WO2021254425A1 - 基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置及摩擦式制动器 - Google Patents

基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置及摩擦式制动器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021254425A1
WO2021254425A1 PCT/CN2021/100551 CN2021100551W WO2021254425A1 WO 2021254425 A1 WO2021254425 A1 WO 2021254425A1 CN 2021100551 W CN2021100551 W CN 2021100551W WO 2021254425 A1 WO2021254425 A1 WO 2021254425A1
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Prior art keywords
friction
comb
shaped
electrode
sensing electrode
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PCT/CN2021/100551
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
戴媛
汪家华
来杰
张正友
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腾讯科技（深圳）有限公司
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Priority to EP21825198.1A priority Critical patent/EP4106177A4/en
Publication of WO2021254425A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021254425A1/zh
Priority to US17/899,249 priority patent/US20220412418A1/en

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D61/00—Brakes with means for making the energy absorbed available for use
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/14—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position
    • F16D65/16—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake
    • F16D65/18—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake adapted for drawing members together, e.g. for disc brakes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D65/04—Bands, shoes or pads; Pivots or supporting members therefor
    • F16D65/08—Bands, shoes or pads; Pivots or supporting members therefor for internally-engaging brakes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D65/04—Bands, shoes or pads; Pivots or supporting members therefor
    • F16D65/092—Bands, shoes or pads; Pivots or supporting members therefor for axially-engaging brakes, e.g. disc brakes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D65/10—Drums for externally- or internally-engaging brakes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
    • F16D65/12—Discs; Drums for disc brakes
    • F16D65/127—Discs; Drums for disc brakes characterised by properties of the disc surface; Discs lined with friction material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/14—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position
    • F16D65/16—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake
    • F16D65/22—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake adapted for pressing members apart, e.g. for drum brakes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
    • H02N1/04—Friction generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2121/00—Type of actuator operation force
    • F16D2121/18—Electric or magnetic

Definitions

  • This application relates to the field of friction power generation technology, and more specifically, to friction power generation technology based on friction brakes.
  • the braking process is a process that can decelerate or stop a moving object, and it is widely used in the fields of vehicle traffic, hoisting machinery, and construction machinery.
  • the braking process can generally be achieved by using brakes.
  • the friction brake brakes the moving object through friction resistance, which has the advantages of simple structure and low cost.
  • the braking process often consumes a lot of energy, which is mainly lost in the form of friction heat, which causes a lot of energy waste.
  • the current energy recovery solutions based on the braking process mainly include: (1) The relative movement of the brake components drives the electromagnetic generator to rotate, thereby generating electric energy; (2) The movement of the object is converted into hydraulic potential energy in the hydraulic device , Store energy; (3) Use the heat generated by the friction between the brake components to generate electrical energy with the help of thermoelectric reaction; (4) In the new energy vehicle, the motor is directly used as a generator in the reverse direction, and the battery is used as a load. Charging, thereby slowing down and recovering energy; and (5) Using a friction nanogenerator to recover energy.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a friction power generation device based on a friction brake.
  • the friction brake includes a first friction component and a second friction component arranged oppositely, wherein the first friction component is opposite to the first friction component.
  • the triboelectric generator includes: a first induction electrode and a second induction electrode arranged in the first friction element, wherein the first When the friction component generates contact friction with respect to the second friction component, a first induced charge is generated on the first sensing electrode and a second induced charge is generated on the second sensing electrode. The first induced charge and The second induced charges are different; a charge collection circuit is respectively connected to the first induction electrode and the second induction electrode, and stores the charges collected from the first induction electrode and the second induction electrode.
  • a friction plate is arranged on the inner side of the second friction component, and the inner side of the second friction component is the side of the second friction component opposite to the first friction component,
  • the friction material of the first friction component has a first electrical polarity
  • the friction material of the friction plate on the second friction component has a second electrical polarity
  • the first electrical polarity is opposite to the second electrical polarity
  • the triboelectric power generation device further includes: a switch reed arranged in the second friction component, wherein the charge collection circuit stores the slave reed under the control of the switch reed Charge collected by a sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode.
  • the triboelectric generator further includes: a first switch electrode and a second switch electrode arranged in the first friction component, wherein the charge collection circuit includes: a rectifier circuit, the first switch electrode The input terminal is connected to the first sensing electrode, the second input terminal is connected to the second sensing electrode, and the first output terminal is connected to the first switch electrode; and a charge storage circuit, the first input terminal of which is connected to The second switch electrode is connected, and its second input terminal is connected to the second output terminal of the rectifier circuit; wherein, the switch reed is used to control the connection between the first switch electrode and the second switch electrode; When the first switch electrode and the second switch electrode are connected through the switch reed, the charge storage circuit stores the charge collected from the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode.
  • the charge collection circuit includes: a rectifier circuit, the first switch electrode The input terminal is connected to the first sensing electrode, the second input terminal is connected to the second sensing electrode, and the first output terminal is connected to the first switch electrode; and a charge storage
  • the first friction element is a dish-shaped ring
  • the first sensing electrode is a ring-shaped outer comb-shaped sensing electrode
  • the second sensing electrode is a ring-shaped inner comb-shaped sensing electrode.
  • An electrode, the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode are arranged crosswise, and there is a first gap between the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode.
  • the first switch electrode and the second switch electrode are arranged on the ring-shaped inner circle or the outer ring of the first friction component, and the first switch electrode is a ring-shaped outer ring.
  • Comb-shaped switch electrode, the second switch electrode is a ring-shaped inner comb-shaped switch electrode; or the first switch electrode is a ring-shaped inner comb-shaped switch electrode, and the second switch electrode is a ring-shaped outer comb-shaped switch electrode
  • the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode and the comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped switch electrode are both a first number, and the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode are arranged oppositely to form A first number of comb tooth pairs, and each comb tooth pair has a second gap between the oppositely arranged comb teeth, wherein the switch reed is used to control the outer comb-shaped switch electrode and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode
  • the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode are both a second number, and the first number is two times the second number.
  • the width and radial length of the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode are respectively the same, and the first number of comb-tooth pairs are the same as the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode.
  • the comb teeth of the internal comb-shaped sensing electrode correspond one-to-one.
  • the comb tooth pairs of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode are located in the radial direction of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode.
  • the edge of the comb teeth; the switch reed is located on the edge of the second friction component in the radial direction and is arranged opposite to the second gap in parallel, and the radial width of the switch reed is greater than the first
  • the width of the two gaps is such that when the switch reed contacts the outer comb-shaped switch electrode and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode, the outer comb-shaped switch electrode and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode are conductive.
  • the second friction component is in the shape of an incomplete ring sheet, wherein a friction plate is arranged on the inner side of the second friction component, and the inner side of the second friction component is the first The side of the second friction component opposite to the first friction component, the first friction component rotates around the center of the ring to generate contact friction with the friction plate on the second friction component, wherein the first friction component
  • the friction material of a friction component has a first electrical polarity
  • the friction material of the friction plate on the second friction component has a second electrical polarity.
  • the first electrical polarity is opposite to the second electrical polarity.
  • the friction plate includes a plurality of annular grid plates, and each of the plurality of annular grid plates is radially arranged to intersect the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode An annular area corresponding to the area, each of the plurality of annular grid pieces has the same comb tooth shape as the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode or the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode, and the plurality of annular grid pieces There is a third gap between adjacent ring-shaped grid plates in the grid plate, the third gap and the gap between the adjacent comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode or the phase of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode The width of the gap between adjacent comb teeth is the same.
  • a hole is opened on the first friction component at a position corresponding to the first gap, and a hole is opened on the second friction component at a position corresponding to the third gap. hole.
  • the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode are made of copper, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum or iron.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a friction brake, including: a brake disc and a brake pad that are arranged oppositely, wherein when the brake disc generates contact friction with respect to the brake pad, a friction braking force is generated and To generate an electric charge, the brake further includes a friction power generation device, the friction power generation device includes: a first induction electrode and a second induction electrode arranged in the brake disc, wherein the brake disc is opposite to the When the brake pad generates contact friction, a first induced charge is generated on the first induction electrode, and a second induced charge is generated on the second induction electrode; the first induced charge and the second induced charge are different ; A charge collection circuit, which is respectively connected with the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode, and stores the charge collected from the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode.
  • a friction plate is arranged on the inner side of the brake pad, and the inner side of the brake pad is the side of the brake pad opposite to the brake disc, wherein the The friction material of the brake disc has a first electrical polarity, the friction material of the friction plate on the brake pad has a second electrical polarity, and the first electrical polarity is opposite to the second electrical polarity.
  • the friction brake is a disc brake
  • the brake disc is in the shape of a disc ring
  • the brake pad is in the shape of an incomplete ring
  • the brake disc and the The brake pads are coaxial, and the brake pads are located on one or both sides of the brake disc.
  • the friction brake is a drum brake
  • the brake disc is in the shape of a circular cylinder
  • the brake pad is in the shape of an incomplete circular cylinder
  • the brake disc and the The brake pads are coaxial, and the brake pads are located inside the brake disc.
  • the embodiments of the present application provide a friction power generation device and a friction brake based on a friction brake.
  • the friction power generation device fully considers the structure of the friction brake.
  • the component When the component generates contact friction, a first induced charge is generated on the first sensing electrode, a second induced charge is generated on the second sensing electrode, and the charge collection circuit is used to connect the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode to store the slave
  • the charge collected by the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode realizes the collection of triboelectric power generation.
