Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N7/00—Television systems
  • H04N7/12—Systems in which the television signal is transmitted via one channel or a plurality of parallel channels, the bandwidth of each channel being less than the bandwidth of the television signal
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/103—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode
  • H04N19/105—Selection of the reference unit for prediction within a chosen coding or prediction mode, e.g. adaptive choice of position and number of pixels used for prediction
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/184—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being bits, e.g. of the compressed video stream
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/188—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being a video data packet, e.g. a network abstraction layer [NAL] unit
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
  • H04N19/37—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability with arrangements for assigning different transmission priorities to video input data or to video coded data
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/70—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals characterised by syntax aspects related to video coding, e.g. related to compression standards

Definitions

• This patent document relates to image and video coding and decoding.
• Digital video accounts for the largest bandwidth use on the internet and other digital communication networks. As the number of connected user devices capable of receiving and displaying video increases, it is expected that the bandwidth demand for digital video usage will continue to grow.
• the present document discloses techniques that can be used by video encoders and decoders to perform video encoding or decoding.
• a video processing method includes performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream includes network abstraction layer (NAL) units for multiple video layers according to a rule; wherein the rule defines a sub-bitstream extraction process by which NAL units are removed from the bitstream to generate an output bitstream, and wherein the rule specifies to remove all supplemental enhancement information (SEI) NAL units that contain a non-scalable-nested SEI message with a particular payload type, responsive to a list of NAL unit header layer identifier values in an output layer set (OLS) with a target OLS index not including all values of NAL unit header layer identifiers in all video coding layer (VCL) NAL units in the bitstream that is input to the sub-bitstream extraction process.
• SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information
• another video processing method includes performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream is separable into one or more sub-bitstreams according to a rule that specifies a sub bitstream extraction process to generate an output bitstream, and wherein the rule specifies whether or how to remove, based on a type of a video coding layer (VCL) network abstraction layer (NAL) unit and a temporal identifier of a video coding layer associated with the VCL NAL unit, all supplemental enhancement information (SEI) network abstraction layer (NAL) units that contain an SEI message that apply to a picture or a subpicture for which the VCL NAL unit is removed during the sub-bitstream extraction process.
• VCL video coding layer
• NAL network abstraction layer
• another video processing method includes performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the bitstream includes network abstraction layer (NAL) units for multiple video layers according to a rule; wherein the rule defines that a sub-bitstream extraction process to generate an output bitstream comprising an output layer set (OLS) includes one or more operations that are selectively performed responsive to the following conditions: (1) a list of NAL unit header layer identifier values in the OLS does not includes all values of NAL unit header layer identifiers in all video coding layer (VCL) NAL units in the bitstream, and (2) the output bitstream containing a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) NAL unit that contains a scalable-nesting SEI message.
• NAL network abstraction layer
• SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information
• a video encoder apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement above-described methods.
• a video decoder apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement above-described methods.
• a computer readable medium having code stored thereon is disclose.
• the code embodies one of the methods described herein in the form of processor- executable code.
• FIG. l is a block diagram that illustrates a video coding system in accordance with some implementations of the disclosed technology.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example hardware platform used for video processing.
• FIG. 3 is a flowchart for an example method of video processing.
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates an example video coding system.
• FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates an encoder in accordance with some implementations of the disclosed technology.
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram that illustrates a decoder in accordance with some implementations of the disclosed technology.
• FIGS. 7A and 7B are flowcharts for example methods of video processing based on some implementations of the disclosed technology.
• FIG. 8 is a flowchart for an example method of video processing based on some implementations of the disclosed technology.
• Section headings are used in the present document for ease of understanding and do not limit the applicability of techniques and embodiments disclosed in each section only to that section.
• H.266 terminology is used in some description only for ease of understanding and not for limiting scope of the disclosed techniques. As such, the techniques described herein are applicable to other video codec protocols and designs also.
• This document is related to video coding technologies. Specifically, it is about some improvements on the general sub-bitstream extraction process, signalling of picture-level HRD parameters, and containing of SEI messages in SEI NAL units.
• the ideas may be applied individually or in various combination, to any video coding standard or non-standard video codec that supports multi-layer video coding, e.g., the being-developed Versatile Video Coding (VVC). reviations
• Video coding standards have evolved primarily through the development of the well- known ITU-T and ISO/IEC standards.
• the ITU-T produced H.261 and H.263, ISO/IEC produced MPEG-1 and MPEG-4 Visual, and the two organizations jointly produced the H.262/MPEG-2 Video and H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and H.265/HEVC standards.
• AVC H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding
• H.265/HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding
• JEM Joint Exploration Model
• VVC enables picture resolution change within a sequence at a position without encoding an IRAP picture, which is always intra-coded.
• This feature is sometimes referred to as reference picture resampling (RPR), as the feature needs resampling of a reference picture used for inter prediction when that reference picture has a different resolution than the current picture being decoded.
• RPR reference picture resampling
• the scaling ratio is restricted to be larger than or equal to 1/2 (2 times downsampling from the reference picture to the current picture), and less than or equal to 8 (8 times upsampling).
• Three sets of resampling filters with different frequency cutoffs are specified to handle various scaling ratios between a reference picture and the current picture.
