组11的第二输入/输出端为电池模组11的输出端。电池模组11放电时，电池模组11的第一输入/输出端为电池模组11的输出端，电池模组11的第二输入/输出端为电池模组11的输入端。其中，各个电池模组的输入/输出端是作为输入端还是输出端，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。在电池模组11中，当主控开关S1导通、旁路开关S2断开时，电池模组11被接入到电池簇1中以实现大功率的充放电控制。当主控开关S1断开、旁路开关S2导通时，电池模组11从电池簇1中切除，则电池模组11不参与大功率的充放电控制。通过电池模组中的开关桥臂，结合电池模组所在电池簇所连接的DC/DC变换器的能量管理能力，可实现单个电池模组的灵活控制，比如各电池模组的充放电管理、荷电状态均衡、电池模组的损坏旁路等，操作更灵活，适用性更高。
在一些可行的实施方式中，为了实现单个电池簇的管理，可针对各个电池簇增加集中监控系统，其中，一个电池簇对应一个集中监控系统，或几个电池簇对应一个集中监控系统，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。比如电池簇1可对应变换器DC/DC1中的集中监控系统，为方便描述可以集中监控系统1为例进行说明，电池簇2可对应变换器 DC/DC2中的集中监控系统，为方便描述可以集中监控系统2为例进行说明。各电池簇的集中监控系统可通过控制总线连接电池簇中各电池模组，集中监控系统可与电池簇中各电池模组进行信息的实时交互，可实现对各电池簇中电池模组的实时、统一监控，从而可实现对储能系统的灵活控制，适用性强。可选的，集中监控系统作为独立放置的电路模块时，单个电池簇所对应的集中监控系统跟DC/DC变换器中的控制器实现信息交互，同时集中监控系统通过控制总线连接该电池簇中各个电池模组。具体实现中，集中监控系统和电池模组的信息交互方式还可以是无线通信、直流电力载波通信等等，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，操作灵活，适用性高。可选的，单个电池簇的集中监控系统作为单独的电路板或者电路模块集成在该电池簇所连接的DC/DC变换器时，可简化储能系统的系统结构，同时由于单个电池簇通常与DC/DC变换器近距离安装，因此将单个电池簇的集中监控系统集成在DC/DC变换器中，有利于控制总线的连接。各个电池簇的集中监控系统通过控制总线连接各电池簇的电池模组，用于控制电池簇中任一电池模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断以接入或者旁路该电池模组。可选的，集中监控系统可放置在某一电池模组中，实现整个电池簇的管理。在本申请中，集中监控系统的物理放置位置不做具体限定。集中监控系统可通过控制总线直接控制各电池模组中的开关桥臂，比如集中监控系统可以通过控制总线发送开关控制信号来控制各电池模组中开关桥臂的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。这里，开关控制信号可以是脉冲宽度调制(pulse width modulation，PWM)信号，也可以是0或1的二进制信号，也可以是其他任意可用于控制开关导通或者关断的信号，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。可选的，集中监控系统也可以通过间接通信的方式来控制各电池模组中的开关桥臂，比如集中监控系统可发送控制信号给各电池模组，然后由各电池模组中的电池管理单元进行开关桥臂的控制。
可选的，在一些可行的实施方式中，为了实现电池模组的状态监测和控制，各电池簇的电池模组中可增加一个电池管理单元(battery management unit，BMU)，该BMU中可包含模组电池管理系统(module battery management system，mBMS)以及相应的采样控制模块、通信模块、供电模块、开关桥臂的驱动控制电路等，用于实现电池模组中各个储能元件组(即各个电池组)的状态检测和控制。可选的，任一电池模组中的开关桥臂可集成在该电池模组中的BMU上，由BMU控制开关桥臂中主控开关和旁路开关的导通或断开。电池簇1的集中监控系统可通过控制总线连接电池簇中各电池模组的BMU，并可向各电池模组中的BMU发送控制信号，通过各电池模组的BMU来控制电池模组中主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。如图4所示，电池簇1的集中监控系统1可通过控制总线连接电池模组11至电池模组1n中各电池模组的BMU，并通过各电池模组的BMU控制各电池模组的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。比如，集中监控系统1可通过电池模组11中的BMU控制开关桥臂1的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断，也就是由电池模组11中的BMU来控制主控开关S1和旁路开关S2的导通或者断开。
