WO2021183115A1

WO2021183115A1 - Protective panels with anti-glare ceramic coats

Info

Publication number: WO2021183115A1
Application number: PCT/US2020/021938
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hang Yan YUEN; Hui He; Kuan-Ting Wu
Original assignee: Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
Priority date: 2020-03-11
Filing date: 2020-03-11
Publication date: 2021-09-16

Abstract

In one example, a protective panel may include a glass substrate, an antiglare ceramic coat sputter deposited on a surface of the glass substrate, a transparent hard coat formed on the anti-glare ceramic coat, and an anti-fingerprint coat formed on the transparent hard coat.

Description

PROTECTIVE PANELS WITH ANTI-GLARE CERAMIC COATS

BACKGROUND

[0001] Display devices such as a liquid crystal display, a plasma display, an organic electroluminescence (EL) display, an inorganic EL display, a field emission display (FED), and the like may have an anti-glare layer that may be disposed on an outermost surface of a display. The anti-glare layer may reduce an amount of light that reflects off the display using the principle of optical interference. Such displays may include a display panel and a protective panel attached to an outermost surface of the display panel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0002] Examples are described in the following detailed description and in reference to the drawings, in which:

[0003] FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an example protective panel, depicting an anti-glare ceramic coat, a transparent hard coat, and an anti- fingerprint coat;

[0004] FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an example electronic device including a display module and a protective panel;

[0005] FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for making a protective panel;

[0006] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating another example method for making a protective panel;

[0007] FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating yet another example method for making a protective panel; and

[0008] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a reaction chamber illustrating an example sputtering process to form an anti glare ceramic coat DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] An anti-glare treatment may be used on an outermost surface of a display (e.g., a liquid crystal display) for inhibiting reflection of an exterior light The anti-glare treatment may use a chemical etching process on a surface of a glass substrate (i.e., a cover glass) to create an anti-glare effect. For example, the chemical etching process may form an uneven structure on the surface of the display to have effects on scattering of a reflected light from the surface and blurring of a reflected image on the surface.

[0010] Chemical etching may facilitate bonding at an interface of an anti- glare coat and the glass substrate. However, chemical etching process for forming the anti-glare layer on the glass substrate may include a significant running cost and a low production yield rate (e.g., 20-35%), during manufacturing. For example, chemical etching process for forming the anti-glare layer may take about 50-60 minutes to achieve > 20% haze with a production yield rate of 20-35%, which can result in the significant running cost Also, a significantly high haze with less transparency may impact light-emitting diode (LED) lightings of the display and hence additional LED lightings may have to be installed in the display.

[0011] Examples described herein may provide a protective panel with an anti-glare ceramic coat. The protective panel may include a glass substrate, and an anti-glare ceramic coat sputter deposited on a surface of the glass substrate. For example, the term “sputter deposition” may refer to a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process of anti-glare ceramic coat deposition by sputtering material from a target Further, the protective panel may include a transparent hard coat formed on the anti-glare ceramic coat. The transparent hard coat may provide durability to the anti-glare ceramic coat. Further, the protective panel may include an anti-fingerprint coat formed on the transparent hard coat. For example, the antifingerprint coat may provide the protective panel with an anti-smudge surface finish.

[0012] Thus, examples described herein may enhance the production yield rate by using the PVD process to deposit the anti glare ceramic coat on the glass substrate. Further , the protective panel with the anti-glare ceramic coat may provide a transparency greater than or equal to 98% and a refractive index in a range of 2.3-2.6. Furthermore, the transparent anti-glare ceramic coat formed herein may not impact LED lightings of the display and hence no additional LED lightings may have to be installed in the display. Furthermore, examples described herein may provide a green product solution and offer an environment friendly process to deposit the anti-glare ceramic coat

[0013] In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present techniques. However, the example apparatuses, devices and systems, may be practiced without these specific details. Reference in the specification to “an example" or similar language means that a feature, structure, or characteristic described is included in at least that one example but may not be in other examples.

[0014] Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an example protective panel 100, depicting an anti-glare ceramic coat 104, a transparent hard coat 106, and an anti-fingerprint coat 108. Example protective panel 100 may be a tempered glass, a touch panel, or an outermost surface of a display device. In other examples, protective panel 100 may be disposed on a display having the touch pend.