• the three sets of resampling filters are applied respectively for the scaling ratio ranging from 1/2 to 1/1.75, from 1/1.75 to 1/1.25, and from 1/1.25 to 8.
• Each set of resampling filters has 16 phases for luma and 32 phases for chroma which is same to the case of motion compensation interpolation filters.
• the normal MC interpolation process is a special case of the resampling process with scaling ratio ranging from 1/1.25 to 8.
• the horizontal and vertical scaling ratios are derived based on picture width and height, and the left, right, top and bottom scaling offsets specified for the reference picture and the current picture.
• VVC design for support of this feature includes: i) The picture resolution and the corresponding conformance window are signaled in the PPS instead of in the SPS, while in the SPS the maximum picture resolution is signaled ii) For a single-layer bitstream, each picture store (a slot in the DPB for storage of one decoded picture) occupies the buffer size as required for storing a decoded picture having the maximum picture resolution.
• Scalable video coding refers to video coding in which a base layer (BL), sometimes referred to as a reference layer (RL), and one or more scalable enhancement layers (ELs) are used.
• the base layer can carry video data with a base level of quality.
• the one or more enhancement layers can carry additional video data to support, for example, higher spatial, temporal, and/or signal-to-noise (SNR) levels.
• Enhancement layers may be defined relative to a previously encoded layer. For example, a bottom layer may serve as a BL, while a top layer may serve as an EL. Middle layers may serve as either ELs or RLs, or both.
• a middle layer (e.g., a layer that is neither the lowest layer nor the highest layer) may be an EL for the layers below the middle layer, such as the base layer or any intervening enhancement layers, and at the same time serve as a RL for one or more enhancement layers above the middle layer.
• a middle layer e.g., a layer that is neither the lowest layer nor the highest layer
• the middle layer may be an EL for the layers below the middle layer, such as the base layer or any intervening enhancement layers, and at the same time serve as a RL for one or more enhancement layers above the middle layer.
• there may be multiple views and information of one view may be utilized to code (e.g., encode or decode) the information of another view (e.g., motion estimation, motion vector prediction and/or other redundancies).
• the parameters used by the encoder or the decoder are grouped into parameter sets based on the coding level (e.g., video-level, sequence-level, picture-level, slice level, etc.) in which they may be utilized.
• the coding level e.g., video-level, sequence-level, picture-level, slice level, etc.
• parameters that may be utilized by one or more coded video sequences of different layers in the bitstream may be included in a video parameter set (VPS), and parameters that are utilized by one or more pictures in a coded video sequence may be included in a sequence parameter set (SPS).
• SPS sequence parameter set
• parameters that are utilized by one or more slices in a picture may be included in a picture parameter set (PPS), and other parameters that are specific to a single slice may be included in a slice header.
• the indication of which parameter set(s) a particular layer is using at a given time may be provided at various coding levels.
• the decoding capability for multi-layer bitstreams are specified in a manner as if there were only a single layer in the bitstream.
• the decoding capability such as DPB size
• DPB size is specified in a manner that is independent of the number of layers in the bitstream to be decoded.
• a decoder designed for single-layer bitstreams does not need much change to be able to decode multi-layer bitstreams.
• the HLS aspects have been significantly simplified at the sacrifice of some flexibilities. For example, an IRAP AU is required to contain a picture for each of the layers present in the CVS. 3.3. Parameter sets
• AVC, HEVC, and VVC specify parameter sets.
• the types of parameter sets include SPS, PPS, APS, and VPS.
• SPS and PPS are supported in all of AVC, HEVC, and VVC.
• VPS was introduced since HEVC and is included in both HEVC and VVC.
• APS was not included in AVC or HEVC but is included in the latest VVC draft text.
• SPS was designed to carry sequence-level header information
• PPS was designed to carry infrequently changing picture-level header information.
• SPS and PPS infrequently changing information need not to be repeated for each sequence or picture, hence redundant signalling of this information can be avoided.
• SPS and PPS enables out- of-band transmission of the important header information, thus not only avoiding the need for redundant transmissions but also improving error resilience.
• VPS was introduced for carrying sequence-level header information that is common for all layers in multi-layer bitstreams.
• APS was introduced for carrying such picture-level or slice-level information that needs quite some bits to code, can be shared by multiple pictures, and in a sequence there can be quite many different variations.
• Inputs to this process are a bitstream inBitstream, a target OLS index targetOlsIdx, and a target highest Temporalld value tldTarget.
• Output of this process is a sub-bitstream outBitstream.
• the output sub-bitstream is the output of the process specified in this clause with the bitstream, targetOlsIdx equal to an index to the list of OLSs specified by the VPS, and tldTarget equal to any value in the range of 0 to 6, inclusive, as inputs.
• the output sub-bitstream contains at least one VCL NAL unit with nuh layer id equal to each of the nuh layer id values in Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ].
• the output sub-bitstream contains at least one VCL NAL unit with Temporalld equal to tldTarget.
• a conforming bitstream contains one or more coded slice NAL units with Temporalld equal to 0, but does not have to contain coded slice NAL units with nuh_layer_id equal to 0.
• the output sub-bitstream OutBitstream is derived as follows: 1.