  • the device highly combines the specific structure of the friction nanogenerator and the friction brake, which simplifies the structure and improves the reliability.
  • the synchronous charge extraction circuit is used to decouple the impedance of the friction nanogenerator and the load circuit, which improves the difference in the circuit.
  • the efficiency under load; and the ladder-like mechanical contact switch is integrated on the brake, which improves the stability and accuracy of the circuit switch.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of two typical friction brakes in automobiles
  • Fig. 2 shows an exemplary external structure of a friction power generation device based on a disc brake according to an embodiment of the present application
  • 3a and 3b respectively show an exemplary three-dimensional view and a side view of a friction power generating device based on a disc brake in a braking state according to an embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 4a and 4b respectively show a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of an exemplary structure of a brake disc of a friction power generating device according to an embodiment of the present application;
  • Figures 5a, 5b, and 5c show specific exemplary structures of induction electrodes of a triboelectric device according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 6a, Fig. 6b and Fig. 6c show specific exemplary structures of switch electrodes of a friction power generation device according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 7 shows an exemplary structure of a brake pad of a friction power generation device according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 8 shows an opening structure of a friction power generation device according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Figures 9a and 9b show the triboelectricity process and the electrostatic induction process of the triboelectric generating device according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 10 shows a schematic circuit diagram of a charge collection circuit of a triboelectric generator according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram of using the output of the sensing electrode according to an embodiment of the present application for monitoring analysis
  • FIG. 12a and 12b show an exemplary external structure of a friction power generating device based on a drum brake according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Figures 13a and 13b respectively show side views of a friction generator based on a drum brake in a non-braking state and a braking state according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on the principle of triboelectric generation and electrostatic induction, the movement of electric charges is generated through the frictional movement between different materials, and the collection and utilization of this electric charge is the process of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
  • SECE Self-powered Synchronized Electrical Charge Extraction circuit: includes bridges, switches, inductors and other devices. When the output voltage of the generator reaches the maximum, the switch is synchronized to extract all the charges.
  • Brake A device with functions such as decelerating, stopping or maintaining a stopped state of a moving object.
  • the brake usually achieves the purpose of braking deceleration through the contact friction between the brake disc and the brake pad.
  • Brake pad One of the components in the brake.
  • the component that has a relatively small contact surface in the brake and contacts the brake disc under the drive control of the system to generate contact friction is called a brake pad, such as the brake in a car drum brake. piece.
  • Brake disc Another important component in the brake, its contact surface is relatively large, and usually moves with the moving object, such as the brake drum in the car drum brake.
  • the braking process is a process that can decelerate or stop a moving object, and it is widely used in the fields of vehicle traffic, hoisting machinery, and construction machinery.
  • the braking process can generally be achieved by using brakes.
  • the friction brake brakes the moving object through friction resistance, which has the advantages of simple structure and low cost.
  • the energy consumed during braking accounts for about 27.5% of the total traction energy of the car.
  • the proportion of energy consumed during braking reached approximately 48.3% and 53%, respectively.
  • the triboelectric nanogenerator can generate electric charges due to friction between different materials through contact friction, and then induce the directional movement of the electric charges through electrostatic induction, thereby realizing the conversion of mechanical energy and electrical energy.
  • the TENG adopting the independent layer mode has a higher mechanical energy-electric energy conversion efficiency, which can even reach 100% under ideal conditions. Therefore, the TENG can be combined with the brake, and the relatively simple one-way rotational movement of the brake can achieve high energy conversion efficiency, and can fully convert the mechanical energy in the braking process into electrical energy.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of two typical friction brakes in automobiles. Specifically, FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a disc brake 101 and a drum brake 102.
  • the disc brake 101 may include a brake pad 103 and a brake disc 104 arranged oppositely, and the drum brake 102 may include a brake pad 105 and a brake disc 106 arranged oppositely. Both the disc brake 101 and the drum brake 102 can use the contact friction of their respective brake pads and brake discs to accomplish braking deceleration.
  • the disc-shaped ring-shaped brake disc 104 can rotate with the wheel, and the incomplete ring-shaped brake pads 103 on both sides of the brake disc 104 can interact with the brake disc under the drive control of the system. 104 contacts, thereby generating friction in the radial direction of the wheel.
  • the disc brake 101 has the advantages of good heat dissipation, rapid response, and good constancy.
  • the drum brake 102 can rotate with the wheel as a whole, and its cylindrical brake disc 106 is coaxial with the wheel, and the incomplete cylindrical brake pad 105 on its inner side can be installed in the system. Under the driving control, contact with the brake disc 106 causes friction in the axial direction of the wheel.
  • the drum brake 102 has the advantages of low cost, large contact area, and high absolute braking force.
  • the TENG and the brake are highly integrated and combined, and the energy recovery circuit based on the mechanical switch on the brake is used, which can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy for energy recovery while braking and deceleration, for braking warning It is used by lights or other on-board equipment, and can also detect the operating state of the brake (for example, whether it is braking, etc.) based on the output signal of TENG.
  • the operating state of the brake for example, whether it is braking, etc.
  • Fig. 2 shows an exemplary external structure of a friction power generation device based on a disc brake according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Figs. 3a and 3b respectively show the friction power generation device based on a disc brake according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the friction power generation device 200 based on the disc brake according to the embodiment of the present application can be highly combined with the structure of the disc brake 101 shown in FIG. 1. Therefore, the exemplary external structure of the friction power generating device 200 may be substantially similar to the external structure of the disc brake 101 shown in FIG. 1.
  • the disc brake may include a first friction component (for example, a brake disc 201) and a second friction component (for example, the brake pad 202 and/or the brake pad 203) which are arranged oppositely. ).
  • a first friction component for example, a brake disc 201
  • a second friction component for example, the brake pad 202 and/or the brake pad 203
  • the first friction component such as the brake disc 201
  • the second friction component such as the brake pad 202 and the brake pad 203
  • the brake pads 202 and 203 located on both sides of the brake disc 201 can not contact the brake disc 201, and the brake disc 201 can rotate with the wheel.
  • the brake pads 202 and 203 located on both sides of the brake disc 201 can contact the brake disc 201 under the drive control of the system, so that the brake disc 201 can generate contact friction and friction braking force with respect to the brake pad 202 and the brake pad 203, so as to achieve braking deceleration.
  • due to the frictional electrification effect when the brake disc 201 generates contact friction with respect to the brake pad 202 and the brake pad 203, different charges can also be generated on the surfaces of the brake disc and the brake pad, respectively.
  • a friction plate 205 may be arranged on the inner side of the second friction component (for example, the brake pad 202 and the brake pad 203), and the inner side of the second friction component is the second friction component and the first friction component ( For example, the opposite side of the brake disc 201), wherein the friction material on the first friction component may have a first electrical polarity, and the friction material of the friction plate 205 on the second friction component may have a different electrical polarity.
  • the second electrical polarity for example, the second electrical polarity may be opposite to the first electrical polarity.
  • different materials with opposite polarities in the frictional electrical polarity sequence table or with larger positions in the list can be selected as the friction material of the first friction component and the material of the friction plate 205, so that greater friction can be generated. Electricity.
  • Figures 2, 3a, and 3b only show an exemplary structure in which two brake pads are respectively located on opposite sides of the brake disc 201. It should be understood that in other embodiments, the brake may include two brake pads respectively located on the brake disc 201 There are no restrictions on one or more brake pads on one or both sides.
  • the friction power generating device 200 based on a disc brake may include: a first sensing electrode and a second sensing electrode arranged in a first friction component.
  • first friction component for example, the brake disc 201
  • second friction component for example, the brake pad 202 and the brake pad 203
  • the components can generate friction charges with different polarities on their respective friction surfaces due to friction electrification, so the first induced charges can be further generated on the first sensing electrode due to electrostatic induction, and the second induced charges can be generated on the second sensing electrode. Induced charge. Wherein, the first induced charge is different from the second induced charge.
  • the first induced charge may be a positive charge
  • the second induced charge may be a negative charge
  • the first induced charge and the second induced charge may also be charges of the same polarity with different numbers. The specific triboelectric process and electrostatic induction process will be described in detail below in conjunction with FIG. 9a and FIG. 9b.
  • the triboelectric power generation device 200 may further include a charge collection circuit (for example, included in the circuit box 204 as shown in FIG. 2), which may be respectively connected to the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode, and Store the charges collected from the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode for use by the load.
  • a charge collection circuit for example, included in the circuit box 204 as shown in FIG. 2
  • the triboelectric generating device 200 may further include a switch reed arranged in the second friction component, and the charge collection circuit may store data collected from the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode under the control of the switch reed. Charge.
  • a specific exemplary structure of the friction power generation device 200 according to an embodiment of the present application will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 4a to 8.
  • FIG. 4a and 4b respectively show a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of an exemplary structure of a brake disc of a friction power generation device according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the friction power generating device 200 may include an induction electrode 402 arranged in a first friction component (for example, a brake disc 201).
  • a first friction component for example, a brake disc 201.
  • Fig. 5a, Fig. 5b and Fig. 5c show specific exemplary structures of the induction electrode of the triboelectric generator according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the sensing electrode 402 may include a first sensing electrode (for example, an outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503) and a second sensing electrode (for example, an inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504).
