WO2021232130A1 - Construção de ácido nucleico, virus influenza recombinante, método para preparar um virus influenza recombinante, composição, e, uso - Google Patents
Construção de ácido nucleico, virus influenza recombinante, método para preparar um virus influenza recombinante, composição, e, uso Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention is positioned in the field of vaccinology, describing a variant of recombinant influenza virus defective for multiplication, applicable to the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against infectious diseases, particularly those caused by the influenza virus, by coronavirus or, still in the field of biomedical research, as a tool to promote the production of immunomodulatory polypeptides in the airways.
- Influenza pandemics are defined by a dramatic global increase in morbidity and mortality due to the emergence of an antigenically novel influenza virus (usually of a new subtype).
- Several factors combine to modulate the severity and extent of the pandemic, including the low degree of immunity in the population, the virulence of the pandemic influenza virus, and the efficiency with which the virus can be transmitted between humans. The latter is generally influenced not only by the characteristics of the virus, but also by population density and ease of travel in and out within a region.
- the virus responsible for the pandemic is, in general, a newly emerged antigenic variant to which the majority of the population has had no previous contact and therefore has little or no immunity.
- the ability to efficiently multiply and be transmitted in humans are prerequisites for the rapid spread of the virus in the population.
- the pandemic can produce waves of disease, with peaks of incidence separated by several weeks to months.
- the relatively rapid onset and spread of pandemic influenza poses several problems for the response to a global health problem of this magnitude and imposes crushing burdens on emergency responders and health care technicians. Rapid identification and response to the emerging pandemic are clearly necessary elements to minimize its impact.
- Several programs are underway around the world to monitor the emerging influenza virus, including avian influenza virus, which causes sporadic but largely lethal infections in humans. This surveillance data is used in conjunction with pre-defined pandemic alert levels to identify threat probability and provide guidance for an effective response.
- Vaccination is the most important public health measure to prevent disease caused by both annual epidemics and influenza pandemics.
- the short response times needed to produce a “pandemic vaccine” do not allow for lengthy research and development processes to provide an effective response.
- the reverse genetics technique allows the rapid expression and recombinant manipulation of RNA viruses in cell culture, for particular application in the production of vaccines.
- the method involves transfecting host cells with one or more expression constructs that encode the viral genome and subsequent rescue of the virus from the host cells.
- W02007 124327 describe a reverse genetics method in which influenza virus genomic RNA is expressed in canine cells using the canine RNA polymerase I (pol I) promoter.
- pol I canine RNA polymerase I
- Other sources have reported the expression of influenza genomic RNA in human cells using the human pol I promoter.
- the document WO2010133964 described a reverse genetics method to produce recombinant influenza virus in host cells using an exogenous pol I promoter, from an organism of distinct taxonomic class (for example, using the human pol I promoter in canine host cells).
- the present invention represents an advantage over the current methodology for producing vaccines against infections caused by the various subtypes of influenza virus.
- the recombinant viruses of the present invention are capable of generating long-lasting heterosubtypic responses, protecting against antigenically distinct influenza viruses even two and a half months after intranasal treatment.
- the technology in question also has the advantage of protecting immunized individuals against secondary bacterial infections, responsible for a large percentage of complicated conditions and deaths in patients infected with the influenza virus. Therefore, vaccines comprising these recombinant viruses, both as immunogens and as an adjuvant, will allow overcoming the problems related to the frequent antigenic incompatibility between the viruses included in the formulation. vaccinate and those circulating in the population, as well as to mitigate problems related to secondary bacterial infections.
- the present invention can be used in the field of biomedical research as a tool to provide the topical expression of immunomodulatory polypeptides in the airways.
- the invention makes it possible to assess the role of said immunomodulatory proteins in the establishment, progression and resolution of inflammatory or infectious processes in the respiratory tract, such as those caused by influenza viruses and coronaviruses.
- Kang et al demonstrate that the intranasal administration of IL-7-Fc is able to promote a favorable immune environment to fight respiratory infections, through the proliferation and activation of leukocytes in the lungs.
- the strategy used by these authors is not capable of generating a memory response, as there is no specific antigenic stimulus and, therefore, there is no activation of cells and transcription factors necessary for cell differentiation to occur.
- APC's antigen-presenting cells
- T and B lymphocytes capable of activating cells of adaptive immunity, such as T and B lymphocytes, responsible for long-term memory immunity
- APC's antigen-presenting cells
- T and B lymphocytes capable of activating cells of adaptive immunity, such as T and B lymphocytes, responsible for long-term memory immunity
- the viral antigenic stimulus is essential for the formation of lymphoid tissues associated with the bronchi and/or nasal region, BALT and NALT respectively, important for the maintenance of memory cells for long periods (Onodera T, et al. Memory B cells in the lung participate in protective humoral immune responses to pulmonary influenza viral reinfection. PNAS 2012; 109(7):2485—2490).
- mice it is considered that the definition of immunological memory is that measured after 50 days after inoculation (Hye Mee Joo et al. Broad dispersion and lung localization of virus-specific memory B cells induced by influenza pneumonia; Primary and long-term B-cell responses in the upper airway and lung after influenza A viral infection. PNAS 2008, 105 (9) 3485-3490).