• the bitstream outBitstream is set to be identical to the bitstream inBitstream.
• nal unit type is equal to TRAIL NUT, STSA NUT, RADL NUT, or RASL NUT, or nal unit type is equal to GDR NUT and the associated ph_recovery_poc_cnt is not equal to 0.
• nuh layer id is equal to Lay erldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ][j ] for a value of j in the range of 0 to NumLayersIn01s[ targetOlsIdx ] - 1 inclusive.
• outBitstream contains SEI NAL units that contain a scalable nesting SEI message with sn ols flag equal to 1 and are applicable to outBitstream (Nesting01sldx[ i ] is equal to targetOlsIdx), the following applies:
• tldTarget In the conditions under which an output sub-bitstream is required to be a conforming bitstream, the value of tldTarget is said to be in the range of 0 to 6, inclusive. However, in many bitstreams, the highest Temporalld value is less than 6, and that value is specified by the syntax element vps max sublayers minusl.
• An access unit delimiter (AUD) NAL unit when present, can have any nuh_layer_id value.
• step 3 of the sub-bitstream extraction process would remove the AUD NAL units for which the nuh layer id values are not included in the list Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ].)
• Some SEI NAL units contain a scalable nesting SEI message with sn ols flag equal to 0 while the applicable layers as indicted in the scalable nesting SEI message does not included any layer in the target OLS, i.e., none of the applicable layers' nuh layer id values is not included in the list Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ].
• These SEI NAL units should also be removed.
• step 6 i.e., "When Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ] does not include all values of nuh layer id in all NAL units in the bitstream" has the following two issues. a. The condition does not work for cases when DCI, VPS, AUD, or EOB NAL units are present and have nuh layer id not equal to any of the nuh layer id values of the VCL NAL units. b. The phrase "the bitstream" is not clear, as there are two bitstreams involved in the context, inBitstream and outBitstream.
• Step 6.c would extract scalable-nested SEI messages, to generate non-scalable-nested SEI messages, from scalable nesting SEI messages with both sn ols flag equal to 1 and sn subpic flag equal to 1, while such scalable-nested SEI messages only apple to specific subpictures and thus should not be extracted.
• step 6.c when multiple scalable-nested SEI messages are extracted from one SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA to be non-scalable-nested SEI messages, they should still be included in one SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitB, and the SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitB should be included in the same PU that contained the SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA.
• Step 6.c should remove, from outBitstream, all SEI NAL units from which some SEI messages have been extracted and included as non-scalable-nested SEI messages. However, this is not specified.
• nal unit type is equal to TRAIL NUT, STSA NUT, RADL NUT, or RASL NUT, or nal unit type is equal to GDR NUT and the associated ph recovery poc cnt is greater than 0, and b) Temporalld is greater than or equal to NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ targetOlsIdx ][ GeneralLayerIdx[ nuh layer id ] ], the step also removes the associated SEI NAL units containing SEI messages other than the BP, PT, or DUI SEI messages. However, some of those SEI messages removed may apply to OLSs or layers that contain pictures remaining in the output bitstream.
• the subpicture level information SEI messages when present, apply to OLSs, like the other HRD-related SEI messages, i.e., BP, PT, DUI SEI messages.
• LayerldlnOlsf targetOlsIdx does not include all values of nuh layer id in all NAL units in the bitstream
• SEI NAL units that contain a non-scalable-nested SEI message with payloadType equal to 203 i.e., subpicture level information SEI message
• the last step that makes scalable-nested SEI messages to be non-scalable-nested SEI messages has the following issues: a. SEI messages in the case with sn ols flag equal to 0 and sn subpic flag equal to 0 are not covered. b. Where the resulting non-scalable-nested SEI messages should be placed (in which SEI NAL unit, where the SEI NAL unit should be) in the output bitstream is unspecified.
• the conditions under which an output sub-bitstream is required to be a conforming bitstream is specified such that the value of tldTarget is specified be in the range of 0 to vps max sublayers minusl, inclusive. a.
• the conditions under which an output sub-bitstream is required to be a conforming bitstream is specified such that the value of tldTarget is specified be in the range of 0 to vps max sublayers minusl, inclusive, when there is more than one layer in the input bitstream, and specified be in the range ofO to sps max sublayers minusl, inclusive, when there is only one layer in the input bitstream.
• the general sub-bitstream extraction process is specified such that AUD NAL units are treated in the same manner as NAL units with nal unit type equal to VPS NUT, DCI NUT, or EOB NUT. In other words, no AUD NAL unit is removed from the output bitstream outBitstream according to the nuh layer id value.
• the general sub-bitstream extraction process is specified such that it would remove, the output bitstream outBitstream, SEI NAL units that contain a scalable nesting SEI message with sn ols flag equal to 0 while the applicable layers as indicted in the scalable nesting SEI message does not included any layer in the target OLS. a.
• the general sub-bitstream extraction process is specified such that it only extracts scalable-nested SEI messages from scalable nesting SEI messages with both sn ols flag equal to 1 and sn subpic flag equal to 0 to generate non-scalable-nested SEI messages.