电池模组的结构：
为方便描述，下面将结合图5a和图5b对本申请提供的储能系统中电池模组的主要组成部分进行示例说明。这里，电池模组可以是储能系统中任一电池簇中的任一电池模组，比如电池模组11至电池模组1n、电池模组21至电池模组2n中任意一个。为方便描述， 下面将直接以电池模组进行示例说明。参见图5a，图5a是本申请提供的电池模组的一结构示意图。在本申请提供的储能系统中，电池模组中包括电池组、开关桥臂和BMU，其中，开关桥臂可集成在BMU中。电池组由一个或者多个电池单元(电池单元的电压通常在2.5V到4.2V之间)串并联组成，通常可由10到20个电池单元直接串联组成。BMU通常集成在一块电路板上，实现对电池组中各电池单元(或称单体电芯)的状态检测和控制，同时实现对整个电池模组的控制。BMU中可包括mBMS以及相应的采样控制模块、供电模块、通信模块、开关桥臂以及开关桥臂的驱动控制电路(图中未示出)，其中开关桥臂包括两个主控开关S1和旁路开关S2。可选的，任意电池模组中的开关桥臂可单独放置在一块功率单板上，由单独的控制器进行控制，该控制器跟mBMS通过通信总线实现信息交互，另一方面，该功率单板上的开关桥臂可由集中监控系统通过控制总线直接发送开关控制信号进行控制，可提高集中监控系统的响应速度。由于功率单板和mBMS单板的物理分离，可实现单板的灵活加工，同时实现功率单板和控制单板的解耦，增强电路的可靠性，降低功率电路导致的故障扩散。在本申请中，开关桥臂和控制器之间的具体情况可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。
在一些可行的实施方式中，电池模组的BMU的供电模块可通过电池模组的电池组直接取电给mBMS的采样控制模块和通信模块供电，即电池模组的BMU的供电模块可由该电池模组的电池组提供电力。可选的，电池模组的BMU的供电模块也可由控制总线提供电力，即该电池模组的BMU的供电模块可通过控制总线取电给mBMS的采样控制模块和通信模块供电。当电池模组的电池组损坏或电池组的SOH很低时，电池组无法提供足够的能量给BMU中各个功能模块，此时电池模组的供电模块可通过控制总线由外部电源提供能量用于维持电池模组的开关桥臂中旁路开关S2的导通以旁路该电池模组，此时即使电池模组处于旁路状态，仍可保持电池模组的BMU处于激活状态，从而可保证电池模组的控制能力，使得电池模组处于旁路状态下也不影响整个电池簇的正常工作。由于旁路开关S2的驱动所需能量非常有限，因此通过控制总线由外部电压提供能量的实现也非常简单，无额外成本，适用性高。
在一些可行的实施方式中，参见图5b，图5b是本申请提供的电池模组的另一结构示意图。电池模组的BMU中开关桥臂可采用低压金属氧化物半导体场效应管(metal-oxide semiconductor field-Effect transistor，MOSFET)，该低压MOSFET的电压可为60V、80V、100V、120V、150V、200V等，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。低压MOSFET的导通电阻低，可降低通态下的导通损耗，同时，低压MOSFET可工作在同步整流状态，在充放电过程中均可实现低导通电阻，适用性高。
储能系统的工作原理：
为方便描述，下面将结合图6至图10对本申请提供的储能系统的工作原理进行示例说明：
参见图6，图6是本申请提供的储能系统的另一结构示意图。在本申请提供的储能系统中，在任一电池簇(比如电池簇1)的任一电池模组(比如电池模组11)中，当主控开关S1导通、旁路开关S2断开时，电池模组11被接入到电池簇1中以实现大功率的充放电控制。当主控开关S1断开、旁路开关S2导通时，电池模组11从电池簇1中切除，则电池 模组11不参与大功率的充放电控制。当主控开关S1和旁路开关S2均断开时，电池模组的端口为高阻抗状态，即电池模组11断路。如图6所示，以图6中的电池簇1为例，当电池模组中的主控开关S1导通、旁路开关S2断开时，电池模组的端口电压为电池组的输出电压。由于电池模组的端口带电，当电池簇(比如电池簇1)串联的电池模组的数量增加时，电池簇的端口对安全大地的电压也不断增加。以单个电池模组的端口电压为50V为例，电池簇1中串联两个电池模组时电池簇的端口电压为100V，电池簇1中串联20个电池模组(即n为20)时，电池簇1的端口电压最高可达1000V。若储能系统中存在电气接触不良问题，当操作人员进行电气连接操作时，高达1000V的电池簇端口电压会对操作人员的人身安全存在威胁。在本申请提供的储能系统中，电池簇中各电池模组的主控开关S1和旁路开关S2可默认为关断状态，即在储能系统处于装配或者维护等状态下，储能系统中各电池模组的开关桥臂处于关断状态(即主控开关S1和旁路开关S2均为关断状态)，可使得各电池模组的端口为高阻抗状态，可显著降低电池簇的端口电压对操作人员的人身安全的危险性，保证操作人员的人身安全。如图6中电池簇2所示，电池簇2中各电池模组的主控开关S1和旁路开关S2均为关断状态，此时各个电池模组的端口电压为0V，使得电池簇2的端口电压为0V。当操作人员对电压簇2进行装配或者维护时，电池簇2的端口电压为0V，对操作人员的人身安全没有威胁，适用性高。