  • a first sensing electrode for example, an outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503
  • a second sensing electrode for example, an inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504
  • the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 may be ring-shaped comb-shaped conductors, and the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb
  • the comb teeth of the comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 may be arranged crosswise, and the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 are not in contact with each other and have a first gap.
  • the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 may be distributed at equal intervals.
  • the number of comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 may be the same, and the width and radial length of the comb teeth may be the same.
  • the number of comb teeth and the shape of the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 may be different according to the specific size and shape of the brake disc 201.
  • the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 may be made of conductors with excellent conductivity such as copper, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, or iron.
  • the friction generator 200 may further include a switch electrode 403 arranged in the first friction component (for example, the brake disc 201).
  • the switch electrode 403 may be arranged on the inner circle of the brake disc 201.
  • the switch electrode 403 may also be arranged on the outer circle of the brake disc 201 (not shown).
  • Fig. 6a, Fig. 6b and Fig. 6c show a specific exemplary structure of a switch electrode of a triboelectric generator according to an embodiment of the present application. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG.
  • the switch electrode 403 may include a first switch electrode and a second switch electrode.
  • the first switch electrode may be a ring-shaped outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603, and the second switch electrode may be a ring-shaped inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604; or, the first switch electrode may be a ring-shaped inner The comb-shaped switch electrode 604, and the second switch electrode may be a ring-shaped outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603.
  • the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 may be ring-shaped comb-shaped conductors, and the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 may be Both are the first number.
  • the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 can be arranged oppositely to form a first number of comb-tooth pairs. There is no contact and there is a second gap. As shown in FIG. 6a, the outer comb-shaped switch electrodes 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrodes 604 arranged oppositely form a trapezoidal ring.
  • the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 may be distributed at equal intervals.
  • the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 may be made of a friction-resistant, conductive material with excellent conductivity and environmental protection.
  • the switch reed arranged in the second friction component as described above can be used to control the mechanical connection between the outer comb switch electrode 603 and the inner comb switch electrode 604 to control the disconnection of the circuit. Or conduction.
  • the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 may both be the second number, and the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 or the comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 may be the second number.
  • the first number of comb teeth may be twice the second number. For example, assuming that the number of comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the number of comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 are both 25, the number of comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 or the number of comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 Can be 50.
  • the comb tooth pair formed by the opposing comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 can correspond to the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 in a one-to-one correspondence.
  • the opposing comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 constitute a first number of comb-tooth pairs, and the first number of comb-tooth pairs is the same as the outer comb-tooth pair.
  • the comb teeth of the comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 can correspond one-to-one, and each comb-tooth pair of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 can be located on the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode in the radial direction. 503 and the edge of the comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504.
  • each of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 can be adaptively set according to the shape and position of the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504.
  • the shape and position of the comb teeth corresponds to the shape and position of the comb teeth, the shape and position of the ring-shaped grid plate on the friction plate 205, which will be described below, and the position of the switch reed on the brake plate 203, which will be described below, so that it can be used as an external comb
  • the comb teeth of the comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 or the comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 just overlap the annular grid sheet on the friction plate 205, the opposing comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604
  • the formed comb tooth pair and the switch reed on the brake plate 203 are in contact and conduction.
  • FIG. 7 shows an exemplary structure of the brake pad and the brake pad of the friction power generator according to the embodiment of the present application.
  • the second friction component (for example, the brake pad 202 and/or the brake pad 203) may have an incomplete ring shape.
  • a friction plate 205 may be arranged on the inner side of the second friction component (for example, the brake pad 202 and/or the brake pad 203), and the inner side of the second friction component is the second friction component The side opposite to the first friction component (for example, the brake disc 201).
  • the friction material on the first friction component may have a first electrical polarity
  • the friction material of the friction plate 205 on the second friction component may have a second electrical polarity that is different from the first electrical polarity.
  • the second electrical polarity may be the same as the first electrical polarity.
  • the disk-shaped ring of the first friction component may be coaxial with the incomplete ring shape of the second friction component, and the first friction component may rotate around the center of the ring to interact with the friction on the second friction component.
  • the sheet 205 makes frictional contact.
  • the friction plate 205 may include one or more annular grid plates.
  • FIG. 7 shows a case where the friction plate 205 includes a plurality of annular grid plates (for example, 6 annular grid plates).
  • the friction plate 205 may include annular grid plates of different widths and numbers.
  • each of the plurality of annular grid pieces may be radially arranged in an annular area corresponding to the comb-tooth intersection area of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 .
  • Each of the plurality of annular grid pieces may have the same comb tooth shape as the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 or the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504.
  • adjacent ring-shaped grid pieces among the plurality of ring-shaped grid pieces may further have a third gap, and the third gap may be the gap between adjacent comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503.
  • the width of the gap between adjacent comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 is the same.
  • the plurality of annular grid plates on the friction plate 205 can completely overlap with the continuous corresponding number of comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 or The continuous corresponding number of comb teeth of the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 completely overlap with each other.
  • the switch reed 701 described above may be located at the edge of the second friction component (for example, the brake pad 203) in the radial direction, and the switch reed 701 may be wedge-shaped, And it can be arranged in parallel with the second gap, where the second gap is the gap between the corresponding comb tooth pairs of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 or the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604.
  • the position of the switch reed 701 can also be based on the shape and position of the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504, and the multiple ring grids on the friction plate 205.
  • the shape and position of the grid sheet and the positions of the corresponding comb tooth pairs of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 are determined, so that when the comb teeth of the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 (or the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode When the comb teeth of 504) just overlap the multiple annular grid plates on the friction plate 205, the corresponding comb tooth pairs of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604 are in contact with the switch reed on the brake plate 203 Conduction.
  • the switch reed 701 may be arranged on only any one of the two or more brake pads.
  • the radial width of the switch reed 701 may be greater than the width of the second gap, and smaller than the radial width of the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603, the radial width of the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604, and the width between them. The sum of the width of the second gap.
  • the ladder-shaped switch electrode 403 integrated on the brake disc 201 and the switch reed 701 integrated on the brake pad 203 constitute a mechanical contact switch.
  • this arrangement can make When the output voltage between the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode is the maximum, the switch electrode 403 is turned on to output charge, and at the rest of the time, the switch electrode 403 is turned off, and no charge is output to the charge collection circuit.
  • This ladder-shaped mechanical contact switch integrated on the brake can improve the stability and accuracy of the switch.
  • FIG. 8 shows an opening structure of the friction power generation device 200 according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • a hole may be opened on the first friction component (for example, brake disc 201) at a position corresponding to the first gap
  • a hole may be opened in the second friction component (for example, brake pad 202 and brake A hole is opened on the sheet 203) at a position corresponding to the third gap.
  • the first gap is a gap between the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode
  • the third gap is a gap between a plurality of annular grid sheets.
  • FIGS. 9a and 9b show the triboelectricity process and the electrostatic induction process of the triboelectric generating device 200 according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the figure only shows a ring-shaped grid sheet 901 on the friction plate 205 and a pair of comb teeth adjacent to the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 (ie, the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode Comb teeth 902 and internal comb-shaped sensing electrode comb teeth 903).
  • the external comb-shaped induction electrode will also induce a certain density of positive charges
  • the internal comb-shaped sensing electrode comb teeth 903 will induce a certain density of negative charges due to the positive charges on the brake disc 201.
  • the charge collection circuit electrically connected to the external comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the internal comb-shaped sensing electrode 504 can be used to collect and combine the external comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the internal comb-shaped sensing electrode 504. Store charge.
  • Fig. 10 shows a schematic circuit diagram of a charge collection circuit of a triboelectric generator according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the charge collection circuit may include a rectifier circuit 1001 and a charge storage circuit 1002.
  • the rectifier circuit 1001 may be a rectifier bridge circuit composed of a plurality of diodes.
  • the first input terminal P1 of the rectifier circuit 1001 may be connected to the first sensing electrode (for example, the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503), and the second input terminal P2 of the rectifier circuit 1001 may be connected to the second sensing electrode (for example, the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode). 504) connection, the first output terminal P3 of the rectifier circuit 1001 may be connected to the first switch electrode (for example, the outer comb switch electrode 603).
  • the charge storage circuit 1002 may be composed of capacitors, inductors, diodes and other devices. As shown in FIG. 10, the first input terminal P5 of the charge storage circuit 1002 can be connected to the second switch electrode (for example, the internal comb switch electrode 604), and the second input terminal P6 of the charge storage circuit 1002 can be connected to the rectifier circuit 1001. The second output terminal P4 is connected.
  • the second switch electrode for example, the internal comb switch electrode 604
  • the second output terminal P4 is connected.
  • the first switch electrode for example, the outer comb-shaped switch electrode 603 and the second switch electrode (for example, the inner comb-shaped switch electrode 604) can be turned on or off under the control of the switch reed, and through adjustment The comb tooth position of the switch electrode and the position of the switch reed can make the circuit conduction when the output voltage between the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode is the maximum.
  • the charge storage circuit 1002 can store the charge collected from the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode in the inductor and/or the capacitor , For subsequent load use.
  • the circuit is turned on and collects and stores the charge only when the output voltage between the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode is maximum.
  • the high-impedance friction power generation device can be impedance decoupled from the load circuit, which improves the efficiency of the circuit under different loads.
  • the output of the sensing electrode can also be used as a monitoring signal to monitor the state of the brake.
