WO2021181687A1 - 予測モデル作成装置、予測モデル作成方法及びプログラム - Google Patents
予測モデル作成装置、予測モデル作成方法及びプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C21/00—Navigation; Navigational instruments not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C19/00
- G01C21/26—Navigation; Navigational instruments not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C19/00 specially adapted for navigation in a road network
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S19/00—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems; Determining position, velocity or attitude using signals transmitted by such systems
- G01S19/01—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems transmitting time-stamped messages, e.g. GPS [Global Positioning System], GLONASS [Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System] or GALILEO
- G01S19/13—Receivers
- G01S19/23—Testing, monitoring, correcting or calibrating of receiver elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a predictive model creation device for predicting a positioning error distribution, a predictive model creation method, and a program.
- Patent Document 1 describes a technique for calculating a positioning error based on an error between a pseudo distance from a plurality of satellites and a distance from a positioned position to the satellite.
- a vehicle traveling on the road A shown in FIG. 8 positions the traveling position of its own vehicle by a satellite positioning system, it may be traveling on a nearby road B depending on the degree of error in the positioned position information. Such results may be obtained.
- misrecognition of the road on which the vehicle travels becomes a problem.
- a technique for calculating the probability of making a mistake on the road on which the vehicle is traveling hereinafter referred to as a failure rate
- Both L1 and L2 in FIG. 8 show the distribution of positioning error.
- the positioning error is normally distributed, and the standard deviation of the normal distribution is defined as the "positioning error".
- the distribution L1 shows a probability distribution when the positioning error is smaller than the distribution L2. See FIG.
- the vertical axis of the graph of FIG. 9 shows the failure rate, and the horizontal axis shows the magnitude of the positioning error.
- the difference D1 between the positioning error R1 and the positioning error R2 and the difference D2 between the positioning error R2 and the positioning error R3 are equal.
- the difference D3 between the failure rate when the positioning error R1 and the failure rate when the positioning error R2 is R2 is significantly different from the difference D4 between the failure rate when the positioning error R2 and the failure rate when the positioning error R3 is set. That is, the magnitude of the positioning error is not proportional to the failure rate. Therefore, when dealing with the failure rate, the difference D1 between the positioning error R1 and the positioning error R2 and the difference D2 between the positioning error R2 and the positioning error R3 should not be treated as equivalent.
- a prediction model when creating a prediction model, learning is performed so as to minimize or maximize a predetermined evaluation function. For example, when a prediction model is created by using the least squares error as an evaluation function and reducing the error between the predicted value and the measured value of the positioning error, the positioning error is predicted to be R3 when the true magnitude of the positioning error is R2.
- R1 when the true magnitude of the positioning error is R2, and both of them have the value of the evaluation function. It is possible that they will be equivalent.
- this prediction model may become a model in which the failure rate of erroneously recognizing road A and road B is significantly different from the actual model. With such a prediction model, it is not possible to grasp the accurate failure rate.
- the present disclosure provides a predictive model creation device, a predictive model creation method, and a program capable of solving the above-mentioned problems.
- the prediction model creation device is a prediction model creation device that creates a prediction model that predicts a positioning error indicating an error in the position positioned by the satellite positioning system, and is a feature of the terrain at a certain point.
- a unit a prediction model creation unit that creates a prediction model that outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error when the topographical feature data is input, a probability distribution of the positioning error output by the prediction model, a predetermined function, and the like.
- the evaluation value of the failure rate is calculated based on the number of observations for each positioning error and the function. It includes an evaluation unit that calculates based on the failure rate, and an update unit that updates the prediction model so that the evaluation value becomes an optimum value.
- the prediction model creation method is a prediction model creation method for creating a prediction model that predicts a positioning error indicating an error in the position positioned by the satellite positioning system, and is a feature of the terrain at a certain point.
- the topographical feature data is input, there is a step of creating a prediction model that outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error, and in the step of creating the prediction model, the probability of the positioning error output by the prediction model.
- the evaluation value of the failure rate is the number of observations for each positioning error and the above. It is calculated based on the observation failure rate calculated based on the function, and the prediction model is updated so that the evaluation value becomes the optimum value.
- the program is a prediction model creation method for creating a prediction model for predicting a positioning error indicating an error in the position positioned by a satellite positioning system on a computer, and is a feature of the terrain at a certain point.
- the topographical feature data is input, there is a step of creating a prediction model that outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error, and in the step of creating the prediction model, the probability of the positioning error output by the prediction model.
- the evaluation value of the failure rate is the number of observations for each positioning error and the above. The process of updating the prediction model so that the evaluation value becomes the optimum value, which is calculated based on the observation failure rate calculated based on the function, is executed.
