WO2023246710A1 - 一种功率转换装置、充电桩、车载充电器和电动汽车 - Google Patents

一种功率转换装置、充电桩、车载充电器和电动汽车 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023246710A1
WO2023246710A1 PCT/CN2023/101120 CN2023101120W WO2023246710A1 WO 2023246710 A1 WO2023246710 A1 WO 2023246710A1 CN 2023101120 W CN2023101120 W CN 2023101120W WO 2023246710 A1 WO2023246710 A1 WO 2023246710A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
voltage
conversion device
power conversion
converter
power
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PCT/CN2023/101120
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈建生
姜振廷
张泽龙
Original Assignee
华为数字能源技术有限公司
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Publication of WO2023246710A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023246710A1/zh

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B60L53/22—Constructional details or arrangements of charging converters specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/30—Constructional details of charging stations
    • B60L53/31—Charging columns specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations

Definitions

  • This application relates to the field of power electronics technology, and in particular to a power conversion device, charging pile, vehicle charger and electric vehicle.
  • OBC on-board chargers
  • the OBC mainly includes a first conversion circuit and a second conversion circuit.
  • the input end of the first conversion circuit is connected to the charging pile through the charging gun, the output end of the first conversion circuit is connected to the input end of the second conversion circuit, and the output end of the second conversion circuit can be connected to the high-voltage battery of the electric vehicle.
  • the first conversion circuit can convert the AC power output by the charging pile into DC power
  • the second conversion circuit can convert the DC power output by the first conversion circuit into the charging voltage of the high-voltage battery, thereby charging the high-voltage battery in the electric vehicle.
  • the second conversion circuit may include multiple DC conversion modules connected in series at the input end.
  • each DC conversion module is connected in parallel with at least one electrolytic capacitor.
  • the electrolytic capacitors connected in parallel in the DC conversion module can obtain a part of the voltage.
  • Each DC conversion module can perform voltage conversion processing on the voltage output by the parallel electrolytic capacitors, so that each conversion module can convert a part of the power, thereby improving the charging efficiency of the OBC.
  • This application provides a power conversion device, charging pile, vehicle charger and electric vehicle, which can reduce the operating cost of the power conversion device and improve the working stability of the power conversion device.
  • embodiments of the present application provide a power conversion device, including a first capacitor branch, a second capacitor branch, and a plurality of DC converters.
  • the first capacitor branch includes at least one electrolytic capacitor, which is used to stabilize the voltage received by the power conversion device to obtain the first voltage;
  • the second capacitor branch includes a plurality of film capacitors connected in series, used to stabilize the first voltage.
  • the voltage is filtered, and the filtered first voltage is divided into voltages to obtain a plurality of second voltages.
  • each film capacitor is assigned a second voltage;
  • a DC converter corresponds to the film capacitor one-to-one, and each DC converter input end is connected in parallel with the corresponding film capacitor; the DC converter is used to convert the second voltage output by the film capacitor Perform voltage conversion processing.
  • the above-mentioned power conversion device of this application uses a second capacitor branch composed of a film capacitor to filter and divide the first voltage because the film capacitor has the characteristics of withstanding high voltage, and uses a first capacitor composed of an electrolytic capacitor with a large capacitance.
  • the capacitor branch stabilizes the voltage received by the power conversion device. At this time, if any DC converter of the plurality of DC converters is short-circuited, the film capacitor connected in parallel at the input end of the DC converter will be bypassed. Since the amplitude of the filtered first voltage remains unchanged, the film capacitor connected in series will As the number of capacitors decreases, the voltage across the film capacitors connected in parallel at the input end of the DC converter that is not malfunctioning will increase.
  • the DC converter that is not malfunctioning in the power conversion device can still be ensured. It can work normally and improves the working stability of the power conversion device.
  • the cost of film capacitors is lower than that of electrolytic capacitors, when the DC converter failure causes damage to the film capacitors, it will also help reduce the operation and maintenance costs of the power conversion circuit.
  • the first capacitor branch includes a first electrolytic capacitor, and the first electrolytic capacitor is used to stabilize the voltage received by the power conversion device to obtain the first voltage.
  • an electrolytic capacitor can be used to stabilize the voltage received by the power conversion device.
  • the first capacitor branch includes a plurality of second electrolytic capacitors connected in series, and a plurality of second electrolytic capacitors connected in series It is used for stabilizing the voltage received by the power conversion device to obtain the first voltage.
  • the power conversion device further includes a resistive branch connected in parallel with the first capacitive branch.
  • the resistor branch includes a plurality of first resistors, each first resistor corresponds to each second electrolytic capacitor, and each first resistor is connected in parallel with the corresponding second electrolytic capacitor.
  • the voltage across the second electrolytic capacitor may deviate from its operating voltage range, causing device damage.
  • multiple first resistors can be connected in series to form a voltage dividing branch. Each first resistor is divided into a part of the voltage. Since the first resistor is connected in parallel with a second electrolytic capacitor, the voltage divided by the first resistor can be the resistor. The voltage across the second electrolytic capacitor connected in parallel is controlled to control the voltage across the second electrolytic capacitor, thereby ensuring the working safety of the second electrolytic capacitor.
  • the power conversion device further includes a voltage equalizing circuit, which is connected to the first capacitor branch and performs voltage stabilizing processing on each second electrolytic capacitor.
  • the voltage amplitude across each second electrolytic capacitor can be controlled through the voltage equalization circuit.
  • the output terminals of multiple DC converters are connected in parallel.
  • high-power power supply or high-power charging can be achieved through parallel connection of the output terminals of multiple DC converters.
  • the output terminals of multiple DC converters are connected in series.
  • the output voltage amplitude of the power conversion device can be increased by connecting the output terminals of multiple DC converters in series.
  • the power conversion device further includes a protector.
  • the protector is used to disconnect the power conversion device from the external power supply when the input voltage or input current of the power conversion device exceeds a preset threshold.
  • the power conversion device can be disconnected from the external power supply through the protector. This avoids an increase in the scope of faults.
  • the power conversion device further includes a controller.
  • the controller is connected to a plurality of DC converters, and the controller is used to adjust the voltage conversion ratio of the DC converter that has not failed when it is determined that any DC converter in the plurality of DC converters has failed.
  • the controller can adjust the voltage of the non-faulty DC converter when a faulty DC converter appears in the power conversion device. Variation ratio.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides a charging pile, which may include a first conversion circuit and the power conversion device provided in the first aspect of the embodiment of the present application and any possible design thereof.
  • the first conversion circuit is connected to the external power supply and converts the alternating current output by the external power supply into direct current.
  • the power conversion device is connected to the first conversion circuit, and is used for performing voltage conversion processing on the direct current output by the first conversion circuit, and using the voltage-converted direct current to power the load.
  • the external power supply can be a power frequency grid
  • the load can be a vehicle.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides a vehicle-mounted charger, which includes a first conversion circuit and the power conversion device provided in the first aspect of the embodiment of the present application and any possible design thereof.
  • the first conversion circuit is connected to the external power supply and converts the alternating current output by the external power supply into direct current.
  • the power conversion device is connected to the first conversion circuit, and is used for performing voltage conversion processing on the direct current output by the first conversion circuit, and using the voltage-converted direct current to power the load.
  • the external power source can be a charging pile, and the load can be a battery in the vehicle.
  • embodiments of the present application provide an electric vehicle, which includes a high-voltage battery, a low-voltage battery, a low-voltage load, and the power conversion device provided in the first aspect of the embodiment of the present application and any possible design thereof.
  • the high-voltage battery is connected to the power conversion device; the power conversion device is connected to the low-voltage battery and the low-voltage load respectively.
  • the power conversion device is used to perform voltage conversion processing on the electric energy output by the high-voltage battery, and convert the voltage-converted electric energy into the low-voltage battery and the low-voltage load. Low voltage load power supply.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an electric vehicle provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a DC-to-DC module provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a power conversion device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram 2 of a power conversion device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a first capacitor branch provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic structural diagram 2 of a first capacitor branch provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic structural diagram three of a power conversion device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic structural diagram 4 of a power conversion device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a second capacitor branch provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a DC converter provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 11 is a schematic structural diagram 5 of a power conversion device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 12 is a schematic structural diagram 6 of a power conversion device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 13 is a schematic structural diagram of a power conversion device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • connection in the embodiments of this application can be understood as electrical connection, and the connection between two electrical components can be a direct or indirect connection between two electrical components.
  • a and B can be connected directly, or A and B can be connected indirectly through one or more other electrical components.
  • a and B can be connected, or A and C can be directly connected.
  • C and B are directly connected, and A and B are connected through C.
  • each switch tube may be a relay, a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), an insulated gate double One or more of various types of switch transistors such as insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), silicon carbide (SiC) transistor, etc., which will not be listed one by one in the embodiments of this application.
  • the packaging form of each switch tube may be a single tube package or a multi-tube package, which is not limited in the embodiment of the present application.
  • Each switch tube may include a first electrode, a second electrode and a control electrode, wherein the control electrode is used to control the switching tube to be turned on or off.
  • the control electrode of the switch tube is the gate
  • the first electrode of the switch tube can be the source and the second electrode can be the drain
  • the first electrode can be the drain and the second electrode can be the source.
  • the “transformation ratio” of the DC converter in the embodiment of the present application refers to the ratio between the input voltage and the output voltage of the DC converter, which can also be understood as the voltage conversion ratio. If the DC converter performs step-down conversion, the output voltage of the DC converter is less than the input voltage of the DC converter, and the transformation ratio of the DC converter is greater than 1. If the DC converter performs boost conversion, the output voltage of the DC converter is greater than the input voltage of the DC converter, and the transformation ratio of the DC converter is less than 1.