- the duration of immunity in humans with that evaluated in the animal model (mouse), mainly considering the differences in life span and cell population/phenotype between them, which interfere in the kinetics and duration of the immune response (Boyden, AW, Frickman, AM, Legge, KL et al.
- the favorable duration of the heterosubtypic vaccine response in humans for the development of an influenza vaccine should be at least 2-4 months, in order to ensure greater protection during the season of increased virus circulation, which occurs right after the vaccination campaigns.
- the carrying of the immunomodulatory protein 11-7 by an influenza virus enables the production of said protein directly in the infected cells, in a transient and localized manner, resulting in the generation of a heterosubtypic memory immune response.
- the protection obtained in the present invention is maintained even when the challenge with the virus is carried out two and a half months after intranasal inoculation, demonstrating that there is induction of immunological memory.
- FluIL-7 virus was shown to be safe and incapable of causing disease in inoculated mice, there is no need for revaccination and heterosubtypic protection was observed at later times (30 and 60 days after immunization) than the studies mentioned above. [0017] Finally, it is of great relevance the fact that immunization with influenza virus encoding IL-7 was able to provide protection against secondary bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Secondary bacterial infections, especially those caused by S. pneumoniae, are responsible for the most serious complications of influenza, resulting in a worse prognosis, especially in children and the elderly. Another striking aspect of the present invention is the performance of immunomodulatory proteins in inflammatory or infectious processes caused by coronaviruses.
- the invention is, at its essence, a replication-defective recombinant influenza virus that expresses an immunomodulatory protein.
- said immunomodulatory protein may be a chemokine or a cytokine.
- said protein is a cytokine of the interleukin class, particularly interleukin 7 (IL-7).
- the recombinant influenza virus is obtained from a nucleic acid construct comprising a neuraminidase (NA) gene truncated by the removal of its medial portion and in which the sequence encoding the immunomodulatory protein.
- NA neuraminidase
- the nucleic acid construct further comprises a heterologous promoter region and a terminator region.
- said promoter region is the promoter region of human RNA Polymerase I (Pol I).
- nucleic acids dealt with in the invention is that described by SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to plasmid pPRNA 166x178.
- the nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises the terminator sequence of the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme; followed by (i) a truncated human Pol I promoter; (ii) coding sequence of the first 166 nucleotides of the neuraminidase, in which all ATG breaks were mutated; (iii) sequence encoding the last 178 nucleotides of neuraminidase (iv) neuraminidase 3'promoter; (v) repetition of the last 42 nucleotides of the neuraminidase ORF; and (vi) truncated human RNA Pol I promoter; wherein a sequence encoding an immunomodulatory protein is inserted between the first 166 and the last 178 nucleotides of the neuraminidase.
- Another embodiment of the invention provides for a recombinant influenza virus comprising a truncated neuraminidase gene, in which the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the gene of an immunomodulatory protein has been inserted.
- nucleotides corresponding to the 3' and 5' portions of the neuraminidase gene flank the gene encoding an immunomodulatory protein of SEQ ID NOs: 6 or 7.
- a further embodiment comprises a method for preparing a recombinant influenza virus which, in turn, comprises the steps of (i) preparing the nucleic acid construct comprising the truncated neuraminidase gene and the immunomodulatory protein gene; (ii) exposing host cells, concomitantly, to the construction of step (i) and to one or more plasmids encoding the NP, PA, PB1, PB2, M1, NS and HA segments of the influenza virus; (iii) recovering recombinant influenza virus from the supernatant.
- said plasmids from step (ii) above encode cDNA encoding at least seven viral RNA segments from influenza virus A/PR8/34 (PR8).
- said plasmids from step (ii) above encode the minimum number of viral RNA segments necessary for the synthesis of viral particles.
- the said minimum number being viral RNA segments at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6 or at least 7.
- the method of preparing the recombinant influenza virus comprises the additional steps of infecting a substrate with the recombinant influenza virus recovered in step (iii) above and purifying the virus from the substrate.
- Another embodiment of the invention relates to an immunogenic composition
- an immunogenic composition comprising the recombinant influenza virus and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- Said immunogenic composition is, in an alternative modality, capable of inducing long-term heterosubtypic immune response. Furthermore, such composition is preferably administered by the intranasal route. [0034] Finally, the invention also includes the use of influenza virus to prepare an immunogenic composition to prevent or treat infections caused by influenza virus, coronavirus and secondary bacterial infections, to be used as an adjuvant in vaccines, or as a tool to provide the topical expression of immunomodulatory polypeptides in the airways.
- FIGURE 1 Schematic representation of the construction of plasmid pPRNA 166x178 and pPRNA166-IL-7-178
- Plasmid pPRNA 166x178 is derived from plasmid pPR-NA, which contains the cDNA of the complete segment of NA in negative orientation under the control of the truncated human polymerase I promoter and the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme.
- To obtain pPRNA166xl78 an additional 3' promoter and an Xhol/Nhel cloning site were first introduced in this plasmid.