  • Fig. 11 shows a schematic diagram of monitoring and analyzing the output of the sensing electrode according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the output of the sensing electrode 402 (for example, the outer comb-shaped sensing electrode 503 and the inner comb-shaped sensing electrode 504) can be directly connected to the signal analysis unit 1101 to analyze the state of the brake. For example, it may be determined whether the brake is currently under braking or the like based on whether the induced voltage is monitored on the output of the sensing electrode 402.
  • FIGS. 12a and 12b show an exemplary external structure of a friction power generating device based on a drum brake according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figures 12a and 12b respectively show a schematic structural diagram of a case where the various components of the drum brake-based friction power generation device 300 are dispersed and combined together according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the drum brake-based friction power generation device 300 according to the embodiment of the present application can be highly combined with the structure of the drum brake 102 shown in FIG. Therefore, the exemplary external structure of the friction power generation device 300 may be substantially similar to the external structure of the drum brake 102 shown in FIG. 1.
  • the drum brake may include a first friction component (for example, a brake disc 1201) and a second friction component (for example, a brake pad 1202 and/or a brake pad 1203) arranged oppositely. ).
  • the brake disc 1201 may be cylindrical, and the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203 may be incomplete cylindrical.
  • the brake disc 1201 may be coaxial with the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203, and the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203 may be located inside the ring cylinder of the brake disk 1201.
  • the sensing electrodes 1205 may be arranged on the surface or inside of the outer ring of the brake disc 1201.
  • the switch electrode 1206 (for example, including the first switch electrode and the second switch electrode in a comb shape that are arranged oppositely) may be arranged on the inner surface of the brake disc 1201.
  • a grid-shaped friction plate 1207 may be arranged on the outer surface of the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203 that can be in contact with the brake disc 1201.
  • a switch reed 1208 may also be arranged on one of the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203 (for example, the brake pad 1203). Similar to the friction power generation device 200 based on a disc brake, the charge collection circuit can be integrated in the circuit box 1204.
  • Figures 13a and 13b respectively show side views of a friction generator based on a drum brake in a non-braking state and a braking state according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203 located inside the brake disc 1201 can not contact the brake disc 1201, and the brake disc 1201 can rotate with the wheel.
  • the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203 located inside the brake disc 1201 can be in contact with the brake disc 1201 under the drive control of the system, so that the brake disc 1201 can be opposed to
  • the brake pad 1202 and the brake pad 1203 generate contact friction and generate friction braking force to achieve braking deceleration.
  • the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode of the sensing electrode 1205 can induce induced charges, and when the switch reed 1208 on the brake pad 1203 makes the switch electrode 1206 conductive (that is, the first switch electrode and When the second switch electrode is turned on), the charge on the sensing electrode 1205 can be collected and stored in the circuit and 1204 for subsequent load use.
  • the specific implementation of the drum brake-based friction power generation device 300 according to the embodiment of the present application is similar to the disc brake-based friction power generation device 200 described above according to the embodiment of the present application, and will not be repeated here.
  • the embodiment of the present application also provides a friction brake, which includes: a brake disc and a brake pad that are arranged oppositely, wherein when the brake disc generates contact friction with respect to the brake pad, a friction braking force can be generated and generated
  • the brake may also include a friction power generating device, which may include: a first sensing electrode and a second sensing electrode arranged in the brake disc, wherein when the brake disc generates contact friction with respect to the brake pad, A first induced charge can be generated on the first induction electrode, and a second induced charge can be generated on the second induction electrode, and the first induced charge is different from the second induced charge.
  • the triboelectric power generation device may further include a charge collection circuit, which can be respectively connected to the first induction electrode and the second induction electrode, and stores the charges collected from the first induction electrode and the second induction electrode.
  • the brake pads arranged opposite to the brake disc may include one or more brake pads, and the number of brake pads is not limited in this embodiment.
  • a friction pad may be arranged on the inner side of the brake pad, and the inner side of the brake pad is the side of the brake pad opposite to the brake disc.
  • the friction material of the brake disc may have a first electrical polarity
  • the friction material of the friction plate on the brake pad may have a second electrical polarity different from the first electrical polarity, for example, the first electrical polarity and the The second electrical polarity is opposite.
  • the friction brake may be a disc brake, wherein the brake disc may be a disc ring shape, the brake pad may be an incomplete ring disc shape, the brake disc and the brake pad may be coaxial, and the brake disc
  • the moving plate can be located on one or both sides of the brake disc.
