WO2021227236A1 - 基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法与系统 - Google Patents

基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法与系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021227236A1
WO2021227236A1 PCT/CN2020/101676 CN2020101676W WO2021227236A1 WO 2021227236 A1 WO2021227236 A1 WO 2021227236A1 CN 2020101676 W CN2020101676 W CN 2020101676W WO 2021227236 A1 WO2021227236 A1 WO 2021227236A1
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Prior art keywords
receiving station
tunnel
wave
seismic
shield machine
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PCT/CN2020/101676
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English (en)
French (fr)
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李术才
刘斌
许新骥
陈磊
王建森
付超
任玉晓
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山东大学
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Priority to DE112020000454.6T priority Critical patent/DE112020000454T5/de
Priority to US17/430,545 priority patent/US11644590B2/en
Publication of WO2021227236A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021227236A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/288—Event detection in seismic signals, e.g. microseismics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/282—Application of seismic models, synthetic seismograms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/284—Application of the shear wave component and/or several components of the seismic signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/30—Analysis
    • G01V1/301—Analysis for determining seismic cross-sections or geostructures
    • G01V1/302—Analysis for determining seismic cross-sections or geostructures in 3D data cubes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/30—Analysis
    • G01V1/303—Analysis for determining velocity profiles or travel times
    • G01V1/305—Travel times
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/10—Aspects of acoustic signal generation or detection
    • G01V2210/12—Signal generation
    • G01V2210/121—Active source
    • G01V2210/1216—Drilling-related

Definitions

  • the present disclosure belongs to the technical field of shield machine seismic detection, and in particular relates to a multi-wavefield seismic detection method and system based on shield machine construction noise.
  • Shield machine has become the most important construction method for urban subway tunnels due to its significant advantages such as high degree of mechanization and fast construction speed.
  • shield machines have high requirements on the geological conditions in front of the tunnel. Unexplored broken zones, weak formations, boulders, karst caves and other bad geological bodies in front of the tunneling front are often major safety hazards, which can easily lead to spewing and landslides. , Disasters such as the cutter head stuck or the cutter head is severely worn, causing serious construction delays and economic losses.
  • advanced geological forecasting technology to detect the adverse geological conditions in front of the master in advance, and provide guidance for timely formulation of reasonable treatment plans and construction plans.
  • the seismic wave method has been widely used because of its advantages of high interface imaging accuracy and long detection distance.
  • the existing shield tunnel seismic wave advanced detection method is mainly carried out in the tunnel.
  • the receiving sensors are roughly divided into two types: the arrangement along the side wall and the cutter head arrangement.
  • the arrangement along the side wall and the cutter head arrangement.
  • the detection area is located in front of the tunnel. If the survey line is arranged along the side wall, it is not sensitive to the detection area in front of the tunnel. It is often only accurate for the identification and positioning of anomalies in the tunnel axis, but it is The detection effect in the elevation direction is poor, resulting in errors in the spatial positioning of the anomaly, and it is difficult to meet the geological information requirements for the safe construction of urban subway shield tunnels;
  • the seismic wave receiving sensor can be deployed in the tunnel in a small range. Only by observation in the tunnel, the available seismic data is relatively limited.
  • the cutter head is used to arrange the receiving sensors, the number of receiving sensors that can be placed on the cutter head is small, the offset is small, and the available seismic data is limited. Only observation in the tunnel can be used to obtain the reflected echo information caused by the geological anomaly. Limited, it is unable to provide accurate shield machine advanced detection results.
  • the shield seismic wave detection technology is limited by the tunnel environment, and the obtained seismic data is limited, and it is only sensitive to the tunnel axial information, unable to provide accurate advanced detection results, and it is difficult to meet the needs of the safe construction of urban shield tunnels. .
  • the present disclosure proposes a multi-wavefield seismic detection method and system based on shield machine construction noise.
  • the present disclosure uses shield machine construction noise information as the seismic source to obtain the seismic waves generated by excitation during the formation process
  • the present disclosure adopts the following technical solutions:
  • the present disclosure provides a multi-wavefield seismic detection method based on shield machine construction noise.
  • the construction noise generated by the shield machine is used as the seismic source to obtain the body wave and surface generated by the seismic wave generated by the excitation during the formation process.
  • the wavefield seismic information is jointly and automatically processed to construct a stratum velocity model along the tunnel, and the reflected wave information in the tunnel is used for migration imaging to determine the geological detection results in front of the tunnel face.
  • the above technical solution uses construction noise (referring to noise information such as vibration and sound generated by the shield machine during the construction process) as the seismic source, collects multi-wavefield seismic information for analysis, and solves the existing problem of limited reflected wave information. , Can provide accurate shield machine advanced detection results.
  • construction noise referring to noise information such as vibration and sound generated by the shield machine during the construction process
  • the specific process of joint automatic processing includes:
  • the step (5) specifically includes:
  • the speed model is:
  • m is the model parameter
  • dobs is the observation data
  • N is the number of inversion grids
  • m 0 is the model parameter obtained from the last inversion
  • d m0 is the theoretical observation data obtained from the forward modeling when the model parameter is m 0.
  • A is the sensitivity matrix
  • C is the smoothness matrix
  • ⁇ is the Lagrangian constant, which controls the weight of the smoothing constraint
  • mi is the model parameter of the i-th grid point
  • Is the minimum and maximum of the model parameters
  • ⁇ is the weight of the prior constrained surface wave
  • F is the constrained matrix of the surface wave velocity.