- the last 42 nucleotides of the NA ORF (open square) were then duplicated, to preserve the integrity of the 5' end of the neuraminidase over its last 70 nucleotides, resulting in plasmid pPR- NA38.
- the NA targeting occurred by replacing the ORF present in the plasmid by the first 169 nucleotides and the last 178 nucleotides of the NA segment, flanking the multiple cloning site and removing nucleotides 170-1232.
- the first 166 nucleotides of the NA were then replaced by a sequence containing all of the ATG breaks (nucleotides 20-22; 62-64; 115-117; 163-165) mutated to the CTA break.
- pPRNA166-IL-7-178 was obtained by cloning the heterologous sequence of murine interleukin 7 (IL-7), constructed as a synthetic gene using the corresponding cDNA sequence, in the cloning site recognized by Xhol/Nhel restriction enzymes.
- IL-7 murine interleukin 7
- FIGURE 2 Reverse genetics of influenza virus. Recombinant viruses were obtained by reverse genetics according to the methodology described by Kawaoka et al. (Fujii Y, Goto H, Watanabe T, Yoshida T, Kawaoka Y. Proc Natl Acad Sei US A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):2002- 7), with modifications.
- co-cultures of HEK 293T and MDCK cells were co-transfected with the plasmid encoding a segment of recombinant NA containing or not IL-7 (pPRNA166-IL -7-178 and pPRNA166xl78, respectively) and seven other plasmids encoding the other segments of the PR8 influenza virus (NP, PA, PB1, PB2, M1, NS and HA).
- FIGURE 3 Characterization of recombinant influenza viruses carrying the interleukin 7 gene in cell culture.
- Recombinant influenza viruses defective for multiplication carrying the murine IL-7 sequence (Flu-IL7), constructed by reverse genetics, were evaluated for their ability to produce IL-7 in cell culture.
- Flu-IL7 murine IL-7 sequence
- results are represented in bar graphs, where the means and standard error of the mean cytokine production at each time are plotted. The times evaluated in hours are represented on the x-axis and the cytokine production in pg/ml on the y-axis.
- FIGURE 4 Kinetics of IL-7 cytokine production in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) of infected mice.
- C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized and inoculated with different doses of recombinant virus Flu-IL7 (10 2 -10 4 pfu/animal via intranasal route) or Flu-CT (10 4 pfu/animal via intranasal route) in 25 m ⁇ of PBS. Animals from the mock group were inoculated with only 25 m ⁇ of PBS.
- the animals were euthanized at previously determined times (12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after infection) for the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs and quantification of the cytokine IL-7 by the ELISA technique.
- the results of IL-7 levels (A) in the lungs and (B) in the bronchoalveolar lavage are shown.
- FIGURE 5 Recombinant influenza viruses carrying murine cytokine genes as a tool to assess their role in immunopathogenesis.
- A Mortality assessment. Intranasal inoculum was performed with PBS (Mock), 10 4 PFU (lethal dose) of PR8 or 10 4 PFU of PR8 and Flu-CT or Flu-IL7.
- FIGURE 6 Flu-IL7 recombinant influenza virus and protection against secondary bacterial infections.
- mice Male C57BL/6 mice, aged 8 to 12 weeks, were anesthetized subcutaneously with a mixture of Ketamine (100mg/kg) and Xylazine (10mg/kg) and divided into groups (8 animals) that were immunized intranasally (40m L/animal) with 10 2 PFU/animal PR8 (sublethal dose), PBS lx (Mock) or co-inoculated with 10 2 PFU/animal PR8 and 10 4 PFU/animal Flu-IL-7 or Flu-Ct.
- FIGURE 7 Flu-IL7 recombinant influenza virus as a tool for the development of a vaccine capable of conferring heterosubtypic protection.
- FIGURE 8 Flu-IL7 recombinant influenza virus as a tool for the development of a vaccine capable of inducing long-term memory cells.
- mice under the same immunization schedule were challenged after 4 weeks with a sublethal dose of 10 2 PFU of the H3N2 subtype virus, the mice were followed for a period of 15 days for analysis of weight loss and survival, then they were euthanized and had their lungs collected for different analyses.
- an ex vivo analysis of the phenotypic profile of effector and memory cells in the lungs was performed by flow cytometry, using different panels of biomarkers. Were evaluated different cell subpopulations and memory phenotypes, using different combinations of biomarkers conjugated to fluorochromes.
- T lymphocytes CD3+CD4+ or CD3+CD8+
- T effectors CD44+
- T effector memory CD44+CD62L-CD127+
- T C M T central memory
- T central memory long-lasting CD44+CD62L+CD127+
- TRM T resident memory
- B lymphocytes CD19+
- memory and B cell activation CD62L, CD80, CD27.
- the “Biomarker Signatures” graphs represent the percentage of individuals with cell frequency above or below the global median of the groups.
- the regions highlighted by colors represent the populations that presented a frequency above the global median of the groups in more than 50% of the individuals evaluated (ascending order).