  • the power conversion device provided by the embodiment of the present application can be applied to a power supply system or a charging system, and can convert the voltage output by the power supply into the power supply voltage or charging voltage required by the load, and use the power supply voltage or charging voltage to supply power to one or more loads or Charge.
  • the power supply system may be an on-board charger (OBC) 11 in an electric vehicle, a power supply device in an electronic device, or a charging pile of an electric vehicle.
  • OBC on-board charger
  • the electronic device may include but is not limited to servers, base stations, and other devices.
  • the power conversion device can be used in electric vehicles.
  • Electric vehicles also known as new energy vehicles, are vehicles driven by electric energy.
  • the electric vehicle 10 mainly includes an on-board charger (OBC) 11, a high-voltage battery 12, a DC conversion circuit 13, a low-voltage battery 14, a low-voltage load 15, a power system 16 and wheels 17.
  • OBC on-board charger
  • the high-voltage battery 12 and the low-voltage battery 14 are batteries capable of charging and discharging operations, such as lithium batteries or lead-acid batteries.
  • the power system 16 may generally include a reducer, gears, one or more motors, and the like.
  • the high-voltage battery 12 can supply power to the power system 16.
  • the motor in the power system 16 rotates and drives the wheels 17 to rotate through gears and reducers, thereby realizing the movement of the vehicle.
  • the low-voltage load 15 may be a functional system or vehicle-mounted equipment inside the vehicle (electric vehicle 10 ). And the rated voltage of the low-voltage load 15 is much lower than the rated voltage of the high-voltage battery 12 .
  • Each low-voltage load 15 may include, but is not limited to, at least one important load, and/or, at least one secondary load.
  • Important loads can be understood as loads that affect vehicle driving, such as control systems, autonomous driving systems, vehicle navigators, etc.
  • Secondary loads can be understood as loads that do not affect the driving of the vehicle, such as car radios, etc.
  • the low-voltage load may include multiple important loads, and the multiple important loads have the same function.
  • the electric vehicle 10 When the electric vehicle 10 is charging, the electric vehicle 10 can generally be charged through the charging pile 201 .
  • the OBC 11 may be provided with an AC to DC module for converting the AC power output by the power circuit 202 into DC power and charging the high-voltage battery 12 .
  • the OBC 11 may be provided with a DC-to-DC module for converting the DC voltage output by the power circuit 202 into the charging voltage of the high-voltage battery 12 and charging the high-voltage battery 12 .
  • the OBC 11 can be provided with an AC-to-DC module and a DC-to-DC module at the same time.
  • the AC-to-DC module can convert the AC power output by the power circuit 202 into DC power.
  • the DC-to-DC module can convert the voltage of the DC power into the charging voltage of the high-voltage battery 12, and Charge the high voltage battery 12.
  • OBC11 can also include a high-voltage power distribution unit (PDU), which can receive the power output from the DC-to-DC module or the power output from the AC-to-DC module. PDU can distribute and manage the received power.
  • PDU high-voltage power distribution unit
  • the power conversion device is used in a charging pile of an electric vehicle.
  • the charging pile 201 mainly includes a power circuit 202 and a charging gun 203 .
  • the input end of the power supply circuit 202 can receive AC power provided by the industrial frequency power grid 30, and the output end of the power supply circuit 202 is connected to the charging gun 203 through a cable.
  • the power circuit 202 can convert the received alternating current into charging electric energy suitable for the electric vehicle 10 .
  • the charging electric energy converted by the power circuit 202 can be input to the OBC11 through the charging gun 203.
  • the power circuit 202 can output AC power or DC power through the charging gun 203 .
  • the charging rate requirements for new energy vehicles are getting higher and higher.
  • high-power charging is required for new energy vehicles.
  • the DC-to-DC module or DC conversion circuit is composed of a DC converter composed of switching devices, and the power conversion capability of a single DC converter is limited.
  • multiple DC converters are installed in the DC-to-DC module, each A DC converter converts part of the power, thereby improving the power conversion capability of the DC-to-DC module and realizing high-power charging of new energy vehicles.
  • the DC-to-DC module may include N DC converters, and the input terminals of the N DC converters are connected in series. Among them, the positive pole of the input terminal of the first DC converter among the N DC converters is connected to the positive pole of the power supply, and the negative pole of the input terminal of the last DC converter among the N DC converters is connected to the negative pole of the power supply.
  • one or more electrolytic capacitors are generally connected in parallel to the input end of each DC converter.
  • Multiple electrolytic capacitors form one or more electrolytic capacitor series branches, and divide the voltage input from the power supply.
  • the input voltage of each DC converter is determined by the voltage divided by the parallel electrolytic capacitors. Since the input terminals of N DC converters are connected in series, the input current of each DC converter is the same. Therefore, the electrolytic capacitor can realize the distribution of the input power of each DC converter by controlling the input voltage of each DC converter.
  • the large-capacitance electrolytic capacitor can keep the input voltage amplitude of the DC-to-DC module stable, and then the DC-to-DC module receives Power is distributed equally to each DC converter.
  • embodiments of the present application provide a power conversion device, which can improve the working stability of the power conversion device and reduce the operating cost of the power conversion device.
  • the power conversion device provided by the embodiment of the present application can be applied to electric vehicles. The following is an example of supplying power to the high-voltage battery 12 in an electric vehicle.
  • the power conversion device provided by the embodiment of the present application can also be applied to other equipment, such as equipment including multiple loads, such as multiple load power supply in a server, multiple load power supply in a base station, etc. scenarios to improve the availability of servers and base stations. This application does not limit this too much.
  • FIG. 3 exemplarily shows a schematic structural diagram of a power conversion device provided by this application.
  • the power conversion device 30 can be applied in electric vehicles.
  • the power conversion device 30 includes: a first capacitor branch 31 , a second capacitor branch 32 and a plurality of DC converters 33 .
  • the first capacitor branch 31 includes at least one electrolytic capacitor for stabilizing the voltage received by the power conversion device 30 to obtain the first voltage;
  • the second capacitor branch 32 includes a plurality of film capacitors connected in series for The first voltage is filtered, and the filtered first voltage is divided to obtain a plurality of second voltages, and each film capacitor is divided into one second voltage;
  • the DC converter 33 and the film capacitor are one by one Correspondingly, the input terminal of each DC converter 33 is connected in parallel with the corresponding film capacitor; the DC converter 33 can receive the second voltage output by the corresponding film capacitor through the input terminal of the DC converter 33, and respond to the second voltage output by the film voltage.
  • the voltage is subjected to voltage conversion processing, and the second voltage after voltage conversion processing is output through the output end of the DC converter 33 .
  • the first capacitor branch 31 in the power conversion device 30 receives a voltage input from an external power source and performs voltage stabilization on the received voltage to obtain the first Voltage.
  • Each film capacitor in the second capacitor branch 32 divides the received voltage into a second voltage, and outputs the divided second voltage to the input end of the corresponding DC converter 33 so that DC
  • the converter 33 performs voltage conversion processing on the second voltage output by the film capacitor to obtain the charging voltage or power supply voltage of the device, and supplies power or charges the connected device.
  • the DC converter 33 may be a boost conversion device, and the DC converter 33 may also be a buck device.
  • the power conversion device 30 can be applied in an OBC in an electric vehicle and serves as a DC-to-DC module in the OBC to perform voltage conversion processing on the DC power output by the AC-to-DC module or the charging pile.
  • the output terminals of the plurality of DC converters 33 are connected to high-voltage batteries in the electric vehicle and provide power to the high-voltage batteries. At this time, the output terminals of multiple DC converters 33 are connected in parallel, thereby realizing high-power charging of electric vehicles.
  • the output terminals of multiple DC converters 33 may be connected in series.
  • the positive terminal of the output terminal of the first DC converter 33 among the multiple DC converters 33 is connected to the positive terminal of the high-voltage battery.
  • the multiple DC converters 33 can be connected in series. Conversion, the negative pole of the output terminal of the last DC converter 33 in 33 is connected to the negative pole of the high-voltage battery.
  • the power conversion device 30 may be connected between the high-voltage battery and the low-voltage battery, and between the high-voltage battery and the low-voltage load.
  • the output end of at least one DC converter is connected to and supplies power to the low-voltage load, and the output end of at least one DC converter is connected to the low-voltage battery and charges the low-voltage battery.
  • the power conversion device 30 can be fixed on the electric vehicle.
  • the power conversion device 30 can also be configured in a flexible and detachable form, that is, the electric vehicle is provided with a fixed interface to realize the connection between the power conversion device 30 and multiple devices in the electric vehicle.
  • the power conversion device 30 can be regarded as a device independent of the electric vehicle.
  • the first capacitor branch 31 is composed of an electrolytic capacitor with large capacity characteristics
  • the second capacitor branch 32 is composed of a film capacitor with high voltage resistance characteristics.
  • the film capacitor corresponds to the DC converter one-to-one and is connected to the DC converter.
  • the input terminals of the corresponding DC converters are connected in parallel to realize the distribution of the input voltage of the corresponding DC converter 33 .
  • the first capacitor branch 31 composed of an electrolytic capacitor stabilizes the voltage received by the power conversion device 30 to obtain a first voltage, which is composed of a film capacitor.
  • the second capacitor branch 32 performs filtering processing on the first voltage.
  • a voltage dividing branch composed of a plurality of film capacitors connected in series performs a voltage dividing operation on the filtered first voltage to obtain a plurality of second voltages.
  • Each film capacitor is divided into a second voltage and a second voltage. The two voltages are output to the input end of the corresponding DC converter 33 so that the corresponding DC converter can perform voltage conversion processing on the received voltage and provide power or charge to the connected device.