在一些可行的实施方式中，无论电池簇是通过DC/DC变换器还是DC/AC变换器耦合到母线(本申请以电池簇通过DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线为例)，在电池簇侧均需要电容进行滤波，以平滑电池上的高频电流纹波，如图7所示。图7是本申请提供的储能系统中电池簇连接DC/DC变换器的等效示意图。以电池簇1为例，Vbat可为电池簇1的端口电压，Cin为滤波电容，R1为电路阻抗，K1为电池簇端和DC/DC变换器之间的开关，lin为线路上的电流，此时，若直接闭合开关K1会给DC/DC变换器带来非常严重的电流冲击。以电池簇1的端口电压为1000V，线路阻抗为50mΩ为例，闭合K1时，lin为20kA，该电流可直接导致电路的器件损坏。因此，通常会在DC/DC变换器器的电池端侧增加一级软启动电路，以降低电流冲击。本申请提供的储能系统可通过主动控制电池簇中各电池模组的开关桥臂的导通或者关断来改善电流冲击问题。如图8所示，图8是本申请提供的储能系统的电池簇端口电压的变化示意图。在本申请提供的储能系统中，假设电池簇1的端口电压为1000V，线路阻抗为50mΩ，在电池簇中各电池模组的主控开关和旁路开关处于关断状态下，若电池簇中各电池模组的主控开关同时闭合，则电池簇的端口电压可迅速到达1000V，此时会带来严重的电流冲击。在本申请提供的储能系统中，在电池簇(比如电池簇1)中各电池模组的主控开关和旁路开关处于关断状态下，电池簇的集中监控系统可通过各储能模组的BMU逐个控制储能模组的主控开关S1导通，使电池簇的端口电压呈阶梯增加，直至电池簇中所有电池模组的主控开关都导通时电池簇1的端口电压才到达1000V。此时，电池簇的电压阶跃值(即电池簇的端口电压阶梯增加的值，可为单个电池模组的端口电压值，比如50V)相比电池簇的端口电压的值(比如1000V)非常小，电流冲击会显著降低。通过本申请提供的储能系统的启动方式，可显著简化DC/DC变换器的软启动电路，甚至无需软启动电路，操作简单，适用性高。
在一些可行的实施方式中，本申请提供的储能系统可实现电池模组之间的均衡管理， 可简化储能系统的现场接线，降低储能系统的现场交付难度，增强储能系统的稳定性，适用性高。参见图9，图9是本申请提供的储能系统的另一结构示意图。在任一电池簇的任一电池模组中，当主控开关S1导通、旁路开关S2断开时，电池模组被接入到电池簇中以实现大功率的充放电控制。当主控开关S1断开、旁路开关S2导通时，电池模组从电池簇中切除，即该电池模组不参与大功率的充放电控制。
在一些可行的实施方式中，在电池簇的充电过程中，当任一电池簇的任一电池模组中BMU(具体可为BMU中的mBMS，下面不再赘述)检测到该电池模组的充电端口电压等于电池充电的保护电压阈值(即充电的上限保护电压阈值)时，该电池模组的BMU可关断电池模组的主控开关S1，并导通旁路开关S2，以使该电池模组工作在旁路模式。此时，电池簇所连接的DC/DC变换器不再对该电池模组进行充电。如图9中的电池簇2所示，在BM21的充电端口电压得到上限保护阈值达到充电上限保护电压阈值时，BM21的BMU可关断BM21中的主控开关S1并导通旁路开关D2，以控制该BM21进入旁路模式工作。同理，在电池簇的放电过程中，当任一电池簇的任一电池模组的BMU检测到该电池模组的放电端口电压等于电池放电的保护电压阈值(即放电的下限保护电压阈值)时，该电池模组的BMU可关断电池模组的主控开关S1并导通旁路开关S2，同样使该电池模组工作在旁路模式，则电池簇所连接的DC/DC变换器不再对该电池模组进行放电。可选的，当任一电池簇的任一电池模组的BMU检测到该电池模组中电池组的参数超过阈值时，关断该电池模组的主控开关并导通该电池模组的旁路开关。这里，电池组的参数包括充放电时间、荷电状态、放电深度(depth of discharge，DOD)、健康状态以及端口电压等等，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。这里，电池组的参数超过阈值可包括电池组的充放电时间大于时间阈值、电池组的SOH小于SOH阈值、或者电池组的端口电压等于保护电压阈值等等，电池组的参数超过阈值的方式可根据参数的类型确定，在此不做限制。在本申请中，由于电池簇所连接的DC/DC变流器可工作在宽范围的输入/输出电压范围内，因此电池簇中单个电池模组从电池簇中切入和切除并不影响电池簇的正常工作，既可实现单个电池模组的控制，又不影响电池簇的正常工作，适用性高。开关桥臂的动作可实现电池模组在电池簇中的灵活切入和切除，切入切除的条件可根据电池模组的充放电时间、荷电状态、放电深度、健康状态以及端口电压等参数确定，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。