• the general sub-bitstream extraction process is specified such that, when multiple scalable-nested SEI messages are extracted from one SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA to be non-scalable-nested SEI messages, they are still included in one SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitB in the output bitstream outBitstream, and the SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitB is included in the PU that contained the SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA.
• the general sub-bitstream extraction process is specified such that it removes, from the output bitstream outBitstream, all SEI NAL units from which some SEI messages have been extracted and included as non-scalable-nested SEI messages.
• a. Alternatively, when the scalable-nested SEI messages in such an SEI NAL unit apply only to the target OLS (i.e., the targetOlsIdx-th OLS specified by the VPS), remove the SEI NAL unit from outBitstream. b.
• the flag gen eral _sam e pic ti m i ng_i n_al 1 _ol s fl ag specifies whether non-scalable-nested PT and DUI SEI messages apply to all OLSs.
• the flag gen eral _sam e_pi c ti m i ng_i n_al 1 _ol s fl ag specifies whether non-scalable-nested BP, PT, and DUI SEI messages apply to all OLSs.
• the flag general_same_pic_timing_in_all_ols_flag is renamed to be flag general sam e_pi c l evel hrd i nfo i n_al l_ol s fl ag, which specifies whether non-scalable-nested BP, PT, and DUI SEI messages apply to all OLSs.
• a new flag e.g., named general_same_dui_in_all_ols_flag, is added, to specify whether non-scalable-nested DUI SEI messages apply to all OLSs.
• a new flag e.g., named general_same_bp_in_all_ols_flag, is added, to specify whether non-scalable-nested BP SEI messages apply to all OLSs.
• a new flag e.g., named general_same_bp_in_all_ols_flag
• nal unit type is equal to TRAIL NUT, STSA NUT, RADL NUT, or RASL NUT
• nal unit type is equal to GDR NUT and the associated ph recovery poc cnt is greater than 0
• Temporalld is greater than or equal to NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ targetOlsIdx ][ GeneralLayerIdx[ nuh layer id ] ], instead of removing the associated SEI NAL units containing SEI messages other than the BP, PT, or DUI SEI messages, remove
• the outBitstream contains an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA that contains a scalable nesting SEI message with sn subpic flag equal to 0 that applies to the OLSs (when sn ols flag is equal to 1) or the layers (when sn ols flag is equal to 0) that have the same set of layers as in outBitstream, perform one or more of the following: a. Generate a new SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitB. b.
• seiNalUnitB in the PU containing seiNalUnitA.
• seiNalUnitB in the PU containing seiNalUnitA immediately after seiNalUnitA.
• d Extract the scalable-nested SEI messages from the scalable nesting SEI message and include them directly in seiNalUnitB (as non-scalable-nested SEI messages).
• e Remove seiNalUnitA from outBitstream.
• This embodiment is for items 1, 2, 3, 3.a, 4, 5, 6, 7.b, and 8.
• Inputs to this process are a bitstream inBitstream, a target OLS index targetOlsIdx, and a target highest Temporalld value tldTarget.
• Output of this process is a sub-bitstream outBitstream.
• the output sub-bitstream is the output of the process specified in this clause with the bitstream, targetOlsIdx equal to an index to the list of OLSs specified by the VPS, and tldTarget equal to any value in the range of 0 to vps_max_sublayers_minusl , inclusive, as inputs.
• the output sub-bitstream contains at least one VCL NAL unit with nuh layer id equal to each of the nuh layer id values in Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ].
• the output sub-bitstream contains at least one VCL NAL unit with Temporalld equal to tldTarget.
• a conforming bitstream contains one or more coded slice NAL units with Temporalld equal to 0, but does not have to contain coded slice NAL units with nuh_layer_id equal to 0.
• the output sub-bitstream OutBitstream is derived by applying the following ordered steps.
• bitstream outBitstream is set to be identical to the bitstream inBitstream.
• VCL NAL units Remove from outBitstream all VCL NAL units for which all of the following conditions are true, and also remove from outBitstream these VCL NAL units' associated non-VCL NAL units that have nal unit type equal to PH NUT or FD NUT, or have nal_unit_type equal to SUFFIX SEI NUT or PREFIX SEI NUT and contain SEI messages with payloadType not equal to 0 (BP), 1 (PT), 130 (DUI), or 133 (scalable nesting) : nal unit type is equal to TRAIL NUT, STSA NUT, RADL NUT, or RASL NUT, or nal unit type is equal to GDR NUT and the associated ph_recovery_poc_cnt is not equal to 0.
• nuh layer id is equal to Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ][ j ] for a value of j in the range of 0 to NuiuLayersIn01s[ targetOlsIdx ] - 1 inclusive. ]]
• Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ] does not include all values of nuh layer id in all VCL NAL units in the bitstream inBitstream, the following applies in the order listed. a.
• outBitstream contains SEI NAL units that contain a scalable nesting SEI message with sn ols flag equal to 1 and sn subpic Jlag equal to 0 that applies to the targetOlsIdx-th OLS (i.e., there is at least one value of i in the range of 0 to sn num olss minusl, inclusive, such that Nesting01sldx[ i ] is equal to targetOlsIdx), the following applies in the order listed. i.
• each scalable-nested BP or DUI SEI message in such an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA For each scalable-nested BP or DUI SEI message in such an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA, generate a non-scalable-nested SEI message with the same payloadType and SEI payload and include it in an SEI NAL unit in the PU containing seiNalUnitA in outBitstream.