  • any DC converter 33 in the power conversion device 30 has a short-circuit fault
  • the film capacitor connected in parallel with the input end of the failed DC converter is short-circuited, and the film capacitor connected in series in the second capacitor branch 32
  • the number of capacitors is reduced.
  • the film capacitors connected in parallel at the input end of the DC converter that has not failed bear the first voltage after all the filter capacitors. Since the film capacitor has the characteristic of withstanding high voltage, the film capacitor connected in parallel to the input end of the DC converter that has not failed can still work normally in this situation, and the DC converter 33 that has not failed in the power conversion device 30 can still operate normally.
  • the voltage is received and operated, thereby improving the working stability of the power conversion device 30 .
  • the operating cost of the power conversion device 30 can also be reduced.
  • the faulty DC converter stops working, and the second voltage originally received by the faulty DC converter will be divided in equal proportions to the non-faulty DC converter. on the device. Since the voltage received by the DC converter that has not failed has increased, and the rated voltage of the equipment connected to the output is fixed, in order to ensure that the DC converter that has not failed has The equipment connected to the output end of the converter can work normally.
  • the transformation ratio of the non-faulty DC converter can be adjusted so that the voltage received by the non-faulty DC converter at the input end increases. When it is high, the output terminal can output the operating voltage required by the connected device.
  • the power conversion device 30 may also include a controller, which may be connected to each DC converter 33 in the power conversion device 30 and control the DC converter 33 to convert the voltage received at the input end. conversion processing, and when a faulty DC converter occurs in the power conversion device 30 , the transformation ratio of the DC converter 33 is adjusted.
  • the first capacitor branch 31 , the second capacitor branch 32 , the controller and the DC converter 33 in the power conversion device 30 will be introduced in detail below with reference to the embodiment.
  • the two ends of the first capacitor branch 31 are respectively connected to the two ports of the input end of the power conversion device 30, and the voltage received by the input end of the power conversion device 30 is stabilized to obtain the first voltage.
  • the first capacitor branch 31 may include a first electrolytic capacitor C1 , and the first electrolytic capacitor C1 may stabilize the voltage received by the power conversion device 30 .
  • the first end of the first electrolytic capacitor C1 constitutes the first end of the first capacitor branch 31 and is connected to the positive electrode of the external power supply.
  • the second end of the first electrolytic capacitor C1 constitutes the second end of the first capacitor branch 31 and is connected to the negative electrode of the external power supply.
  • the withstand voltage value of the first electrolytic capacitor C1 can meet the requirements of the power conversion device 30 for the received voltage amplitude, and the capacitance value of the first electrolytic capacitor C1 can meet the requirements of the power conversion device 30 for the received power.
  • the first capacitor branch 31 may include a plurality of second electrolytic capacitors C2 connected in series.
  • the plurality of second electrolytic capacitors C2 connected in series may receive power from the power conversion device 30 .
  • the voltage is stabilized.
  • the first end of the first second electrolytic capacitor C2 among the plurality of second electrolytic capacitors C2 is the first end of the first capacitor branch 31 and is connected to the positive electrode of the external power supply.
  • the second end of the last second electrolytic capacitor C2 among the plurality of second electrolytic capacitors C2 constitutes the second end of the first capacitor branch 31 and is connected to the negative electrode of the external power supply.
  • the power conversion device 30 may also include a device for controlling the voltage across each second electrolytic capacitor.
  • a resistor branch is connected in parallel at both ends of the first capacitor branch 31 .
  • a plurality of first resistors R1 are connected in series in the resistor branch, and the first resistor R1 among the first resistors R1 is connected in series.
  • the first end of a first resistor R1 is connected to the first end of the first second electrolytic capacitor C2 in the first capacitor branch 31, and the second end of the last first resistor R1 among the plurality of first resistors R1 is connected to the first end of the second electrolytic capacitor C2 in the first capacitor branch 31.
  • the second end of the last second electrolytic capacitor C2 in the first capacitor branch 31 is connected.
  • the first resistor R1 corresponds to the second electrolytic capacitor C2, and each first resistor R1 is connected in parallel with the corresponding second electrolytic capacitor C2.
  • a plurality of first resistors R1 are connected in series to form a voltage dividing branch, and the first voltage is divided to obtain a plurality of third voltages.
  • Each first resistor R1 is divided into a third voltage. Since the first resistor R1 corresponds to The second electrolytic capacitor C2 is connected in parallel, then the voltage across the second electrolytic capacitor C2 can correspond to the third voltage divided by the first resistor R1, thereby controlling the voltage amplitude across the second electrolytic capacitor C2 and ensuring that the second electrolytic capacitor C2 Capacitor C2 is safe to work with.
  • each second electrolytic capacitor can be modified by adjusting the resistance value of the first resistor R1 in parallel with the second electrolytic capacitor C2.
  • the voltage of C2 is controlled to the required voltage.
  • a voltage equalizing circuit is provided at both ends of the first capacitor branch 31 , and the voltage equalizing circuit is used to balance each second electrolytic capacitor C2 in the first capacitor branch 31 voltage across both ends.
  • the first end of the second capacitor branch 32 is connected to the first end of the first capacitor branch 31 , and the second end of the second capacitor branch 32 is connected to the second end of the first capacitor branch 31 .
  • the second capacitor branch 32 includes a plurality of film capacitors C3 connected in series.
  • the plurality of film capacitors C3 connected in series can filter the first voltage output by the first capacitor branch 31.
  • the multiple film capacitors C3 connected in series A voltage dividing branch is formed to divide the filtered first voltage to obtain a plurality of second voltages. Among them, each film capacitor C3 is divided into a second voltage.
  • the second capacitor branch 32 includes a plurality of film capacitors C3 connected in series, and the film capacitor C3 and the power conversion device
  • the DC converters 33 in 30 correspond one to one.
  • the first end of the first film capacitor C3 among the plurality of film capacitors C3 is connected to the first end of the first capacitor branch 31
  • the second end of the last film capacitor C3 among the plurality of film capacitors C3 is connected to the first end of the first film capacitor C3 .
  • the second end of the capacitor branch 31 is connected, and each film capacitor C3 is connected in parallel with the input end of the corresponding DC converter 33 .
  • multiple film capacitors C3 are connected in series to form a voltage dividing branch, and each film capacitor C3 is divided into a second voltage. Since the film capacitor C3 is connected in parallel with the input end of the corresponding DC converter, the DC conversion corresponding to the film capacitor C3 The voltage received by the converter is the second voltage, thereby realizing power distribution to the DC converter 33 corresponding to the film capacitor C3.
  • each DC converter 33 Since the input terminals of the DC converters 33 corresponding to the film capacitors C3 are connected in parallel and multiple film capacitors C3 are connected in series, the input terminals of the multiple DC converters 33 are connected in series. Therefore, each DC converter 33 The current received by the input end is the same, the power received by each DC converter 33 is determined by the voltage received by the DC converter 33, and the voltage received by the DC converter 33 is determined by the second voltage divided by the corresponding film capacitor C3, so it can The power received by the DC converter is adjusted by adjusting the parameters of the film capacitor corresponding to the DC converter 33 in the second capacitor branch 32 .
  • multiple film capacitors C3 are connected in series.
  • the film capacitor C3 corresponding to the DC converter 33 is bypassed.
  • the amplitude of the filtered first voltage remains unchanged. Therefore, the voltage across each of the multiple film capacitors C3 connected in series increases. high. For example, the first voltage amplitude after filtering is 100V. If the first capacitor branch 31 has five film capacitors C3 connected in series, each film capacitor will receive a voltage of 20V. When one film capacitor C3 is bypassed, four film capacitors C3 are connected in series in the first capacitor branch 31.
  • the voltage divided by the film capacitor C3 is 25V. Since the film capacitor C3 has the characteristics of withstanding high voltage, in this case, the film voltage C3 can still work normally, thereby ensuring that the DC converter 33 corresponding to these film capacitors can work normally and improving the working stability of the power conversion device 30 .
  • the input terminals of the plurality of DC converters 33 are connected in series.
  • the first input terminal of the first DC converter 33 of the plurality of DC converters 33 is connected to the first terminal and the second capacitor branch of the first capacitor branch 31 .
  • the first end of the path 32 is connected, and the second input end of the last DC converter 33 among the plurality of DC converters 33 is connected to the second end of the first capacitor branch 31 and the second end of the second capacitor branch 32 .
  • the DC converter 33 can adopt an existing structure, that is, the DC converter 33 can adopt an H-bridge rectifier circuit, and the first end of the first bridge arm and the first end of the second bridge arm in the H-bridge rectifier circuit
  • the first input end of the DC converter 33 is constituted.
  • the second end of the first bridge arm and the second end of the second bridge arm in the H bridge rectifier circuit 33 constitute the second input end of the DC converter 33.
  • the intermediate node of the first bridge arm constitutes the first output terminal of the DC converter 33
  • the intermediate node of the second bridge arm in the H-bridge rectifier circuit constitutes the second output terminal of the DC converter 33 .
  • the DC converter 33 can be connected to both ends of the corresponding film capacitor through the first input terminal and the second input terminal, and receive the second voltage output by the corresponding film capacitor.
  • the DC converter 33 can pass through the first output terminal and the second output terminal. The terminal outputs the electrical energy after voltage conversion to the connected device.
  • the electric energy output by the corresponding film capacitor can be voltage-regulated, and the power supply voltage required by the device connected to the DC converter 33 can be output.
  • the structure of the DC converter 33 may be as shown in Figure 10.
  • A serves as the first input terminal of the DC converter 33
  • B serves as the second input terminal of the DC converter 33
  • C serves as the first output terminal of the DC converter 33
  • D serves as the second input terminal of the DC converter 33 .