- Statistically significant differences (p ⁇ 0.05) between groups are represented by an asterisk (*).
- the Venn diagram represents the main differences observed within each group and between groups in the “Biomarker Signatures” analysis.
- Statistically significant differences (p ⁇ 0.05) between the FluIL-7and FluCt group are represented by an asterisk (*).
- the increase (p ⁇ 0.05) in the frequency of subpopulations in the PR/8 group compared to both the FluIL-7 and FluCt vaccine groups, are represented by ochtothorpe (#).
- nucleic acid, polynucleotide, polynucleotide sequence refers to single-stranded or double-stranded deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymers or chimeras or analogues thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence of this invention encompasses both degenerate sequences and complementary sequences in addition to the explicitly indicated sequence.
- genes are widely used to refer to any polynucleotide that encodes an instruction relating to a biological function. Generally speaking, genes comprise coding sequences and may also contain non-coding regions, which regulate the expression of the coding portion.
- the term “gene” applies to a specific genomic sequence, a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoded by a genomic sequence, and a complementary DNA (cDNA) to an mRNA.
- mRNA messenger RNA
- cDNA complementary DNA
- the non-coding regions of genes can include one or more segments that, for example, form recognition sequences for other proteins.
- Such non-coding segments include "promoters” and “amplifiers,” for regulatory proteins such as transcription factors to bind, resulting in transcription from adjacent or neighboring sequences.
- Promoter or “promoter sequence” refers to a DNA sequence whose function is to regulate the expression of a gene, initiating the transcription of a nucleic acid sequence to which it is functionally switched on.
- the regulation of gene expression can be determined temporally, spatially and/or physiologically.
- construction denotes a polynucleotide sequence containing at least one gene operably linked to at least one promoter. "By operably linked” it is meant that a promoter is positioned relative to a coding sequence in such a way that the promoter directs or regulates the expression of the nucleic acid. Said construction can be later introduced into an expression vector. Both the construct itself and the expression vector can subsequently be introduced into a host cell to promote the expression of one or more genes.
- An "expression vector” is a vector, such as a plasmid, that is capable of promoting expression, for example, transcription, of a coding polynucleotide sequence incorporated therein.
- Expression vectors can be autonomously replicating or not replicating autonomously.
- the polynucleotide sequence to be expressed is "operably linked" to a promoter and/or enhancer that regulates its transcription.
- the nucleic acid can be incorporated into the genome of the cell (for example, chromosomal DNA , plasmid, plastid, or mitochondrial), converted to an autonomous or transiently expressed replicon (eg, transfected mRNA).
- the term includes such methods as “infection,””transfection,””transformation” and “transduction.”
- a variety of methods can be used to introduce polynucleotides into eukaryotic cells, including electroporation, lipid-mediated transfection (lipofection), microinjection, virus-mediated transfer, etc.
- encode refers to the property of a nucleic acid, for example, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), to transcribe a complementary nucleic acid, including a nucleic acid that can be translated into a polypeptide .
- a DNA can encode a ribonucleic acid (RNA) that is transcribed from that DNA.
- RNA ribonucleic acid
- DNA can encode a polypeptide translated from an RNA transcribed from DNA.
- truncated denotes the interruption of a polynucleotide or polypeptide chain, preventing the expected physiological functioning of said truncated sequence.
- a truncated neuraminidase gene as described herein is a polynucleotide sequence encoding a neuraminidase that has been disrupted by removal of a medial fragment of the native sequence.
- host cell means a cell into which a nucleic acid has been introduced, such as a vector, and also includes the progen of that cell which also contains this nucleic acid.
- Host cells can be prokaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells, or eukaryotic cells, such as, for example, yeast, insect, amphibian, avian or mammalian cells.
- the term "recombinant” indicates that the material (eg, a nucleic acid or protein) has been artificially or synthetically (not naturally) modified by human intervention. Specifically, when referring to a virus, for example an influenza virus, the virus is recombinant when it is produced by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid.
- immunogenic composition denotes a preparation that contains a substance capable of inducing a humoral and/or cellular memory immune response against one or more diseases. so
- the response-inducing substance commonly referred to as the “antigen”
- the causative agent of the disease from which you want to protect.
- immunogenicity The ability of an antigen to induce an immune response is called "immunogenicity".
- immunogenic composition against infections caused by different types of influenza viruses can be produced from structural proteins of the viral (viral) subtype(s) against which protection is desired.
- these vaccines can be produced with intact viruses, however, inactivated or with attenuated infectious capacity.
- the immune response generated by an antigen may be specific for a disease-causing agent or may be capable of conferring protection against more than one agent. Particularly in the case of immunogenic compositions against the influenza virus, each antigen can generate a response against a single viral strain. When a single antigen is capable of generating an immune response against several strains of other influenza virus subtypes, the immune response is then termed “heterosubtypic”.
- heterosubtypic Long-term heterosubtypic response is defined as a response that activates immunological memory, protecting against antigenically distinct influenza viruses 2 months or more after treatment.
- the immune response to an antigen may become more effective when the immunogenic composition contains one or more adjuvants.