• general_same_pic_timing_in_all_ols_flag is equal to 0
• for each scalable-nested PT SEI message in such an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA generate a non-scalable-nested SEI message with the same SEI payload and include it in an SEI NAL unit in the PU containing seiNalUnitA in outBitstream.
• an SEI NAL unit contains a non-scalable-nested BP SEI message, a non-scalable-nested PT SEI message, or a non-scalable-nested DUI SEI message
• the SEI NAL unit shall not contain any other SEI message with payloadType not equal to 0 (BP), 1 (PT), or 130 (DUI).
• the SEI NAL unit shall not contain any other SEI message with payloadType not equal to 0 (BP), 1 (PT), 130 (DUI) or 133 (scalable nesting).
• the SEI NAL unit shall not contain an SEI message with payloadType not equal to 0 (BP), 1 (PT), 130 (DUI), or 133 (scalable nesting).
• This embodiment is for items 10 to 12, inclusive, with changes relative to the embodiment 1 text above marked with highlights.
• Inputs to this process are a bitstream inBitstream, a target OLS index targetOlsIdx, and a target highest Temporalld value tldTarget.
• Output of this process is a sub-bitstream outBitstream.
• the OLS with OLS index targetOlsIdx is referred to as the target OLS.
• the output sub-bitstream is the output of the process specified in this clause with the bitstream, targetOlsIdx equal to an index to the list of OLSs specified by the VPS, and tldTarget equal to any value in the range of 0 to vps max sublayers minusl, inclusive, as inputs.
• the output sub-bitstream contains at least one VCL NAL unit with nuh layer id equal to each of the nuh layer id values in Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ].
• the output sub-bitstream contains at least one VCL NAL unit with Temporalld equal to tldTarget.
• a conforming bitstream contains one or more coded slice NAL units with Temporalld equal to 0, but does not have to contain coded slice NAL units with nuh_layer_id equal to 0.
• the output sub-bitstream OutBitstream is derived by applying the following ordered steps:
• bitstream outBitstream is set to be identical to the bitstream inBitstream.
• nal unit type is equal to TRAIL NUT, STSA NUT, RADL NUT, or RASL NUT, or nal unit type is equal to GDR NUT and the associated ph_recovery_poc_cnt is greater than [[not equal]] to 0.
• Temporalld is greater than or equal to
• outBitstream contains an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA that contains a scalable nesting SEI message with sn_subpic Jlag equal to 0 that applies to the OLSs (when sn_ols Jlag is equal to 1) or the layers (when sn_ols Jlag is equal to 0) that have the same set of layers as in outBitstream, generate a new SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitB, include it in the PU containing seiNalUnitA immediately after seiNalUnitA, extract the scalable-nested SEI messages from the scalable nesting SEI message and include them directly in seiNalUnitB (as non-scalable-nested SEI messages), and remove seiNalUnitA from outBitstream.
• outBitstream contains SEI NAL units that contain a scalable nesting SEI message with sn ols flag equal to 1 and sn subpic flag equal to 0 that applies to the targetOlsIdx-th OLS (i.e., there is at least one value of i in the range of 0 to sn num olss minusl, inclusive, such that Nesting01sldx[ i ] is equal to targetOlsIdx), the following applies in the order listed: i.
• each scalable-nested BP or DUI SEI message in such an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA For each scalable-nested BP or DUI SEI message in such an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA, generate a non-scalable-nested SEI message with the same payloadType and SEI payload and include it in an SEI NAL unit in the PU containing seiNalUnitA in outBitstream.
• general_same_pic_timing_in_all_ols_flag is equal to 0
• for each scalable-nested PT SEI message in such an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA generate a non-scalable-nested SEI message with the same SEI payload and include it in an SEI NAL unit in the PU containing seiNalUnitA in outBitstream.
• non-scalable-nested SEI messages are included in one SEI NAL unit.
• there is no OLS other than the target OLS in the OLSs to which the scalable-nested SEI messages in such an SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA apply, that contains layers that are all included in the list Layerldln01s[ targetOlsIdx ], remove the SEI NAL unit seiNalUnitA from outBitstream. ]]
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example video processing system 1900 in which various techniques disclosed herein may be implemented.
• the system 1900 may include input 1902 for receiving video content.
• the video content may be received in a raw or uncompressed format, e.g., 8 or 10 bit multi-component pixel values, or may be in a compressed or encoded format.
• the input 1902 may represent a network interface, a peripheral bus interface, or a storage interface. Examples of network interface include wired interfaces such as Ethernet, passive optical network (PON), etc. and wireless interfaces such as Wi-Fi or cellular interfaces.
• the system 1900 may include a coding component 1904 that may implement the various coding or encoding methods described in the present document.
• the coding component 1904 may reduce the average bitrate of video from the input 1902 to the output of the coding component 1904 to produce a coded representation of the video.
• the coding techniques are therefore sometimes called video compression or video transcoding techniques.
• the output of the coding component 1904 may be either stored, or transmitted via a communication connected, as represented by the component 1906.