  • MOS tubes Q1/Q2/Q3/Q4 form an H-bridge rectifier circuit.
  • a and B are used as input terminals for receiving the second voltage output by the corresponding film capacitor, and C and D are used as output terminals for outputting the MOS tube Q1 /Q2/Q3/Q4 regulates the processed voltage and supplies power or charges to the connected device.
  • the film capacitor C3 connected in parallel with the input end of the DC converter 33 will be short-circuited.
  • the faulty DC converter will switch from the DC converter 33 to Bypass the series branch to ensure that the DC converter that has not failed can operate normally.
  • the MOS transistors Q1 and Q2 can also be controlled to be turned on, thereby bypassing the faulty DC converter from the series-connected DC converters, thereby ensuring that the DC converter without faults is The converter works fine.
  • the power conversion device 30 is applied in an electric vehicle and serves as an internal In the DC-to-DC module of the OBC, the output terminals of all DC converters 33 in the power conversion device 30 are connected in parallel and connected to the high-voltage battery to charge the high-voltage battery.
  • the power conversion device 30 is applied in an electric vehicle and serves as a DC-to-DC module for the OBC in the electric vehicle. If the output voltage of a single DC converter 33 is less than the high-voltage battery If the charging voltage is high, the output terminals of multiple DC converters 33 can be connected in series to increase the output voltage amplitude to meet the charging voltage requirements of the high-voltage battery. At this time, the first output terminal of the first DC converter among the plurality of DC converters 33 is connected to the positive electrode of the high-voltage battery, and the second output terminal of the last DC converter among the plurality of DC converters 33 is connected to the negative electrode of the high-voltage battery. connect.
  • the power conversion device 30 is applied in an electric vehicle and is connected between the high-voltage battery and the low-voltage battery, and between the high-voltage battery and the low-voltage load.
  • the power conversion device can input the high-voltage battery to The voltage is converted into the charging voltage of the low-voltage battery and the supply voltage of the low-voltage load.
  • the plurality of DC converters 33 are respectively connected to different devices. For example, the output terminal of the first DC converter is connected to a low-voltage battery, the output terminal of the second DC converter is connected to the first low-voltage load, and so on, to realize power supply or charging of all devices.
  • the DC converter can also adopt other circuit structures, such as a half-bridge rectifier circuit and an inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC) resonant conversion circuit. , forward circuit, flyback circuit, adjustable voltage boost (Boost) circuit, or adjustable voltage buck (Buck) circuit, or Buck-Boost circuit.
  • LLC inductor-inductor-capacitor
  • the controller is connected to each DC converter 33 in the power conversion device 30 and controls each DC converter 33 to perform voltage conversion processing on the voltage received at the input end, and when a faulty DC converter occurs in the power conversion device 30 When, adjust the transformation ratio of the DC converter that has not failed.
  • the DC converter 33 may be composed of switching tubes, diodes, inductors, capacitors and other devices.
  • the working status and transformation ratio of the DC converter can be achieved by adjusting the working status of these devices (such as switching tubes).
  • the controller can be connected to the gate of the MOS tube to control the on and off of the MOS tube so that the DC converter regulates the voltage received at the input end. And supply power or charge to the connected equipment; if the switching tube in the DC converter 33 is a BJT, the controller can be connected to the base of the BJT, so that the DC converter can control the voltage received at the input end by controlling the on and off of the BJT. Regulate voltage and power or charge connected devices.
  • the power conversion device 30 also includes a detection device, which can be connected to the DC converter in the power conversion device 30 and detect the working status of the DC converter.
  • a detection device which can be connected to the DC converter in the power conversion device 30 and detect the working status of the DC converter.
  • a first signal indicating the fault of the DC converter is sent to the controller.
  • the controller receives the first signal, it adjusts the drive signal output to the switching tube in the DC converter that has not failed to adjust the switching tube that has not failed.
  • the transformation ratio of the DC converter enables the DC converter to output a supply voltage or charging voltage that meets the voltage requirements of the connected device.
  • the detection device may detect the output current and output voltage of the DC converter, and use the detected output current and output voltage to determine the working state of the DC converter.
  • the controller in the power conversion device 30 is also connected to an external detection device, and upon receiving the second signal sent by the external detection device indicating a DC converter fault, adjusts the output to the condition where the fault does not occur.
  • the driving signal of the switch tube in the faulty DC converter is used to adjust the transformation ratio of the non-faulty DC converter and make the DC converter output a supply voltage that meets the voltage requirements of the connected equipment.
  • the controller can be any one of a micro controller unit (MCU), a central processing unit (CPU), and a digital signal processor (DSP).
  • MCU micro controller unit
  • CPU central processing unit
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the specific form of the controller is not limited to the above examples.
  • the above controller can only maintain the operation of the power conversion device 30 when a single or a small number of DC converters fail.
  • the power conversion device may also include a protector, which may be connected to the first capacitor branch 31 and the second capacitor branch. The first end of 32 is connected and detects the voltage or current received by the power conversion device.
  • the equipment connected to the power conversion device fails or a device failure within the power conversion device causes the voltage or current on the line to exceed the set threshold, the power conversion is disconnected.
  • the device is connected to an external power source to protect the safety of the power conversion device and the devices connected to the power conversion device.
  • the protector can be a fuse.
  • the protector can also be other protection devices, such as circuit breakers and other over-voltage or over-current protection devices.
  • this application also provides a charging pile, which may include a first conversion circuit and the aforementioned power conversion device 30 .
  • the first conversion circuit is connected to the external power supply, converts the alternating current output by the external power supply into direct current, and outputs the direct current to the power conversion device.
  • the power conversion device is connected to the first conversion circuit, and the power conversion device can perform voltage conversion processing on the direct current output by the first conversion circuit, and use the converted voltage to power the load.
  • the external power supply may be a power frequency power grid
  • the first conversion circuit may convert the AC power on the power frequency power grid into DC power
  • the power conversion device may convert the DC power output by the first conversion circuit into the charging voltage of the vehicle, thereby realizing: Vehicle charging.
  • an embodiment of the present application also provides a vehicle charger, which includes a first conversion circuit and the aforementioned power conversion device 30 .
  • the first conversion circuit is connected to the external power supply, converts the alternating current output by the external power supply into direct current, and outputs the direct current to the power conversion device.
  • the power conversion device is connected to the first conversion circuit, and the power conversion device can perform voltage conversion processing on the direct current output by the first conversion circuit, and use the converted voltage to power the load.
  • the first conversion circuit in the vehicle charger can convert the AC power obtained from the charging pile into DC power, and the power conversion device can convert the DC power output by the first conversion circuit into the charging voltage of the high-voltage battery, and provide the high-voltage battery with a charging voltage. Charge.
  • the vehicle charger in this application may only include a power conversion device.
  • the power conversion device may directly convert the DC power obtained at the charging pile into the charging voltage of the high-voltage battery and provide the high-voltage battery. Charging batteries.
  • this application also provides an electric vehicle, which may include a high-voltage battery, a low-voltage battery, a low-voltage load and the aforementioned power conversion device 30 .
  • the high-voltage battery is connected to the power conversion device and used to output the stored electrical energy to the power conversion device;
  • the power conversion device is connected to the low-voltage battery and the low-voltage load respectively, and is used to perform voltage conversion processing on the electric energy output by the high-voltage battery, and supply power to the low-voltage battery and the low-voltage load with the voltage-converted electric energy.
  • the solution provided in this application can be applied to different vehicles, specifically, including but not limited to: pure electric vehicles (Pure EV/Battery EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (Hybrid Electric Vehicle, HEV) and other different types of vehicles. car.
  • the device provided by this application is not limited to the automotive field, but can also be used in wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation and other fields. For example, it is used in energy storage systems in wind power generation systems or photovoltaic power generation systems, and charges batteries in the energy storage system.