在一些可行的实施方式中，储能系统中任一电池模组的BMU还可在检测到该电池模组的电池组出现异常时，关断该电池模组的主控开关并导通旁路开关，以实现自动切除故障的储能模组，同时保证电池簇乃至储能系统的正常工作。这里，电池组的异常可包括电池组的SOH小于SOH阈值，或者电池组短路或者电池组过温等，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。在正常情况下，如图9所示的储能系统中的电池簇1，所有电池模组中的主控开关S1处于导通状态，通过变换器DC/DC1可实现所有电池模组的充放电管理。当任一电池模组(即某一个电池模组)中的BMU检测到该电池模组的电池组的SOH低于某一阈值(可为预设的SOH阈值)，或者该电池模组的电池组存在短路、过温等异常工况时，该电池模组的BMU会自动关断主控开关S1并导通旁路开关S2，即自动控制该电池模组工作在旁路模式。换句话说，将该电池模组从电池簇中切除(该电池模组处于短路状态)。可选的，该电池模组的BMU还可以同时发出告警信号。当电池簇中电池模组的切除数量达到 一定数量时或者备用电池模组到货时，可人工上站进行储能系统的维护，可极大地降低储能系统的维护周期，同时可保证储能系统的不间断运行，适用性高，提升储能系统的价值和市场竞争力。
在一些可行的实施方式中，储能系统中各电池模组的BMU与电池簇的集中监控系统处于不间断通信状态，当任一电池模组的BMU检测到无法接收到集中控制系统的控制信号(即BMU检测不到集中监控系统的控制信号)时，该电池模组的BMU可控制电池模组中的开关桥臂处于断开状态，即该电池模组的BMU可关断电池模组的主控开关和旁路开关，使电池模组输出为高阻抗状态，进而可避免该电池模组影响电池簇的正常工作，可提高储能系统的稳定性，适用性高。
参见图10，图10是电池簇中电池模组切换时的电池参数变化示意图。这里，电池簇中电池模组切换时的电池参数变换可包括电池簇端口电压的变化和电池簇充放电电流的变化。
在一些可行的实施方式中，当电池簇中各电池模组工作在电池簇的额定工作电流时，若直接切换某一个电池模组的开关桥臂以切入或者切除该电池模组时，该电池模组的寄生电感和较高的电流变化速率(即di/dt)会导致严重的电压应力，从而损坏功率器件。当电池簇端口电压为Vr时，若某一个电池模组(比如电池模组11)的BMU直接切换该电池模组的开关桥臂以切入该电池模组(主控开关S1导通，旁路开关S2关断)，此时，如图10所示，电池簇端口电压可升高至V2,其中V2与Vr的电压差值可为该电池模组的端口电压(比如50V)。当电池簇端口电压为Vr时，若电池模组11的BMU直接切换该电池模组的开关桥臂以切除该电池模组(主控开关S1关断，旁路开关S2导通)，此时，如图10所示，电池簇端口电压可下降至V1,其中Vr与V1的电压差值可为该电池模组的端口电压(比如50V)。本申请提供的储能系统中任一电池模组的BMU可在通过mBMS检测到电池模组的端口电压接近临界值(比如预设电压阈值)时，向电池簇的集中监控系统发送电流调整请求。集中监控系统接收到该电流调整请求之后可控制该电池簇的DC/DC变换器降低电池簇的电池充放电电流。在t1时刻，当该电池模组的BMU检测到电池簇的充放电电流(也为该电池模组的充放电电流)从额定工作电流Ir下降到某一电流阈值(比如预设电流阈值)Is时，可控制该电池模组的开关桥臂进行切换(关断主控开关并导通旁路开关(切除电池模组)，或者导通主控开关并关断旁路开关(切入电池模组))，从而实现电池模组的平滑切入或者切除(假设在t2时刻切入或者切除电池模组)，同时保护开关器件的高可靠工作。这里，上述预设电流阈值Is可为电池簇的额定工作电流Ir的50％、20％或者10％等，具体可根据实际应用场景确定，在此不做限制。当t3时刻，电池模组平滑切入或者切除之后，集中监控系统可控制该电池簇的DC/DC提升电池簇的电池充放电电流，电池簇的电池充放电电流在t3时刻开始上升直至电池簇的额定工作电流Ir。
本申请提供的储能系统可通过各个电池模组的开关桥臂来实现电池模组的快速切入或者切除，可实现储能系统中各电池簇的灵活控制，增强储能系统的维护便捷性和安全性。基于各电池簇的电池模组中的BMU和各电池簇的集中监控系统的通信，以及各电池簇所连接的DC/DC变换器的灵活控制能力，可提高各电池簇的能量管理灵活性，提高储能系统的稳定性，适用性更高。

Claims (27)

  1. 一种储能系统，其特征在于，所述储能系统中包括至少一个储能单元簇和所述储能单元簇的集中监控系统，所述储能单元簇中包括至少两个储能模组，所述至少两个储能模组串联；一个储能模组中包括一个储能元件组和一个开关桥臂，所述开关桥臂由主控开关和旁路开关组成，所述主控开关的一端连接所述储能元件组，所述主控开关的另一端作为储能模组的第一输入/输出端，所述旁路开关的一端连接所述第一输入/输出端，所述旁路开关的另一端连接储能模组的第二输入/输出端；