  • the friction brake may be a drum brake, wherein the brake disc may be a ring cylinder, the brake pad may be an incomplete ring cylinder, the brake disc and the brake pad may be coaxial, and the brake disc
  • the moving plate can be located inside the brake disc.
  • the specific structures of the friction brake and the friction power generation device may be similar to the example structures of the friction power generation device 200 and the friction power generation device 300 according to the embodiment of the present application described above, and will not be repeated here.
  • the friction power generation device fully considers the structure of the friction brake, combines the friction nano generator with the specific structure of the friction brake to a high degree, simplifies the structure and improves the reliability; uses a synchronous charge extraction circuit to decouple the friction
  • the impedance of the nano generator and the load circuit improves the efficiency of the circuit under different loads; and the ladder-like mechanical contact switch is integrated on the brake to improve the stability and accuracy of the circuit switch.

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Abstract

一种基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置，包括相对布置的第一摩擦组件（103）和第二摩擦组件（104），第一摩擦组件相对于第二摩擦组件产生接触摩擦时产生摩擦制动力并产生电荷，布置于第一摩擦组件中的第一感应电极（503）和第二感应电极（504），在第一摩擦组件相对于第二摩擦组件产生接触摩擦时，在第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，在第二感应电极上产生与第一感应电荷相反的第二感应电荷，电荷采集电路（204），其分别与第一感应电极和第二感应电极连接，并存储从第一感应电极和第二感应电极采集的电荷。该摩擦发电装置结构简单、可靠性高，电路稳定并且能力回收效率高。一种摩擦式制动器也被公开。

Description

基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置及摩擦式制动器
本申请要求于2020年6月17日提交中国专利局、申请号202010553081.3、申请名称为“基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置及摩擦式制动器”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及摩擦发电技术领域，更具体地，涉及基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电技术。
背景技术
制动过程是一种能够使运动对象减速或停止的过程，其在车辆交通、起重机械及建筑工程机械等领域广泛存在。制动过程一般可以利用制动器来实现。其中，摩擦式制动器通过摩擦阻力来对运动对象进行制动，其具有结构简单、成本低廉的优点。然而，以摩擦式制动器为例，制动过程往往会消耗大量的能量，这些能量主要以摩擦生热的形式散失掉，造成了大量的能量浪费。
目前基于制动过程的能量回收解决方案主要有：(1)通过制动组件的相对运动带动电磁式发电机转动，进而产生电能；(2)通过将对象的运动转化成液压装置中的液压势能，存储能量；(3)利用制动组件间的摩擦产生的热，借助热电反应，产生电能；(4)在新能源车辆中，直接将电机反向用作发电机，将电池作为负载对其充电，从而减速并回收能量；以及(5)采用摩擦纳米发电机来回收能量。
然而，目前的一些能量回收解决方案效率较低、结构复杂、维护成本高并且可靠性较低，并且没有充分考虑制动器的结构特点以及能量回收装置的高阻抗等电路特性，能量回收装置的结构设计以及能量回收电路的电极精度和控制性等还有待优化和提高。
发明内容
本申请的实施例提供了一种基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置，所述摩擦式制动器包括相对布置的第一摩擦组件和第二摩擦组件，其中，在所述第一摩擦组件相对于所述第二摩擦组件产生接触摩擦时产生摩擦制动力并产生电荷，所述摩擦发电装置包括：布置于所述第一摩擦组件中的第一感应电极和第二感应电极，其中，在所述第一摩擦组件相对于所述第二摩擦组件产生接触摩擦时，在所述第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，在所述第二感应电极上产生第二感应电荷，所述第一感应电荷和所述第二感应电荷不同；电荷采集电路，其分别与所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极连接，并存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，在所述第二摩擦组件的内侧布置有摩擦片，所述第二摩擦组件的内侧为所述第二摩擦组件与所述第一摩擦组件相对的一侧，其中，所述第一摩擦组件的摩擦材料具有第一电极性，所述第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片的摩擦材料具有第二电极性，所述第一电极性和所述第二电极性相反。
根据本申请的实施例，所述摩擦发电装置还包括：布置于所述第二摩擦组件中的开关簧片，其中，所述电荷采集电路在所述开关簧片的控制下存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
根据本申请的实施例，所述摩擦发电装置还包括：布置于所述第一摩擦组件中的第一开关电极和第二开关电极，其中，所述电荷采集电路包括：整流电路，其第一输入端与所述第一感应电极连接，其第二输入端与所述第二感应电极连接，其第一输出端与所述第一开关电极连接；和电荷存储电路，其第一输入端与所述第二开关电极连接，其第二输入端与所述整流电路的第二输出端连接；其中，所述开关簧片用于控制所述第一开关电极和第二开关电极的连接；在所述第一开关电极和第二开关电极通过所述开关簧片连接的情况下，所述电荷存储电路存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述第一摩擦组件为碟状环形，其中，所述第一感应电极为环形的外部梳形感应电极，所述第二感应电极为环形的内部梳形感应电极，所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿交叉布置，所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极之间具有第一间隙。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述第一开关电极和所述第二开关电极布置于所述第一摩擦组件的环形内圆圈上或外圆圈上，所述第一开关电极为环形的外部梳形开关电极，所述第二开关电极为环形的内部梳形开关电极；或者所述第一开关电极为环形的内部梳形开关电极，所述第二开关电极为环形的外部梳形开关电极，所述外部梳形开关电极的梳齿和所述内部梳形开关电极的梳齿均为第一数量，所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极的梳齿相对布置以形成第一数量的梳齿对，且每一梳齿对中相对布置的梳齿之间具有第二间隙，其中，所述开关簧片用于控制所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极之间的机械连接。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述外部梳形感应电极的梳齿和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿均为第二数量，且所述第一数量是所述第二数量的两倍，其中，所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿宽度及径向长度分别相同，所述第一数量的梳齿对与所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿一一对应。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极的梳齿对在径向方向上位于所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿的边缘；所述开关簧片在径向方向上位于所述第二摩擦组件的边缘，并且与所述第二间隙相对地平行布置，所述开关簧片的径向宽度大于所述第二间隙的宽度，以使得所述开关簧片与所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极接触时，所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极导通。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述第二摩擦组件为不完整环片形，其中，在所述第二摩擦组件的内侧布置有摩擦片，所述第二摩擦组件的内侧为所述第二摩擦组件与所述第一摩擦组件相对的一侧，所述第一摩擦组件绕所述环形的中心旋转，以与所述第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片产生接触摩擦，其中，所述第一摩擦组件的摩擦材料具有第一电极性，所述第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片的摩擦材料具有第二电极性，所述第一电极性和所述第二电极性相反，其中，所述摩擦片包括多个环形栅格片，所述多个环形栅格片中的每一个环形栅格片径向布置在与所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿交叉区域相对应的环形区域，所述多个环形栅格片中的每一个环形栅格片与所述外部梳形感应电极或所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿形状相同，所述多个环形栅格片中的相邻环形栅格片之间具有第三间隙，所述第三间隙与所述外部梳形感应电极的相邻梳齿之间的间隙或所述内部梳形感应电极的相邻梳齿之间的间隙宽度相同。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述第一摩擦组件上与所述第一间隙相对应的位置处开孔，并且所述第二摩擦组件上与所述第三间隙相对应的位置处开孔。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极由铜、镍、金、银、铝或铁制成。
本申请的实施例提供了一种摩擦式制动器，包括：相对布置的制动盘和制动片，其中，在所述制动盘相对于所述制动片产生接触摩擦时产生摩擦制动力并产生电荷，所述制动器还包括摩擦发电装置，所述摩擦发电装置包括：布置于所述制动盘中的第一感应电极和第二感应电极，其中，在所述制动盘相对于所述制动片产生接触摩擦时，在所述第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，在所述第二感应电极上产生第二感应电荷；所述第一感应电荷和所述第二感应电荷不同；电荷采集电路，其分别与所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极连接，并存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，在所述制动片的内侧布置有摩擦片，所述制动片的内侧为所述制动片与所述制动盘相对的一侧，其中，所述制动盘的摩擦材料具有第一电极性，所述制动片上的摩擦片的摩擦材料具有第二电极性，所述第一电极性和所述第二电极性相反。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述摩擦式制动器为碟式制动器，其中，所述制动盘为碟状环形，所述制动片为不完整环片形，所述制动盘和所述制动片同轴，所述制动片位于所述制动盘的一侧或两侧。
根据本申请的实施例，其中，所述摩擦式制动器为鼓式制动器，其中，所述制动盘为环柱形，所述制动片为不完整环柱形，所述制动盘和所述制动片同轴，所述制动片位于所述制动盘的内侧。
本申请的实施例提供了一种基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置及摩擦式制动器，该摩擦发电装置充分考虑了摩擦式制动器的结构，在构成摩擦式制动器的第一摩擦组件相对于第二摩擦组件产生接触摩擦时，在第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，在第二感应电极上产生第二感应电荷，并利用电荷采集电路与第一感应电极和第二感应电极连接，从而存储从第一感应电极和第二感应电极采集的电荷，实现摩擦发电采集。该装置将摩擦纳米发电机与摩擦式制动器的特定结构高度结合，简化了结构并提高了可靠性；使用同步电荷提取电路，解耦了摩擦纳米发电机与负载电路的阻抗，提升了电路在不同负载下的效率；并且将梯状的机械式接触开关集成在制动器上，提升了电路开关的稳定性和精度。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对实施例的描述中所需要使用的附图作简单的介绍。显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些示例实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来说，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其它的附图。