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Abstract

一种功率转换装置（30）、充电桩（201）、车载充电器和电动汽车（10），该功率转换装置（30）包括：第一电容支路（31），包括至少一个电解电容（C1、C2），用于对功率转换装置（30）接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压；第二电容支路（32），包括串联的多个薄膜电容（C3），用于对第一电压进行滤波处理，并对滤波处理后的第一电压进行分压处理，得到多个第二电压，每个薄膜电容（C3）分得一个第二电压；与薄膜电容（C3）一一对应的直流转换器（33），每个直流转换器（33）的输入端与对应的薄膜电容（C3）并联；直流转换器（33）用于对薄膜电容（C3）输出的第二电压进行电压转换处理。

Description

一种功率转换装置、充电桩、车载充电器和电动汽车
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求在2022年06月21日提交中国专利局、申请号为202210707553.5、申请名称为“功率转换装置、充电桩、车载充电器和电动汽车”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电力电子技术领域，尤其涉及一种功率转换装置、充电桩、车载充电器和电动汽车。
背景技术
随着新能源汽车的发展，车载充电器(on board charger，OBC)得到了越来越广泛的应用。
具体来说，OBC主要包括第一转换电路和第二转换电路。其中，第一转换电路的输入端通过充电枪与充电桩连接，第一转换电路的输出端与第二转换电路的输入端连接，第二转换电路的输出端可以与电动汽车的高压电池连接。第一转换电路可以将充电桩输出的交流电转换为直流电，第二转换电路可以将第一转换电路输出的直流电转换为高压电池的充电电压，从而为电动汽车内的高压电池充电。实际使用时，随着对电动汽车充电速率的要求逐渐提高，第二转换电路中可以包括输入端串联的多个直流转换模块，每个直流转换模块的输入端并联有至少一个电解电容，每个直流转换模块并联的电解电容可以得到一部分电压，每个直流转换模块可以对并联的电解电容输出的电压进行电压转换处理，从而实现每个转换模块转换一部分功率，进而提升OBC的充电效率。
然而，受电解电容耐压规格的限制，一旦直流转换模块出现短路，与故障直流转换模块连接的电解电容将会被短路，与该电解电容串联的其它电解电容则会因为承受高压而击穿，此时整个电路无法工作。因此，目前的OBC还需要进一步研究。
发明内容
本申请提供一种功率转换装置、充电桩、车载充电器和电动汽车，可以降低功率转换装置的运营成本，以及提升功率转换装置的工作稳定性。
第一方面，本申请实施例提供一种功率转换装置，包括第一电容支路、第二电容支路和多个直流转换器。
其中，第一电容支路包括至少一个电解电容，用于对功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压；第二电容支路包括串联的多个薄膜电容，用于对第一电压进行滤波处理，并对经过滤波处理后的第一电压进行分压处理，得到多个第二电压。其中，每个薄膜电容分得一个第二电压；与薄膜电容一一对应的直流转换器，每个直流转换器输入端与对应的薄膜电容并联；直流转换器用于对薄膜电容输出的第二电压进行电压转换处理。
本申请上述功率转换装置，由于薄膜电容具有耐高压的特性，采用由薄膜电容构成的第二电容支路对第一电压进行滤波和分压处理，并利用电容量大的电解电容构成的第一电容支路对功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理。此时，若多个直流转换器的任一直流转换器短路时，该直流转换器输入端并联的薄膜电容被旁路，由于滤波处理后的第一电压的幅值不变，而串联的薄膜电容数量减小，则未发生故障的直流转换器输入端并联的薄膜电容两端承受的电压增高，但是由于薄膜电容具备耐高压的特性，仍然可以保证功率转换装置中未发生故障的直流转换器可以正常工作，提升了功率转换装置的工作稳定性。另外，由于薄膜电容的成本低于电解电容的成本，当直流转换器故障造成薄膜电容损坏时，也有利于降低功率转换电路的运维成本。
在一种可能的实现方式中，第一电容支路包括第一电解电容，第一电解电容用于对功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压。
采用上述功率转换装置，当功率转换装置接收的电压幅值较小时，可以使用一个电解电容对功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理。
在一种可能的实现方式中，第一电容支路包括串联的多个第二电解电容，多个串联的第二电解电容 用于对功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压。
采用上述功率转换装置，当功率转换装置接收的电压幅值较大超出单个电解电容的耐压值上限时，可以采用多个第二电解电容串联增大其耐压值，满足功率转换装置接收电压的需求。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功率转换装置还包括与第一电容支路并联的电阻支路。
其中，电阻支路中包括多个第一电阻，每个第一电阻与每个第二电解电容对应，且每个第一电阻与对应的第二电解电容并联。
采用上述功率转换装置，由于多个第二电解电容之间的个体差异，当多个第二电解电容串联时，第二电解电容两端的电压可能会偏离其工作电压区间，造成器件损坏。对此可以采用多个第一电阻串联构成分压支路，每个第一电阻分得一部分电压，由于第一电阻与一个第二电解电容并联，则第一电阻分得的电压即可该电阻并联的第二电解电容两端的电压，从而实现控制第二电解电容两端的电压，从而保证第二电解电容的工作安全。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功率转换装置还包括均压电路，均压电路与第一电容支路连接，并对每个第二电解电容进行稳压处理。
采用上述功率转换装置，可以通过均压电路控制每个第二电解电容两端的电压幅值。
在一种可能的实现方式中，多个直流转换器的输出端并联。
采用上述功率转换装置，可以通过多个直流转换器的输出端并联实现大功率供电或者大功率充电。
在一种可能的实现方式中，多个直流转换器的输出端串联。
采用上述功率转换装置，当单个直流转换器的输出电压无法满足功率转换装置连接设备对电压的需求，可以通过将多个直流转换器的输出端串联来提升功率转换装置输出的电压幅值。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功率转换装置还包括保护器。
其中，保护器用于在功率转换装置的输入电压或输入电流超出预设阈值时，断开功率转换装置与外部电源的连接。
采用上述设备，当功率转换装置中的其它器件损坏或者与功率转换装置连接的设备损坏，导致功率转换装置出现过电流或过电压时，可以通过保护器断开功率转换装置与外部电源的连接，从而避免故障范围增大。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功率转换装置还包括控制器。
其中，控制器与多个直流转换器连接，控制器用于在确定多个直流转换器内任一直流转换器发生故障时，调整未发生故障的直流转换器的电压转换比。
采用上述功率转换装置，当功率转换装置中出现发生故障的直流转换器时，发生故障的直流转换器原接收的电压会等比例分到未发生故障的直流转换器上，导致未发生故障的直流转换器的输入电压升高，为了保证直流转换器的输出电压满足连接设备对电压的需求，控制器可以在功率转换装置中出现发生故障的直流转换器时，调整未发生故障的直流转换器的变比。
第二方面，本申请实施例提供一种充电桩，该充电桩可以包括第一转换电路和本申请实施例第一方面及其任一可能的设计中提供的功率转换装置。
其中，第一转换电路与外部电源连接，并将外部电源输出的交流电转换为直流电。功率转换装置与第一转换电路连接，用于对第一转换电路输出的直流电进行电压转换处理，并利用电压转换处理后的直流电为负载供电。其中，外部电源可以是工频电网，负载可以是车辆。
第三方面，本申请实施例提供一种车载充电器，该车载充电器包括第一转换电路和本申请实施例第一方面及其任一可能的设计中提供的功率转换装置。
其中，第一转换电路与外部电源连接，并将外部电源输出的交流电转换为直流电。功率转换装置与第一转换电路连接，用于对第一转换电路输出的直流电进行电压转换处理，并利用电压转换处理后的直流电为负载供电。其中，外部电源可以是充电桩，负载可以是车辆内的电池。
第四方面，本申请实施例提供一种电动汽车，该电动汽车包括高压电池、低压电池、低压负载和本申请实施例第一方面及其任一可能的设计中提供的功率转换装置。
其中，高压电池与功率转换装置连接；功率转换装置分别与低压电池和低压负载连接，功率转换装置用于对高压电池输出的电能进行电压转换处理，并将电压转换处理后的电能为低压电池和低压负载供电。
应理解，上述第二方面至第四方面中各个方面中的各种设计方案可以达到的技术效果，请参照上述 第一方面中相应方案的技术效果描述，这里不再重复赘述。
附图说明
图1为本申请实施例提供的一种电动汽车的结构示意图；
图2为本申请实施例提供的一种直流转直流模块的结构示意图；
图3为本申请实施例提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图一；
图4为本申请实施例提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图二；
图5为本申请实施例提供的一种第一电容支路的结构示意图一；
图6为本申请实施例提供的一种第一电容支路的结构示意图二；
图7为本申请实施例提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图三；
图8为本申请实施例提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图四；
图9为本申请实施例提供的一种第二电容支路的结构示意图；
图10为本申请实施例提供的一种直流转换器的结构示意图；
图11为本申请实施例提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图五；
图12为本申请实施例提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图六；
图13为本申请实施例提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图七。
具体实施方式
