WO2021183112A1 - Suspensions nanoplasmoïdes et systèmes et dispositifs pour leur génération - Google Patents

Suspensions nanoplasmoïdes et systèmes et dispositifs pour leur génération Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021183112A1
WO2021183112A1 PCT/US2020/021858 US2020021858W WO2021183112A1 WO 2021183112 A1 WO2021183112 A1 WO 2021183112A1 US 2020021858 W US2020021858 W US 2020021858W WO 2021183112 A1 WO2021183112 A1 WO 2021183112A1
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Prior art keywords
fluid
nanoplasmoid
nanobubble
narrow
generator
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PCT/US2020/021858
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English (en)
Inventor
Charlles BOHDY
Original Assignee
Bohdy Charlles
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Application filed by Bohdy Charlles filed Critical Bohdy Charlles
Priority to PCT/US2020/021858 priority Critical patent/WO2021183112A1/fr
Priority to EP20923957.3A priority patent/EP4117806A4/fr
Publication of WO2021183112A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021183112A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/232—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using flow-mixing means for introducing the gases, e.g. baffles
    • B01F23/2323—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using flow-mixing means for introducing the gases, e.g. baffles by circulating the flow in guiding constructions or conduits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/237—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media
    • B01F23/2373—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media for obtaining fine bubbles, i.e. bubbles with a size below 100 µm
    • B01F23/2375—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media for obtaining fine bubbles, i.e. bubbles with a size below 100 µm for obtaining bubbles with a size below 1 µm
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K8/046—Aerosols; Foams
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/22—Peroxides; Oxygen; Ozone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/007—Preparations for dry skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/237—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media
    • B01F23/2373—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media for obtaining fine bubbles, i.e. bubbles with a size below 100 µm
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/238—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using vibrations, electrical or magnetic energy, radiations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/10—Mixing by creating a vortex flow, e.g. by tangential introduction of flow components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
    • B01F25/4333—Mixers with scallop-shaped tubes or surfaces facing each other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/45—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads
    • B01F25/452—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces
    • B01F25/4521—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces the components being pressed through orifices in elements, e.g. flat plates or cylinders, which obstruct the whole diameter of the tube
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
    • B01F35/56—General build-up of the mixers
    • B01F35/561—General build-up of the mixers the mixer being built-up from a plurality of modules or stacked plates comprising complete or partial elements of the mixer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/247—Generating plasma using discharges in liquid media
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H2242/00—Auxiliary systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H2245/00—Applications of plasma devices
    • H05H2245/20—Treatment of liquids

Definitions

  • the field of the invention is generation of plasmoids, in particular in association with nanobubble suspensions.
  • Plasmoids are, essentially, collections of ionized atoms or molecules (i.e. a plasma) bounded by an electrical field, and consequently a magnetic field.
  • plasmoids typically have an approximately cylindrical structure, however toroidal and spherical configurations are known. Plasmoids occur naturally on an astronomical scale (for example, in the sun’s corona) and on smaller scales under certain conditions (for example, “ball lightening”). Short lived plasmoids on the centimeter scale can also be generated using conventional household items, such as microwave ovens.
  • 2116589 (to Shiode) describes a system that utilizes a pump to force a fuel-containing liquid through a nozzle or porous structure that is in immediate proximity to a surface that is oriented perpendicular to flow exiting the nozzle. The resulting shear forces generate a suspension of nanobubbles.
  • United States Patent Application No. 2009/051055 (to Park) utilizes a pressure- driven system that forces water through a series of spiral and disc-shaped “net members” to generate nanobubble suspensions.
  • 2010/038244 shows a device that generates nanobubbles containing charged oxygen species using a device that forces fluid through a chamber containing a stator and a rotor. The fluid moves through a set of minute holes in either the stator or the rotor to generate oxygen- containing nanobubbles as the rotor spins.
  • the inventors claim that the device produces an electrokinetic fluid with physical, chemical, and biological properties that are distinct from conventional oxygenated fluids.
  • 2013/0034829 (to Choi) describes a device that incorporates a venture to generate “nanobubbles” in a suspension used for oral irrigation, however the disclosed device appears to generate bubbles having a diameter of around 100 pm- which are too large to be considered nanobubbles. Such devices and methods, however, either fail to provide true nanobubbles or fail to provide a high concentration of nanobubbles.
  • PCT Application Publication No. WO2014/184585 (to Govind and Foster) describes a device that incorporates a number of different technologies for generation of fine bubbles connected in series to provide a single nanobubble generating system that can, reportedly, generate “a few hundred thousand” nanobubbles per cm 3 .
  • the design of the device is complex, however. This is due in part to differing pressure and flow rate requirements for the interconnected technologies.
  • United States Patent No. 8,317,165 similarly utilizes a system of serially connected bubble generators that utilize shear, pres sure- solution, high speed stirring, and/or swirling flow to generate bubble containing suspensions. As taught, however, significant concentration of inorganic salts must be present.
  • United States Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0189972 to Chiba and Takahashi
  • United States Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0286795 to Chiba and Takahashi
  • methods for reducing microbubbles to nanobubbles through application of various stresses such as mechanical shear, ultrasound, and high voltage electrostatic discharge
  • various stresses such as mechanical shear, ultrasound, and high voltage electrostatic discharge
  • PCT Application Publication No. W02015/048904 (to Bauer) describes a device that utilizes a series of cavitation zones separated by shear planes to generate a nanobubble suspension.
  • the device utilizes a series of notched discs arranged at intervals along a central rod, with the sharp-edged notches offset from each other on each pair of such discs.
  • an electrical potential is applied to an insulated rod that is placed within the liquid flow in order to alter the zeta potential of the nanobubbles so generated.
  • the inventors state that the nanobubble suspension generated by the device, which can contain up to about 5 x 10 8 nanobubbles per mL, has “increased paramagnetic qualities” and an increased ORP relative to untreated water.
  • the inventive subject matter provides apparatus, systems and methods in which a nanoplasmoids are generated in a fluid. Gases used to generate such nanoplasmoids can be supplied to or generated from the fluid (for example, by electrolysis).
  • Systems and devices can include a source of energy for the generation of plasmoids (such as a microwave, radio frequency, or ultrasound source) and a modular shearing section arranged in a flow path of the fluid.
  • the modular shearing section can be arranged as a series of individual shearing modules or slices along a common flow path, and can be expanded to accommodate different scales of operation.
  • Such a modular arrangement advantageously simplifies reconfiguration and/or redesign of the device (for example, by incorporation of new shearing modules or slices) without the need for redesign.
  • One embodiment of the inventive concept is a system for generating a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid suspension, which includes an electrolytic cell, a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator configured to form a suspension of a second fluid in a first fluid wherein elements of the second fluid in the suspension have a mean diameter of less than 1 pm, and that is fluidically coupled to the electrolytic cell, and a source of a pressure differential that is in fluid communication with the electrolytic cell and the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • the source of the pressure differential is positioned and configured to move the first fluid through the system.
  • the first fluid is a liquid and the second fluid is a gas.
  • the system can include a reservoir that receives a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension from the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator includes a first vortex mixing plate that includes a first central circular cavity and a first aperture in fluid communication with the first central circular cavity, where the first aperture is configured as an asymmetric folium having a first narrow terminus and where the first narrow terminus is oriented in a first radial direction relative to the first central circular cavity. It can also include a shear mixing plate that includes a second aperture that is in fluid communication with the first central circular cavity, where the second aperture includes a second narrow terminus and where the second narrow terminus is fluidically coupled to a shear mixing segment.