  • the present disclosure provides a multi-wavefield seismic detection system based on shield machine construction noise, including a tunnel receiving station array, a surface receiving station array, and a seismic wave data processing module:
  • the tunnel receiving station array is arranged on the shield machine body, and is used to receive and store the seismic signals reflected to the tunnel wall after encountering bad geological bodies when the shield machine construction vibration propagates in the ground;
  • the surface receiving station array is set on the surface of the tunnel and in front of the work surface, and is used to receive and store the body wave seismic signals reflected to the surface after encountering bad geological bodies when the shield machine construction vibration propagates in the ground and the ground Surface wave seismic signal propagating in the middle;
  • the seismic wave data processing module is configured to perform joint processing on the seismic information collected from the tunnel and the ground surface to obtain the velocity model and seismic profile of the area in front of and around the tunnel.
  • the receiving station array includes several receiving stations in one row, including the case where there is only one receiving station in one row.
  • the tunnel receiving station is fixed to the middle of the roadheader body by an installation mechanism, and specifically includes a three-component receiving station, a retractable support rod, a first drive mechanism, a second drive mechanism, and a receiving station support
  • the three-component receiving station is connected to one end of a telescopic support rod, and the other end of the telescopic support rod is rotatably arranged on the receiving station support frame.
  • the receiving station support frame It is slidably arranged on the station rail system, the first drive mechanism is configured to drive the receiving station support frame to move along the station rail system, the station rail system is fixed to the shield machine; the second drive mechanism is configured to drive The telescopic support rod rotates.
  • the tunnel receiving station array includes two sets of tunnel receiving stations, each group includes a plurality of two sets of tunnel receiving stations distributed side by side, and the two groups are located on both sides of the shield machine, and are separated from each other. Set the distance between the two groups, and there is a certain distance between the two groups.
  • the surface receiving station array includes a plurality of receiving stations, and the plurality of receiving stations are arranged in a rectangular array on the ground surface on the travel route of the shield machine.
  • each receiving station is equipped with a built-in battery and positioning system, which can realize long-term collection and station location acquisition.
  • the third aspect provides a working method based on the above system, including the following steps:
  • each receiving station collects and stores the signal, and after the data collection is completed, the collected data is imported into the seismic wave data processing module;
  • the seismic wave data processing module performs joint automatic processing on the information collected from the tunnel and the ground surface to obtain the velocity model and seismic section in front of the tunnel and the surrounding area;
  • step (1) before detecting, drive the tunnel receiving station to change its position, move to the end close to the tunnel segment, identify the grouting hole of the segment, and drive the tunnel receiving station to move to the injection At the location of the grout hole, and make the tunnel receiving station and the soil tightly coupled.
  • the ground surface receiving station array is arranged on the surface of the shield machine and the ground surface in front of the working surface, with a certain track spacing and a certain lateral offset Deploy a rectangular array of surface receiving stations to realize three-dimensional observation of the surface, and pay attention to avoiding buildings and roads during the layout process.
  • the construction of the shield machine generates vibration, and the construction vibration excites the seismic wave to spread to the front of the shield machine and around the tunnel.
  • the tunnel receiving station in close contact with the soil is received by the ground receiving station, and the generated surface waves are also received by the ground receiving station.
  • the tunnel receiving station array and the surface receiving station array automatically store the received seismic signals.
  • the telescopic support rod is retracted so that the tunnel receiving station is no longer in contact with the soil, and the tunnel receiving station rotates to one end away from the segment, the surface receiving station The array remains unchanged.
  • the rapid layout of the tunnel receiving station array can be realized to achieve multiple coverage detection of the soil in front of the shield machine and the surrounding tunnel, which increases the detection accuracy.
  • the surface receiving station array should be rearranged.
  • the present disclosure uses shield machine construction noise for advanced geological detection, and uses the tunnel receiving station array and the surface receiving station array to synchronously receive the seismic wave field signals generated by the tunnel shield machine construction vibration, which improves the current environment of such tunnels. Observable data is restrictive and cannot be accurately detected;
  • This disclosure proposes a specific process of multi-wavefield seismic detection data processing for shield machine construction noise, and uses multi-wavefield information such as surface waves and reflected waves to perform joint constrained inversion to accurately construct a shallow urban velocity model;
  • the ground surface and tunnel reception data collected by the present disclosure contains both the horizontal direction information and the elevation direction information of the bad geological body.
  • Using the reflected wave information to perform reverse-time migration imaging can accurately position the bad geological body in space and provide guidance Shield machine excavation construction.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a multi-wavefield seismic survey observation method based on shield machine construction noise
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the tunnel receiving station and its fixing device
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of multi-wavefield seismic detection based on shield machine construction noise
  • Figure 4 is a flow chart of data processing for multi-wavefield seismic detection of shield machine construction noise.
  • azimuth or positional relationship is based on the azimuth or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only a relationship term determined to facilitate the description of the structural relationship of each component or element in the present disclosure. It does not specifically refer to any component or element in the present disclosure and cannot be understood as a Disclosure restrictions.
  • a multi-wavefield seismic detection device based on shield machine construction noise mainly includes a tunnel receiving station array and its fixing device 3, a surface receiving station array 4, and a seismic wave data processing module 6.
  • the receiving station referred to in the present disclosure is a receiving station in the detection field, and corresponding receiving equipment, such as detectors, sensors, etc., are provided in the receiving station, which are conventional technical terms in the field.
  • the tunnel receiving station array and its fixing device 3 are installed in the middle of the shield machine.
  • the tunnel receiving station array is composed of 10 tunnel receiving stations located on both sides of the tunnel boring machine.
  • the station array is set at a position 10m behind the cutter head 1, with a track spacing of 3m.