为了使本申请的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合附图对本申请作进一步地详细描述。方法实施例中的具体操作方法也可以应用于装置实施例或系统实施例中。需要说明的是，在本申请的描述中“至少一个”是指一个或多个，其中，多个是指两个或两个以上。鉴于此，本发明实施例中也可以将“多个”理解为“至少两个”。“和/或”，描述关联对象的关联关系，表示可以存在三种关系，例如，A和/或B，可以表示：单独存在A，同时存在A和B，单独存在B这三种情况。另外，字符“/”，如无特殊说明，一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。另外，需要理解的是，在本申请的描述中，“第一”、“第二”等词汇，仅用于区分描述的目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性，也不能理解为指示或暗示顺序。
需要指出的是，本申请实施例中“连接”可以理解为电连接，两个电学元件连接可以是两个电学元件之间的直接或间接连接。例如，A与B连接，既可以是A与B直接连接，也可以是A与B之间通过一个或多个其它电学元件间接连接，例如A与B连接，也可以是A与C直接连接，C与B直接连接，A与B之间通过C实现了连接。
需要指出的是，本申请实施例中的开关可以是继电器、金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor，MOSFET)，双极结型管(bipolar junction transistor，BJT)，绝缘栅双极型晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor，IGBT)、碳化硅(SiC)晶体管等多种类型的开关管中的一种或多种，本申请实施例对此不再一一列举。各个开关管的封装形式可以是单管封装，也可以是多管封装，本申请实施例对此并不多作限制。每个开关管皆可以包括第一电极、第二电极和控制电极，其中，控制电极用于控制开关管的导通或断开。当开关管导通时，开关管的第一电极和第二电极之间可以传输电流，当开关管断开时，开关管的第一电极和第二电极之间无法传输电流。以为MOSFET例，开关管的控制电极为栅极，开关管的第一电极可以是源极，第二电极可以是漏极，或者，第一电极可以是漏极，第二电极可以是源极。
需要指出的是，本申请实施例中直流转换器的“变比”指的是直流转换器的输入电压和输出电压之间的比值，也可以理解为电压转换比。若直流转换器执行降压转换，则直流转换器的输出电压小于直流转换器的输入电压，直流转换器的变比大于1。若直流转换器执行升压转换，则直流转换器的输出电压大于直流转换器的输入电压，直流转换器的变比小于1。
为了方便理解本申请实施例提供的功率转换装置，下面首先介绍一下功率转换装置的应用场景。
本申请实施例提供的功率转换装置可以应用供电系统或充电系统，可以将电源输出的电压转换为负载所需的供电电压或者充电电压，并利用供电电压或充电电压为一个或多个负载供电或充电。例如，该供电系统可以是电动汽车内的车载充电机(on board charger，OBC)11，电子设备中的供电装置，或者电动汽车的充电桩。该电子设备可以是包括但不限于服务器、基站等设备。
在一种具体的应用场景中，功率转换装置可以应用于电动汽车内，电动汽车又称为新能源汽车，是一种以电能驱动的汽车。参见图1所示，电动汽车10主要包括车载充电机(on board charger，OBC)11、高压电池12、直流转换电路13、低压电池14、低压负载15、动力系统16和车轮17。其中，高压电池12和低压电池14均为可进行充电操作和放电操作的蓄电池，例如锂电池或者铅酸电池。
动力系统16一般可以包括减速器、齿轮、一种或多种电机等。在电动汽车行驶时，高压电池12可以为动力系统16供电，动力系统16中的电机旋转，并通过齿轮和减速器驱动车轮17转动，从而实现车辆的移动。
低压负载15可以为车辆(电动汽车10)内部的功能系统或车载设备。并且低压负载15的额定电压远低于高压电池12的额定电压。各低压负载15可以包括但不限于至少一个重要负载，和/或，至少一个次要负载。重要负载可以理解为影响车辆行驶的负载，如控制系统、自动驾驶系统、车载导航器等。次要负载可以理解为不影响车辆行驶的负载，如车载收音机等。在一些场景中，低压负载可以包括多个重要负载，且所述多个重要负载具有相同功能。
在电动汽车10充电时，一般可以通过充电桩201为电动汽车10充电。
在一些场景中，OBC11中可以设置有交流转直流模块，用于将电源电路202输出的交流电转换为直流电，并为高压电池12充电。OBC11中可以设置有直流转直流模块，用于将电源电路202输出的直流电的电压转换为高压电池12的充电电压，并为高压电池12充电。OBC11中可以同时设置有交流转直流模块和直流转直流模块，交流转直流模块可以将电源电路202输出的交流电转换为直流电，直流转直流模块可以将直流电的电压转换高压电池12的充电电压，并为高压电池12充电。
OBC11还可以包括高压配电单元(power distribution unit，PDU)，可以接收直流转直流模块输出的电能，或者接收交流转直流模块输出的电能。PDU可以对接收的电能进行分配与管理。
在另一种具体的应用场景中，功率转换装置应用于电动汽车的充电桩内，如图1所示，充电桩201主要包括电源电路202和充电枪203。电源电路202的输入端可以接收工频电网30提供的交流电能，电源电路202的输出端通过线缆与充电枪203连接。一般来说，电源电路202可以将接收到的交流电转换为与电动汽车10相适配的充电电能。经电源电路202转换后的充电电能可以通过充电枪203输入OBC11。例如，电源电路202可以通过充电枪203输出交流电能或者直流电能。
目前对新能源汽车对充电速率的要求越来越高，为了缩短新能源汽车的充电时间，需要对新能源汽车进行大功率充电。实际使用时，直流转直流模块或者直流转换电路均是由开关器件组成的直流转换器构成，而单个直流转换器的功率转换能力有限，一般直流转直流模块中会设置多个直流转换器，每个直流转换器转换一部分功率，从而提升直流转直流模块的功率转换能力，实现对新能源汽车的大功率充电。
参见图2所示，为直流转直流模块的一种电路结构示意图。如图2所示，直流转直流模块中可以包括N个直流转换器，N个直流转换器的输入端串联连接。其中，N个直流转换器中第一个直流转换器的输入端的正极与电源的正极连接，N个直流转换器中最后一个直流转换器的输入端的负极与电源的负极连接。
参见图2所示，一般在每个直流转换器的输入端均并联一个或多个电解电容。多个电解电容构成一个或多个电解电容串联支路，并对电源输入的电压进行分压处理，每个直流转换器的输入电压由并联的电解电容分得的电压确定。由于N个直流转换器的输入端串联，则每个直流转换器的输入电流相同，因此，电解电容可以通过控制每个直流转换器的输入电压，实现对每个直流转换器输入功率的分配。
参见图2所示，由于电解电容具备大容量的特性，当直流转直流模块进行转换处理时，大电容的电解电容可以保持直流转直流模块的输入电压幅值稳定，再将直流转直流模块接收的功率等比例分配到每个直流转换器上。
实际使用时，当N个直流转换器中的任一直流转换器发生故障时，例如短路故障，则与发生故障的直流转换器的输入端并联的电解电容会被短路，此时直流转直流模块的全部输入电压均会分到未发生故障的电解电容两端，由于电解电容的耐高压能力较差，这些电解电容可能会因承受高压而损坏，此时整个直流转直流模块无法工作、且器件的安全无法保障。
有鉴于此，首先本申请实施例提供一种功率转换装置，可以提高功率转换装置的工作稳定性，以及降低功率转换装置的运营成本。需要说明的是，本申请实施例提供的功率转换装置可以应用于电动汽车中，下面以为电动汽车中的高压电池12供电为例进行介绍。本申请实施例提供的功率转换装置还可以应用于其它设备中，如包括多个负载的设备中，如服务器中的多个负载供电、基站中的多个负载供电等 场景，以提高服务器、基站的可用性，本申请对此不作过多限定。下面以功率转换装置应用于电动汽车中作为举例进行说明。
图3示例性示出本申请提供的一种功率转换装置的结构示意图。该功率转换装置30可以应用于电动汽车内。参见图3所示，功率转换装置30包括：第一电容支路31、第二电容支路32和多个直流转换器33。
其中，第一电容支路31包括至少一个电解电容，用于对功率转换装置30接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压；第二电容支路32包括串联的多个薄膜电容，用于对第一电压进行滤波处理，并对经过滤波处理后的第一电压进行分压处理，得到多个第二电压，每个薄膜电容分得一个第二电压；直流转换器33与薄膜电容一一对应，每个直流转换器33的输入端与对应的薄膜电容并联；直流转换器33可以通过直流转换器33的输入端接收对应的薄膜电容输出的第二电压，并对薄膜电压输出的第二电压进行电压转换处理，并通过直流转换器33的输出端将经过电压转换处理后的第二电压输出。
其中，功率转换装置30用于为连接的器件供电或充电时，功率转换装置30中的第一电容支路31接收外部电源输入的电压，并实现对接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压。第二电容支路32中的每个薄膜电容对接收的电压进行分压处理，并分到第二电压，并将分得的第二电压输出给对应的直流转换器33的输入端，以便直流转换器33对薄膜电容输出的第二电压进行电压转换处理，得到设备的充电电压或者供电电压，并为连接的设备供电或充电。其中，直流转换器33可以为升压转换器件，直流转换器33也可以为降压器件。
作为一种可选的方案，功率转换装置30可以应用于电动汽车内的OBC中，并作为OBC中的直流转直流模块，将交流转直流模块或者充电桩输出的直流电进行电压转换处理。
在一示例中，多个直流转换器33的输出端均与电动汽车内的高压电池连接，并为高压电池供电。此时，多个直流转换器33的输出端以并联的方式连接，从而实现电动汽车的大功率充电。
在另一示例中，多个直流转换器33的输出端可以采用串联的方式连接，多个直流转换器33中第一个直流转换器33的输出端的正极与高压电池的正极连接，多个直流转换,33中最后一个直流转换器33的输出端的负极与高压电池的负极连接。
作为另一种可选的方案，功率转换装置30可以连接在高压电池和低压电池之间，以及连接在高压电池和低压负载之间。其中，至少一个直流转换器的输出端与低压负载供电并为低压负载供电，至少一个直流转换器的输出端与低压电池连接并为低压电池充电。
实际应用时，功率转换装置30可以固定在电动汽车上。在另一种实现方式中，功率转换装置30也可以设置成灵活可拆卸的形式，即电动汽车上设有固定接口，以实现功率转换装置30与电动汽车内的多个器件的连接。在这种情况下，功率转换装置30可以视为独立于电动汽车的装置。