- adjuvants are substances of synthetic, organic or inorganic origin, or biological that increase the effectiveness of an immune response when administered together with an antigen.
- immunomodulatory proteins can be part of an immunogenic composition capable of inducing the heterosubtypic immune response of the present invention.
- immunomodulatory protein denotes a polypeptide with regulatory biological activity on the functioning of immune system cells.
- an immunomodulatory protein can be employed to restore the natural balance or to enhance the activity of a patient's immune system.
- the immunomodulatory protein increases the activity of the immune system, contributing to the response generated against the antigen.
- immunomodulatory proteins include chemokines and cytokines such as, for example, MIP-1 (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein), MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein), G-CSF (Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor), GM-CSF (Granulocyte- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ), TNF-a (Tumor Necro sis Factor ), interferons and interleukins.
- Immunogenic compositions may be formulated for any manner of administration including, for example, oral, intranasal or parenteral.
- parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intradermal, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, spinal, intracranial, intrathecal and intraperitoneal injection, as well as any similar injection or infusion technique.
- intranasal administration may be preferred.
- the present invention represents an advance over the state of the art by providing a recombinant influenza virus, defective for multiplication, capable of generating a long-lasting heterosubtypic immune response.
- IL-7 concurrently with exposure to the influenza virus in vivo in an individual confers long-term protection against other subtypes of the aforementioned virus and against secondary bacterial infections, and can also be used in the treatment of infections.
- coronaviruses such as coronaviruses associated with severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2).
- IL-7 The concomitant expression of IL-7 was achieved by introducing a gene encoding such a cytokine between segments encoding the 3' and 5' portions of the viral neuraminidase. Due to the truncation of the neuraminidase gene by removing its medial portion, the recombinant influenza virus became defective for multiplication and, therefore, incapable of multiplying in vivo.
- experiments described herein are representative of a concept encompassing (i) a nucleic acid construct comprising a truncated neuraminidase gene into which the sequence encoding an immunomodulatory protein has been inserted; (ii) a recombinant influenza virus comprising the construction of nucleic acids (i); a method of making recombinant influenza virus; (iii) an immunogenic composition; and (iv) the use of the recombinant influenza virus, as an immunogen or adjuvant, to prepare a vaccine to prevent infections caused by influenza viruses and secondary bacterial infections, or as a tool to promote the topical expression of immunomodulatory polypeptides in the airways. Additionally, the invention also encompasses the use of the recombinant influenza virus in the preparation of a therapeutic vaccine in infections caused by coronaviruses.
- the virus is an influenza virus of type A or B, having viral RNA (vRNA) segments derived from one or more than one precursor virus.
- vRNA viral RNA
- the recombinant influenza virus is a multiplication defective virus.
- the recombinant influenza virus is defective for multiplication in that it has a truncated neuraminidase, which is non-functional. Also, the neuraminidase of the recombinant influenza virus is not functional due to the removal of its medial portion (nucleotides 170-1232).
- the heterologous protein produced by the virus is an immunomodulatory protein.
- said immunomodulatory protein can be a chemokine.
- the immunomodulatory protein can be a cytokine.
- the immunomodulatory protein is an interleukin (IL) such as, for example, IL-15, IL-17, IL-4, IFN-G and particularly IL-7.
- IL interleukin
- the nucleotide sequence encoding IL-7 preferably gives rise to an IL-7 of the same biological origin as the individual who is to be protected or treated from an influenza virus or coronavirus infection.
- the nucleotide sequence encoding IL-7 used in the construction of the invention encodes a human IL-7.
- porcine IL-7 is used for the protection of pigs.
- the application of the described construction is exemplified below using the murine homolog of IL-7, since, in an experimental phase of technology development, its effectiveness was evaluated in a murine model of influenza virus infection.
- Nucleotide sequences encoding human IL-7 or homologs for example, from mouse (murine), swine, equine, rat or rhesus monkey are known to the person skilled in the art. In some species (eg humans and mice), there are reports that the transcript product of the IL-7 gene is subject to alternative post-transcriptional processing (splicing), resulting in more than one variant.
- splicing alternative post-transcriptional processing
- Polypeptides derived from the nucleotide sequences encoding IL-7 are also available in public databases and are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the transcriptional variant 1 of the human IL-7 gene when translated, produces a protein of 177 amino acids, amino acids 1-25 of the N-terminal portion composing a signal peptide that is cleaved during post-processing. protein translation.
- the mature IL-7 polypeptide corresponds to a sequence of 152 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 5).
- nucleotide sequence encoding an immunomodulatory protein can be a sequence encoding any polypeptide capable of, in this case, interacting with and activating the IL-7R.
- the present invention encompasses nucleic acid molecules containing portions encoding an IL-7, wherein said portions are nucleic acid sequences of at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% , 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to the nucleic acid sequences described by SEQ ID NO: 2, 3 or 4 Nucleic acid molecules that are at least 95% identical to that represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 are particularly preferred.
- the invention makes use of nucleic acid sequences encoding an IL-7 that are at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75 %, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6 or 7.