  • the number of receiving stations in the tunnel receiving station array can be adjusted according to specific construction conditions, construction environment and other factors.
  • the setting distance of the tunnel receiving station array (that is, the distance from the cutter head) and the track spacing can also be adjusted according to specific construction conditions, construction environment and other factors. For example, in other embodiments, they can be distributed at unequal distances. Wait, I won't repeat it here.
  • each tunnel receiving station is composed of a three-component receiving station 7, a telescopic support rod 8, a cable 9, a receiving station support frame 12, a transmission shaft 11, and a station guide rail system 10, etc., wherein the three-component The receiving station 7 is connected to the telescopic support rod 8.
  • the telescopic support rod 8 is rotatably connected with the receiving station support frame 12 through a rotating shaft, and the receiving station support frame 12 is slidably fixed on the station rail system 10 superior.
  • the driving mechanism is an electric mechanism
  • the external power equipment is connected to the receiving station support frame 12 through the transmission shaft 11 through the cable 9, and the receiving station support frame 12 is driven to move along the station rail system 10, and the station rail The system 10 is fixed to the shield machine.
  • the three-component receiving station 7 has at least three degrees of freedom, such as telescoping, pitching, and horizontal movement.
  • this embodiment only provides an electrically driven mechanism. In other embodiments, it can be changed to other driving methods, such as hydraulic driving. These only belong to the deformation forms that are easily conceived by those skilled in the art, and should belong to the protection scope of the present disclosure.
  • the surface receiving station array 4 is installed on the surface of the tunnel and the surface above the work front.
  • 100 surface receiving stations and 5 stations form a rectangular form to form a surface receiving station array 4, which is used to receive and store the cutter head broken rock
  • the vibration propagates in the stratum, it encounters the seismic signal that is reflected to the ground surface after encountering the bad geological body, so as to realize the three-dimensional observation of the ground surface.
  • the number of receiving stations in the surface receiving station array can be adjusted according to specific construction conditions, construction environment and other factors.
  • the matrix formed can also be other regular or irregular figures, such as diamonds, trapezoids, etc., which will not be repeated here.
  • the seismic wave data processing module 6 communicates with each receiving station.
  • the communication method can be wired or wireless. It is imported and stored by the receiving station in the tunnel, the surface receiving station, and the noise receiving station. Seismic data can be processed quickly and automatically.
  • the tunnel receiving station is controlled to rotate the three-component receiving station 7 close to the end of the tunnel segment 2.
  • the three-component receiving station 7 is equipped with an image recognition system to automatically identify the segment.
  • Grouting hole, through the console station guide rail system 10, the three-component receiving station 7 is moved to the position of the grouting hole, and the telescopic support rod 8 extends the support rod through the grouting hole of the segment to make the three-component receiving station 7 is tightly coupled with the soil, and the tunnel receiving station is equipped with an automatic positioning system to automatically store its spatial location.
  • the ground surface receiving station array 4 is arranged on the surface of the shield machine and the surface above the working front.
  • the square array of surface receiving stations is quickly arranged at 10m track spacing and 10m lateral offset to realize three-dimensional observation of the surface.
  • pay attention to avoiding buildings, roads, etc. and set up an automatic positioning system at the surface receiving station to automatically store the positioning.
  • the values of the track spacing and the lateral offset of the surface receiving station array can be changed according to specific surface conditions and construction conditions.
  • the shield machine works. While the cutter head 1 does not disconnect the digging face, the cutter head 1 and the shield machine also move forward slowly. Therefore, the retractable support rod 8 is retracted every time it moves, so that the three The component receiving station 7 is no longer in contact with the soil. When the next ring is excavated, the first three component receiving station 7 moves to the next segment grouting hole through the station rail system 10, and the telescopic support rod 8 extends to support The rod makes the three-component receiving station 7 tightly coupled with the soil and keeps the relative position of the three-component receiving station 7 and the cutter head 1 unchanged.
  • the construction of the shield machine produces vibrations.
  • the construction vibration stimulates the seismic waves to spread in front of the shield machine and around the tunnel. After the seismic waves encounter an abnormal body, they are reflected and are received by 6 tunnel receiving stations that are in close contact with the tunnel soil. Receive and store. At the same time, the reflected seismic waves and surface waves are received and stored by the surface receiving station array 4 that is in close contact with the surface.
  • the information recorded by the tunnel receiving station and the surface receiving station is transmitted to the seismic wave data processing module. Joint processing.
  • the data processing flow includes the following steps:
  • the data received and stored by the surface receiving station is cross-correlated and autocorrelated to obtain surface wave and body wave information.
  • the data contains the elevation direction information of the bad geological body, and the tunnel receiving station.
  • the received and stored data is cross-correlated with the data received and stored by the surface receiving station to obtain body wave information, and the data contains the horizontal direction information of the bad geological body.
  • Synchronize the received signal Import the relative coordinates of the receiving station array in the tunnel and the surface receiving station array, and use the automatic first arrival picking method to detect the first arrival wave in the seismic record that reaches each tunnel and the surface geophone. Pick up at any time, and use its relative distance and the time when the first arrival wave reaches the detector to synchronize the array data of the receiving station in the tunnel with the data of the receiving station array on the surface;
  • Denoising including spectrum analysis and bandpass filtering, gather equalization, effective reflection wave extraction and vertical and horizontal wave separation;
  • Joint inversion import the denoised surface wave data and reflected wave data for joint inversion.
  • Surface wave inversion extract the dispersion data from the surface wave data, use the travel-time imaging method based on the ray theory to construct the two-dimensional phase velocity or group velocity model of the soil below the surface, and use the plane wave simulation to determine the phase velocity or the group velocity.