• the stored or communicated bitstream (or coded) representation of the video received at the input 1902 may be used by the component 1908 for generating pixel values or displayable video that is sent to a display interface 1910.
• the process of generating user-viewable video from the bitstream representation is sometimes called video decompression.
• certain video processing operations are referred to as “coding” operations or tools, it will be appreciated that the coding tools or operations are used at an encoder and corresponding decoding tools or operations that reverse the results of the coding will be performed by
• Examples of a peripheral bus interface or a display interface may include universal serial bus (USB) or high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) or Displayport, and so on.
• Examples of storage interfaces include SATA (serial advanced technology attachment), PCI, IDE interface, and the like.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus 3600.
• the apparatus 3600 may be used to implement one or more of the methods described herein.
• the apparatus 3600 may be embodied in a smartphone, tablet, computer, Internet of Things (IoT) receiver, and so on.
• the apparatus 3600 may include one or more processors 3602, one or more memories 3604 and video processing hardware 3606.
• the processor(s) 3602 may be configured to implement one or more methods described in the present document.
• the memory (memories) 3604 may be used for storing data and code used for implementing the methods and techniques described herein.
• the video processing hardware 3606 may be used to implement, in hardware circuitry, some techniques described in the present document.
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates an example video coding system 100 that may utilize the techniques of this disclosure.
• video coding system 100 may include a source device 110 and a destination device 120.
• Source device 110 generates encoded video data which may be referred to as a video encoding device.
• Destination device 120 may decode the encoded video data generated by source device 110 which may be referred to as a video decoding device.
• Source device 110 may include a video source 112, a video encoder 114, and an input/output (EO) interface 116.
• EO input/output
• Video source 112 may include a source such as a video capture device, an interface to receive video data from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphics system for generating video data, or a combination of such sources.
• the video data may comprise one or more pictures.
• Video encoder 114 encodes the video data from video source 112 to generate a bitstream.
• the bitstream may include a sequence of bits that form a coded representation of the video data.
• the bitstream may include coded pictures and associated data.
• the coded picture is a coded representation of a picture.
• the associated data may include sequence parameter sets, picture parameter sets, and other syntax structures.
• I/O interface 116 may include a modulator/demodulator (modem) and/or a transmitter.
• modem modulator/demodulator
• the encoded video data may be transmitted directly to destination device 120 via I/O interface 116 through network 130a.
• the encoded video data may also be stored onto a storage medium/server 130b for access by destination device 120.
• Destination device 120 may include an I/O interface 126, a video decoder 124, and a display device 122.
• I/O interface 126 may include a receiver and/or a modem. I/O interface 126 may acquire encoded video data from the source device 110 or the storage medium/ server 130b. Video decoder 124 may decode the encoded video data. Display device 122 may display the decoded video data to a user. Display device 122 may be integrated with the destination device 120, or may be external to destination device 120 which be configured to interface with an external display device.
• Video encoder 114 and video decoder 124 may operate according to a video compression standard, such as the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard and other current and/or further standards.
• HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding
• VVC Versatile Video Coding
• FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder 200, which may be video encoder 114 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 4.
• Video encoder 200 may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques of this disclosure.
• video encoder 200 includes a plurality of functional components. The techniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of video encoder 200.
• a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure.
• the functional components of video encoder 200 may include a partition unit 201, a predication unit 202 which may include a mode select unit 203, a motion estimation unit 204, a motion compensation unit 205 and an intra prediction unit 206, a residual generation unit 207, a transform unit 208, a quantization unit 209, an inverse quantization unit 210, an inverse transform unit 211, a reconstruction unit 212, a buffer 213, and an entropy encoding unit 214.
• video encoder 200 may include more, fewer, or different functional components.
• predication unit 202 may include an intra block copy (IBC) unit. The IBC unit may perform predication in an IBC mode in which at least one reference picture is a picture where the current video block is located.
• IBC intra block copy
• motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may be highly integrated, but are represented in the example of FIG. 5 separately for purposes of explanation.
• Partition unit 201 may partition a picture into one or more video blocks.
• Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support various video block sizes.
• Mode select unit 203 may select one of the coding modes, intra or inter, e.g., based on error results, and provide the resulting intra- or inter-coded block to a residual generation unit 207 to generate residual block data and to a reconstruction unit 212 to reconstruct the encoded block for use as a reference picture.
• Mode select unit 203 may select a combination of intra and inter predication (CUP) mode in which the predication is based on an inter predication signal and an intra predication signal.
• Mode select unit 203 may also select a resolution for a motion vector (e.g., a sub-pixel or integer pixel precision) for the block in the case of inter predication.
• a motion vector e.g., a sub-pixel or integer pixel precision
• motion estimation unit 204 may generate motion information for the current video block by comparing one or more reference frames from buffer 213 to the current video block.
• Motion compensation unit 205 may determine a predicted video block for the current video block based on the motion information and decoded samples of pictures from buffer 213 other than the picture associated with the current video block.
• Motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may perform different operations for a current video block, for example, depending on whether the current video block is in an I slice, a P slice, or a B slice.