[0015] As shown in FIG. 1, example protective panel 100 may include a glass substrate 102. Example glass substrate 102 may have a thickness in a range of 0.2 mm to 0.7 mm. Further, protective panel 100 may include anti-glare ceramic coat 104 sputter deposited on a surface of glass substrate 102. In one example, anti-glare ceramic coat 104 may include lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), lead oxide (PbO), lead titanate (PbTiO₃), lead zirconate (PbZrO₃), barium oxide (BaO), bismuth oxide (ΒiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), lead-lanthanum-zirconium-titanium (PLZT), lead-zirconium-titanium (PZT), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO), titanium(llI) oxide (Ti₂O₃), titanium sub-oxide (Ti₃Os), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), barium titanate (BaTiO₃), bismuth titanate (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) calcium titanate (CaTiO₃) lanthanum titanate (LaTiO₃) strontium oxide (SrO), strontium peroxide (SrO₂), or any combination thereof. In one example, anti- glare ceramic coat 104 may have a thickness in a range of 30 nm to 2 μm.

[0016] Further, protective panel 100 may indude transparent hard coat 106 formed on anti-glare ceramic coat 104. In one example, transparent hard coat 106 may have a thickness in a range of 5 μm to 15 μm. Example transparent hard coat 106 may provide durability to anti-glare ceramic coat 104. Furthermore, protective panel 100 may indude anti-fingerprint coat 108 formed on transparent hard coat 106. In one example, anti-fingerprint coat 108 may have a thickness in a range of 10 nm to 100 nm. Example anti-fingerprint coat 108 may prevent fingerprint pollution (e.g., fingerprint generation on a touch screen) on an upper surface of transparent hard coat 106. In other examples, anti-fingerprint coat 108 may prevent external pollutants from being attached to the upper surface of transparent hard coat 106 and facilitate easy clean of the upper surface of transparent hard coat

106.

[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an example electronic device 200 induding a display module 202 and a protective panel 204. Example electronic device 200 can indude a notebook computer, personal computer (PC), tablet computer, smartphone, audio and video devices (e.g., stereo equipment and televisions), or the like. As shown in FIG. 2, electronic device 200 may indude display module 202 including a display area. The display area may be configured to display an image.

[0018] Further, electronic device 200 may include protective panel 204 disposed on an outer surface of display module 202. Example protective panel 204 may be a touch panel or a tempered glass used for the touch panel. Further, protective panel 204 may be disposed on the outer surface of display module 202 using a resin, which may be an optically clear adhesive. In one example, protective panel 204 may indude a glass substrate 206 and an anti-glare ceramic coat 208 sputter deposited on a surface of glass substrate 206 to cover the display area. In one example, anti-glare ceramic coat 208 may indude lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), lead oxide (PbO) lead titanate (PbTiO₃) lead zirconate (PbZrO₃) barium oxide (BaO), bismuth oxide (BiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), lead-lanthanum-zirconium- titanium (PL2T), lead-zirconium-titanium (PZT), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO), titanium(lll) oxide (Ti₂O₃), titanium sub-oxide (Ti₃O₅), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), barium titanate (BaTiO₃), bismuth titanate (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), calcium titanate (CaTiO₃), lanthanum titanate (LaTiO₃), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium peroxide (SrO₂), or any combination thereof. Example anti-glare ceramic coat 208 may prevent glaring effects during viewing of a display screen of display module 202.

[0019] Further, protective panel 204 may include a transparent hard coat 210 formed on anti-glare ceramic coat 208. Example transparent hard coat 210 may impart enhanced durability to anti-glare ceramic coat 208. In one example, transparent hard coat 210 may include a combination of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and an optical polymer. Example optical polymer may include polyacrylic, polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, cyclic olefin copolymer (COG), silicone, or any combination thereof. In another example, transparent hard coat 210 may include a combination of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and a metal alkoxide. Example metal alkoxide may be a lead alkoxide, lanthanum alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, titanium alkoxide, or any combination thereof. Example alkoxides may be selected from a group consisting of lead isopropoxide, lanthanum isopropoxide, zirconium isopropoxide, and titanium isopropoxide.

[0020] Furthermore, protective panel 204 may include an anti-fingerprint coat 212 formed on transparent hard coat 210. In one example, anti-fingerprint coat 212 may include dodecyltrimethoxysilane, mecaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxysilylundecanal, 11 -aminoundecyltriethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-11- undecyltrimethoxysilane, long chain silane polymers, fiuoropolymers, or any combination thereof.