  • the surface wave dispersion data is corrected to improve the reliability of the surface wave imaging results.
  • the surface wave dispersion is mainly sensitive to the S-wave velocity, and the two-dimensional phase velocity Or perform one-dimensional linear or nonlinear inversion for each grid point on the group velocity model to obtain the S-wave velocity structure, and then combine all the one-dimensional S-wave velocity structures to form a three-dimensional velocity model;
  • Reflected wave constrained inversion based on a priori information of surface wave apply smooth constraints on the basis of traditional reflected wave inversion methods to minimize the wave velocity difference between adjacent grids, and the surface wave inversion results It is applied as a priori constraint to the reflected wave inversion to further suppress the versatility of the inversion results, and at the same time realize the joint inversion of multi-wavefield seismic data, and finally obtain the joint inversion velocity model.
  • the velocity model is:
  • m is the model parameter
  • dobs is the observation data
  • N is the number of inversion grids
  • m 0 is the model parameter obtained from the last inversion
  • d m0 is the theoretical observation data obtained from the forward modeling when the model parameter is m 0.
  • A is the sensitivity matrix
  • C is the smoothness matrix
  • ⁇ is the Lagrangian constant, which controls the weight of the smoothing constraint
  • mi is the model parameter of the i-th grid point
  • Is the minimum and maximum of the model parameters
  • ⁇ is the weight of the prior constrained surface wave
  • F is the constrained matrix of the surface wave velocity.
  • Reverse time migration imaging use the velocity model obtained by the joint inversion to import the effective reflected wave data after the effective signal extraction, and use reverse time migration imaging to obtain the working front of the tunnel shield machine through the cross-correlation imaging conditions. Seismic sections of anomalous bodies such as boulders and karsts.
  • the telescopic support rod 8 is retracted, so that the three-component receiving station 7 is no longer in contact with the soil, and the three-component receiving station 7 is rotated to one end away from the tube segment 2, and the surface receiving station array 4 remains No change, before the next excavation starts, the rapid layout of the tunnel receiving station array 3 will be realized to realize multiple coverage detection of the soil in front of the shield machine and around the tunnel, which increases the detection accuracy.
  • the surface receiving station array 4 is rearranged.
  • the geological conditions of the soil in front of the shield machine and the tunnel surrounding the tunnel can be learned, and the advanced prediction of geological anomalies such as boulders and karst caves can be realized, which can provide a reference for the safe construction of the shield machine.