参见图3所示，第一电容支路31由具备大容量特性的电解电容构成，第二电容支路32由具备耐高压特性的薄膜电容构成，薄膜电容与直流转换器一一对应、且与对应的直流转换器的输入端并联，实现对应的直流转换器33的输入电压的分配。
继续参见图3所示，当功率转换装置30启动工作时，由电解电容构成的第一电容支路31实现对功率转换装置30接收电压的稳压处理，得到第一电压，由薄膜电容构成的第二电容支路32对第一电压进行滤波处理。其中，串联的多个薄膜电容构成的分压支路对滤波处理后的第一电压进行分压操作，得到多个第二电压，每个薄膜电容分得一个第二电压，并将分得第二电压输出给对应的直流转换器33的输入端，以便对应的直流转换器对接收的电压进行电压转换处理，并为连接的设备供电或充电。
实际应用时，当功率转换装置30中的任一直流转换器33发生短路故障时，与发生故障的直流转换器的输入端并联的薄膜电容被短路，则第二电容支路32中串联的薄膜电容数量减小，此时未发生故障的直流转换器的输入端并联的薄膜电容承担全部的滤波电容后的第一电压。由于薄膜电容具备耐高压的特性，因此，未发生故障的直流转换器的输入端并联的薄膜电容在这种情况下仍然可以正常工作，功率转换装置30中未发生故障的直流转换器33仍然可以接收到电压并运行，从而提升了功率转换装置30的工作稳定性。另外，当发生短路故障的直流转换器数量过多，导致薄膜电容因承受高压而损坏，由于薄膜电容的成本相对于电解电容的成本更加低廉，也可以降低功率转换装置30的运营成本。
具体地，当功率转换装置30中出现发生故障的直流转换器时，发生故障的直流转换器停止工作，发生故障的直流转换器原接收的第二电压会等比例分到未发生故障的直流转换器上。由于未发生故障的直流转换器接收的电压提升，而输出端连接的设备的额定电压是固定不变，为了保证未发生故障的直流 转换器输出端连接的设备可以正常工作，当确定出现发生故障的直流转换器时，可以调整未发生故障的直流转换器的变比，使未发生故障的直流转换器在输入端接收的电压升高的情况下，输出端可以输出连接设备所需的工作电压。
参见图4所示，功率转换装置30中还可以包括控制器，该控制器可以与功率转换装置30内的每个直流转换器33连接，并控制直流转换器33对输入端接收的电压进行电压转换处理，以及在功率转换装置30中出现发生故障的直流转换器时，调整直流转换器33的变比。
下面结合实施例分别对功率转换装置30中的第一电容支路31、第二电容支路32、控制器和直流转换器33进行详细介绍。
一、第一电容支路31
第一电容支路31的两端分别与功率转换装置30输入端的两个端口连接，并对功率转换装置30输入端接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压。
在一种可选的方式中，参见图5所示，第一电容支路31可以包括一个第一电解电容C1，第一电解电容C1可以对功率转换装置30接收的电压进行稳压处理。其中，第一电解电容C1的第一端构成第一电容支路31的第一端，并与外部电源的正极连接。第一电解电容C1的第二端构成第一电容支路31的第二端，并与外部电源的负极连接。
应理解，第一电解电容C1的耐压值可以满足功率转换装置30对接收电压幅值的要求、且第一电解电容C1的电容值可以满足功率转换装置30对接收功率的需求。
在另一种可选的方式中，参见图6所示，第一电容支路31可以包括串联的多个第二电解电容C2，串联的多个第二电解电容C2可以对功率转换装置30接收的电压进行稳压处理。其中，多个第二电解电容C2中第一个第二电解电容C2的第一端为第一电容支路31的第一端，与外部电源的正极连接。多个第二电解电容C2中最后一个第二电解电容C2的第二端构成第一电容支路31的第二端，与外部电源的负极连接。
实际使用时，由于生产制造问题，多个第二电解电容串联时，其分得的电压可以会偏离其最优工作电压范围。例如，当功率转换装置30接收的电压为1000V时，若第一电容支路31中包括两个第二电解电容C2，由于两个第二电解电容C2之间的个体差异，可能一个第二电解电容C2两端的电压为520V，一个第二电解电容C2两端的电压为480V，而电解电容的耐压值可能只有510V，电解电容会因承受高压而损坏。因此为了保证第二电解电容的工作安全，功率转换装置30中还可以包括用于控制每个第二电解电容两端电压的器件。
在一种可选的方式中，参见图7所示，第一电容支路31两端并联有电阻支路，电阻支路中串联有多个第一电阻R1，多个第一电阻R1中第一个第一电阻R1的第一端与第一电容支路31中第一个第二电解电容C2的第一端连接，多个第一电阻R1中最后一个第一电阻R1的第二端与第一电容支路31中最后一个第二电解电容C2的第二端连接。
实际使用时，第一电阻R1与第二电解电容C2对应、且每个第一电阻R1与对应的第二电解电容C2并联。多个第一电阻R1串联构成分压支路，并对第一电压进行分压操作，得到多个第三电压，每个第一电阻R1分得一个第三电压，由于第一电阻R1与对应的第二电解电容C2并联，则第二电解电容C2两端的电压即可对应的第一电阻R1分得的第三电压，从而实现控制第二电解电容C2两端的电压幅值，保证第二电解电容C2的工作安全。
应理解，当第一电容支路31中多个第二电解电容C2的电容值不同时，可以通过调整与第二电解电容C2并联的第一电阻R1的阻值，将每个第二电解电容C2的电压控制为所需的电压。
在另一种可选的方式中，参见图8所示，第一电容支路31两端设置有均压电路，均压电路用于均衡第一电容支路31中每个第二电解电容C2两端的电压。
二、第二电容支路32
第二电容支路32的第一端与第一电容支路31的第一端连接，第二电容支路32的第二端与第一电容支路31的第二端连接。其中，第二电容支路32包括串联的多个薄膜电容C3，串联的多个薄膜电容C3可以对第一电容支路31输出的第一电压进行了滤波处理，同时串联的多个薄膜电容C3构成分压支路，对经过滤波处理后的第一电压进行分压处理，得到多个第二电压。其中，每个薄膜电容C3分得一个第二电压。
参见图9所示，第二电容支路32中包括串联的多个薄膜电容C3、且薄膜电容C3与功率转换装置 30中的直流转换器33一一对应。
具体地，多个薄膜电容C3中第一个薄膜电容C3的第一端与第一电容支路31的第一端连接，多个薄膜电容C3中最后一个薄膜电容C3的第二端与第一电容支路31的第二端连接，且每个薄膜电容C3与对应的直流转换器33的输入端并联。
其中，多个薄膜电容C3串联构成分压支路，每个薄膜电容C3分得一个第二电压，由于薄膜电容C3与对应的直流转换器的输入端并联，则该薄膜电容C3对应的直流转换器接收的电压即为第二电压，从而实现对与薄膜电容C3对应的直流转换器33的功率分配。
继续参见图9所示，由于与薄膜电容C3对应的直流转换器33输入端并联，且多个薄膜电容C3串联，则多个直流转换器33的输入端串联连接，因此每个直流转换器33输入端接收的电流相同，每个直流转换器33的接收功率由直流转换器33接收的电压确定，而直流转换器33接收的电压由对应的薄膜电容C3分得的第二电压确定，因此可以通过调整第二电容支路32中与直流转换器33对应的薄膜电容的参数实现调整直流转换器接收的功率。
继续参见图9所示，多个薄膜电容C3以串联的方式连接，当功率转换装置30中出现发生故障的直流转换器时，则与该直流转换器33对应的薄膜电容C3被旁路，此时第二电容支路32中串联的薄膜电容C3的数量减小，而滤波处理后的第一电压的幅值不变，因此串联的多个薄膜电容C3中每个薄膜电容C3两端的电压升高。例如，滤波处理后第一电压幅值为100V，若第一电容支路31串联有5个薄膜电容C3，则每个薄膜电容分得的电压20V。当一个薄膜电容C3被旁路后，则第一电容支路31中串联有4个薄膜电容C3，此时薄膜电容C3分得的电压为25V。由于薄膜电容C3的具备耐高压的特性，在这种情况下，薄膜电压C3仍然可以正常工作，从而保证与这些薄膜电容对应的直流转换器33可以正常工作，提升功率转换装置30的工作稳定性。
继续参见图9所示，当功率转换装置30出现大量发生故障的直流转换器，导致未发生故障的直流转换器对应的薄膜电容两端电压超出其最大耐压值时，由于薄膜电容C3的成本低于电解电容的成本，从而可以降低功率转换装置30的运行成本。
三、直流转换器33
多个直流转换器33的输入端以串联的方式连接，多个直流转换器33中第一个直流转换器33的第一输入端与第一电容支路31的第一端和第二电容支路32的第一端连接，多个直流转换器33中最后一个直流转换器33的第二输入端与第一电容支路31的第二端和第二电容支路32的第二端连接。
本申请实施例中，直流转换器33可以采用现有结构，即直流转换器33可以采用H桥整流电路，H桥整流电路中第一桥臂的第一端和第二桥臂的第一端构成直流转换器33的第一输入端，H桥整流电路33中第一桥臂的第二端和第二桥臂的第二端构成直流转换器33的第二输入端，H桥整流电路中第一桥臂的中间节点构成直流转换器33的第一输出端，H桥整流电路中第二桥臂的中间节点构成直流转换器33的第二输出端。直流转换器33可以通过第一输入端和第二输入端与对应的薄膜电容的两端连接，并接收对应的薄膜电容输出的第二电压，直流转换器33通过第一输出端和第二输出端将经电压转换处理后的电能输出给连接的设备。
采用上述直流转换器33，可以将对应的薄膜电容输出的电能进行调压处理，并输出直流转换器33连接设备所需的供电电压。
示例性地，直流转换器33的结构可以如图10。在图10中，A作为直流转换器33的第一输入端，B作为直流转换器33的第二输入端，C作为直流转换器33的第一输出端的，D作为直流转换器33的第二输出端，MOS管Q1/Q2/Q3/Q4组成H桥整流电路。
当功率转换装置30为输出端连接的设备供电或者充电时，A和B作为输入端，用于接收对应的薄膜电容输出的第二电压，C和D作为输出端，用于输出经过MOS管Q1/Q2/Q3/Q4调压处理后的电压，并为连接的设备供电或者充电。
继续参见图10所示，当直流转换器33发生短路故障时，与该直流转换器33的输入端并联的薄膜电容C3将被短路，此时发生故障的直流转换器将会从直流转换器33的串联支路上旁路掉，从而保证未发生故障的直流转换器可以正常工作。当直流转换器33发生其它类型的故障时，也可以通过控制MOS管Q1和Q2导通，从而将发生故障的直流转换器从串联的直流转换器上旁路掉，从而保证未发生故障的直流转换器可以正常工作。
在一种可选的方式中，参见图11所示，功率转换装置30应用于电动汽车内，并作为电动汽车内 OBC的直流转直流模块，此时功率转换装置30中所有直流转换器33的输出端并联，并与高压电池连接，以为高压电池充电。
在另一种可选的方式中，参见图12所示，功率转换装置30应用于电动汽车内，并作为电动汽车内OBC的直流转直流模块，若单个直流转换器33的输出电压小于高压电池的充电电压，可以将多个直流转换器33的输出端串联，来提升输出的电压幅值，来满足高压电池的充电电压需求。此时，多个直流转换器33中第一个直流转换器的第一输出端与高压电池的正极连接，多个直流转换器33中最后一个直流转换器的第二输出端与高压电池的负极连接。