  • Such a shear mixing segment can include a first shear region that includes a first narrow inlet, a first expansion region, and a first narrowed outlet, along with a second shear region that includes a second narrow inlet fluidically coupled to the first narrow outlet, a second expansion region, and a second narrow outlet. It can also include a second vortex mixing plate that includes a second central circular cavity and a third aperture in fluid communication with the first shear mixing plate and the second central circular cavity, where the third aperture is configured as an asymmetric folium having a third narrow terminus and the third narrow terminus is oriented in a second radial direction relative to the second central circular cavity.
  • It can also include a third center vortex plate that includes a third central circular cavity and a fourth aperture in fluid communication with the second central circular cavity and the third central circular cavity, where the fourth aperture is configured as an asymmetric folium having a fourth narrow terminus and the fourth narrow terminus is oriented in a third radial direction relative to the third central circular cavity, and where the third radial direction is in opposition to the second radial direction. It can also include an inlet plate in fluid communication with a source of a first fluid, a source of a second fluid, and the first vortex mixing plate.
  • the shear mixing plate includes a plurality of shear mixing segments, where the plurality of shear mixing segments is serially arranged such that, with the exception of a terminal shear mixing segment, each of the second narrow outlets is fluidically coupled to the first narrow outlet of a subsequent one of the plurality of shear mixing segments, and wherein the plurality of shear mixing segments are arranged in a spiral fashion.
  • the first vortex mixing plate is juxtaposed with a first distribution plate comprising a first port, and wherein the first distribution plate is juxtaposed with the shear mixing plate.
  • the shear mixing plate is juxtaposed with a second distribution plate comprising a second port, and wherein the second distribution plate is juxtaposed with the second vortex mixing plate.
  • the second vortex mixing plate is juxtaposed with a third distribution plate comprising a third port, and wherein the third distribution plate is juxtaposed with the third vortex mixing plate.
  • the third center mixing plate is in fluid communication with a nozzle.
  • the nozzle includes an expansion chamber that is in fluid communication with the third center mixing plate, a nozzle outlet, and a central constriction interposed between the expansion chamber and the nozzle outlet.
  • Systems of the inventive concept can include a field source configured to generate a field that intersects the first fluid.
  • a field source can be an electrical field source and/or a magnetic field source.
  • Such a system can include a controller that is communicatively coupled to the field source and configured to modulate the field (for example, application of a waveform).
  • Another embodiment of the inventive concept is a system for generating a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid suspension that includes a pressure transducer, a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator configured to form a suspension of a second fluid in a first fluid, and that is fluidically coupled to the pressure transducer, and a source of a pressure differential that is in fluid communication with the pressure transducer and the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator, where the source of the pressure differential is positioned and configured to move the first fluid through the system.
  • the first fluid can be a liquids and the second fluid can be a gas.
  • the system include reservoir that receives a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension from the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator can include a first vortex mixing plate that includes a first central circular cavity and a first aperture in fluid communication with the first central circular cavity, where the first aperture is configured as an asymmetric folium having a first narrow terminus and where the first narrow terminus is oriented in a first radial direction relative to the first central circular cavity. It can also include a shear mixing plate that includes a second aperture that is in fluid communication with the first central circular cavity, where the second aperture includes a second narrow terminus and where the second narrow terminus is fluidically coupled to a shear mixing segment.
  • Such a shear mixing segment can include a first shear region that includes a first narrow inlet, a first expansion region, and a first narrowed outlet, along with a second shear region that includes a second narrow inlet fluidically coupled to the first narrow outlet, a second expansion region, and a second narrow outlet. It can also include a second vortex mixing plate that includes a second central circular cavity and a third aperture in fluid communication with the first shear mixing plate and the second central circular cavity, where the third aperture is configured as an asymmetric folium having a third narrow terminus and the third narrow terminus is oriented in a second radial direction relative to the second central circular cavity.
  • It can also include a third center vortex plate that includes a third central circular cavity and a fourth aperture in fluid communication with the second central circular cavity and the third central circular cavity, where the fourth aperture is configured as an asymmetric folium having a fourth narrow terminus and the fourth narrow terminus is oriented in a third radial direction relative to the third central circular cavity, and where the third radial direction is in opposition to the second radial direction. It can also include an inlet plate in fluid communication with a source of a first fluid, a source of a second fluid, and the first vortex mixing plate.
  • the shear mixing plate includes a plurality of shear mixing segments, where the plurality of shear mixing segments is serially arranged such that, with the exception of a terminal shear mixing segment, each of the second narrow outlets is fluidically coupled to the first narrow outlet of a subsequent one of the plurality of shear mixing segments, and wherein the plurality of shear mixing segments are arranged in a spiral fashion.
  • the first vortex mixing plate is juxtaposed with a first distribution plate comprising a first port, and wherein the first distribution plate is juxtaposed with the shear mixing plate.
  • the shear mixing plate is juxtaposed with a second distribution plate comprising a second port, and wherein the second distribution plate is juxtaposed with the second vortex mixing plate.
  • the second vortex mixing plate is juxtaposed with a third distribution plate comprising a third port, and wherein the third distribution plate is juxtaposed with the third vortex mixing plate.
  • the third center mixing plate is in fluid communication with a nozzle.
  • the nozzle includes an expansion chamber that is in fluid communication with the third center mixing plate, a nozzle outlet, and a central constriction interposed between the expansion chamber and the nozzle outlet.
  • Systems of the inventive concept can include a field source configured to generate a field that intersects the first fluid.
  • a field source can be an electrical field source and/or a magnetic field source.
  • Such a system can include a controller that is communicatively coupled to the field source and configured to modulate the field (for example, application of a waveform).
  • Such a system can include a frequency generator that is communicatively coupled to the pressure transducer and configured to transmit a frequency (e.g. an ultrasonic frequency) to the pressure transducer.
  • a frequency generator that is communicatively coupled to the pressure transducer and configured to transmit a frequency (e.g. an ultrasonic frequency) to the pressure transducer.
  • a second controller that is communicatively coupled to the frequency generator and configured to modulate the frequency (such as application of a waveform).
  • Another embodiment of the inventive concept is a method of preparing a beverage that includes nanoplasmoid bubbles, using a system as described above.
  • the first fluid can include water
  • the second fluid can be a gas derived from electrolysis.
  • Another embodiment of the inventive concept is a method of preparing a therapeutic suspension that includes nanoplasmoid bubbles, using a system as described above.
  • the first fluid can include water
  • the second fluid can be a gas derived from electrolysis.
  • Another embodiment of the inventive concept is a method of treating a skin condition that includes providing a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid suspension, and contacting an affected skin area with the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid suspension on a treatment schedule effective to treat the skin condition (such as topical fungal infections, wounds, wrinkles, abnormally dry skin, eczema, psoriasis, and/or skin carcinoma).
  • a treatment schedule effective to treat the skin condition (such as topical fungal infections, wounds, wrinkles, abnormally dry skin, eczema, psoriasis, and/or skin carcinoma).
  • Such a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid suspension is provided in a reservoir configured for immersion of at least the affected skin area.
  • the treatment schedule includes contacting the affected skin area with the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid suspension for a period of at least 20 minutes (or, alternatively, 5 minutes to two hours), at a frequency of from three times a day to once a month (or, alternatively, four times a day to once a month). In some embodiments such treatments can continue for 30 to 90 days.