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Abstract

一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法与系统，利用盾构机施工产生的噪声信息作为震源，获取激发产生的地震波在地层传播过程中形成的体波、面波等多波场地震信息，通过联合反演进行隧道沿线地层速度建模，利用反射波等信息进行偏移成像，最终实现盾构施工隧道掌子面前方地质情况的较准确探测。

Description

基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法与系统 技术领域
本公开属于盾构机地震探测技术领域，具体涉及一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法与系统。
背景技术
本部分的陈述仅仅是提供了与本公开相关的背景技术信息，不必然构成在先技术。
近年来，随着经济建设的快速发展和城市化水平的不断提高，城市地下空间得到大规模的开发和利用，大量的地铁工程、地下综合管廊工程投入建设。盾构机因其机械化程度高、施工速度快等显著优势已成为城市地铁隧道最主要的施工方式。然而，盾构机对掌子面前方地质条件要求较高，掘进面前方未探明的破碎带、软弱地层、孤石、溶洞等不良地质体，往往是重大安全隐患，极易导致喷涌、塌方、刀盘卡死或刀盘严重磨损等灾害事故，造成严重的工期延误和经济损失。为避免盾构机施工过程中灾害事故的发生，需要采用超前地质预报技术提前探明掌子面前方的不良地质情况，为及时制定合理的处理预案与施工方案提供指导。
在众多隧道超前地质预报方法中，地震波法因具有界面成像精度高、探测距离远等优点，得到了较为广泛的应用。但据发明人了解，现有盾构隧道地震波超前探测方法主要在隧道内进行，接收传感器大致分为沿边墙布置及刀盘布置两类，但受制于隧道内狭小观测空间影响，存在着一定的局限性：
①探测区域位于隧道掌子面前方，若测线沿边墙布置，对于掌子面前方的探测区域并不敏感，往往只对异常体在隧道轴向上的识别与定位较为准确，但对其在高程方向上的探测效果较差，导致异常体空间定位存在误差，难以满足城市地铁盾构隧道安全施工对地质信息的需求；
②盾构隧道中存在管片，且管片拼装及壁后注浆施工环节紧密，地震波接收传感器在洞内可布设的范围较小，仅靠隧道内观测，可获得的地震数据比较有限。
③若采用刀盘布置接收传感器，在刀盘可布设接收传感器的数量少，偏移距较小，可获得的地震数据有限，仅靠隧道内观测，获取由地质异常体引起的反射回波信息有限，无法提供准确的盾构机超前探测的结果。
综上所述，盾构地震波法探测技术受隧道环境所限，所获得地震数据有限，且仅对隧道轴向信息敏感，无法提供准确的超前探测结果，难以满足城市盾构隧道安全施工的需求。
发明内容
本公开为了解决上述问题，提出了一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法与系统，本公开利用盾构机施工产生噪声信息作为震源，获取激发产生的地震波在地层传播过程中形成的体波、面波等多波场地震信息，进行隧道沿线地层速度建模，利用隧道内反射波等信息进行偏移成像，最终实现盾构施工隧道掌子面前方地质情况的较准确探测。
根据一些实施例，本公开采用如下技术方案：
第一方面，本公开提供一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法，利用盾构机产生的施工噪声作为震源，获取激发产生的地震波在地层传播过程中形成的体波和面波场地震信息，进行联合自动处理，构建隧道沿线地层速度模型，利用隧道内反射波信息进行偏移成像，确定隧道掌子面前方地质探测结果。
上述技术方案，通过施工噪声(是指盾构机在施工过程中的产生的震动、声音等噪声信息)作为震源，采集多波场地震信息进行分析，解决了现有的反射波信息有限的问题，能够提供准确的盾构机超前探测结果。
作为可选择的实施方式，进行联合自动处理的具体过程包括：
(1)获取面波与体波信息；
(2)进行接收信号的同步；
(3)确定有效信号时间记录长度；
(4)进行频谱分析及带通滤波、道集均衡、有效反射波提取及纵横波分离；
(5)将提取信号后的面波数据与反射波数据导入进行联合反演；
(6)利用联合反演得到的速度模型，将有效信号提取后的有效反射波数据导入，采用逆时偏移成像，基于互相关成像条件，获得隧道盾构机工作面前方异常体的地震剖面。
作为进一步的限定，所述步骤(5)具体包括：
(5-1)面波反演：通过面波数据提取其频散数据，利用基于射线理论的走时成像方法构建地表下方土体的二维相速度或群速度模型，利用平面波模拟，在 已知相速度或群速度模型和噪声方位分布的情况下，对面波频散数据进行校正，利用面波频散主要对S波速度敏感的特性，通过对二维相速度或群速度模型上的每一个格点进行一维的线性或非线性反演得到S波波速结构，将所有的一维S波波速结构结合起来构成三维的速度模型；
(5-2)基于面波先验信息的反射波约束反演：在传统反射波反演方法的基础上施加光滑约束，并且把面波反演的波速结果当作先验约束施加至反射波反演中，获得联合反演速度模型。
作为可选择的实施方式，所述速度模型为：
Figure PCTCN2020101676-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2020101676-appb-000002
其中，m为模型参数，d obs为观测数据，N为反演网格数，m 0为上次反演得到的模型参数，d m0为模型参数为m 0时正演得到的理论观测数据，A为敏感度矩阵，C为光滑度矩阵，λ为拉格朗日常数，控制光滑约束的权重，m i为第i个网格点的模型参数，
Figure PCTCN2020101676-appb-000003
为模型参数最小值与最大值，η为控制面波先验约束的权重，F为面波波速约束矩阵。
第二方面，本公开提供一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测系统，包括隧道接收台站阵列、地表接收台站阵列和地震波数据处理模块：
所述隧道接收台站阵列，设置在盾构机本体上，用于接收并存储盾构机施工震动在地层中传播时遇到不良地质体后反射到隧道壁的地震信号；
所述地表接收台站阵列，设置于隧道上地表及工作面前方，用于接收并存储盾构机施工震动在地层中传播时遇到不良地质体后反射到地表的体波地震信号以及在地层中传播的面波地震信号；