- the nucleotide sequence encoding an immunomodulatory protein is introduced into an expression vector comprising the sequence corresponding to the truncated viral neuraminidase gene.
- the sequence encoding the immunomodulatory protein preferably an IL-7
- the sequence encoding the immunomodulatory protein, preferably an IL-7 is introduced immediately after the 166th nucleotide, 3' -5' sense, of the sequence encoding the neuraminidase.
- the vector encoding the truncated neuraminidase is pPRNA166xl78 (SEQ ID NO: 1).
- This vector contains the ORF of the reported neuraminidase in negative orientation.
- the expression of neuramidase is impossible due to the removal of its medial portion (nucleotides 170-1232) and replacement of all ATG cracks from the first 166 nucleotides to the CTA crack (nucleotides 20-22; 62-64; 115-117; 163- 165).
- nucleotide sequence encoding an immunomodulatory protein preferably an IL-7
- an immunomodulatory protein preferably an IL-7
- the vector pPRNA 166x178 in which a nucleotide sequence encoding an IL-7 was introduced immediately after the 166th nucleotide, 3' -5' sense, of the sequence encoding the neuraminidase of the WSN virus, termed pPRNA166-IL-7-178, corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 9.
- the methods of the invention comprise introducing a plurality of vectors, each of which incorporates a portion of an influenza virus into a population of host cells capable of supporting viral replication.
- Host cells can be cultured under conditions permissible for viral growth, and influenza virus recovered.
- a method of producing recombinant viruses comprising a segmented RNA genome comprises the steps of: a) introducing into one or more expression vectors containing the viral cDNA corresponding to each gene in the viral genome; b) introducing said expression vectors into a host cell or population of host cells; c) incubating said host cells; and d) isolating a population of recombinant influenza virus.
- RNA transcript can be packaged into a defective recombinant influenza virus for multiplication.
- the host cell is selected from the group consisting of Vero cells, Per.C6 cells, BHK cells, PCK cells, MDCK cells, MDBK cells, 293 cells (e.g., HEK 293T cells, and COS cells.
- Vero cells Per.C6 cells
- BHK cells BHK cells
- PCK cells PCK cells
- MDCK cells MDBK cells
- 293 cells e.g., HEK 293T cells, and COS cells
- a population of host cells obtained by co-cultivating a mixture of at least two of these cell lines, e.g., a combination of HEK 293T and MDCK cells is employed.
- expression vectors are transfected into cells by electroporation. In certain embodiments, expression vectors are introduced into cells by transfection into cells in the presence of a liposomal transfection reagent or by precipitation of calcium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the expression vectors are plasmids.
- the expression vectors comprise an expression vector for the expression of all genomic RNA segments necessary for the synthesis of multiplication-deficient viral particles, expression vectors that separately encode each genomic RNA segment necessary for the synthesis of multiplication-deficient viral particles, or the corresponding messenger RNAs.
- expression of each genomic RNA segment or encoded RNA is under the control of a promoter sequence derived from a human Pol I promoter.
- recombinant influenza viruses can be recovered from the culture of host cells that incorporate the influenza genome plasmids.
- the recovery of recombinant viruses involves exposing host cells to cell lysis conditions.
- cell lysis conditions comprise the addition of digestive enzymes and/or a functional exogenous neuraminidase.
- the digestive enzyme can be trypsin and the functional neuraminidase can be derived from Vibrio cholerae.
- the methods may further comprise a step of infecting a substrate with the recovered recombinant influenza virus and purifying the virus from the substrate.
- one or more expression vectors encoding influenza virus viral RNA segments necessary for the synthesis of multiplication-deficient viral particles are transfected into suitable host cells concurrently with the nucleic acid construct of the present invention.
- said expression vectors comprise cDNA encoding the minimum number of viral RNA segments necessary for the synthesis of viral particles.
- expression vectors comprising cDNA encoding at least seven influenza virus viral RNA segments (i.e., NP, PA, PB1, PB2, M1, NS and HA) are transfected into host cells suitable concurrently with the construction of nucleic acids of the present invention.
- influenza virus viral RNA segments i.e., NP, PA, PB1, PB2, M1, NS and HA
- said expression vectors encode cDNA encoding at least seven viral RNA segments of the influenza virus A/PR8/34 (PR8), as described by de Wit et al (de Wit, E . et al. Efficient generation and growth of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 from eight cDNA fragments.
- Virus research v. 103, n. 1-2, p. 155-161, 2004).
- the invention also provides for the use of a virus obtained by the methods of any of the modalities described above to prepare a immunogenic composition to prevent infections caused by influenza viruses and secondary bacterial infections or to treat infections caused by coronaviruses, either as an immunogen or as an adjuvant in combination with another immunogen or drug with antiviral activity.
- a virus obtained by the methods of any of the modalities described above to prepare a immunogenic composition to prevent infections caused by influenza viruses and secondary bacterial infections or to treat infections caused by coronaviruses, either as an immunogen or as an adjuvant in combination with another immunogen or drug with antiviral activity.
- the immunogenic compositions required herein may also include excipients and/or vehicles.