• motion estimation unit 204 may perform uni-directional prediction for the current video block, and motion estimation unit 204 may search reference pictures of list 0 or list 1 for a reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate a reference index that indicates the reference picture in list 0 or list 1 that contains the reference video block and a motion vector that indicates a spatial displacement between the current video block and the reference video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference index, a prediction direction indicator, and the motion vector as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of the current block based on the reference video block indicated by the motion information of the current video block.
• motion estimation unit 204 may perform bi-directional prediction for the current video block, motion estimation unit 204 may search the reference pictures in list 0 for a reference video block for the current video block and may also search the reference pictures in list 1 for another reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate reference indexes that indicate the reference pictures in list 0 and list 1 containing the reference video blocks and motion vectors that indicate spatial displacements between the reference video blocks and the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference indexes and the motion vectors of the current video block as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of the current video block based on the reference video blocks indicated by the motion information of the current video block.
• motion estimation unit 204 may output a full set of motion information for decoding processing of a decoder.
• motion estimation unit 204 may do not output a full set of motion information for the current video. Rather, motion estimation unit 204 may signal the motion information of the current video block with reference to the motion information of another video block. For example, motion estimation unit 204 may determine that the motion information of the current video block is sufficiently similar to the motion information of a neighboring video block. [0059] In one example, motion estimation unit 204 may indicate, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, a value that indicates to the video decoder 300 that the current video block has the same motion information as the another video block.
• motion estimation unit 204 may identify, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, another video block and a motion vector difference (MVD).
• the motion vector difference indicates a difference between the motion vector of the current video block and the motion vector of the indicated video block.
• the video decoder 300 may use the motion vector of the indicated video block and the motion vector difference to determine the motion vector of the current video block.
• video encoder 200 may predictively signal the motion vector. Two examples of predictive signaling techniques that may be implemented by video encoder 200 include advanced motion vector predication (AMVP) and merge mode signaling.
• AMVP advanced motion vector predication
• merge mode signaling merge mode signaling
• Intra prediction unit 206 may perform intra prediction on the current video block. When intra prediction unit 206 performs intra prediction on the current video block, intra prediction unit 206 may generate prediction data for the current video block based on decoded samples of other video blocks in the same picture.
• the prediction data for the current video block may include a predicted video block and various syntax elements.
• Residual generation unit 207 may generate residual data for the current video block by subtracting (e.g., indicated by the minus sign) the predicted video block(s) of the current video block from the current video block.
• the residual data of the current video block may include residual video blocks that correspond to different sample components of the samples in the current video block.
• residual generation unit 207 may not perform the subtracting operation.
• Transform processing unit 208 may generate one or more transform coefficient video blocks for the current video block by applying one or more transforms to a residual video block associated with the current video block.
• quantization unit 209 may quantize the transform coefficient video block associated with the current video block based on one or more quantization parameter (QP) values associated with the current video block.
• QP quantization parameter
• Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform unit 211 may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to the transform coefficient video block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual video block from the transform coefficient video block.
• Reconstruction unit 212 may add the reconstructed residual video block to corresponding samples from one or more predicted video blocks generated by the predication unit 202 to produce a reconstructed video block associated with the current block for storage in the buffer 213.
• Entropy encoding unit 214 may receive data from other functional components of the video encoder 200. When entropy encoding unit 214 receives the data, entropy encoding unit 214 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations to generate entropy encoded data and output a bitstream that includes the entropy encoded data.
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video decoder 300 which may be video decoder 114 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 4.
• the video decoder 300 may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques of this disclosure.
• the video decoder 300 includes a plurality of functional components.
• the techniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of the video decoder 300.
• a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure.
• video decoder 300 includes an entropy decoding unit 301, a motion compensation unit 302, an intra prediction unit 303, an inverse quantization unit 304, an inverse transformation unit 305 , and a reconstruction unit 306 and a buffer 307.
• Video decoder 300 may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 200 (FIG. 5).
• Entropy decoding unit 301 may retrieve an encoded bitstream.
• the encoded bitstream may include entropy coded video data (e.g., encoded blocks of video data).
• Entropy decoding unit 301 may decode the entropy coded video data, and from the entropy decoded video data, motion compensation unit 302 may determine motion information including motion vectors, motion vector precision, reference picture list indexes, and other motion information. Motion compensation unit 302 may, for example, determine such information by performing the AMVP and merge mode.
• Motion compensation unit 302 may produce motion compensated blocks, possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters. Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used with sub-pixel precision may be included in the syntax elements.
• Motion compensation unit 302 may use interpolation filters as used by video encoder 20 during encoding of the video block to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Motion compensation unit 302 may determine the interpolation filters used by video encoder 200 according to received syntax information and use the interpolation filters to produce predictive blocks. [0076] Motion compensation unit 302 may uses some of the syntax information to determine sizes of blocks used to encode frame(s) and/or slice(s) of the encoded video sequence, partition information that describes how each macroblock of a picture of the encoded video sequence is partitioned, modes indicating how each partition is encoded, one or more reference frames (and reference frame lists) for each inter-encoded block, and other information to decode the encoded video sequence.
• Intra prediction unit 303 may use intra prediction modes for example received in the bitstream to form a prediction block from spatially adjacent blocks.
• Inverse quantization unit 303 inverse quantizes, i.e., de-quantizes, the quantized video block coefficients provided in the bitstream and decoded by entropy decoding unit 301.