  • FIGs. 1A and IB depict embodiments of a system of the inventive concept that include an electrolytic cell.
  • FIG. 1A depicts such a system where a pump is interposed between an electrolytic cell and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • FIG. IB depicts such a system where an electrolytic cell is interposed between a pump and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a system of the inventive concept that includes a transducer and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a system of the inventive concept that includes a magnetic field source and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of a system of the inventive concept that includes an electrical field source and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • FIG. 5 depicts a nanoplasmoid bubble as produced by systems and methods of the inventive concept.
  • FIGs. 6 A and 6B depict a vortex mixing plate of a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept.
  • FIG. 6A depicts a cross section of a vortex mixing plate.
  • FIG. 6B depicts an orthogonal view of a vortex mixing plate.
  • FIGs. 7A and 7B depict an exemplary shear mixing plate of a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept.
  • FIG. 7A depicts a cross section of the exemplary shear mixing plate.
  • FIG. 7B depicts an orthogonal view of the exemplary shear mixing plate.
  • FIG. 9 depicts an alternative shear mixing plate of the inventive concept with a plurality of apertures.
  • FIG. 10 depicts an alternative shear mixing plate of the inventive concept with a plurality of apertures.
  • FIG. 11 depicts an alternative shear mixing plate of the inventive concept with a plurality of apertures.
  • FIG. 12 depicts an alternative shear mixing plate of the inventive concept with a plurality of apertures.
  • FIG. 13 depicts an alternative shear mixing plate of the inventive concept with a plurality of apertures.
  • FIG. 14 depicts an alternative shear mixing plate of the inventive concept with a single of aperture.
  • FIGs. 15A and 15B depict distribution plates of a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept.
  • FIG. 15A depicts a distribution plate with a central aperture.
  • FIG. 15B depicts a distribution plate with a peripheral aperture.
  • FIGs. 16A and 16B depict an inlet plate of a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept.
  • FIG. 17A depicts a cross section of the inlet plate.
  • FIG. 17B depicts an orthogonal view of the inlet plate.
  • FIGs. 17A, 17B, and 17C depict a nozzle of a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept.
  • FIG. 17A depicts a view through an expansion chamber of a nozzle.
  • FIG. 17B depicts a view through an expansion chamber of a nozzle.
  • FIG. 17B depicts a side view of a nozzle.
  • FIG. 17C depicts an orthogonal view of a nozzle.
  • FIG. 18 depicts an orthogonal, exploded view of an exemplary nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive complex.
  • the exemplary nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator is configured as with a duplicate arrangement of mixing and distribution plates, arranged in mirror symmetry around a single inlet plate.
  • FIG. 19 depicts orthogonal, exploded views of an alternative nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept.
  • the upper portion of the figure depicts a first portion of the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator that includes vortex mixing plate arranged in fluidic communication with a series of distinctive shear mixing plates, which in turn are in fluidic communication with a nozzle of the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • the lower portion of the figure depicts a second portion of the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator that includes a series of shear mixing plates that are in fluidic communication with the vortex mixing plate depicted in the upper portion of the figure, a nozzle of the inventive concept, positioned at the .
  • FIG. 21 depicts an assembled nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept.
  • FIG. 13 A depicts results of particle characterization studies of distilled water prior to treatment.
  • FIG. 13B depicts results of particle characterization studies of distilled water following treatment.
  • Nanoplasmoids i.e. plasmoids having a diameter of 1 pm or less across a major axis.
  • a nanoplasmoid so generated within or encapsulated by a nanobubble i.e. a bubble having a diameter or less than about 1 pm
  • a nanoplasmoid bubble i.e. a nanobubble currently or formerly containing a nanoplasmoid.
  • Systems and devices for generating nanoplasmoid bubbles include a nanobubble generator, a field source, and a device for generating a pressure differential that moves a fluid through the system or device. In some embodiments the fluid is recirculated through the system or device.
  • Suitable field sources include an electrolytic cell, an electrical field generator, a magnetic field generator, and an ultrasound source.
  • Application of a field generated by a field source to a fluid undergoing nanobubble generation results in the formation of nanoplasmoid bubbles formed from a nanobubble that incorporates one or more nanoplasmoid(s).
  • nanoplasmoids so generated have a toroidal configuration.
  • the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the invention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
  • inventive subject matter provides many example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus, if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed.
  • Coupled to is intended to include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements). Therefore, the terms “coupled to” and “coupled with” are used synonymously.
  • Systems and methods of the inventive concept allow for the generation of nanoplasmoids in fluid suspensions, using virtually any gas at the nano-scale. This is distinct from conventional nanobubble generation, and utilizes a combination of processes to induce charge and plasma formation to effectively and efficiently generate suspensions of these nanoscopic plasmoids, for use in a variety of applications.
  • Embodiments of the inventive concept can accomplish this nanoplasmoid generation using microwave and/or radio frequencies (preferably in combination), coupled with application of electrical energy (e.g . amperage and/or voltage).
  • microwave energy can be applied to a fluid being processed at one or more wavelength(s) ranging from 1 mm to 1 meter.
  • radio frequencies can be applied to a fluid being processed at one or more frequency(ies) ranging from 3 kHz to 300 kHz.
  • electromagnetic energy is applied at frequencies ranging from 3 kHz to 600 MHz, and/or octaves of frequencies within this range.
  • the amplitude and/or the wavelength of applied microwave and/or radio frequency energy can be modulated during application.
  • Such a modulation can be patterned, for example as a regular pattern of increasing or decreasing amplitude and/or frequency.
  • a regular pattern can describe a continuous ramp or waveform, or can be intermittent (e.g. as bursts or pulses).
  • Suitable waveforms include sine waves, step waves, and superwaves.
  • Suitable bursts or pulses can range in duration from 1 psec to 5 or more minutes.
  • microwave and/or radio frequency energy is applied to the fluid as it flows past one or more suitable emitters.
  • the pattern utilized for modulating such microwave and/or radio frequency energy can be modulated to adjust for changes in the flow rate of the fluid.
  • Nanoplasmoids of the inventive concept can be generated while passing through one or more (e.g. a series) of shearing zones, where nanotization occurs.
  • Devices and systems of the inventive concept provide a capacity for a varied or indefinite number of shearing zones to be configured together to increase the travel of the fluid through the zone as well as allowing for implementation of more than one shearing mechanism. This can be accomplished by coupling individual shearing modules together along a common fluid flow path.
  • Such a variable configuration advantageously permits incorporation of different and/or new shear modules, and allows new shearing designs to be added without changing or redesigning the entire system or device.
  • Such a configuration also allows for ease of disassembly for cleaning and/or service of the device or system.
  • Systems and devices of the inventive concept can include one or more reservoir(s), water reaction chamber(s), and/or section(s), where fluid is stored and/or mixed with a gas that is intended for nanoplasmoid generation.
  • a gas or gases can be generated from the fluid itself, for example using electrolytic and/or sonocavitational methods.
  • the stored fluids are able to be recirculated through the device, allowing for generation of higher concentrations of the nanoplasmoids to be generated.
  • it can be a pass-through or single pass section.
  • Systems and devices of the inventive concept can include one or more plasma generating mechanism(s) or section(s).
  • Suitable plasma generating mechanisms can include a microwave source, a radio frequency source, an acoustic energy source, and/or an electrolytic device.