所述地震波数据处理模块，被配置为对隧道及地表采集的地震信息进行联合处理，进而获得隧道前方及周围区域的速度模型及地震剖面。
需要注意的是，在本领域中，接收台站阵列包括若干一列接收台站，包含了只有一列接收台站的情况。
作为可选择的实施方式，所述隧道接收台站通过安装机构固定于掘进机本体 中部，具体包括三分量接收台站、可伸缩支撑杆、第一驱动机构、第二驱动机构、接收台站支撑架和台站导轨系统，所述三分量接收台站与可伸缩支撑杆一端相连接，所述可伸缩支撑杆的另一端可转动设置在接收台站支撑架上，所述接收台站支撑架滑动设置在台站导轨系统上，第一驱动机构被配置为驱动所述接收台站支撑架沿台站导轨系统移动，台站导轨系统固定于盾构机固定；第二驱动机构被配置为驱动所述可伸缩支撑杆旋转。
作为可选择的实施方式，所述隧道接收台站阵列，包括两组隧道接收台站，每组包括多个并排分布的两组隧道接收台站，两组分别位于盾构机两侧，距离刀盘设定距离，两组之间具有一定的间距。
作为可选择的实施方式，所述地表接收台站阵列，包括多个接收台站，多个接收台站按矩形阵列形式布置于盾构机的行进路线上地表处。
当然，布置过程中注意避开建筑、道路等。
作为可选择的实施方式，各接收台站均设置内置电池和定位系统，可实现长时间采集和台站位置获取。
第三方面，提供基于上述系统的工作方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)进行隧道及地表观测方式的布置；
(2)待盾构机工作，各接收台站采集并存储信号，待数据采集结束，将采集得到的数据导入地震波数据处理模块；
(3)地震波数据处理模块对隧道及地表采集的信息进行联合自动处理，获得隧道前方及周围区域的速度模型和地震剖面；
(4)待盾构机开挖进入下一循环时，隧道接收台站阵列恢复初始状态，保留地表接收台站阵列，待盾构机再次工作时，重新布置隧道接收台站阵列，重复(2)、(3)步骤；
(5)根据得到的速度模型、地震剖面，获知盾构机工作面前方及隧道周围土体的地质情况，实现地质异常体的超前预报。
作为可选择的实施方式，所述步骤(1)中，进行探测前，驱动隧道接收台站改变位置，运动至靠近隧道管片一端，识别管片注浆孔，驱动隧道接收台站移动至注浆孔位置处，并使隧道接收台站与土体紧密耦合。
作为可选择的实施方式，所述步骤(1)中，进行探测前，在盾构机上地表 及工作面前方上地表，进行地表接收台站阵列的布置，以一定的道间距与一定横向偏移距，布设地表接收台站矩形阵列，实现地表三维观测，布置过程中注意避开建筑、道路等。
作为可选择的实施方式，所述步骤(2)中，盾构机施工产生震动，施工震动激发地震波向盾构机工作面前方和隧道四周扩散，地震波遇到异常体后发生反射，被与隧道土体紧密接触的隧道接收台站与地表接收台站所接收，所产生的面波也被地表接收台站所接收，隧道接收台站阵列与地表接收台站阵列自动存储所接收的地震信号。
在所述步骤(4)中，待探测结束之后，可伸缩支撑杆实现回缩，使得隧道接收台站与土体不再接触，并且隧道接收台站旋转至远离管片一端，地表接收台站阵列不变，下一次盾构机施工开始前再实现隧道接收台站阵列快速布置，实现对盾构机工作面前方及隧道周围土体的多次覆盖探测，增加了探测的精度，待盾构机开挖至地表接收台站阵列偏移距不满足探测需求时，再重新布置地表接收台站阵列。
与现有技术相比，本公开的有益效果为：
(1)本公开利用盾构机施工噪声进行超前地质探测，利用隧道接收台站阵列与地表接收台站阵列同步接收隧道盾构机施工震动产生的地震波场信号，改善了目前此类隧道环境的可观测数据限制性大，无法进行准确探测的问题；
(2)本公开提出了盾构机施工噪声多波场地震探测数据处理的具体流程，利用面波及反射波等多波场信息进行联合约束反演精确构建城市浅层速度模型；
(3)本公开采集的地表及隧道接收数据中既包含不良地质体的水平方向信息也包含其高程方向信息，利用反射波信息进行逆时偏移成像可对不良地质体进行空间精确定位，指导盾构机开挖施工。
附图说明
构成本公开的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本公开的进一步理解，本公开的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本公开，并不构成对本公开的不当限定。
图1为基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测观测方式示意图；
图2为隧道接收台站及其固定装置示意图；
图3为基于盾构机施工噪声多波场地震探测工作原理示意图；
图4为盾构机施工噪声多波场地震探测数据处理流程图。
具体实施方式：
下面结合附图与实施例对本公开作进一步说明。
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本公开提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本公开所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本公开的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。
在本公开中，术语如“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”、“前”、“后”、“竖直”、“水平”、“侧”、“底”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，只是为了便于叙述本公开各部件或元件结构关系而确定的关系词，并非特指本公开中任一部件或元件，不能理解为对本公开的限制。
本公开中，术语如“固接”、“相连”、“连接”等应做广义理解，表示可以是固定连接，也可以是一体地连接或可拆卸连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连。对于本领域的相关科研或技术人员，可以根据具体情况确定上述术语在本公开中的具体含义，不能理解为对本公开的限制。
如图1所示，一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测装置，主要包括隧道接收台站阵列及其固定装置3、地表接收台站阵列4和地震波数据处理模块6。
需要理解的是，本公开所指的接收台站为探测领域中的接收台站，接收台站内设置有相应的接收设备，如检波器、传感器等，为本领域常规技术名词。
如图2所示，隧道接收台站阵列及其固定装置3安装在盾构机中部，在本实施例中，隧道接收台站阵列由10台隧道接收台组成，位于掘进机两侧，隧道接收台站阵列设置在刀盘1后方10m位置处，道间距为3m。