- prediction model creation device prediction model creation method and program, it is possible to create a prediction model that estimates the distribution of the error of the positioned position in the positioning using satellites.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a positioning error and a failure rate.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a positioning error and a failure rate. It is a figure which shows an example of the hardware configuration of the prediction model creation apparatus in each embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a prediction model creation device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the prediction model creation device 10 includes a data acquisition unit 11, a prediction model creation unit 12, and a storage unit 13.
- the data acquisition unit 11 acquires the training data necessary for creating the prediction model M that predicts the probability distribution of the positioning error of the satellite positioning system at an arbitrary point.
- the training data includes, for example, topographical feature data indicating the topographical features of each of a plurality of points, speed data when the vehicle travels at that point, and positioning error when the point is traveled multiple times. It contains information such as the number of observations and the total number of runs (total number of observations).
- the prediction model creation unit 12 creates a prediction model M that predicts the probability distribution of the positioning error of the satellite positioning system so that an accurate failure rate can be calculated.
- the prediction model creation unit 12 includes a prediction value calculation unit 121, an evaluation unit 122, and an update unit 123.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 estimates the true distribution of the positioning error.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 calculates the predicted value of the failure rate based on the estimated positioning error distribution. As will be described later, the predicted value of the failure rate is calculated as a distribution.
- the evaluation unit 122 evaluates by comparing the failure rate calculated based on the positioning error predicted by the prediction model M with the failure rate calculated from the distribution of the observed positioning error. In this embodiment, the failure rate is used as the evaluation function (loss function) instead of the positioning error.
- the update unit 123 updates the parameters of the prediction model M based on the evaluation of the evaluation unit 122 with respect to the failure rate based on the prediction model M.
- the storage unit 13 stores the prediction model M and various data.
- the positioning error indicates the magnitude of the error of the position information positioned by the satellite positioning system, and indicates that an error can occur in the range of a circle centered on the position information and having the positioning error as a radius, for example.
- the variation in positioning error is represented by a probability distribution. For example, while traveling a certain point Q 100 times by a vehicle, the position information and the positioning error at the point Q are received from the satellite positioning system.
- the prediction model M of the present embodiment outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error observed at the point Q when the topographical feature data of the point Q, the speed of the vehicle, and the like are input.
- the failure rate f is calculated by the following equation (1).
- f f 2 ⁇ r 2 + f 3 ⁇ r 3 + ... + f 11 ⁇ r 11 ...
- f k failure rate when the positioning error is k in [m] r k is the true probability that the positioning error becomes k [m].
- the true probability, number of positioning error of n k is k [m] is observed, the total number of observations is N, the value of n k ⁇ N which is assumed when the N ⁇ ⁇ .
- the failure rate Since the posterior probability p follows the Dirichlet distribution, the failure rate also has a distribution, and the distribution can be calculated by the following equation (3).
- f ⁇ (f 2 ⁇ r 2 + f 3 ⁇ r 3 + ⁇ + f 11 ⁇ r 11) ⁇ p (r 2, r 3, ⁇ , r 11
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 calculates the estimated value of the true positioning error distribution using the formula (2), and calculates the observed value of the failure rate by the formula (3).
- the probability distribution of the positioning error predicted by the prediction model M and the failure rate f pred calculated from the equation (1) are obtained.
- the distribution of positioning error was estimated by the Dirichlet distribution, but it may be calculated by the product of the binomial distribution instead of the Dirichlet distribution.
- evaluation function Assuming that the probability distribution of the positioning error predicted by the prediction model M and the failure rate calculated from the equation (1) are f- pred , the evaluation value L of the f- pred is the equation (4) from the observation result as shown in the following equation (4). It is the cumulative probability of the posterior probability of the failure rate estimated by 3) near the predicted value.
- b in the equation (4) is a margin of error of the failure rate.
- the update unit 123 adjusts the parameters of the prediction model M so that the evaluation value L of the equation (4) is maximized.
- a recurrent neural network RNN
- Topographical feature data, velocity data, etc. are used as input variables for the prediction model M.
- the update unit 123 adjusts the parameters based on the distribution of the failure rate.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 are a first diagram and a second diagram for explaining a method of creating the prediction model of the present disclosure, respectively.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram when the total number of observations is small
- FIG. 3 is a diagram when the total number of observations is large.
- FIG. 2A is a graph showing the positioning error observation frequency space.
- n 2 and n 3 indicate the number of times the positioning error 2 [m] was observed and the number of times the positioning error 3 [m] was observed, respectively.
- n 2 and n 3 of n 2 to n 11 are taken out and shown in the figure. This also applies to the following.
- FIG. 2B is a graph showing the positioning error distribution space.
- R 2 and r 3 indicate the probability that the positioning error 2 [m] is observed and the probability that the positioning error 3 [m] is observed, respectively.
- Point X 12 in FIG. 2 (a) shows that the number of times that the positioning error 2 [m] has been observed in n 2, and the number of times that the positioning error 3 [m] is observed is n 3 ..