  • Such a mechanism allows for the generation of nanoplasmoids without resorting to excessive heat and/or pressure, resulting in generation of charged gas that can be sheared, while being charged.
  • a plasma generating mechanism relies on an individual element as described above or a combination of such elements charge gasses being introduced. In aqueous applications it also can allow for the splitting of water and generation or liberation of gasses from the water itself.
  • Such a plasma generating section can provide amplification of sonocavitation-derived plasmoids generated in a shearing mechanism or section. Surface charges generated in such a section can provide stable plasmoids.
  • systems and devices of the inventive concept can include one or more generator cell(s) and or transformer(s).
  • Suitable generator cells include microwave, radio frequency, acoustic wave, and/or electromagnetic field producing mechanisms or combination thereof that power the plasma generating mechanism. Success has been achieved in generating plasmoids using such elements, both individually in some embodiments or in combination in others. In some aqueous embodiments this allows for the splitting of the water and generation of hydrogen and oxygen, and charging such gasses to produce plasmoids.
  • inventions of the inventive concept can process a fluid flow.
  • Such embodiments can include a fluid circulating system.
  • the fluid circulating system can include a pump or pumps used pressurize or create vacuum, and serve propel the fluids or draw the fluids into cavitation inducing and/or shearing zone(s) of the system or device.
  • Plasmoids have been successfully generated using a pressure system, a vacuum system, and a combination of the two in push/pull and pull/push arrangements. This allows for the fluids to be treated in a single pass or to be re-circulated. It also allows for oils to be introduced for the manufacture of nanoplasmoid emulsions.
  • Systems and devices of the inventive concept can include one or more shearing zones.
  • Such shearing zones can be arranged as a series of modules, providing for an expandable, variably configurable shearing mechanism.
  • a configurable shearing mechanism can be arranged as a series of cavitation inducing modules or slices that are able to coupled in series (e.g., by being stacked and coupled together, for example by bolts or applied pressure) along a fluid flow path in order to provide a series of shearing zones in a contiguous chamber, section, and/or tunnel.
  • Such shearing zones allow fluids to be forced into a rotation and counter-rotation-like turbulence, inducing further size reduction of the plasmoids generated using the plasma generating mechanism.
  • Sonocavitation can also produced in such a portion of the system or device.
  • the shearing zone is made up of individual modules or slices that, when combined, produce the entire geometry of the section
  • modular design allows for continuing development testing and introduction of new or novel geometries without resorting to the design and creation of an entirely new device.
  • the length of such a shearing zone can be increased or decreased as the desired output’s needs require.
  • This portion of the system or device provides not only shearing but also nanotizing and mixing the fluids gasses (and, in the case of nanoplasmoid emulsions, an oil).
  • Systems and devices of the inventive concept can include one or more processors or controllers.
  • Suitable processors or controllers include a printed circuit board (PCB Board), programmable logic control timing and/or switching mechanisms, and analog timing and/or switching mechanisms.
  • PCB Board printed circuit board
  • Such a controller or control module allows for both monitoring and real time feedback and adjustment or control of the various components, including modulation of frequency, amplitude, signal voltage, amperage, pressure, flow rate, etc.
  • Nanoplasmoids have been produced using systems and devices having analog or digital automatic controllers, as well as devices and systems with a programmable timer switch. Such controllers can allow for intelligent programming and interaction between various parts and or components or systems.
  • Systems and devices of the inventive concept can include one or more gas mixing mechanisms.
  • gas mixing mechanisms allow the desired gas(ses) to be introduced while being mixed into the fluid.
  • Suitable mechanisms include but are not limited to venture mixers, static mixers, venturi/static mixer combinations, nanobubbler(s), a structuring vortexer, tubes or tubules, and/or one or more membranes(s). This mechanism or series of mechanisms allows for mixing to occur by thoroughly mixing gas into the fluid either in a tank or reservoir or series of tanks or reservoirs or via a mixing section in a continuous flow operation.
  • Systems and devices of the inventive concept can include one or more “rocket” structuring mixing nozzle(s).
  • a nozzle can be coupled within the fluid flow path to either the beginning or the end of the shearing section.
  • a nozzle can be coupled within the fluid flow path at both the beginning of the shearing section and a second nozzle coupled within the fluid flow path at the end of the shearing section.
  • the rocket structuring mixing nozzle is similar to the outlet nozzle of a conventional liquid rocket engine (without ignition).
  • Such a nozzle sends the resulting fluid into, out of, or into then out of the shearing section of the device in a vortex mixing pattern. This has the effect of structuring or ordering the fluids and the nanotized plasma gasses on the way into or out of the device.
  • FIG. 1A One embodiment of a system of the inventive concept is shown in FIG. 1A.
  • the system includes a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140) and an electrolytic cell (130), which is in turn connected to a power supply (120). Fluid, impelled by a pump (110) that provides a pressure differential, moves through the electrolytic cell (130) and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140), which can optionally include an input (150)for a gas.
  • Suitable electrolytic cells can include a cathode and an anode, which are arranged so that the products of electrolysis (for example, O2, 3 ⁇ 4, OH-, OH % H+, etc.) are released into the circulating fluid.
  • Such species can react with one another to generate other species, for example peroxides.
  • an electrolyte such as NaCl
  • the system or device can include a sensor that detects or quantifies species produced by the electrolytic cell, and a controller that receives data from the sensor.
  • the presence and/or concentration of a product of electrolysis can be monitored using the sensor, with such data monitored by the controller which in turn modulates the power supplied to the electrolytic cell in order to maintain the rate of electrolysis within a desired range.
  • a pH monitor can be used to determine the amount of OH- and/or H+ present in the circulating fluid, and the power supplied to the electrolytic cell modulated to maintain the pH within a desired range. Products of the electrolysis of electrolytes or salts present in the circulating fluid can be monitored in a similar fashion.
  • an electrolytic cell utilized in a system of the inventive concept can have any suitable configuration.
  • an electrolytic cell can be configured as a reservoir that includes at least one anode and at least one cathode, and can include features that increase the surface area of the anode and/or cathode.
  • an anode and/or cathode can be provided with one or more holes, configured as a mesh, have a roughened surface, and or include a nanocoating.
  • Such an anode or cathode can be configured as plate, coil, rod, disc, sphere, or any suitable shape.
  • an electrolytic cell can be configured as a pipe or tube through which fluid moves in passing through the system.
  • the pipe or tube can include one or more anode and/or cathode.
  • anodes and cathodes can be in the form of an electrode that intrudes into the path of fluid flow.
  • such anodes and cathodes can be integrated into or form part of a wall of the pipe or tube.
  • such anodes and cathodes can have a cylindrical conformation similar to that of the pipe or tube, but having a smaller diameter and positioned centrally within the pipe or tube.
  • anodes and/or cathodes can be incorporated into or form part of a mixing plate (such as those described below), such that cavitation and electrolysis are performed essentially simultaneously.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided as a coiled pipe or tube having a first diameter, within which at least one anode and at least one cathode are provided in the form of cylinders having second and third diameters that are smaller than the first diameter.
  • an anode and cathode pair can be provided as set of nesting cylinders arranged around a common central axis, with one of either the anode or cathode having a smaller diameter than the other member of the pair.