    所述储能单元簇通过直流DC/DC变换器耦合到直流母线；
    所述集中监控系统通过控制总线连接所述储能单元簇，用于控制所述储能单元簇中任一储能模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断以接入或者旁路所述任一储能模组。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述集中监控系统集成在所述DC/DC变换器中。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述至少两个储能模组中一个储能模组还包括一个电池管理单元BMU；
    所述集中监控系统通过控制总线连接所述储能单元簇中各储能模组的BMU。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述集中监控系统用于通过任一储能模组的BMU控制所述任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述集中监控系统用于通过所述控制总线发送开关控制信号以控制所述任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。
  6. 根据权利要求3-5任一项所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关集成在所述任一储能模组的BMU中。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU由一块单板组成。
  8. 根据权利要求6所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU由多块单板组成，所述多块单板包括模组电池管理系统mBMS单板和开关桥臂单板，所述任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关集成在所述开关桥臂单板上。
  9. 根据权利要求6所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述储能单元簇中任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关为关断状态。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU的供电模块由所述任一储能模组的储能元件组或者所述控制总线提供电力。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述集中监控系统用于在所述储能系统启动时，通过所述储能单元簇中各储能模组的BMU逐个控制所述各储能模组的主控开关导通。
  12. 根据权利要求10或11所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU用于在检测到所述任一储能模组中储能元件组的充放电端口电压等于保护电压阈值时，关断所述任一储能模组的主控开关并导通所述任一储能模组的旁路开关。
  13. 根据权利要求10或11所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU 用于在检测到所述任一储能模组中储能元件组的参数超过阈值时，关断所述任一储能模组的主控开关并导通所述任一储能模组的旁路开关。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的储能系统，所述储能元件组的参数包括充放电时间、荷电状态SOC、放电深度DOD、健康状态SOH以及端口电压中的一种或几种。
  15. 根据权利要求10或11所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU用于在检测到所述任一储能模组中储能元件组异常时，关断所述任一储能模组的主控开关并导通旁路开关；
    其中，所述储能元件组异常包括所述储能元件组的健康状态SOH小于SOH阈值、所述储能元件组短路或者所述储能元件组过温。
  16. 根据权利要求12-15任一项所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU用于向所述集中监控系统发送电流调整请求；
    所述集中监控系统用于在接收到所述电流调整请求时，控制所述DC/DC变换器降低所述储能单元簇的电池充放电电流；
    所述任一储能模组的BMU还用于在检测到所述电池充放电电流等于预设电流阈值时，关断或者导通所述任一储能模组的主控开关或者旁路开关。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述预设电流阈值为所述储能单元簇的额定工作电流的50％、20％或10％。