- the distribution Y 12 in FIG. 2 (b) shows the distribution of the true posterior probabilities of the positioning error because the number of observations is a combination of the values of the points X 12. That is, the distribution Y 12 shows the Dirichlet distribution according to the equation (2) in the case of the point X 12. Since the total number of observations in FIG. 2 is small, the spread of the distribution Y 12 is large as compared with the case of FIG. 3 described below.
- FIG. 2C shows a graph showing the distribution W of the failure rate (observation failure rate) calculated from the posterior distribution of the positioning error, and the failure rate f pred based on the predicted value Z 12 by the prediction model M.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 2C shows the probability, and the horizontal axis shows the failure rate.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 Based on the true posterior distribution Y 12 , the predicted value calculation unit 121 has a large number of random numbers (r 1 , r 2 , ..., R 11 ) that follow the Dirichlet distribution by a method such as MCMC, that is, positioning according to the Dirichlet distribution. Generate an error distribution.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 calculates the graph W showing the distribution of the observation failure rate from the generated positioning error distribution and the equation (3).
- the evaluation unit 122 calculates the failure rate f pred from the predicted value Z 12 in FIG. 2 (b) and the equation (1).
- the width b in FIG. 2C corresponds to the number of observations or a predetermined allowable width, and corresponds to b in the formula (4).
- the size of the shaded area Lw indicates an evaluation value for the correctness of the prediction, and corresponds to L in the equation (4).
- Evaluation unit 122 in the vicinity of the failure rate f pred calculated from the predicted value Z 12, to evaluate the correctness of the predicted value Z 12 depending distribution W of the observed failure rate how much of gather.
- the prediction model M is such that the region Lw included in the width of b centered on the failure rate f pred based on the prediction value Z 12 becomes large.
- Parameter coefficient of RNN network
- FIG. 3A shows a positioning error observation frequency space when the number of observations is large.
- n 2 and n 3 are the number of times the positioning errors 2 [m] and 3 [m] were observed, respectively, but the total number of observations is larger than in the case of FIG.
- the spread of the positioning error distribution Y 12 becomes small. This indicates that the positioning error distribution Y 12 has converged closer to the true distribution due to the increase in the number of observations.
- Point Z 12 in FIG. 3B is a predicted value by the prediction model M.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 uses the random numbers generated based on the positioning error distribution Y 12 of FIG. 3 (b) and the equation (3) to be used in FIG.
- the distribution W of the observation failure rate shown in c) is calculated.
- the evaluation unit 122 calculates the failure rate f pred shown in FIG. 3 (c) by using the predicted value Z 12 in FIG. 3 (b) and the equation (1).
- the width Wh of the observation failure rate distribution W becomes narrower as the spread of the positioning error distribution Y 12 decreases.
- the expected value Wc of the distribution W and the failure rate f pred based on the predicted value are separated from each other, and the failure rate f pred is outside the width Wh of the distribution W.
- the size is smaller than that in FIG. 2 (c).
- the prediction model creating unit 12 creates a prediction model M for calculating such a predicted value. For example, if a prediction model M is created using the positioning errors observed at points Q1 and Q2 with different topographical features as training data, and the number of observations at point Q1 is small and the number of observations at point Q2 is large, prediction is made.
- the model creation unit 12 makes sure that the expected value Wc of the distribution W having a spread as illustrated in FIG. 2C and the failure rate fpred are separated by a certain degree. Is allowed, and when the topographical feature data of the point Q2 is input, it is predicted to output a predicted value such that the expected value Wc of the narrow distribution W as illustrated in FIG. 3C and the failure rate f pred approach each other. Create a model.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an example of the prediction model creation process of the present disclosure.
- the data acquisition unit 11 acquires the learning data (step S11).
- the data acquisition unit 11 has, for each of the plurality of points, the topographical feature data of that point, the speed of the vehicle, the magnitude of the positioning error observed when passing the target point a plurality of times, the number of observations thereof, and the total number of observations.
- the topographical feature data is, for example, the number and height of buildings existing in each direction around the target point, the route (road shape) on which the vehicle traveled, and the like.
- Both the terrain feature data and the vehicle speed are factors that affect the reception of signals from the satellite positioning system at the target point.
- Topographic feature data can be obtained by analyzing three-dimensional map data.
- the vehicle speed and positioning error the vehicle is actually driven multiple times in the same direction at the same speed at the same target point, and the speed at that time, the position information acquired from the satellite positioning system, and the positioning error information are recorded. Can be obtained by doing.
- the terrain feature data, the vehicle speed, the number of observations for each positioning error, and the total number of observations are set as one set of learning data.
- the data acquisition unit 11 acquires learning data for a plurality of points having various topographical features and records them in the storage unit 13.
- the prediction model creation unit 12 selects a plurality of sets from the learning data recorded in the storage unit 13 (step S12).