  • the cathode and/or anode of the electrolytic cell can be arranged so that species produced by only one of the cathode or anode are released into circulating fluid. It should be appreciated that such species, notably charged species, can accumulate on the surface of nanobubbles and nanobubble plasmoids and enhance stability through charge repulsion. Electrodes of the electrolytic cell can be made of any suitable material, including stainless steel, copper, bronze, gold, silver, platinum, and conductive polymers. Such materials can enter the circulating fluid during electrolytic processing and be subsequently integrated into nanoplasmoid bubbles. In some embodiments the output from the nanobubble generator is coupled to the fluid input of the electrolytic cell, channeling some or all of the output back through the system. An alternative arrangement is shown in FIG. IB, in which an electrolytic cell (130) is placed between a pump (110) or other source of pressure differential and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140).
  • the nanobubble generator is provided with a gas in addition to the circulating fluid.
  • a gas can be provided from a reservoir (such as a pressurized tank) or generated in situ (for example, by electrolysis or treatment of air with zeolites).
  • gases include air, O2, 3 ⁇ 4, N2, CO, CO2, HOH, NO, and noble gases.
  • gases can be incorporated into nanobubbles and hence into nanoplasmoids of nanoplasmoid bubbles.
  • FIG. 2 Another embodiment of a system of the inventive concept is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the system includes a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140) and a pressure transducer (160) that is coupled to a frequency generator (150).
  • a frequency generator (150) can provide an oscillating electrical potential to the transducer (160), which in turn applies corresponding pressure waves to fluid circulating through the system.
  • the oscillating electrical potential can be provided in any suitable waveform, for example as a sinusoidal or sigmoidal wave function, a stepped wave function, or a combination thereof. Such a waveform would be imparted, at least in part, to the corresponding pressure wave provided by the transducer.
  • the oscillating electrical potential results in corresponding pressure waves generated at ultrasonic frequencies.
  • Suitable transducers include contact transducers (for example, vibrating plates) and immersion or probe transducer that are introduced into the path of the flowing fluid. Such transducers can utilize piezoelectric and/or magnetostrictive elements in order to transform the applied electrical potential to a pressure wave.
  • a power supply (120) is provided that supplies power to components such as a pump (110), frequency generator (155), and/or transducer (160).
  • Fluid impelled by a pump (110) that provides a pressure differential, moves through or past the transducer (160) and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140), which can optionally include an input (150) for a gas.
  • gases include air, O2, Fh, N2, CO, CO2, HOH, NO, and noble gases.
  • a gas can be provided from a reservoir (such as a pressurized tank) or generated in situ (for example, by electrolysis or treatment of air with zeolites).
  • Suitable gases include air, O2, Fh, and N2. Such gases can be incorporated into nanobubbles and hence into nanoplasmoids of nanoplasmoid bubbles.
  • the system or device can include a sensor (such as a microphone) that detects or characterizes the pressure waves applied by the transducer sensor.
  • characteristics such as amplitude, frequency, etc.
  • the controller which in turn modulates the frequency generator in order to maintain the pressure waves within a desired range or set of ranges.
  • temperature of the fluid in the system can be monitored (for example, suing a thermometer or infrared sensor) and temperature data supplied to a controller that can modulate the frequency generator and/or activate a cooling system to maintain temperature of the fluid within a desired range.
  • a cooling system (not shown in FIG. 2) can be a compression-based cooling system, a thermoelectric cooling system, an evaporative cooling system, or a combination of these.
  • FIG. 3 Another embodiment of a system of the inventive concept is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the system includes a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140), a source of a magnetic field (170), and an electrolytic cell (130).
  • a power supply (120) is provided that supplies power to a pump (110) and/or to the magnetic field source (170), if needed.
  • Fluid, impelled by a pump (110) that provides a pressure differential, moves through a magnetic field applied by the magnetic field source (170), an electrolytic cell (130), and a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140), which can optionally include an input (150) for a gas.
  • Suitable sources for the magnetic field can be permanent magnets and/or electromagnets.
  • a controller can be used to modulate the applied magnetic field.
  • the magnetic field can be applied continuously, periodically, and/or varied in a systematic manner, for example applying the magnetic field at varying strengths and/or polarization over time.
  • Such variations can be periodic, for example with magnetic field strength and/or polarization oscillating as a waveform. Suitable waveforms include sinusoidal or sigmoidal waves, stepped wave functions, or combinations thereof.
  • such embodiments that include a magnetic field source can include an electrolytic cell.
  • Suitable electrolytic cells can include a cathode and an anode, which are arranged so that the products of electrolysis (for example, O2, 3 ⁇ 4, OH-, OH ⁇ , H+, etc.) are released into the circulating fluid.
  • Such species can react with one another to generate other species, for example peroxides.
  • an electrolyte such as NaCl, can be included in the fluid and be acted upon by the electrolytic cell to produce species derived from the electrolyte (such as HC1, NaOH, CI2, etc.).
  • the system or device can include a sensor that detects or quantifies species produced by the electrolytic cell, and a controller that receives data from the sensor.
  • the presence and/or concentration of a product of electrolysis can be monitored using the sensor, with such data monitored by the controller which in turn modulates the power supplied to the electrolytic cell in order to maintain the rate of electrolysis within a desired range.
  • a pH monitor can be used to determine the amount of OH- and/or H+ present in the circulating fluid, and the power supplied to the electrolytic cell modulated to maintain the pH within a desired range.
  • Products of the electrolysis of electrolytes or salts present in the circulating fluid can be monitored in a similar fashion.
  • the cathode and/or anode of the electrolytic cell can be arranged so that species produced by only one of the cathode or anode are released into circulating fluid. It should be appreciated that such species, notably charged species, can accumulate on the surface of nanobubbles and nanobubble plasmoids and enhance stability through charge repulsion. Electrodes of the electrolytic cell can be made of any suitable material, including stainless steel, copper, bronze, gold, silver, platinum, and conductive polymers. Such materials can enter the circulating fluid during electrolytic processing and be subsequently integrated into nanoplasmoid bubbles. In some embodiments the output from the nanobubble generator is coupled to the fluid input of the electrolytic cell, channeling some or all of the output back through the system.
  • An electrolytic cell utilized in a system of the inventive concept can have any suitable configuration.
  • an electrolytic cell can be configured as a reservoir that includes at least one anode and at least one cathode.
  • Such an anode or cathode can be configured as plate, coil, rod, disc, sphere, or any suitable shape.
  • an electrolytic cell can be configured as a pipe or tube through which fluid moves in passing through the system.
  • the pipe or tube can include one or more anode and/or cathode.
  • Such anodes and cathodes can be in the form of an electrode that intrudes into the path of fluid flow.
  • anodes and cathodes can be integrated into or form part of a wall of the pipe or tube.
  • such anodes and cathodes can have a cylindrical conformation similar to that of the pipe or tube, but having a smaller diameter and positioned centrally within the pipe or tube.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided as a coiled pipe or tube having a first diameter, within which at least one anode and at least one cathode are provided in the form of cylinders having second and third diameters that are smaller than the first diameter.
  • an anode and cathode pair can be provided as set of nesting cylinders arranged around a common central axis, with one of either the anode or cathode having a smaller diameter than the other member of the pair.
  • such an electrolytic cell can be provided with 2 more sets of concentrically arranged anode/cathode pairs. It should be appreciated that the polarity of an electrical potential applied to an anode/cathode pair of an electrolytic cell of a system of the inventive concept can be reversed while in use (e.g. through the application of electrical potential as a waveform).
  • the nanobubble generator is provided with a gas in addition to the circulating fluid.
  • a gas can be provided from a reservoir (such as a pressurized tank) or generated in situ (for example, by electrolysis or treatment of air with zeolites).