当然，在其他实施例中，隧道接收台站阵列的接收台数量可以根据具体的施工情况、施工环境等因素进行调整。
同样地，隧道接收台站阵列的设置距离(即与刀盘的距离)、道间距也可以 根据具体的施工情况、施工环境等因素进行调整，例如在其他实施例中，可以是不等距分布等，在此不再赘述。
具体的，每个隧道接收台由三分量接收台站7、可伸缩支撑杆8、电缆9、接收台站支撑架12、传动轴11和台站导轨系统10等部分组成，其中所述三分量接收台站7与可伸缩支撑杆8相连接，在本实施例中，可伸缩支撑杆8通过转轴与接收台站支撑架12转动连接，接收台站支撑架12滑动固定在台站导轨系统10上。
在本实施例中，驱动机构为电动机构，外界电力设备通过电缆9通过传动轴11与接收台站支撑架12相连接，驱动接收台站支撑架12沿台站导轨系统10移动，台站导轨系统10与盾构机固定。
利用可伸缩支撑杆的可伸缩、可转动，以及整体可移动，使得三分量接收台站7具有伸缩、俯仰、水平移动等至少三个自由度。
当然，本实施例仅提供一种电力驱动的机构，在其他实施例中，可以改成其他驱动方式的，如油压驱动等。这些仅属于本领域技术人员容易想到的变形形式，理应属于本公开的保护范围。
地表接收台站阵列4安装在隧道上地表及工作面前方上地表，在本实施例中，100台地表接收台5站呈矩形组成地表接收台站阵列4，用于接收并存储刀盘破岩震动在地层中传播时遇到不良地质体后反射到地表的地震信号，实现地表三维观测。
当然，在其他实施例中，地表接收台站阵列的接收台数量可以根据具体的施工情况、施工环境等因素进行调整。组成的矩阵也可以是其他规则或不规则图形，如菱形、梯形等，在此不再赘述。
地震波数据处理模块6，与各接收台站之间通信，当然通信方式可以是有线的，也可以是无线的，导入隧道内接收台站、地表接收台站、噪声接收台站所接收并存储的地震数据，实现快速自动处理。
如图3所示，首先，进行探测前，控制隧道接收台动作，使三分量接收台站7旋转至靠近隧道管片2一端，三分量接收台站7设置图像识别系统，可自动识别管片注浆孔，通过控制台站导轨系统10，使三分量接收台站7移动至注浆孔位置处，可伸缩支撑杆8伸长支撑杆穿过管片注浆孔，使三分量接收台站7与土 体紧密耦合，且隧道接收台站设置自动定位系统，自动存储其空间位置。
进行探测前，在盾构机上地表及工作面前方上地表，进行地表接收台站阵列4的布置，以10m道间距与10m横向偏移距快速布设地表接收台站方形阵列，实现地表三维观测，布置过程中注意避开建筑、道路等，且地表接收台站设置自动定位系统，自动存储定位。
在其他实施例中，地表接收台站阵列的道间距和横向偏移距的值可以根据具体地表情况和施工情况改变。
然后，盾构机工作，在刀盘1不断开挖工作面的同时，刀盘1与盾构机也缓慢向前移动，因此，每次移动的同时可伸缩支撑杆8实现回缩，使得三分量接收台站7与土体不再接触，待到下一环开挖前三分量接收台站7通过台站导轨系统10移动至下一管片注浆孔，可伸缩支撑杆8伸长支撑杆，使得三分量接收台站7与土体紧密耦合，保持三分量接收台站7的与刀盘1的相对位置不变。
另一方面，盾构机施工产生震动，施工震动激发地震波向盾构机工作面前方和隧道四周扩散，地震波遇到异常体后发生反射，被与隧道土体紧密接触的隧道接收台站6所接收并存储，同时，反射的地震波以及面波被与地表紧密接触的地表接收台站阵列4所接收并存储，上述隧道接收台站与地表接收台站所记录的信息传输给地震波数据处理模块进行联合处理。
如图4所示，数据处理流程包括以下步骤：
1、获取面波与体波信息：地表接收台站接收并存储的数据分别进行互相关、自相关获取面波与体波信息，其数据中包含不良地质体的高程方向信息，隧道接收台站接收并存储的数据与地表接收台站接收并存储的数据进行互相关获取体波信息，其数据中包含不良地质体的水平方向信息。
2、进行接收信号的同步：将隧道内接收台站阵列和地表接收台站阵列的相对坐标进行导入，利用自动初至拾取方法对地震记录中初至波抵达每个隧道内及地表检波器的时刻进行拾取，并且利用其相对距离及初至波抵达检波器的时刻实现隧道内接收台站阵列数据与地表接收台站阵列数据的同步；
3、确定有效信号时间记录长度：通过已知基岩面与观测系统的相对位置计算出地震记录中基岩面的反射波时刻，初至波时刻至基岩面反射波时刻即为有效地震数据时间记录长度；
4、去噪：包括频谱分析及带通滤波、道集均衡、有效反射波提取及纵横波分离；
5、联合反演：将去噪后的面波数据与反射波数据导入进行联合反演。
5.1、面波反演：通过面波数据提取其频散数据，利用基于射线理论的走时成像方法构建地表下方土体的二维相速度或群速度模型，利用平面波模拟，在已知相速度或群速度模型和噪声方位分布的情况下，对面波频散数据进行校正，从而提高面波成像结果的可靠性，之后利用面波频散主要对S波速度敏感的特性，通过对二维相速度或群速度模型上的每一个格点进行一维的线性或非线性反演得到S波波速结构，然后将所有的一维S波波速结构结合起来构成三维的速度模型；
5.2、基于面波先验信息的反射波约束反演：在传统反射波反演方法的基础上施加光滑约束，使相邻网格间的波速差异极小，并且把面波反演的波速结果当作先验约束施加至反射波反演中，进一步压制其反演结果的多解性，同时实现多波场地震数据的联合反演，最终获得联合反演速度模型。
作为进一步的限定，速度模型为：
Figure PCTCN2020101676-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2020101676-appb-000005
其中，m为模型参数，d obs为观测数据，N为反演网格数，m 0为上次反演得到的模型参数，d m0为模型参数为m 0时正演得到的理论观测数据，A为敏感度矩阵，C为光滑度矩阵，λ为拉格朗日常数，控制光滑约束的权重，m i为第i个网格点的模型参数，
Figure PCTCN2020101676-appb-000006
为模型参数最小值与最大值，η为控制面波先验约束的权重，F为面波波速约束矩阵。
6、逆时偏移成像：利用联合反演得到的速度模型，将有效信号提取后的有效反射波数据导入，采用逆时偏移成像，通过互相关成像条件，获得隧道盾构机工作面前方孤石、岩溶等异常体的地震剖面。
待探测结束之后，可伸缩支撑杆8实现回缩，使得三分量接收台站7与土体不再接触，并且三分量接收台站7旋转至远离管片2一端，地表接收台站阵列4 保持不变，下一次开挖开始前再实现隧道接收台站阵列3快速布置，实现对盾构机工作面前方及隧道周围土体的多次覆盖探测，增加了探测的精度，待盾构机开挖至地表接收台站阵列4偏移距不满足探测需求时，再重新布置地表接收台站阵列4。
根据得到的速度模型、地震剖面，获知盾构机工作面前方及隧道周围土体的地质情况，实现对孤石、溶洞等地质异常体的超前预报，为盾构机安全施工提供借鉴。