[0021] FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 300 for making a protective panel. At 302, an anti-glare ceramic coat may be deposited on a surface of a glass substrate using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. In one example, depositing the anti-glare ceramic coat on the surface of the glass substrate using the PVD process may include depositing the anti-glare ceramic coat on the surface of tine glass substrate using a sputter deposition process employing a sputtering target Example sputtering target may include lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), lead oxide (PbO), lead titanate (PbTiO₃), lead zirconate (PbZrO₃), barium oxide (BaO), bismuth oxide (BiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), lead-lanthanum- zirconium-titanium (PLZT), lead-zirconium-titanium (PZT), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO), titanium(lII) oxide (Ti₂O₃), titanium sub-oxide (Ti₃O₅), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), barium titanate (BaTiO₃), bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti₃O₁₂), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), calcium titanate (CaTiO₃), lanthanum titanate (LaTrO₃), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium peroxide (SrO₂), or any combination thereof. In some examples, the glass substrate may be cleaned prior to applying the anti-glare ceramic coat. For example, cleaning the glass substrate may include ultrasonic cleaning, plasma cleaning, or a combination thereof.

[0022] At 304, a transparent hard coat may be applied on the anti-glare ceramic coat In one example, the transparent hard coat may be applied on the anti-glare ceramic coat using a sol-gel process. For example, applying the transparent hard coat on the anti-glare ceramic coat using the sol-gel process may include applying the transparent hard coat on the anti-glare ceramic coat by one of a sol-gel spin-coating, sol-gel slot die-coating, and a sol-gel spray-coating.

[0023] For example, the transparent hard coat may be formed from a sol- gel composition. In one example, the sol-gel composition may include a combination of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and an optical polymer. Example optical polymer may include polyacrylic, polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), silicone, or any combination thereof. In another example, the sol-gel composition may include a combination of TEOS and a metal alkoxide. Example metal alkoxide may be a lead alkoxide, lanthanum alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, titanium alkoxide, or any combination thereof. At 306, the transparent hard coat may be cured. For example, the transparent hard coat applied cm the anti-glare ceramic coat may be cured at a temperature in a range of 80-120°C for about 15-40 minutes.

[0024] At 308, an anti-fingerprint coat may be applied on the cured transparent hard coat In one example the anti fingerprint coat may include dodecyltrimethoxysilane, mecaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxy silylundecanal, 11 -aminoundecyitriethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-11 - undecyltrimethoxysilane, long chain silane polymers, fluoropolymers, or any combination thereof. At 310, the anti-fingerprint coat may be cured to form the protective panel. In one example, the anti-fingerprint coat may be cured at a temperature in a range of 80-120°C for about 10-30 minutes.

[0025] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating another example method 400 for making a protective panel. At 402, a cover glass or glass substrate, having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, may be provided. At 404, the cover glass may be cleaned using an ultrasonic cleaning. Example ultrasonic cleaning may use ultrasound (e.g., 20-400 kHz) and deionized water with a surfactant to clean debris on the cover glass. At 406, the cover glass may be further cleaned, for instance, using a plasma cleaning. Example plasma cleaning may refer to a process of removing organic matter from the cover glass through the use of an ionized gas called plasma. Plasma cleaning may be performed in a vacuum chamber utilizing gases such as oxygen, argon gas, tetrafluoromethane (CF₄), sulfur hexafluoride (SFe), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃), and/or the like.

[0026] At 408, an anti-glare ceramic coat may be applied on the first surface of the cover glass using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. In one example, the PVD process may be used to deposit thin layers of material in the range of few nanometers to several micrometers (e.g., the anti-glare ceramic coat having a thickness in a range of 30 nm to 2 μm). Example PVD process may be a sputtering process. Example sputtering process may refer to a PVD process of the anti-glare ceramic coat deposition by sputtering material from a sputtering target. The sputtering process may be a plasma-assisted technique that creates a vapor from the sputtering target through bombardment with accelerated gaseous ions (e.g., Argon). For example, the sputtering process may indude:

- Vaporization of the sputtering target from a solid source assisted by high temperature vacuum or gaseous plasma,

- Transportation of the vapor in vacuum or partial vacuum to the cover glass and - Condensation onto the cover glass to generate the anti-glare ceramic coat

[0027] At 410, a transparent hard coat may be applied on the anti-glare ceramic coat. At 412, the transparent hard coat applied on the anti-glare ceramic coat may be cured at a temperature in a range of 80-120°C for about 15-40 minutes to form the protective panel. In other examples, the second surface of the glass substrate may be attached to an outer surface of a display or a touch panel, for instance, using an optically clear adhesive.