  • gases include air, O2, 3 ⁇ 4, N2, CO, CO2, HOH, NO, and noble gases.
  • gases can be incorporated into nanobubbles and hence into nanoplasmoids of nanoplasmoid bubbles.
  • FIG. 4 Another embodiment of a system of the inventive concept is shown in FIG. 4.
  • the system includes a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator (140), a source of an electrical field (180), and an electrolytic cell (130).
  • a power supply (120) is provided that can supply power to an electrolytic cell (130), an electrical field source (180), and/or a pump (110).
  • Suitable sources for the electrical field can be plates (such as a capacitor), coils, and other electrode configurations.
  • a controller can be used to modulate the applied electrical field.
  • the electrical field can be applied continuously, periodically, and/or varied in a systematic manner, for example applying the electrical field at varying strengths and/or polarization over time.
  • Such variations can be periodic, for example with electrical field strength and/or polarization oscillating as a waveform.
  • Suitable waveforms include sinusoidal or sigmoidal waves, stepped wave functions, or combinations thereof.
  • an electrical field source can include an electrolytic cell.
  • Suitable electrolytic cells can include a cathode and an anode, which are arranged so that the products of electrolysis (for example, O2, 3 ⁇ 4, OH-, OH ⁇ , H+, etc.) are released into the circulating fluid.
  • Such species can react with one another to generate other species, for example peroxides.
  • an electrolyte such as NaCl, can be included in the fluid and be acted upon by the electrolytic cell to produce species derived from the electrolyte (such as HC1, NaOH, Ch, etc.).
  • the system or device can include a sensor that detects or quantifies species produced by the electrolytic cell, and a controller that receives data from the sensor.
  • the presence and/or concentration of a product of electrolysis can be monitored using the sensor, with such data monitored by the controller which in turn modulates the power supplied to the electrolytic cell in order to maintain the rate of electrolysis within a desired range.
  • a pH monitor can be used to determine the amount of OH- and/or H+ present in the circulating fluid, and the power supplied to the electrolytic cell modulated to maintain the pH within a desired range.
  • Products of the electrolysis of electrolytes or salts present in the circulating fluid can be monitored in a similar fashion.
  • the cathode and/or anode of the electrolytic cell can be arranged so that species produced by only one of the cathode or anode are released into circulating fluid. It should be appreciated that such species, notably charged species, can accumulate on the surface of nanobubbles and nanobubble plasmoids and enhance stability through charge repulsion. Electrodes of the electrolytic cell can be made of any suitable material, including stainless steel, copper, bronze, gold, silver, platinum, and conductive polymers. Such materials can enter the circulating fluid during electrolytic processing and be subsequently integrated into nanoplasmoid bubbles. In some embodiments the output from the nanobubble generator is coupled to the fluid input of the electrolytic cell, channeling some or all of the output back through the system.
  • An electrolytic cell utilized in a system of the inventive concept can have any suitable configuration.
  • an electrolytic cell can be configured as a reservoir that includes at least one anode and at least one cathode.
  • Such an anode or cathode can be configured as plate, coil, rod, disc, sphere, or any suitable shape.
  • an electrolytic cell can be configured as a pipe or tube through which fluid moves in passing through the system.
  • the pipe or tube can include one or more anode and/or cathode.
  • Such anodes and cathodes can be in the form of an electrode that intrudes into the path of fluid flow.
  • anodes and cathodes can be integrated into or form part of a wall of the pipe or tube.
  • such anodes and cathodes can have a cylindrical conformation similar to that of the pipe or tube, but having a smaller diameter and positioned centrally within the pipe or tube.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided as a coiled pipe or tube having a first diameter, within which at least one anode and at least one cathode are provided in the form of cylinders having second and third diameters that are smaller than the first diameter.
  • an anode and cathode pair can be provided as set of nesting cylinders arranged around a common central axis, with one of either the anode or cathode having a smaller diameter than the other member of the pair.
  • the nanobubble generator is provided with a gas in addition to the circulating fluid.
  • a gas can be provided from a reservoir (such as a pressurized tank) or generated in situ (for example, by electrolysis or treatment of air with zeolites).
  • gases include air, O2, Fh, N2, CO, CO2, HOH, NO, and noble gases.
  • gases can be incorporated into nanobubbles and hence into nanoplasmoids of nanoplasmoid bubbles.
  • a system can include an electrolytic cell and a transducer in addition to a nanobubble generator and a source of pressure differential.
  • a system can include an electrolytic cell, a magnetic field source, and a transducer in addition to a nanobubble generator and a source of pressure differential.
  • a system can include an electrolytic cell, an electrical field source, and a transducer in addition to a nanobubble generator and a source of pressure differential.
  • a system can include an electrolytic cell, an electrical field source, and a magnetic field source in addition to a nanobubble generator and a source of pressure differential.
  • the system includes a reservoir that receives a fluid suspension of nanobubbles and/or nanoplasmoids from a system output and returns some or all of the fluid suspension to the system for re-processing.
  • a reservoir advantageously permits recycling of the treated fluid and generation of high concentrations of nanobubbles/nanoplasmoids.
  • a reservoir can be configured to submerge all or part of an individual in need of treatment.
  • such a reservoir can be in the form of a therapeutic bath in which an individual can submerge a limb in need of treatment, or submerge themselves entirely or nearly entirely.
  • Such a reservoir can additionally include components that increase patient comfort, such as a heater to adjust the temperature of the treated fluid and/or a recirculating pump that directs the treated fluid from outlets in the form of therapeutic ‘jets’.
  • systems of the inventive concept can include additional features, such as mechanisms for the addition of salts and/or other chemical compounds to the fluid being treated.
  • Suitable salts include sodium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, ferric salts, and ferrous salts.
  • Suitable chemical compounds include emollients, skin moisturizers, surfactants, detergents, oxidizing agents (such as peroxides), reducing agents, and pharmaceutical compounds.
  • systems of the inventive concept can include a nanobubble generator.
  • nanoplasmoid generation occurs within the nanobubble generator; in such instances the nanobubble generator is equivalent to a nanoplasmoid generator.
  • a nanobubble is understood to be a bubble having a mean diameter of less than 1 pm.
  • a nanoplasmoid is understood to be a plasmoid having a mean maximum diameter of less than 1 pm.
  • a nanoplasmoid has a toroidal shape, and is encapsulated within a nanobubble as a nanoplasmoid bubble that is suspended within a liquid.
  • FIG. 5 shows a nanoplasmoid bubble (500) that includes a nanobubble (520) that encapsulates at least one nanoplasmoid (510).
  • Nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generators utilized in systems and methods of the inventive concept can have a modular construction, and include two or more mixing plates.
  • Each mixing plate has a substantially planar aspects and incorporates features that apply physical stress to a fluid flowing through the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • An example of such a mixing plate is a vortex mixing plate, and example of which is shown in FIGs. 6A and 6B.
  • FIG. 6A depicts a cross section of an example of a vortex mixing plate (610).
  • FIG. 6B depicts an orthogonal view of an example of a vortex mixing plate (610).
  • Such a plate includes an inlet portion (615) that reduces in size towards a narrow outlet.
  • Such a narrow outlet can have a minimum dimension of about 0.1 pm, about 0.2 pm, about 0.5 pm, about 0.8 pm, about 1 pm, about 2 pm, about 5 pm, about 8 pm, about 10 pm, about 20 pm, about 50 pm, about 80 pm, about 0.1 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 5 mm, about 8 mm, about 10 mm, of more than about 10 mm.