以上所述仅为本公开的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本公开，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本公开可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本公开的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本公开的保护范围之内。
上述虽然结合附图对本公开的具体实施方式进行了描述，但并非对本公开保护范围的限制，所属领域技术人员应该明白，在本公开的技术方案的基础上，本领域技术人员不需要付出创造性劳动即可做出的各种修改或变形仍在本公开的保护范围以内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法，其特征是：利用盾构机产生的施工噪声作为震源，获取激发产生的地震波在地层传播过程中形成的体波和面波场地震信息，进行联合自动处理，通过联合反演构建隧道沿线地层速度模型，利用反射波信息进行偏移成像，确定隧道掌子面前方地质探测结果。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法，其特征是：进行联合自动处理的具体过程包括：
    (1)获取面波与体波信息；
    (2)进行接收信号的同步；
    (3)确定有效信号时间记录长度；
    (4)进行频谱分析及带通滤波、道集均衡、有效反射波提取及纵横波分离；
    (5)将提取信号后的面波数据与反射波数据导入进行联合反演；
    (6)利用联合反演得到的速度模型，将有效信号提取后的有效反射波数据导入，采用逆时偏移成像，基于互相关成像条件，获得隧道盾构机工作面前方异常体的地震剖面。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测方法，其特征是：所述步骤(5)具体包括：
    (5-1)面波反演：通过面波数据提取其频散数据，利用基于射线理论的走时成像方法构建地表下方土体的二维相速度或群速度模型，利用平面波模拟，在已知相速度或群速度模型和噪声方位分布的情况下，对面波频散数据进行校正，利用面波频散主要对S波速度敏感的特性，通过对二维相速度或群速度模型上的每一个格点进行一维的线性或非线性反演得到S波波速结构，将所有的一维S波波速结构结合起来构成三维的速度模型；
    (5-2)基于面波先验信息的反射波约束反演：在传统反射波反演方法的基础上施加光滑约束，并且把面波反演的波速结果当作先验约束施加至反射波反演中，获得联合反演速度模型。
  4. 一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测系统，其特征是：包括隧道接收台站阵列、地表接收台站阵列和地震波数据处理模块：
    所述隧道接收台站阵列，被配置为接收并存储盾构机施工震动在地层中传播时遇到不良地质体后反射到隧道壁的地震信号；
    所述地表接收台站阵列，被配置为接收并存储盾构机施工震动在地层中传播时遇到不良地质体后反射到地表的体波地震信号以及在地层中传播的面波地震信号；
    所述地震波数据处理模块，被配置为对隧道及地表采集的地震信息进行联合处理，进而获得隧道前方及周围区域的速度模型及地震剖面。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测系统，其特征是：所述隧道接收台站通过安装机构固定于掘进机本体中部，具体包括三分量接收台站、可伸缩支撑杆、第一驱动机构、第二驱动机构、接收台站支撑架和台站导轨系统，所述三分量接收台站与可伸缩支撑杆一端相连接，所述可伸缩支撑杆的另一端可转动设置在接收台站支撑架上，所述接收台站支撑架滑动设置在台站导轨系统上，第一驱动机构被配置为驱动所述接收台站支撑架沿台站导轨系统移动，台站导轨系统固定于盾构机固定；第二驱动机构被配置为驱动所述可伸缩支撑杆旋转。
  6. 如权利要求4所述的一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测系统，其特征是：所述隧道接收台站阵列，包括两组隧道接收台站，每组包括多个并排分布的两组隧道接收台站，两组分别位于盾构机两侧，距离刀盘设定距离，两组之间具有一定的间距。
  7. 如权利要求4所述的一种基于盾构机施工噪声的多波场地震探测系统，其特征是：所述地表接收台站阵列，包括多个接收台站，多个接收台站按矩形阵列形式布置于盾构机的行进路线上地表处。
  8. 如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的系统的工作方法，其特征是：包括以下步骤：
    (1)进行隧道及地表观测方式的布置；
    (2)待盾构机工作，各接收台站采集并存储信号，待数据采集结束，将采集得到的数据导入地震波数据处理模块；
    (3)地震波数据处理模块对隧道及地表采集的信息进行联合自动处理，获得隧道前方及周围区域的速度模型和地震剖面；
    (4)待盾构机开挖进入下一循环时，隧道接收台站阵列恢复初始状态，保留地表接收台站阵列，待盾构机再次工作时，重新布置隧道接收台站阵列，重复 (2)、(3)步骤；
    (5)根据得到的速度模型、地震剖面，获知盾构机工作面前方及隧道周围土体的地质情况，实现地质异常体的超前预报。
  9. 如权利要求8所述的工作方法，其特征是：所述步骤(1)中，进行探测前，驱动隧道接收台站改变位置，运动至靠近隧道管片一端，识别管片注浆孔，驱动隧道接收台站移动至注浆孔位置处，并使隧道接收台站与土体紧密耦合；
    或，所述步骤(1)中，进行探测前，在盾构机上地表及工作面前方上地表，进行地表接收台站阵列的布置，以一定的道间距与一定横向偏移距，布设地表接收台站矩形阵列，实现地表三维观测。
  10. 如权利要求8所述的工作方法，其特征是：所述步骤(2)中，盾构机施工产生震动，施工震动激发地震波向盾构机工作面前方和隧道四周扩散，地震波遇到异常体后发生反射，被与隧道土体紧密接触的隧道接收台站与地表接收台站所接收，所产生的面波也被地表接收台站所接收，隧道接收台站阵列与地表接收台站阵列自动存储所接收的地震信号；
    或，待探测结束之后，可伸缩支撑杆实现回缩，使得隧道接收台站与土体不再接触，并且隧道接收台站旋转至远离管片一端，地表接收台站阵列不变，下一次盾构机施工开始前再实现隧道接收台站阵列快速布置，待盾构机开挖至地表接收台站阵列偏移距不满足探测需求时，再重新布置地表接收台站阵列。
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