[0028] FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating yet another example method 500 for making a protective panel. At 502, a cover glass or glass substrate, having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, may be provided. At 504, the cover glass may be cleaned using an ultrasonic cleaning. At 506, the cover glass may be further cleaned, for instance, using a plasma cleaning.

[0028] At 508, an anti-glare ceramic coat may be applied on the first surface of the cover glass using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. At 510, a transparent hard coat may be applied on the anti-glare ceramic coat. At 512, the transparent hard coat applied on the anti-glare ceramic coat may be cured at a temperature in a range of 80-120°C for about 15-40 minutes. At 514, an anti- fingerprint coat may be applied on the transparent hard coat. At 516, the anti- fingerprint coat may be cured at a temperature in a range of 80-120ºC for about 10- 30 minutes to form the protective panel. The protective panel may be attached to an outer surface of a display or a touch panel, for instance, through the second surface of the glass substrate.

[0030] Even though FIGs. 1-5 describe about applying an anti-glare ceramic coat on a glass substrate, followed by a transparent hard coat on the anti-glare ceramic coat, and them an anti-fingerprint coat on the transparent hard coat, examples described herein can also be applicable for other layers that can be formed on the glass substrate, such as an anti-reflection coat. [0031] It should be understood that example methods 300, 400, and 500 represent generalized illustrations, and that other processes may be added, or existing processes may be removed, modified, or rearranged without departing from the scope and spirit of the present application. Further, example methods 300, 400, and 500 may not be intended to limit the implementation of the present application, but rather example methods 300, 400, and 500 illustrate functional information to design/fabricate circuits, generate machine-readable instructions, or use a combination of hardware and machine-readable instructions to perform the illustrated processes.

[0032] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a reaction chamber 600 illustrating an example sputtering process to form an anti-glare ceramic coat 616. Example reaction chamber 600 may include a substrate base 602, a sputtering target 606, an inlet 608 to pass a spluttering gas for the sputtering process, and a gas- extraction outlet 610. Example substrate base 602 may be adapted for fixing a glass substrate 604 within the reaction chamber 600. Example sputtering target 606 may include lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), lead oxide (PbO), lead titanate (PbTiO₃), lead zirconate (PbZrO₃), barium oxide (BaO), bismuth oxide (BIO2), calcium oxide (CaO), lead-lanthanum-zirconium-titanium (PLZT), lead-zirconium- titanium (PZT), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO), titanium(Ill) oxide (Ti₂O₃), titanium sub-oxide (Ti₃O₅), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), barium titanate (BaTiO₃), bismuth titanate (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), calcium titanate (CaTiO₃), lanthanum titanate (LaTiO₃), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium peroxide (SrO₂), or any combination thereof.

[0033] As shown in FIG. 6, substrate base 602 and sputtering target 606 may be discretely disposed within reaction chamber 600. In one example, substrate base 602 and sputtering target 606 can serve as electrodes, where an electric power may be supplied thereto to generate an electrical field within reaction chamber 600. For example, substrate base 602 may be an anode and sputtering target 606 may be a cathode.

10034] During the sputtering process the sputtering gas may be inputted into reaction chamber 600 through inlet 608. Example sputtering gas may be an inert gas such as Argon. In one example, the sputtering process may be a plasma- assisted technique that creates a vapor 614 from sputtering target 606 through bombardment with accelerated gaseous ions 612 (e.g., Argon). Further, resulting vapor 614 may be subsequently deposited onto glass substrate 604 through a condensation mechanism to form anti-glare ceramic coat 616. Furthermore, example gas-extraction outlet 610 may be connected to a vacuum pump to extract gas from reaction diamber 600 to maintain pressure within reaction chamber 600 to meet a defined vacuum level during the sputtering process.

[0036] The above-described examples are for the purpose of illustration.

Although the above examples have been described in conjunction with example implementations thereof, numerous modifications may be possible without materially departing from the teachings of the subject matter described herein. Other substitutions, modifications, and changes may be made without departing from the spirit of the subject metier. Also, the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings), and/or any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features are mutually exclusive.

[0036] The terms “include," "have,” and variations thereof, as used herein, have the same meaning as the term “comprise" or appropriate variation thereof. Furthermore, the term "based on”, as used herein, means “based at least in part on.” Thus, a feature that is described as based on some stimulus can be based on the stimulus or a combination of stimuli induding the stimulus.