图1示出了汽车中的两种典型的摩擦式制动器的示意图；
图2示出了根据本申请实施例的基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置的示例性外部结构；
图3a和图3b分别示出了根据本申请实施例的基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置在制动状态下的示例性三维视图和侧视图；
图4a和图4b分别示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的制动盘的示例性结构的透视图和剖面图；
图5a、图5b和图5c示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的感应电极的具体示例性结构；
图6a、图6b和图6c示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的开关电极的具体示例性结构；
图7示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的制动片的示例性结构；
图8示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的一种开孔结构；
图9a和图9b示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的摩擦起电过程以及静电感应过程；
图10示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的电荷采集电路的示意电路图；
图11示出了将根据本申请实施例的感应电极的输出用于监测分析的示意图；
图12a和图12b示出了根据本申请实施例的基于鼓式制动器的摩擦发电装置的示例性外部结构；
图13a和图13b分别示出了根据本申请实施例的基于鼓式制动器的摩擦发电装置在非制动状态和制动状态下的侧视图。
具体实施方式
为了使得本申请的目的、技术方案和优点更为明显，下面将参照附图详细描述根据本申请的示例实施例。显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请的一部分实施例，而不是本申请的全部实施例，应理解，本申请不受这里描述的示例实施例的限制。
在本说明书和附图中，基本上相同或相似的步骤或元素用相同或相似的附图标记来表示，且对这些步骤或元素的重复描述将被省略。同时，在本申请的描述中，术语“第一”、“第二”等仅用于区分描述，而不应理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或排序。
在本申请的说明书和附图中，根据实施例，元素以单数或复数的形式来描述。然而，单数和复数形式被适当地选择用于所提出的情况仅仅是为了方便解释而无意将本申请限制于此。因此，单数形式包括复数形式，并且复数形式也包括单数形式，除非上下文另有明确说明。
为便于理解，以下首先介绍与本申请相关的一些概念。
摩擦纳米发电机(Triboelectric Nanogenerator，TENG)：基于摩擦生电和静电感应原理，通过不同材料间的摩擦运动产生电荷的移动，对该电荷的收集和利用即将机械能转化为电能的过程。
自供电同步电荷提取(Synchronized Electrical Charge Extraction，SECE)电路：包含电桥、开关、电感等器件，在发电机的输出电压达到最大时，同步导通开关提取全部电荷。
制动器：具有使运动对象减速、停止或保持停止状态等功能的装置。制动器通常通过制动盘和制动片的接触摩擦来达到制动减速的目的。
制动片：制动器中的组件之一，将制动器中接触表面相对较小、在系统的驱动控制下与制动盘接触从而产生接触摩擦的组件称为制动片，例如汽车鼓刹中的刹车片。
制动盘：制动器中另一重要组件，其接触表面相对较大，通常随运动对象一起运动，例如汽车鼓刹中的刹车鼓。
制动过程是一种能够使运动对象减速或停止的过程，其在车辆交通、起重机械及建筑工程机械等领域广泛存在。制动过程一般可以利用制动器来实现。其中，摩擦式制动器通过摩擦阻力来对运动对象进行制动，其具有结构简单、成本低廉的优点。以汽车中的制动为例，根据研究，在ECE-15工况下，制动过程中消耗的能量占汽车总牵引能量的约27.5％，而在更加接近城市行驶工况的美国EPA 75 Urban和日本Japan 1015工况下，制动过程中消耗的能量占比分别达到约48.3％和53％。以汽车中常用的摩擦式的鼓式或碟式制动器(如图1所示)为例，制动消耗的能量主要以摩擦生热的形式散失掉，如果能够将这部分能量加以回收利用，对于汽车提升续航及能效大有益处。
摩擦纳米发电机(TENG)通过接触摩擦的方式，可以使得不同材料之间由于摩擦生电而产生电荷，再通过静电感应引起电荷的定向移动，进而实现机械能与电能的转化。采用独立层模式的TENG更是具有较高的机械能-电能转化效率，在理想情况下甚至可以达到100％。于是，可以将TENG与制动器结合，制动器的相对简单的单向转动运动可以实现较高的能量转化效率，并且能够将制动过程中的机械能充分转化为电能。
下面，将结合附图对本申请的实施例进行进一步描述。
图1示出了汽车中的两种典型的摩擦式制动器的示意图。具体地，图1示出了碟式制动器101和鼓式制动器102的示意图。
如图1所示，碟式制动器101可以包括相对布置的制动片103和制动盘104，并且鼓式制动器102可以包括相对布置的制动片105和制动盘106。碟式制动器101和鼓式制动器102两者都可以利用各自的制动片和制动盘的接触摩擦来完成制动减速。在碟式制动器101的场景下，碟状环形的制动盘104可以随车轮转动，制动盘104两侧的不完整环片形的制动片103可以在系统的驱动控制下与制动盘104接触，从而在车轮的径向方向上产生摩擦。碟式制动器101具有散热好、响应迅速以及恒定性好等优点。在鼓式制动器102的场景下，鼓式制动器102可以整体随车轮转动，其环柱形的制动盘106与车轮共轴，其内侧的不完整环柱形的制动片105可以在系统的驱动控制下与制动盘106接触，从而在车轮的轴向方向上产生摩擦。鼓式制动器102具有成本低、接触面积大、绝对制动力高等优点。通过充分考虑制动器的具体结构，将TENG与制动器高度集成和结合并利用基于制动器上的机械开关的能量回收电路，可以在制动减速的同时，将机械能转化成电能进行能量回收，供制动警示灯或其它车载设备使用，并且还可以根据TENG的输出信号来检测制动器的运行状态(例如，是否正在制动等)。在下文中，将以汽车中的碟式制动器101为例来示例性地说明本申请的实施细节。
图2示出了根据本申请实施例的基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置的示例性外部结构，并且图3a和图3b分别示出了根据本申请实施例的基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置在制动状态下的示例性三维视图和侧视图。
如图2所示，根据本申请实施例的基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置200可以与如图1所示的碟式制动器101的结构高度结合。因此，摩擦发电装置200的示例性外部结构可以 基本上类似于如图1所示的碟式制动器101的外部结构。在如图2所示的实施例中，碟式制动器可以包括相对布置的第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘201)和第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片202和/或制动片203)。如图2所示，第一摩擦组件例如制动盘201可以是碟状环形的，第二摩擦组件例如制动片202和制动片203可以是不完整环片形的。在非制动状态下，位于制动盘201两侧的制动片202和制动片203可以与制动盘201不接触，并且制动盘201可以随车轮转动。在制动状态下，如图3a和图3b所示，位于制动盘201两侧的制动片202和制动片203可以在系统的驱动控制下与制动盘201接触，从而制动盘201可以相对于制动片202和制动片203产生接触摩擦并且产生摩擦制动力，以实现制动减速。此外，由于摩擦起电效应，在制动盘201相对于制动片202和制动片203产生接触摩擦时，还可以在制动盘和制动片的表面上分别产生不同的电荷。
在一个实施例中，可以在第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片202和制动片203)的内侧布置有摩擦片205，第二摩擦组件的内侧为第二摩擦组件与第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘201)相对的一侧，其中，第一摩擦组件上的摩擦材料可以具有第一电极性，第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片205的摩擦材料可以具有不同于第一电极性的第二电极性，例如，第二电极性可以与第一电极性相反。例如，可以选择摩擦起电极性序列表中极性相反或在列表中位置间隔较大的不同材料分别作为第一摩擦组件的摩擦材料以及摩擦片205的材料，这样，可以使得产生更大的摩擦起电量。
图2、图3a和图3b仅示出了两个制动片分别位于制动盘201相对的两侧的示例性结构，应当理解，在其它实施例中，制动器可以包括分别位于制动盘201的一侧或两侧的一个或多个制动片，这里不做限制。
在一个实施例中，根据本申请实施例的基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置200可以包括：布置于第一摩擦组件中的第一感应电极和第二感应电极。如上所述，由于在第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘201)相对于第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片202和制动片203)产生接触摩擦时，第一摩擦组件和第二摩擦组件由于摩擦起电而可以在各自的摩擦表面分别产生极性不同的摩擦电荷，所以可以由于静电感应而进一步在第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，并且可以在第二感应电极上产生第二感应电荷。其中，第一感应电荷和第二感应电荷不同。例如，第一感应电荷可以是正电荷，而第二感应电荷可以是负电荷，反之亦可。再例如，第一感应电荷和第二感应电荷还可以是数量不同的同极性电荷。具体的摩擦起电过程以及静电感应过程将在下文结合图9a和图9b进行详细描述。
在一个实施例中，摩擦发电装置200还可以包括电荷采集电路(例如，被包括在如图2所示的电路盒204中)，其可以分别与第一感应电极和第二感应电极连接，并存储从第一感应电极和第二感应电极采集的电荷，以供负载使用。
在一个实施例中，摩擦发电装置200还可以包括布置于第二摩擦组件中的开关簧片，并且电荷采集电路可以在开关簧片的控制下存储从第一感应电极和第二感应电极采集的电荷。下面将结合图4a至图8来详细描述根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置200的具体示例性结构。
图4a和图4b分别示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的制动盘的示例性结构的透视图和剖面图。
如图4a所示，摩擦发电装置200可以包括布置于第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘201)中的感应电极402。图5a、图5b和图5c示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的感应 电极的具体示例性结构。在一个实施例中，如图5a所示，感应电极402可以包括第一感应电极(例如，外部梳形感应电极503)和第二感应电极(例如，内部梳形感应电极504)。如图5a至图5c所示，基于制动盘201的碟状环形结构，外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504可以是环形的梳形导体，外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿可以交叉布置，并且外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504之间并不接触并且具有第一间隙。在一个实施例中，外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿可以等间隔分布。在一个实施例中，外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿的数量可以相同、梳齿的宽度及径向长度可以分别相同。外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿数量以及梳齿形状可以根据制动盘201的具体尺寸和形状而不同。在一个实施例中，外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504可以由铜、镍、金、银、铝或铁等导电性能优良的导体制成。