- the vehicle or excipient is the pharmaceutically acceptable one, which, by way of example, but not limited to, may be: sterile water, aqueous saline solution, buffered aqueous saline solutions, aqueous dextrose solutions, aqueous glycerol solutions, ethanol, allantoic fluid from uninfected chicken eggs (ie, normal allantoic fluid “NAF”), or combinations thereof.
- NAF normal allantoic fluid
- the formulation for administering influenza virus or its subunits also contains one or more adjuvants to enhance the immune response to influenza antigens.
- adjuvants known to the person skilled in the art includes: saponin, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, cell surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil or hydrocarbon emulsions, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG ) and Corynebacterium parvum.
- the immunogenic compositions will generally be in aqueous form. However, some compositions may be in dry form and in the form of injectable solids or dry preparations or polymerized into an adhesive. Immunogenic compositions can include preservatives such as thiomersal or 2-phenoxyethanol.
- immunogenic compositions can include one or more buffers.
- Typical buffers include: phosphate buffer, Tris, borate buffer, succinate buffer, histidine buffer (particularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant), or citrate buffer.
- the pH of an immunogenic composition will generally be between 5.0 and 8.1, and more typically between 6.0 and 8.0 e. 6.5 and 7.5, or between 7.0 and 7.8.
- a method of the invention may therefore include a step of adjusting the pH of the bulk immunogenic composition prior to packaging.
- the immunogenic composition can be a therapeutic composition or, alternatively, a prophylactic vaccine systemically administered or used as an immunotherapeutic, for example, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection using a needle and syringe or a needleless injection device.
- the vaccine formulation is administered intranasally, by drops, large particle aerosol (greater than about 10 microns) or spray into the upper respiratory tract.
- influenza viruses of the invention are administered in an amount sufficient to stimulate an immune response specific to one or more influenza virus subtypes.
- administration of influenza virus evokes a protective heterosubtypic immune response.
- the recombinant influenza viruses of the invention can be administered in an amount sufficient to stimulate a therapeutic immune response against infection by Coronavims.
- Plasmid pPRNA 166x178 encodes a truncated segment of the neuraminidase in which all ATG breaks of the first 166 nucleotides of the 3" region (nucleotides 20-22; 62-64; 115-117; 163-165) have been mutated to the crack CTA. This segment is followed by a multiple cloning site and the last 178 nucleotides of the 5" region of the neuraminidase segment.
- the coding sequence of the murine cytokine IL-7 was constructed as a synthetic gene by the company GENSCRIPT (Hong Kong) based on the cDNA sequence, having been optimized for expression in murine cells (SEQ ID NO: 8), without alteration in the amino acids encoded by the sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6).
- the optimized sequence was cloned into plasmid pPR 166x178 at the multiple cloning site, giving rise to vector pPRNA 166-IL-7-178 (SEQ ID NO: 9). This type of construction allows the production of the cytokine IL-7 in its native form within the infected cell, given that the mutations in the neuraminidase segment described above prevent the production of any peptide from this protein.
- Plasmid pPRNA166xl78 was constructed from plasmid pPR-NA.
- pPR-NA is a transfer plasmid containing the cDNA encoding the wild-type segment of the WSN virus neuraminidase. Its construction has been described previously ( Machado, A., N. Naffakh, S. van der Werf, and N. Escrou. 2003. Virology 313:235-249).
- This plasmid contains the neuraminidase segment cloned in negative orientation in transfer plasmid pPR7 between the truncated human polymerase I (pol I) promoter sequence and the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequence. This type of construction allows the synthesis of a synthetic viral RNA molecule in the transfected cells.
- pPR-NA was successively modified to result in plasmid pPRNA 166x178: (i) First, the neuraminidase 3' promoter region was amplified and inserted after the neuraminidase ORF present in the plasmid, together with a multiple cloning site Xhol / Nhe I; (ii) Next, to preserve the integrity of the 5" end of the neuraminidase over its last 70 nucleotides, the last 42 nucleotides of the neuraminidase ORF were amplified and inserted into the 5" end of the neuraminidase already cloned into the plasmid, resulting in the plasmid pPR-NA38 (Vieira Machado A, et al.
- Recombinant influenza viruses were obtained by reverse genetics according to the technique shown in figure 2 and previously described by Kawaoka and collaborators (Fujii Y et al, Selective incorporation of influenza viral RNA segments into virions. Proc Natl Acad Sei US A 2003 Feb 18;100(4): 2002-7).
- DMEM fetal calf serum
- SIGMA TPCK trypsin
- Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase which makes up for the lack of viral neuraminidase, allowing the release of neoformed viral particles.
- Recombinant viruses obtained carrying the IL-7 gene (Flu-IL7) and the respective control virus without IL-7 (Flu-CT) were amplified and purified twice by limiting dilution (highest dilution in which we observed a cytopathic effect) in MDCK cells, before being subjected to a final amplification in this same cell line. All viral stocks thus obtained had their infectious titer determined by lysis plate titration under agarose in MDCK cells. O Recombinant virus genotype was evaluated by PCR and sequencing and did not show any deletion or mutation in the viral genome.