[0037] The present description has been shown and described with reference to the foregoing examples. It is understood, however, that other forms, details, and examples can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present subject matter that is defined in the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A protective panel comprising: a glass substrate; an anti-glare ceramic coat sputter deposited on a surface of the glass substrate; a transparent hard coat formed on the anti-glare ceramic coat; and an anti-fingerprint coat formed on the transparent hard coat

2. The protective panel of claim 1, wherein the anti-glare ceramic coat comprises lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), lead oxide (PbO), lead tltanate (PbTiO₃), lead zirconate (PbZrO₃), barium oxide (BaO), bismuth oxide (BiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), lead-lanthanum-zirconium-titanium (PLZT), lead-zirconium-titanium (PZT), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO), titanium(lll) oxide (Ti₂O₃), titanium sub-oxide (Ti₃O₅), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), barium titanate (BaTiO₃), bismuth titanate (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂). strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), calcium titanate (CaTiO₃X lanthanum titanate (LaTiO₃), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium peroxide (SrO₂), or any combination thereof.

3. The protective panel of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate has a thickness in a range of 0.2 mm to 0.7 mm.

4. The protective panel of claim 1, wherein the anti-glare ceramic coat has a thickness in a range of 30 nm to 2 μm.

5. The protective panel of claim 1, wherein the transparent hard coat has a thickness in a range of 5 μm to 15 μm.

6. The protective panel of claim 1, wherein the anti-fingerprint coat has a thickness in a range of 10 nm to 100 nm.

7. An electronic device comprising: a display module induding a display area; and a protective panel disposed cm an outer surface of the display module, the protective panel comprising: a glass substrate; an anti-glare ceramic coat sputter deposited on a surface of the glass substrate to cover the display area; a transparent hard coat formed on the anti-glare ceramic coat; and an anti-fingerprint coat formed on the transparent hard coat

8. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the anti-glare ceramic coat comprises lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), lead oxide (PbO), lead titanate (PbTiO₃), lead zirconate (PbZrO₃), barium oxide (BaO), bismuth oxide (BiO₂), caldum oxide (CaO), lead-lanthanum-zirconium-titanium (PLZT), lead-zirconium-titanium (PZT), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO), titanium(lll) oxide (T_i2O₃), titanium sub-oxide (Ti₃O₅), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), barium titanate (BaTiO₃), bismuth titanate (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), calcium titanate (CaTiO₃), lanthanum titanate (LaTiO₃). strontium oxide (SrO), strontium peroxide (SrO₂), or any combination thereof.

9. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the transparent hard coat comprises a combination of tetraethyl orthosNIcate (TEOS) and an optical polymer, and wherein the optical polymer comprises polyacrylic, polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), silicone, or any combination thereof.

10. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the transparent hard coat comprises a combination of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and a metal alkoxide, and wherein the metal alkoxide is a lead alkoxide, lanthanum alkoxide, zirconium alkoxide, titanium alkoxide, or any combination thereof.

11. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the anti-fingerprint coat comprises dodecyttrimethoxysiiane, mecaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxysilyiundecanal 11 aminoundecyltriethoxysilane N (2 aminoethyl)-11 - undecyltrimethoxysilane, long chain silane polymers, fluoropolymers, or any combination thereof.

12. A method for making a protective panel, comprising: depositing an anti-glare ceramic coat on a surface of a glass substrate using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process; applying a transparent hard coat on the anti-glare ceramic coat; curing the transparent hard coat; applying an anti-fingerprint coat on the cured transparent hard coat; and curing the anti-fingerprint coat to form the protective panel.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein depositing the anti-glam ceramic coat on the surface of the glass substrate using the PVD process comprises: depositing the anti-glare ceramic coat on the surface of the glass substrate using a sputter deposition process employing a sputtering target

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the sputtering target comprises lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), lead oxide (PbO), lead titanate (PbTiO₃), lead zirconate (PbZrO₃), barium oxide (BaO), bismuth oxide (BiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), lead-lanthanum- zirconium-titanium (PLZT), lead-zirconium-titanium (PZT), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO), titanium(lll) oxide (TizO₃), titanium sub-oxide (Ti₃O₅), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), barium titanate (BaTHOa), bismuth titanate (BUTi₃O₁₂), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), calcium titanate (CaTiO₃), lanthanum titanate (LaTiO₃), strontium oxide (SrO), strontium peroxide (SrO₂), or any combination thereof.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein applying the transparent hard coat on the anti-glare ceramic coat comprises applying the transparent hard coat on the anti- glare ceramic coat using a sol-gel process.