  • the narrow outlet is arranged tangentially to a central cavity (620), which can be circular.
  • the inlet portion can be ovoid, partially ovoid, or foliate, and in some embodiments is asymmetrical.
  • This arrangement imparts a swirling or circular motion to fluid entering the central cavity. Passage through the narrow outlet, transition to the relatively low pressure environment of the central cavity, and rotational movement within the cavity facilitate the formation of nanobubbles and/or nanoplasmoid bubbles. It should be appreciated that such vortex mixing plates can be mounted within an assembled nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator in different orientations, so as to produce circular flow in different directions.
  • FIGs. 7A and 7B depict a cross section of an exemplary shear mixing plate (710).
  • FIG. 7B depicts an orthogonal view of an exemplary shear mixing plate (710).
  • a shear mixing plate can include an inlet (715, 720) and an outlet (720, 715) that are joined by a series of two or more shear mixing segments (725, 730).
  • Each shear mixing segment includes a narrow inlet and a narrow outlet that are joined by an expansion region. Arranged in series, the narrow outlet of one shear mixing segment is connected to the narrow inlet of the subsequent shear mixing segment.
  • the linked shear mixing segments are arranged in a serpentine, coiled, or spiral arrangement that connects the inlet to the outlet.
  • the inlet (715) is located near the periphery of the shear mixing plate and the outlet (720) is located centrally.
  • the outlet (720) is located near the periphery of the shear mixing plate and the inlet (715) is located centrally.
  • a shear mixing plate can include a plurality of apertures or through-holes, through which fluid being processed passes.
  • FIG. 8 depicts an example of such a shear mixing plate, in which a plurality of circular apertures or through-holes are arranged in linear groups, which are in turn radially arranged around a portion of the shear mixing plate, which can include or not include an additional aperture or through-hole. Although depicted as arranged around the center of the shear mixing plate, such an arrangement of through holes can be positioned off- center. [0090] FIG.
  • FIG. 9 depicts another embodiment of a shear mixing plate of the inventive concept, in which a plurality of foliate or approximately lachrymiform apertures or through holes are arranged radially around a portion of the shear mixing plate.
  • foliate or approximately lachrymiform apertures can be of the same or different sizes.
  • through holes can be positioned off- center.
  • FIG. 10 depicts another embodiment of a shear mixing plate of the inventive concept, in which a plurality of foliate or approximately lachrymiform apertures or through holes are arranged symmetrically around a linear portion of the shear mixing plate.
  • Such foliate or approximately lachrymiform apertures can be of the same or different sizes.
  • FIG. 10 depicted as arranged around a midline of the shear mixing plate, such an arrangement of through holes can be positioned off of the midline.
  • FIG. 11 depicts another embodiments of a shear mixing plate of the inventive concept, in which a plurality of linear apertures or slots are arranged in a parallel fashion and oriented about 90° from an extension of the shear mixing plate.
  • Such linear apertures or slots can be of the same or different lengths, and can be evenly or unevenly spaced.
  • FIG. 11 depicted as positioned in a symmetrical arrangement across the shear mixing plate, such an arrangement of through holes can be asymmetric.
  • FIG. 12 depicts another embodiments of a shear mixing plate of the inventive concept, in which a plurality of linear apertures or slots are arranged in a radial fashion about a portion of the shear mixing plate.
  • Such linear apertures or slots can be of the same or different lengths, and can be evenly or unevenly spaced.
  • FIG. 12 depicted as positioned around a central portion of the shear mixing plate, such an arrangement of through holes can be positioned off-center.
  • FIG. 13 depicts another embodiments of a shear mixing plate of the inventive concept, in which a plurality of linear apertures or slots are arranged in a parallel fashion and oriented about 90° from those of the shear mixing plate shown in FIG. 11.
  • Such linear apertures or slots can be of the same or different lengths, and can be evenly or unevenly spaced. Although depicted as positioned in a symmetrical arrangement across the shear mixing plate, such an arrangement of through holes can be asymmetric.
  • FIG. 14 depicts another embodiment of a shear mixing plate of the inventive concept, in which the shear mixing plate has a single aperture or through-hole having a plurality of acute angles. Such a singe aperture or though-hole can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
  • such acute angle portions are distributed symmetrically around the periphery of the aperture of through-hole, however in some embodiments the distribution can be asymmetric. Although depicted as positioned centrally on the shear mixing plate, such a single aperture or through-hole can be positioned off center.
  • a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept can be constructed from a number of such mixing plates assembled in a modular fashion.
  • one or more center mixing plate(s) and one or more shear mixing plate(s) is used.
  • the mixing plates can be selected, ordered, and oriented as needed for the scale of the system.
  • a distribution plate (810, 820) in the assembled nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator adjacent center and/or shear mixing plates are separated by a distribution plate (810, 820).
  • a distribution plate (810, 820) can have a central opening (815) (see FIG. 15A) or a peripheral opening (825) (see FIG. 15B), wherein such opening permit the passage of fluid.
  • a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator can include an inlet plate (900), which can include features of the vortex mixing plate, such as a foliate inlet (910) and a central cavity (920) in addition to an inlet for fluid from outside of the assembled nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • an inlet plate (900) can support two fluid inlets (930, 940) and can be utilized in a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator that includes two different sets of mixing plates.
  • one fluid inlet can be used to introduce a liquid while the remaining fluid inlet is used to introduce a gas.
  • FIG. 16A shows a cross section of an example of such an inlet plate.
  • FIG. 16B shows an orthogonal view of an example of such an inlet plate.
  • a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator can terminate in a nozzle assembly (1000).
  • a nozzle assembly An example of a nozzle assembly is shown in FIGs. 17A, 17B, and 17C.
  • Such a nozzle assembly (1000) provides an expansion chamber (1010), which narrows to a constriction (1020) that subsequently opens to a flared outlet (1030).
  • FIG. 17A shows an example of a nozzle assembly in an end-on view.
  • FIG. 17B shows an example of a nozzle assembly in a side view.
  • FIG. 17C shows an orthogonal view of such a nozzle assembly.
  • a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept can be of modular design, assembled from components as described above.
  • the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator includes two sets of mixing plate components, arranged in a symmetrical manner to provide a dual system.
  • An exploded view of such an embodiment is shown in FIG. 18, with individual elements labeled as in FIGs. 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B, 15A, 15B, 16A, 16B, 17A, 17B, and 17C .
  • a single centrally placed inlet plate is in fluid communication with shear mixing plates on each side via a set of distribution plates that each have a central opening.
  • Each of these shear mixing plates is in turn in fluid communication with a corresponding vortex mixing plate via a distribution plate with a peripheral opening.
  • Each of these vortex mixing plates is in fluid communication with another vortex mixing plate of opposing orientation, and the final vortex mixing plate is coupled to a nozzle assembly.
  • FIG. 19 An alternative embodiment of a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator is shown in FIG. 19, which incorporates shear mixing plates as shown in FIGs. 8 to 14.
  • the upper portion of the figure shows an exploded, orthogonal view of a first portion of a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator assembled from a nozzle (1000), a set of shear mixing plates with multiple apertures (1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950), a shear mixing plate with a single aperture (1960), and a vortex mixing plate (610). These are arranged in a linear series and are in fluid communication with each other.