- IL-7 The production of IL-7 in cells infected by the Flu-IL7 virus was evaluated by the ELISA technique.
- MDCK cell monolayers were infected with Flu-IL7 or Flu-CT virus at the multiplicity of infection (M.O.I) of 1/1000.
- Cell culture supernatants were collected at different times after infection. As shown in Figure 3A, it was possible to detect IL-7 production in infected cells from 48 hours after infection; the peak of production of this cytokine was detected 72 hours after infection, being in the order of 800 pg/ml.
- Macrophages play an important role as antigen-presenting cells in the respiratory tract, in addition to producing important inflammatory mediators in antiviral defense.
- murine monocytes present in the bone marrow were differentiated into macrophages and infected with M.O.I 0.1 or 0.01 of recombinant virus, in the presence of neuraminidase.
- IL-7 production in macrophages was detected 24 hours after Flu-IL7 virus infection using 0.1 M.O.I.
- EXAMPLE 2 EVALUATION OF IL-7 PRODUCTION IN MICE INFECTED WITH FLU-IL7 VIRUS
- Male C57BL/6/C mice between 8 and 10 weeks of age were anesthetized and inoculated intranasally with 10 2 , 10 3 or 10 4 Flu-IL7 PFU or 10 4 Flu-CT PFU diluted in 25 ⁇ l PBS.
- the Mock group was inoculated only with PBS.
- the animals were euthanized to collect the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF).
- BALF bronchoalveolar lavage
- the group of animals co-infected with the Flu-IL7 + PR8 viruses showed less total weight loss than the group that received only PR8 (Figure 5B) and less weight loss at specific times with regarding the PR8 group and the group co-infected with Flu-CT + PR8, in addition to having regained initial weight earlier than the animals in the control group (Flu-CT+PR8; Figure 5C).
- our results suggest a protective role for the cytokine IL-7 and demonstrate the viability of the virus we have constructed as a tool to be used in the study of the immunopathogenesis of influenza virus infection.
- EXAMPLE 4 PROTECTION AGAINST SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AFTER IMMUNIZATION WITH THE FLU-IL7 VIRUS
- mice Ten days after infection the mice were challenged with a dose of 10 2 CFU/animal of bacteria (gram-positive) Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype ATCC6303. Forty-eight hours after the challenge, the animals were euthanized and their lungs were collected in a sterile environment to determine the bacterial load by titration on a blood-agar plate. The experiment was carried out in triplicate.
- EXAMPLE 5 FLU-IL7 VIRUS AS A TOOL FOR INDUCTION OF EXPANDED SPECTRUM IMMUNE RESPONSE (HETEROSUBTYPIC RESPONSE)
- mice Male C57BL/6 mice, 8 to 12 weeks old, were anesthetized and immunized with 10 4 PFU of the recombinant virus (Flu-CT or Flu-IL7) or with a sub-lethal dose of 10 2 PFU of the wild-type virus subtype H3N2. About seventy-five days after immunization, when the memory immune response had already been established, the animals were challenged with 5x10 2 PFU of an influenza virus of the H3N2 subtype.
- FluIL-7 Immunization with the FluIL-7 virus confers a more robust heterosubtypic protection in immunized animals, although animals in the control group (FluCt) had a milder disease when compared to the Mock group. IL-7 seems to act by enhancing the establishment of an immunological memory, which results in longer-lasting immunity and greater survival of challenged animals.
- EXAMPLE 6 FLU-IL7 RECOMBINANT INFLUENZA VIRUS AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VACCINE CAPABLE OF INDUCING LONG-TERM MEMORY CELLS.
- mice Male C57BL/6 mice, 8 to 12 weeks old, were anesthetized subcutaneously with a mixture of Ketamine (100mg/kg) and Xylazine (10mg/kg) and divided into groups (6 animals) that were immunized via intranasal (40pL/animal) with 10 4 PFU of FluIL-7 or FluCt or 10 2 PFU of PR/8 (sublethal dose) or PBS 1x (Mock).
- the immunophenotypic profile of lung cells was evaluated 21 days after immunization with the recombinant viruses FluIL-7 or FluCt or with the wild type virus PR/8.
- the previously perfused lungs were subjected to treatment with collagenase type IV (0.5mg/mL) (37°C for 40min) to allow tissue dissociation.
- the organs were then macerated in a cell filter sieve (70pm) with 5mL of RPMI (10% FCS) and the suspension centrifuged at 800xg for 7min at 8°C. The supernatant was discarded and red cell lysis was performed with 9mL H20 type I (20s) under vortexing and isotonicity corrected with 1mL of 10x PBS.
- the cells were subjected to a 40% isotonic Percoll® (Sigma) gradient in RPMI medium.
- T lymphocytes CD3+CD4+ or CD3+CD8+
- T effector CD44+
- T effector memory CD44+CD62L-CD127+
- TCM T central memory
- CD44+CD62L+CD127+ T MCD
- T resident memory CD69+CD103
- B lymphocytes CD19+
- memory and activation of B cells CD62L, CD80, CD27.
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