• Inverse transform unit 303 applies an inverse transform.
• Reconstruction unit 306 may sum the residual blocks with the corresponding prediction blocks generated by motion compensation unit 202 or intra-prediction unit 303 to form decoded blocks. If desired, a deblocking filter may also be applied to filter the decoded blocks in order to remove blockiness artifacts.
• the decoded video blocks are then stored in buffer 307, which provides reference blocks for subsequent motion compensation/intra predication and also produces decoded video for presentation on a display device.
• a method of video processing comprising performing (602) a conversion between a video comprising one or more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein the coded representation conforms to a format rule related to extraction of a sub-bitstream from the coded representation.
• a video processing method comprising: performing a conversion between a video and a coded representation of the video, wherein the coded representation comprises one or more sub- bitstreams; wherein the conversion is performed according to a rule that specifies a relationship between a sub-bitstream extraction process and one or more syntax elements of the coded representation.
• a video decoding apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement a method recited in one or more of solutions 1 to 14.
• a video encoding apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement a method recited in one or more of solutions 1 to 14.
• a computer program product having computer code stored thereon, the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement a method recited in any of solutions 1 to 14.
• a second set of solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 10 and 11).
• a method of processing video data comprising: performing 702 a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream includes network abstraction layer (NAL) units for multiple video layers according to a rule; wherein the rule defines a sub-bitstream extraction process by which NAL units are removed from the bitstream to generate an output bitstream, and wherein the rule specifies to remove all supplemental enhancement information (SEI) NAL units that contain a non-scalable- nested SEI message with a particular payload type, responsive to a list of NAL unit header layer identifier values in an output layer set (OLS) with a target OLS index not including all values of NAL unit header layer identifiers in all video coding layer (VCL) NAL units in the bitstream that is input to the sub-bitstream extraction process.
• SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information
• a method of processing video data comprising: performing a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein the bitstream is separable into one or more sub-bitstreams according to a rule that specifies a sub-bitstream extraction process to generate an output bitstream, and wherein the rule specifies whether or how to remove, based on a type of a video coding layer (VCL) network abstraction layer (NAL) unit and a temporal identifier of a video coding layer associated with the VCL NAL unit, all supplemental enhancement information (SEI) network abstraction layer (NAL) units that contain an SEI message that apply to a picture or a subpicture for which the VCL NAL unit is removed during the sub-bitstream extraction process.
• VCL video coding layer
• NAL network abstraction layer
• [00112] 7 The method of solution 6, wherein the rule specifies to remove all SEI NAL units responsive to (1) the type of the VCL NAL unit equal to TRAIL_NUT, STSA_NUT, RADL_NUT, or RASL NUT, or GDR NUT and (2) the temporal identifier of the video coding layer is greater than or equal to a number of sublayers in the video coding layer in an output layer set.
• a video processing apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement a method recited in any one or more of solutions 1 to 12.
• a method of storing a bitstream of a video comprising, a method recited in any one of solutions 1 to 12, and further including storing the bitstream to a non-transitory computer- readable recording medium.
• a computer readable medium storing program code that, when executed, causes a processor to implement a method recited in any one or more of solutions 1 to 12.
• a computer readable medium that stores a coded representation or a bitstream generated according to any of the above described methods.
• a video processing apparatus for storing a bitstream, wherein the video processing apparatus is configured to implement a method recited in any one or more of solutions 1 to 12.
• a third set of solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 12 and 13).
• a method of processing video data comprising: performing 802 a conversion between a video and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the bitstream includes network abstraction layer (NAL) units for multiple video layers according to a rule; wherein the rule defines that a sub-bitstream extraction process to generate an output bitstream comprising an output layer set (OLS) includes one or more operations that are selectively performed responsive to the following conditions: (1) a list of NAL unit header layer identifier values in the OLS does not includes all values of NAL unit header layer identifiers in all video coding layer (VCL) NAL units in the bitstream, and (2) the output bitstream containing a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) NAL unit that contains a scalable-nesting SEI message.
• NAL network abstraction layer
• [00135] 12 The method of any of solutions 1 to 10, wherein the conversion includes decoding the video from the bitstream.
• a video processing apparatus comprising a processor configured to implement a method recited in any one or more of solutions 1 to 13.
• a method of storing a bitstream of a video comprising, a method recited in any one of solutions 1 to 13, and further including storing the bitstream to a non-transitory computer- readable recording medium.
• a computer readable medium storing program code that, when executed, causes a processor to implement a method recited in any one or more of solutions 1 to 13.
• a computer readable medium that stores a bitstream generated according to any of the above described methods.
• a video processing apparatus for storing a bitstream, wherein the video processing apparatus is configured to implement a method recited in any one or more of solutions 1 to 13.
• the disclosed and other solutions, examples, embodiments, modules and the functional operations described in this document can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this document and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them.
• the disclosed and other embodiments can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.
• the computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more them.
• data processing apparatus encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers.
• the apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them.
• a propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.
• a computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
• a computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system.
• a program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code).
• a computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
• Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random-access memory or both.
• the essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data.
• a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks.
• mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks.
• Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
• the processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

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