在还一种可选的方式中，功率转换装置30应用于电动汽车内，并连接在高压电池与低压电池之间，以及连接在高压电池与低压负载之间，功率转换装置可以将高压电池输入的电压转换为低压电池的充电电压，以及低压负载的供电电压。此时，多个直流转换器33分别连接不同的器件。例如，第一个直流转换器的输出端连接低压电池，第二个直流转换器的输出端连接第一个低压负载，依次类推，实现所有器件的供电或充电。
应理解，上述对直流转换器介绍仅为示例，实际使用时，直流转换器还可以采用其它电路结构，例如半桥整流电路、电感-电感-电容(inductor-inductor-capacitor，LLC)谐振转换电路、正激电路、反激电路、可调压的升压(Boost)电路，也可以是可调压的降压(Buck)电路，或者Buck-Boost电路。
四、控制器
控制器与功率转换装置30中的每个直流转换器33连接，并控制每个直流转换器33将输入端接收的电压进行电压转换处理，以及在功率转换装置30中出现发生故障的直流转换器时，调整未发生故障的直流转换器的变比。
具体实现时，直流转换器33可以由开关管、二极管、电感、电容等器件组成。直流转换器的工作状态以及变比可以通过调节这些器件(例如开关管)的工作状态来实现。
具体地，若直流转换器33中的开关管为MOS管，该控制器可以与MOS管的栅极连接，从通过控制MOS管的通断使得直流转换器对输入端接收的电压进行调压，并为连接的设备供电或充电；若直流转换器33中的开关管为BJT，该控制器可以与BJT的基极连接，从通过控制BJT的通断使得直流转换器对输入端接收的电压进行调压，并为连接的设备供电或充电。
在一种可选的方式中，功率转换装置30中还包括检测装置，该检测装置可以与功率转换装置30中的直流转换器连接，并检测直流转换器的工作状态，在确定直流转换器发生故障时，向控制器发生表征直流转换器故障的第一信号，控制器接收到第一信号时，调整输出给未发生故障的直流转换器中开关管的驱动信号，以实现调整未发生故障的直流转换器的变比，从而使直流转换器输出满足连接设备电压需求的供电电压或者充电电压。
可选地，检测装置可以通过检测直流转换器的输出电流和输出电压，并利用检测的输出电流和输出电压，确定该直流转换器的工作状态。
在另一种可选的方式中，功率转换装置30中的控制器还与外部检测装置连接，并在接收到外部检测装置发送的表征直流转换器故障的第二信号时，调整输出给未发生故障的直流转换器中开关管的驱动信号，来调整未发生故障的直流转换器的变比，并使直流转换器输出满足连接设备电压需求的供电电压。
具体实现时，控制器可以是微控制单元(micro controller unit，MCU)、中央处理器(central processing unit，CPU)、数字信号处理器(digital singnal processor，DSP)中的任一种。当然，控制器的具体形态不限于上述举例。
应理解，上述控制器只能在单个或者少数直流转换器故障时，维持功率转换装置30的运行，当功率转换装置30内发生故障的直流转换器的数量过多、功率转换装置内的其它器件故障或者与功率转换装置连接的设备故障时，功率转换装置的运行状态无法保证，基于此，功率转换装置还可以包括保护器，该保护器可以与第一电容支路31和第二电容支路32的第一端连接，并检测功率转换装置接收的电压或电流，当功率转换装置连接的设备故障或者功率转换装置内的器件故障导致线路上电压或电流超出设定阈值时，断开功率转换装置与外部电源的连接，从而保护功率转换装置和与功率转换装置连接的器件的安全。其中，参见图13所示，保护器可以是保险丝，当然保护器也可以是其它保护器件，例如断路器等其它具备过压或过流的保护器件。
基于同一发明构思，本申请还提供一种充电桩，该充电桩可以包括第一转换电路和前述功率转换装置30。
其中，第一转换电路与外部电源连接，并将外部电源输出的交流电转换为直流电，并将该直流电输出给功率转换装置。功率转换装置与第一转换电路连接，功率转换装置可以对第一转换电路输出的直流电进行电压转换处理，并练功电压转换处理后的电压为负载供电。
具体实现时，外部电源可以是工频电网，第一转换电路可以将工频电网上的交流电转换为直流电，功率转换装置可以将第一转换电路输出的直流电转换为车辆的充电电压，从而实现为车辆充电。
基于同一发明构思，本申请实施例还提供一种车载充电器，该车载充电器包括第一转换电路和前述功率转换装置30。
其中，第一转换电路与外部电源连接，并将外部电源输出的交流电转换为直流电，并将该直流电输出给功率转换装置。功率转换装置与第一转换电路连接，功率转换装置可以对第一转换电路输出的直流电进行电压转换处理，并练功电压转换处理后的电压为负载供电。
具体实现时，车载充电器内的第一转换电路可以将从充电桩上获取的交流电转换为直流电，功率转换装置可以将第一转换电路输出的直流电转换为高压电池的充电电压，并为高压电池充电。
应理解，若充电桩上获取的是直流电能，本申请中的车载充电器可以只包括功率转换装置，功率转换装置可以直接将充电桩上获取的直流电转换为高压电池的充电电压，并为高压电池充电。
基于同一发明构思，本申请还提供一种电动汽车，该电动汽车可以包括高压电池、低压电池、低压负载和前述功率转换装置30。
其中，高压电池与功率转换装置连接，用于将存储的电能输出给功率转换装置；
功率转换装置分别与低压电池和低压负载连接，用于对高压电池输出的电能进行电压转换处理，并将电压转换处理后的电能为低压电池和低压负载供电。
应理解，本申请中所提供的方案可以应用于不同汽车内，具体地，包括但不限于：纯电动汽车(Pure EV/Battery EV)和混合动力汽车(Hybrid Electric Vehicle，HEV)等不同类型的汽车。并且，本申请所提供的装置，并不仅限于应用于汽车领域，还可以应用于风力发电、光伏发电等领域。例如，应用于风力发电系统或者光伏发电系统内的储能系统中，并为储能系统内的蓄电池充电。
显然，本领域的技术人员可以对本申请进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本申请的保护范围。这样，倘若本申请的这些修改和变型属于本申请权利要求及其等同技术的范围之内，则本申请也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种功率转换装置，其特征在于，包括：
    第一电容支路，包括至少一个电解电容，用于对所述功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到第一电压；
    第二电容支路，包括串联的多个薄膜电容，用于对所述第一电压进行滤波处理，以及对经过滤波处理后的第一电压进行分压处理，得到多个第二电压；其中，每个薄膜电容分得一个第二电压；
    与所述薄膜电容一一对应的直流转换器，每个直流转换器的输入端与对应的薄膜电容并联；
    所述直流转换器用于对所述薄膜电容输出的第二电压进行电压转换处理。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述第一电容支路包括第一电解电容，所述第一电解电容用于对所述功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到所述第一电压。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述第一电容支路包括串联的多个第二电解电容，所述串联的多个第二电解电容用于对所述功率转换装置接收的电压进行稳压处理，得到所述第一电压。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述功率转换装置还包括：与所述第一电容支路并联的电阻支路，所述电阻支路包括多个第一电阻，每个第一电阻与每个第二电解电容对应，每个第一电阻与对应的第二电解电容并联。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述功率转换装置还包括：均压电路；
    所述均压电路与所述第一电容支路连接，并对每个第二电解电容进行稳压处理。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述多个直流转换器的输出端并联。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述多个直流转换器的输出端串联。
  8. 根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述功率转换装置还包括：保护器；
    所述保护器用于在所述功率转换装置接收的电压或接收的电流超出预设阈值时，断开所述功率转换装置与外部电源的连接。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的功率转换装置，其特征在于，所述功率转换装置还包括：控制器；
    所述控制器与所述多个直流转换器连接，所述控制器用于在确定所述多个直流转换器内任一直流转换器发生故障时，调整未发生故障的直流转换器的电压转换比。
  10. 一种充电桩，其特征在于，所述充电桩包括：第一转换电路和如权利要求1-9任一项所述的功率转换装置；
    所述第一转换电路用于与外部电源连接，并将所述外部电源输出的交流电转换为直流电；
    所述功率转换装置与所述第一转换电路连接，用于对所述第一转换电路输出的直流电进行电压转换处理，并利用电压转换处理后的直流电为连接的设备供电。
  11. 一种车载充电器，其特征在于，所述车载充电器包括：第一转换电路和如权利要求1-9任一项所述的功率转换装置；
    所述第一转换电路用于接收充电桩输出的交流电，并将所述充电桩输出的交流电转换为直流电；
    所述功率转换装置与所述第一转换电路连接，用于对所述第一转换电路输出的直流电进行电压转换处理，并利用电压转换处理后的直流电为电动汽车的高压电池充电。
  12. 一种电动汽车，其特征在于，所述电动汽车包括：高压电池、低压电池、低压负载和如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的功率转换装置；
    所述高压电池与所述功率转换装置连接；
    所述功率转换装置分别与所述低压电池和所述低压负载连接，所述功率转换装置用于对所述高压电池输出的电能进行电压转换处理，并将电压转换处理后的电能为所述低压电池和所述低压负载供电。
PCT/CN2023/101120 2022-06-21 2023-06-19 一种功率转换装置、充电桩、车载充电器和电动汽车 WO2023246710A1 (zh)

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