  18. 根据权利要求11所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述任一储能模组的BMU还用于在检测不到所述集中监控系统的控制信号时，关断所述任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关。
  19. 根据权利要求1-18任一项所述的储能系统，其特征在于，所述开关桥臂为低压金属氧化物半导体场效应管MOSFET，所述低压MOSFET的电压包括60V、80V、100V、120V、150V或者200V。
  20. 一种储能系统的控制方法，其特征在于，所述方法适用于如权利要求1-19任一项所述的储能系统中的集中监控系统，所述方法包括：
    所述集中监控系统通过控制总线连接所述储能单元簇；
    所述集中监控系统控制所述储能单元簇中任一储能模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断以接入或者旁路所述任一储能模组。
  21. 根据权利要求20所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述集中监控系统通过控制总线连接所述储能单元簇包括：
    所述集中监控系统通过控制总线连接所述储能单元簇中各储能模组的电池管理单元BMU；
    所述集中监控系统控制所述储能单元簇中任一储能模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断包括：
    所述集中监控系统通过任一储能模组的BMU控制所述任一储能模组的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。
  22. 根据权利要求20所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述集中监控系统控制所述储能单元簇中任一储能模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断包括：
    所述集中监控系统通过所述控制总线发送开关控制信号以控制所述任一储能模组的主 控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断。
  23. 根据权利要求21所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述集中监控系统控制所述储能单元簇中任一储能模组中的主控开关和旁路开关的导通或者关断包括：
    所述集中监控系统在所述储能系统启动时，通过所述储能单元簇中各储能模组的BMU逐个控制所述各储能模组的主控开关导通。
  24. 根据权利要求21或23所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    当所述集中监控系统通过所述任一储能模组的BMU检测到所述任一储能模组中储能元件组的充放电端口电压等于保护电压阈值时，通过所述任一储能模组的BMU关断所述任一储能模组的主控开关并导通所述任一储能模组的旁路开关。
  25. 根据权利要求21或23所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    当所述集中监控系统通过所述任一储能模组的BMU检测到所述任一储能模组中储能元件组的参数超过阈值时，通过所述任一储能模组的BMU关断所述任一储能模组的主控开关并导通所述任一储能模组的旁路开关；
    其中，所述储能元件组的参数包括充放电时间、荷电状态SOC、放电深度DOD、健康状态SOH以及端口电压中的一种或几种。
  26. 根据权利要求21或23所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    当所述集中监控系统通过所述任一储能模组的BMU检测到所述任一储能模组中储能元件组异常时，通过所述任一储能模组的BMU关断所述任一储能模组的主控开关并导通旁路开关；
    其中，所述储能元件组异常包括所述储能元件组的SOH小于SOH阈值、所述储能元件组短路或者所述储能元件组过温。
  27. 根据权利要求24-26任一项所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    当所述集中监控系统从所述任一储能模组的BMU接收到电流调整请求时，控制所述DC/DC变换器降低所述储能单元簇的电池充放电电流；
    当所述集中监控系统通过所述任一储能模组的BMU检测到所述电池充放电电流等于预设电流阈值时，通过所述任一储能模组的BMU关断或者导通所述任一储能模组的主控开关或者旁路开关；
    其中，所述预设电流阈值为所述储能单元簇的额定工作电流的50％、20％或10％。
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