  • 19 provides an exploded, orthogonal view of the remaining portion of the nanoplasmoid generator, which includes a shear mixing plate with a single aperture (1960), a series of shear mixing plates with a plurality of apertures (1950, 1940, 1930, 1920, 1910), and a nozzle (1000). These are arranged in a linear series and are in fluidic communication with each other.
  • the vortex mixing plate (610) provides fluid communication between the two adjacent shear mixing plates (1960). These portions of the device can be coupled in series (e.g. joined by the vortex mixing plate) or can be separate portions that joined by a fluid channel (e.g. a pipe, tube, or conduit). While this example provides a specific combination and arrangement of shear mixing plates, it should be appreciated that other combinations and arrangements are also contemplated, including greater or smaller number of shear mixing plates, arrangement in a different order, exclusion of one or more types of shear mixing plate, and/or duplication of one or more types of mixing plates.
  • FIG. 18 Although depicted in FIG. 18 with a duplicate set of 3 mixing plates and with duplicates of six different shear mixing plates in FIG. 19, it should be appreciated that the modular construction of the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator permits a wide variety of configurations. Inventors contemplate that a nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator of the inventive concept can incorporate from 3 mixing plates to 3,000 or more mixing plates, as necessary. A drawing of an exemplary assembled nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator with fluid lines coupled to the fluid inlets is shown in FIG. 20.
  • a fluid for example, water
  • a fluid for example, water
  • a pressure differential of from 40 psi (2.8 x 10 6 Pa) to 40,000 psi (2.8 x 10 9 Pa).
  • a gas such as air, O2, 3 ⁇ 4, electrolysis products, etc.
  • 40 psi 2.8 x 10 6 Pa
  • 40,000 psi 2.8 x 10 9 Pa
  • Flow rates and/or pressures of the applied fluid and gas can be modulated or controlled during nanoplasmoid bubble generation, for example in order to provide a nanoplasmoid bubbles in desired numbers or having a desired size and/or content.
  • Flow rate and/or pressures can be adjusted manually or by using a control mechanism. Such adjustments can be made in response to data from sensors, for instance an optical density sensor, optical scatter sensor, zeta-potential sensor, pH sensor, conductivity sensor, and/or chemical species sensor. It should be appreciated that excess gas (i.e. gas not incorporated into nanoplasmoid bubbles) can be captured and returned to the nanobubble/nanoplasmoid generator.
  • Fluid containing nanoplasmoid bubbles i.e. nanoplasmoid bubble suspension
  • a reservoir which can be configured for treatment of patients.
  • the collected nanoplasmoid bubble suspension can be directed from the reservoir back to the system for additional processing.
  • This recycling of the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension provides additional control over the composition and size of the suspended nanoplasmoid bubbles, as well as providing control over the number of nanoplasmoid bubbles per mL of such a suspension.
  • This recycling can be performed for periods ranging from 1 minute to 8 hours. Typically recycling can be performed for about 1 hour.
  • FIG. 21A Samples taken prior to treatment (FIG. 21A) and after such treatment (FIG. 21B) show that the nanoplasmoid bubbles generated have the following characteristics:
  • the Applicant notes that both the mean diameter and standard deviation of said diameter of the nanoplasmoid bubbles so produced are significantly smaller than those of nanobubbles produced by prior art apparatus under similar conditions.
  • nanoplasmoid bubble suspensions produced by systems of the inventive concept have been found to have therapeutic uses. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that therapeutic effects are provide by both species generated during nanoplasmoid bubble generation (for example, peroxides, O3, Fb, etc.) and physical properties of the nanoplasmoid bubbles so generated, which enhance perfusion into tissues. Benefits can be realized by consumption of the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension (i.e. by drinking as a beverage) and/or by immersion in the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension. Surprisingly, Inventors have found that immersion in a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension can provide improvement in systemic and/or topical disease states.
  • species generated during nanoplasmoid bubble generation for example, peroxides, O3, Fb, etc.
  • benefits can be realized by consumption of the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension (i.e. by drinking as a beverage) and/or by immersion in the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension.
  • Inventors have found that numerous skin conditions (including topical fungal infections, slow-healing wounds, wrinkles, abnormally dry skin, eczema, psoriasis, and skin carcinoma) can be reduced or eliminated by topical treatment with a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension as generated by a system of the inventive concept.
  • Such improvement can be realized using a treatment schedule of daily exposure to a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension for a period of at least 20 minutes, at intervals of from three times a day to once a week, and/or for a period of about 30 to 90 days.
  • Nanoplasmoid bubble suspensions include sanitization and/or disinfection of surfaces and equipment (for example, medical and dental equipment, personal care items, food preparation equipment, etc.). Nanoplasmoid bubble suspension can also be utilized to purify contaminated water, for example by removal and/or oxidation of organic molecules, flotation and subsequent removal of particulates, and/or enhancement of natural (for example, biological) breakdown processes. Similarly, the introduction of nanoplasmoid bubbles into commercial organic liquids (such as industrial lubricants) can prevent or retard decomposition of such liquids.
  • nanoplasmoid bubble suspensions are used to treat the surface of a material, for example by partial or complete immersion or by application of a stream, spray, and/or mist that includes nanoplasmoid bubbles. Such treatment can, for example remove a biofilm from a surface, and/or prevent or retard its formation.
  • consumption of a beverage or food that includes nanoplasmoid bubbles can modify aspects of an animal’s body chemistry in a beneficial fashion.
  • consumption of a liquid that includes a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension by birds can reduce the content of toxic ammonia found in their droppings. This reduction simplifies care of domestic fowl and improves local environmental conditions.
  • a system in which a nanoplasmoid bubble generator as described above is fluidically coupled with a secondary functional system, such that a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension is provided to the secondary functional system that aids in its function.
  • a nanoplasmoid bubble generator of the inventive concept can be fluidically coupled with a water sanitation or filtration system, thereby reducing fouling and improving the sanitation function.
  • Suitable secondary functional systems include a water filtration system, a water purifying system (e.g.
  • a system for producing potable water a desalination system, a water heating system, a steam generator, a water cooling system, a sanitation system, a power washer, a laundry cleaning system, a dishwasher, a car wash, and/or a vacuum cleaner.
  • a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension in such systems improves their capabilities in providing their respective functions.
  • the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension can be used to treat materials dislodged during cleaning and/or other waste generated by the secondary functional system.
  • a nanoplasmoid bubble suspension as described above is utilized in a manufacturing process.
  • the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension is utilized in the manufacture of liquid chemical products, such as paint, nail polish, perfumes and/or colognes, fuels, industrial (e.g. non-edible) oils, and cleaning products.
  • the nanoplasmoid bubble suspension is utilized in the manufacture of consumable products, such as foods, beverages, alcohol, edible oils, proteins, and ice.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des systèmes, des dispositifs, et des procédés qui sont utiles pour générer une suspension fluide de bulles nanoplasmoïdes. De tels systèmes utilisent un générateur de nanobulles/nanoplasmoïdes conjointement avec des mécanismes pour appliquer de l'énergie au fluide sous la forme d'événements électrolytiques, d'ondes de pression, de champs électriques et/ou de champs magnétiques. Le générateur de nanobulles/nanoplasmoïdes est de construction modulaire qui est facilement adaptable à une grande variété d'applications. Diverses applications de suspensions de bulles nanoplasmoïdes ainsi produites sont décrites.
PCT/US2020/021858 2020-03-10 2020-03-10 Suspensions nanoplasmoïdes et systèmes et dispositifs pour leur génération WO2021183112A1 (fr)

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