在一个实施例中，如图4a所示，摩擦发电装置200还可以包括布置于第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘201)中的开关电极403。例如，如图4a所示，基于制动盘201的碟状环形结构，开关电极403可以布置于制动盘201的内圆圈上。在其它实施例中，开关电极403也可以布置于制动盘201的外圆圈上(未示出)。，图6a、图6b和图6c示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的开关电极的具体示例性结构。在一个实施例中，如图6a所示，开关电极403可以包括第一开关电极和第二开关电极。例如，如图6a所示，第一开关电极可以是环形的外部梳形开关电极603，并且第二开关电极可以是环形的内部梳形开关电极604；或者，第一开关电极可以是环形的内部梳形开关电极604，并且第二开关电极可以是环形的外部梳形开关电极603。如图6a至图6c所示，外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604可以是环形的梳形导体，外部梳形开关电极603的梳齿和内部梳形开关电极604的梳齿可以均为第一数量，外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的梳齿可以相对布置以形成第一数量的梳齿对，并且每一梳齿对中相对布置的梳齿之间可以不接触并且具有第二间隙。如图6a所示，相对布置的外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604构成了梯状的环形。在一个实施例中，外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的梳齿可以等间隔分布。在一个实施例中，外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604可以由耐摩的、导电性能优良且环保的导体材料制成。在一个实施例中，可以利用如上所述的布置于第二摩擦组件中的开关簧片来控制外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604之间的机械连接，以控制电路的断开或导通。
在一个实施例中，外部梳形感应电极503的梳齿和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿可以均为第二数量，并且外部梳形开关电极603的梳齿或内部梳形开关电极604的梳齿的第一数量可以是该第二数量的两倍。例如，假设外部梳形感应电极503的梳齿和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿的数量均为25，则外部梳形开关电极603的梳齿或内部梳形开关电极604的梳齿的数量可以为50。这样，可以使得由外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的相对的梳齿所构成的梳齿对与外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿一一对应。
在一个实施例中，如图4a所示，外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的相对的梳齿构成第一数量的梳齿对，该第一数量的梳齿对与外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿可以一一对应，并且外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的各个梳齿对在径向方向上可以位于外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿的边缘。
在另一实施例中，可以根据外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿的形状和位置，适应性地设置外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的每一对应梳齿的形状和位置、将在下文描述的摩擦片205上的环形栅格片的形状和位置、以及将在下文描述的制动片203上的开关簧片的位置，以使得当外部梳形感应电极503的梳齿(或内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿)与摩擦片205上的环形栅格片刚好重叠时，外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的相对梳齿所构成的梳齿对和制动片203上的开关簧片接触导通。此时(即，外部梳形感应电极503或内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿与摩擦片205上的环形栅格片刚好重叠时)，外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504之间的输出电压最大，具体原理将在下文结合图9a和图9b进行描述。
接下来，图7示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的制动片和制动片的示例性结构。
如图7所示，在一个实施例中，第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片202和/或制动片203)可以为不完整环片形。在一个实施例中，如上所述，可以在第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片202和/或制动片203)的内侧布置有摩擦片205，第二摩擦组件的内侧为第二摩擦组件与第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘201)相对的一侧。第一摩擦组件上的摩擦材料可以具有第一电极性，第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片205的摩擦材料可以具有不同于第一电极性的第二电极性，例如，第二电极性可以与第一电极性相反。在一个实施例中，第一摩擦组件的碟状环形可以与第二摩擦组件的不完整环片形同轴，并且第一摩擦组件可以绕环形的中心旋转，以与第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片205产生摩擦接触。
在一个实施例中，如图7所示，摩擦片205可以包括一个或多个环形栅格片。图7示出了摩擦片205包括多个环形栅格片(例如6个环形栅格片)的情况，在其它实施例中，根据制动片的尺寸以及制动盘中梳形感应电极的梳齿宽度的不同，摩擦片205可以包括不同宽度和数量的环形栅格片。根据本申请的实施例，多个环形栅格片中的每一个环形栅格片可以径向布置在与外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿交叉区域相对应的环形区域。多个环形栅格片中的每一个环形栅格片可以与外部梳形感应电极503或内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿形状相同。在一个实施例中，多个环形栅格片中的相邻环形栅格片之间还可以具有第三间隙，并且第三间隙可以与外部梳形感应电极503的相邻梳齿之间的间隙或内部梳形感应电极504的相邻梳齿之间的间隙宽度相同。在这样的布置下，在制动盘相对于制动片的转动过程中，摩擦片205上的多个环形栅格片可以与外部梳形感应电极503的连续的对应数量的梳齿完全重叠或者与内部梳形感应电极504的连续的对应数量的梳齿完全重叠。
在一个实施例中，如图7所示，如上所述的开关簧片701可以在径向方向上位于第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片203)的边缘，开关簧片701可以为楔形，并且可以与第二间隙相对地平行布置，其中第二间隙为外部梳形开关电极603或内部梳形开关电极604的对应梳齿对之间的间隙。在另一实施例中，如上所述，开关簧片701的位置也可以根据外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿的形状和位置、摩擦片205上的多个环形栅格片的形状和位置、以及外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的对应梳齿对的位置来确定，以使得当外部梳形感应电极503的梳齿(或内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿)与摩擦片205上的多个环形栅格片刚好重叠时，外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604的对应梳齿对和制动片203上的开关簧片接触导通。此时(即，外部梳形感应电极503或内部梳形感应电极504的梳齿与摩擦片205上的多个环形栅格片刚好重叠时)，外 部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504之间的输出电压最大，具体原理将在下文结合图9a和图9b进行描述。
应当理解，如图7所示，当存在两个或多个制动片时，可以仅在两个或多个制动片中的任意一个制动片上布置开关簧片701。
在一个实施例中，开关簧片701的径向宽度可以大于第二间隙的宽度，并且小于外部梳形开关电极603的径向宽度、内部梳形开关电极604的径向宽度和它们之间的第二间隙的宽度之和。这样的布置可以使得当开关簧片701与外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604接触时，使外部梳形开关电极603和内部梳形开关电极604导通，并且开关簧片701不会与摩擦发电装置200上其它不期望的位置产生接触摩擦。
根据本申请的实施例，集成在制动盘201上的梯状开关电极403和集成在制动片203上的开关簧片701构成了机械式的接触开关，如上所述，这种布置可以使得当第一感应电极和第二感应电极之间的输出电压最大时开关电极403导通以输出电荷，而在其余时刻开关电极403断开，不向电荷采集电路输出电荷。这种集成在制动器上的梯状的机械式接触开关可以提高开关的稳定性和精度。
此外，图8示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置200的一种开孔结构。如图8所示，可以在第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘201)上与第一间隙相对应的位置处开孔，并且可以在第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片202和制动片203)上与第三间隙相对应的位置处开孔。其中，第一间隙是外部梳形感应电极和内部梳形感应电极之间的间隙，第三间隙是多个环形栅格片之间的间隙。这样的布置可以使得在制动过程中获得更好的排水或散热效果，并延长摩擦发电装置200的使用寿命。
下面，将结合图9a和图9b来描述基于以上实施例中的一些配置的摩擦发电装置200的摩擦起电过程以及静电感应过程。
图9a和图9b示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置200的摩擦起电过程以及静电感应过程。为了简化描述，图中仅示出了摩擦片205上的一个环形栅格片901以及外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504相邻的一对梳齿(即，外部梳形感应电极梳齿902及内部梳形感应电极梳齿903)。
如图9a所示，假设在制动过程中环形栅格片901相对于制动盘201如图中箭头方向所示从左向右摩擦滑动，并且假设环形栅格片901的摩擦材料具有摩擦负电极性，而制动盘201的摩擦材料具有摩擦正电极性，则在制动过程中，由于摩擦起电效应，环形栅格片901的摩擦表面可以产生负电荷，而制动盘201的摩擦表面可以产生正电荷。假设制动盘201的摩擦材料由于摩擦起电而产生的正电荷密度低于环形栅格片901上的负电荷密度，则在图9a所示的相对位置下，由于静电感应，外部梳形感应电极梳齿902上还将感应出一定密度的正电荷，而内部梳形感应电极梳齿903将由于制动盘201上的正电荷而感应出一定密度的负电荷。
当环形栅格片901相对于制动盘201向右摩擦滑动一定距离后，如图9b所示，外部梳形感应电极梳齿902未与环形栅格片901重叠的左边部分将不再受环形栅格片901上的负电荷影响，而只在制动盘201摩擦产生的正电荷影响下感应出一定密度的负电荷。外部梳形感应电极梳齿902与环形栅格片901重叠的右边部分将继续受环形栅格片901上的负电 荷影响而感应出正电荷。同时，内部梳形感应电极梳齿903与环形栅格片901重叠的左边部分将受到环形栅格片901上的负电荷影响而感应出一定密度的正电荷。
由此，在环形栅格片901从与外部梳形感应电极梳齿902完全重叠的位置(如图9a所示)向与内部梳形感应电极梳齿903完全重叠的位置摩擦滑动时，由于静电感应，将发生正电荷从外部梳形感应电极梳齿902到内部梳形感应电极梳齿903的转移。类似地，在环形栅格片901从与内部梳形感应电极梳齿903完全重叠的位置向与下一个外部梳形感应电极梳齿(未示出)完全重叠的位置继续摩擦滑动时，将发生正电荷从内部梳形感应电极梳齿903向该下一个外部梳形感应电极梳齿的转移。由此交替，即可以发生正电荷从外部梳形感应电极503到内部梳形感应电极504的相互转移。若将外部梳形感应电极梳齿902和内部梳形感应电极梳齿903作为电源的两极，则可以向外接的负载供电。
在一个实施例中，如上所述，可以利用分别与外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504电连接的电荷采集电路来从外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504采集并存储电荷。
图10示出了根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置的电荷采集电路的示意电路图。
如图10所示，在一个实施例中，电荷采集电路可以包括整流电路1001和电荷存储电路1002。
整流电路1001可以是由多个二极管构成的整流电桥电路。整流电路1001的第一输入端P1可以与第一感应电极(例如，外部梳形感应电极503)连接，整流电路1001的第二输入端P2可以与第二感应电极(例如，内部梳形感应电极504)连接，整流电路1001的第一输出端P3可以与第一开关电极(例如，外部梳形开关电极603)连接。
电荷存储电路1002可以由电容、电感和二极管等器件构成。如图10所示，电荷存储电路1002的第一输入端P5可以与第二开关电极(例如，内部梳形开关电极604)连接，电荷存储电路1002的第二输入端P6可以与整流电路1001的第二输出端P4连接。
如上所述，第一开关电极(例如，外部梳形开关电极603)和第二开关电极(例如，内部梳形开关电极604)可以在开关簧片的控制下导通或断开，并且通过调整开关电极的梳齿位置以及开关簧片的位置，可以在第一感应电极和第二感应电极之间的输出电压最大时使得电路导通。在第一开关电极和第二开关电极通过开关簧片连接(导通)的情况下，电荷存储电路1002可以将从第一感应电极和第二感应电极采集的电荷存储于电感和/或电容中，以供后续负载使用。通过使用根据本申请实施例的电荷采集电路以及与制动器高度集成的机械式接触开关，仅在第一感应电极和第二感应电极之间的输出电压最大时使得电路导通并采集和存储电荷，可以将高阻抗的摩擦发电装置与负载电路进行阻抗解耦，提升了电路在不同负载下的效率。
此外，感应电极的输出还可以用作监测信号来监测制动器的状态。图11示出了根据本申请实施例的感应电极的输出用于监测分析的示意图。如图11所示，可以直接将感应电极402的输出(例如，外部梳形感应电极503和内部梳形感应电极504)连接到信号分析单元1101进行制动器的状态分析。例如，可以基于是否在感应电极402的输出上监测到感应电压来确定制动器当前是否正在进行制动等等。
此外，图12a和图12b示出了根据本申请实施例的基于鼓式制动器的摩擦发电装置的示例性外部结构。
图12a和图12b分别示出了根据本申请实施例的基于鼓式制动器的摩擦发电装置300的各个组件分散开和组合在一起的情况下的结构示意图。如图12b所示，根据本申请实施例的基于鼓式制动器的摩擦发电装置300可以与如图1所示的鼓式制动器102的结构高度结合。因此，摩擦发电装置300的示例性外部结构可以基本上类似于如图1所示的鼓式制动器102的外部结构。
在如图12b所示的实施例中，鼓式制动器可以包括相对布置的第一摩擦组件(例如，制动盘1201)和第二摩擦组件(例如，制动片1202和/或制动片1203)。如图12a或图12b所示，制动盘1201可以是环柱形的，制动片1202和制动片1203可以是不完整环柱形的。制动盘1201可以与制动片1202和制动片1203同轴，并且制动片1202和制动片1203可以位于制动盘1201的环柱形内侧。感应电极1205(例如，包括交叉布置的梳状的第一感应电极和第二感应电极)可以布置在制动盘1201的外圈表面或内部。开关电极1206(例如，包括相对布置的梳状的第一开关电极和第二开关电极)可以布置在制动盘1201的内圈表面。制动片1202和制动片1203能够和制动盘1201相接触的外表面上可以布置有栅格状的摩擦片1207。并且，在制动片1202和制动片1203中的一个(例如，制动片1203)上还可以布置有开关簧片1208。类似于基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置200，电荷采集电路可以集成在电路盒1204中。
图13a和图13b分别示出了根据本申请实施例的基于鼓式制动器的摩擦发电装置在非制动状态和制动状态下的侧视图。
如图13a所示，在非制动状态下，位于制动盘1201内侧的制动片1202和制动片1203可以与制动盘1201不接触，并且制动盘1201可以随车轮转动。在制动状态下，如图13b所示，位于制动盘1201内侧的制动片1202和制动片1203可以在系统的驱动控制下与制动盘1201接触，从而制动盘1201可以相对于制动片1202和制动片1203产生接触摩擦并且产生摩擦制动力，以实现制动减速。在制动状态下，感应电极1205的第一感应电极和第二感应电极可以感应出感应电荷，并且当制动片1203上的开关簧片1208使得开关电极1206导通(即第一开关电极和第二开关电极导通)时，感应电极1205上的电荷可以被采集并存储到电路和1204，以供后续负载使用。根据本申请实施例的基于鼓式制动器的摩擦发电装置300的具体实现方式与上文描述的根据本申请实施例的基于碟式制动器的摩擦发电装置200类似，这里不再赘述。
本申请的实施例还提供了一种摩擦式制动器，其包括：相对布置的制动盘和制动片，其中，在制动盘相对于制动片产生接触摩擦时可以产生摩擦制动力并产生电荷，制动器还可以包括摩擦发电装置，该摩擦发电装置可以包括：布置于制动盘中的第一感应电极和第二感应电极，其中，在制动盘相对于制动片产生接触摩擦时，可以在第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，并且在第二感应电极上产生第二感应电荷，第一感应电荷和第二感应电荷不同。摩擦发电装置还可以包括电荷采集电路，其可以分别与第一感应电极和第二感应电极连接，并存储从第一感应电极和第二感应电极采集的电荷。
其中，与制动盘相对布置的制动片可以包括一个或多个，本实施例对制动片的数量不做限定。
在一个实施例中，可以在制动片的内侧布置有摩擦片，制动片的内侧为制动片与制动盘相对的一侧。在一个实施例中，制动盘的摩擦材料可以具有第一电极性，并且制动片上 的摩擦片的摩擦材料可以具有与第一电极性不同的第二电极性，例如，第一电极性和第二电极性相反。
在一个实施例中，摩擦式制动器可以是碟式制动器，其中，制动盘可以为碟状环形，制动片可以为不完整环片形，制动盘和制动片可以同轴，并且制动片可以位于制动盘的一侧或两侧。
在一个实施例中，摩擦式制动器可以是鼓式制动器，其中，制动盘可以为环柱形，制动片可以为不完整环柱形，制动盘和制动片可以同轴，并且制动片可以位于制动盘的内侧。
摩擦式制动器以及摩擦发电装置的具体结构可以类似于上文描述的根据本申请实施例的摩擦发电装置200和摩擦发电装置300的示例结构，这里不再赘述。
本申请提供的摩擦发电装置充分考虑了摩擦式制动器的结构，将摩擦纳米发电机与摩擦式制动器的特定结构高度结合，简化了结构并提高了可靠性；使用同步电荷提取电路，解耦了摩擦纳米发电机与负载电路的阻抗，提升了电路在不同负载下的效率；并且将梯状的机械式接触开关集成在制动器上，提升了电路开关的稳定性和精度。
需要说明的是，在上面详细描述的本申请的示例实施例仅仅是说明性的，而不是限制性的。本领域技术人员应该理解，在不脱离本申请的原理和精神的情况下，可对这些实施例或其特征进行各种修改和组合，这样的修改应落入本申请的范围内。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种基于摩擦式制动器的摩擦发电装置，所述摩擦式制动器包括相对布置的第一摩擦组件和第二摩擦组件，其中，在所述第一摩擦组件相对于所述第二摩擦组件产生接触摩擦时产生摩擦制动力并产生电荷，所述摩擦发电装置包括：
    布置于所述第一摩擦组件中的第一感应电极和第二感应电极，其中，在所述第一摩擦组件相对于所述第二摩擦组件产生接触摩擦时，在所述第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，在所述第二感应电极上产生第二感应电荷；所述第一感应电荷和所述第二感应电荷不同；
    电荷采集电路，其分别与所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极连接，并存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，在所述第二摩擦组件的内侧布置有摩擦片，所述第二摩擦组件的内侧为所述第二摩擦组件与所述第一摩擦组件相对的一侧，其中，所述第一摩擦组件的摩擦材料具有第一电极性，所述第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片的摩擦材料具有第二电极性，所述第一电极性和所述第二电极性相反。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的摩擦发电装置，所述摩擦发电装置还包括：
    布置于所述第二摩擦组件中的开关簧片，其中，所述电荷采集电路在所述开关簧片的控制下存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
  4. 如权利要求3所述的摩擦发电装置，所述摩擦发电装置还包括：
    布置于所述第一摩擦组件中的第一开关电极和第二开关电极，其中，所述电荷采集电路包括：
    整流电路，其第一输入端与所述第一感应电极连接，其第二输入端与所述第二感应电极连接，其第一输出端与所述第一开关电极连接；
    电荷存储电路，其第一输入端与所述第二开关电极连接，其第二输入端与所述整流电路的第二输出端连接；
    其中，所述开关簧片用于控制所述第一开关电极和第二开关电极的连接；
    在所述第一开关电极和第二开关电极通过所述开关簧片连接的情况下，所述电荷存储电路存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，
    所述第一摩擦组件为碟状环形，其中，所述第一感应电极为环形的外部梳形感应电极，所述第二感应电极为环形的内部梳形感应电极，所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿交叉布置，所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极之间具有第一间隙。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，
    所述第一开关电极和所述第二开关电极布置于所述第一摩擦组件的环形内圆圈上或外圆圈上，所述第一开关电极为环形的外部梳形开关电极，所述第二开关电极为环形的内部 梳形开关电极；或者所述第一开关电极为环形的内部梳形开关电极，所述第二开关电极为环形的外部梳形开关电极；
    所述外部梳形开关电极的梳齿和所述内部梳形开关电极的梳齿均为第一数量，所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极的梳齿相对布置以形成第一数量的梳齿对，且每一梳齿对中相对布置的梳齿之间具有第二间隙，
    其中，所述开关簧片用于控制所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极之间的机械连接。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，
    所述外部梳形感应电极的梳齿和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿均为第二数量，且所述第一数量是所述第二数量的两倍，其中，所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿宽度及径向长度分别相同，所述第一数量的梳齿对与所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿一一对应。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，
    所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极的梳齿对在径向方向上位于所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿的边缘；
    所述开关簧片在径向方向上位于所述第二摩擦组件的边缘，并且与所述第二间隙相对地平行布置，所述开关簧片的径向宽度大于所述第二间隙的宽度，以使得所述开关簧片与所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极接触时，所述外部梳形开关电极和所述内部梳形开关电极导通。
  9. 如权利要求7所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，
    所述第二摩擦组件为不完整环片形，其中，在所述第二摩擦组件的内侧布置有摩擦片，所述第二摩擦组件的内侧为所述第二摩擦组件与所述第一摩擦组件相对的一侧，所述第一摩擦组件绕环形的中心旋转，以与所述第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片产生接触摩擦，其中，所述第一摩擦组件的摩擦材料具有第一电极性，所述第二摩擦组件上的摩擦片的摩擦材料具有第二电极性，所述第一电极性和所述第二电极性相反；
    其中，所述摩擦片包括多个环形栅格片，所述多个环形栅格片中的每一个环形栅格片径向布置在与所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿交叉区域相对应的环形区域；
    所述多个环形栅格片中的每一个环形栅格片与所述外部梳形感应电极或所述内部梳形感应电极的梳齿形状相同；
    所述多个环形栅格片中的相邻环形栅格片之间具有第三间隙，所述第三间隙与所述外部梳形感应电极的相邻梳齿之间的间隙或所述内部梳形感应电极的相邻梳齿之间的间隙宽度相同。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，
    所述第一摩擦组件上与所述第一间隙相对应的位置处开孔，并且
    所述第二摩擦组件上与所述第三间隙相对应的位置处开孔。
  11. 如权利要求5所述的摩擦发电装置，其中，
    所述外部梳形感应电极和所述内部梳形感应电极由铜、镍、金、银、铝或铁制成。
  12. 一种摩擦式制动器，包括：
    相对布置的制动盘和制动片，其中，在所述制动盘相对于所述制动片产生接触摩擦时产生摩擦制动力并产生电荷；
    所述制动器还包括摩擦发电装置，所述摩擦发电装置包括：
    布置于所述制动盘中的第一感应电极和第二感应电极，其中，在所述制动盘相对于所述制动片产生接触摩擦时，在所述第一感应电极上产生第一感应电荷，在所述第二感应电极上产生第二感应电荷；所述第一感应电荷和所述第二感应电荷不同；
    电荷采集电路，其分别与所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极连接，并存储从所述第一感应电极和所述第二感应电极采集的电荷。
  13. 如权利要求12所述的摩擦式制动器，其中，在所述制动片的内侧布置有摩擦片，所述制动片的内侧为所述制动片与所述制动盘相对的一侧，其中，所述制动盘的摩擦材料具有第一电极性，所述制动片上的摩擦片的摩擦材料具有第二电极性，所述第一电极性和所述第二电极性相反。
  14. 如权利要求12所述的摩擦式制动器，其中，所述摩擦式制动器为碟式制动器，其中，所述制动盘为碟状环形，所述制动片为不完整环片形，所述制动盘和所述制动片同轴，所述制动片位于所述制动盘的一侧或两侧。
  15. 如权利要求12所述的摩擦式制动器，其中，所述摩擦式制动器为鼓式制动器，其中，所述制动盘为环柱形，所述制动片为不完整环柱形，所述制动盘和所述制动片同轴，所述制动片位于所述制动盘的内侧。
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