- the prediction model creation unit 12 acquires the terrain feature data and the vehicle speed for each of the selected learning data and inputs them to the prediction model M being trained.
- the prediction model M predicts the positioning error distribution corresponding to the input terrain feature data and the vehicle speed (step S13).
- the prediction model M is "a building with a height of 20 m in the north direction, which includes topographical feature data and vehicle speed, and runs on a road passing from west to east on the south side of the building, from west to east at a speed of west to east.
- the prediction model creation unit 12 evaluates the predicted value (probability distribution of positioning error) (step S14).
- the prediction value is evaluated using the failure rate, instead of evaluating the difference between the probability distribution of the positioning error output by the prediction model M and the probability distribution of the actually observed positioning error.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 uses the number of observations and the total number of observations of each positioning error of the training data, and the equation (2) to distribute the Dirichlet distribution (FIGS. 2 (b) and 3 (b)). Y 12 ) is calculated.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 generates a random number based on the Dirichlet distribution, and calculates the distribution of the observation failure rate (W in FIGS.
- the evaluation unit 122 uses the predicted values (Z 12 in FIGS. 2 (b) and 3 (b)) predicted by the prediction model M during learning in step S13 and the equation (1) to determine the failure rate based on the predicted values.
- f pred (Fig 2 (b), f pred in FIG. 3 (b)) is calculated.
- the evaluation unit 122 calculates the evaluation value L (Lw in FIGS. 2 (c) and 3 (c)) by the formula (4).
- the update unit 123 updates the parameters of the prediction model M so as to maximize the evaluation value L (step S15).
- the prediction model creation unit 12 determines whether or not the end condition is satisfied (step S16). For example, the prediction model creation unit 12 determines that the end condition is satisfied when the value of the evaluation value L reaches a predetermined target value. Alternatively, the prediction model creation unit 12 determines that the end condition is satisfied when the number of times of learning (the number of times of execution of steps S12 to S15) reaches a predetermined threshold value. If the end condition is not satisfied (step S16; No), the prediction model creation unit 12 repeats the process from step S12. When the end condition is satisfied (step S16; Yes), the prediction model creating unit 12 ends the process of creating the prediction model M. The prediction model creation unit 12 records the learned prediction model M in the storage unit 13.
- the prediction model M that predicts the probability distribution of the positioning error when the terrain feature data and the vehicle speed are input, but the prediction model creation unit 12 creates the positioning error when the terrain feature data is input. It may be configured to create a prediction model M that predicts the probability distribution of. This also applies to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a prediction model creation device according to the second embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the prediction model creation device 10A includes a data acquisition unit 11, a prediction model creation unit 12, a storage unit 13, and a reliability evaluation unit 14. The description of the same configuration as that of the first embodiment will be omitted.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 evaluates the reliability of the probability distribution of the positioning error predicted by the prediction model M.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 executes either or both of (1) reliability evaluation based on the uncertainty of the model and (2) reliability evaluation based on the total number of observations during learning.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 applies a method called dropout in which some of the elements of the network are intentionally omitted. ..
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 drops out different networks each time a predetermined number of times, and records the predicted value output by the predicted model M to which the dropout has been applied for the same input.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 evaluates the variation of the predicted value output by the prediction model M. When the variation is large, the reliability of the probability distribution of the positioning error predicted by the prediction model M is low, and when the variation is small, the reliability is evaluated as high.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 when the spread of the Diricle distribution is large, the reliability of the probability distribution of the positioning error predicted by the prediction model M is low (the total number of observations is small), and when the spread is small (the total number of observations is large). ), The reliability is evaluated as high.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an evaluation method of a prediction model according to the second embodiment of the present disclosure.
- 6 (a) to 6 (c) are diagrams for explaining the evaluation process when the total number of observations is large.
- FIG. 6A shows a feature space.
- the feature quantity is a parameter to be input to the prediction model.
- Point H 1 is feature value g 1 (e.g., feature values of the terrain) indicated by the value of G 1, characteristic quantity g 2 (e.g., vehicle speed) of the input parameter value of is in G2.
- FIG. 6B shows a positioning error distribution space.
- the point I 1 indicates the output when the input parameter of the point H 1 is input to the trained prediction model M, that is, the probability distribution of the positioning error.
- Distribution J 1 indicates the variability that occurred when the dropout was applied, the variability according to the total number of observations, or both.
- Reliability evaluation unit 14 applies a drop out trained predictive model M, a predictive value when inputting the input parameters as at point H 1, is recorded in the storage unit 13.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 records the calculated posterior probability distribution in the storage unit 13.
- the distribution J 1 is either or both of a plot of the predicted values recorded when the dropout is applied and a calculated posterior probability distribution.
- the distribution W 1 of the observation failure rate is calculated based on the distribution J 1 , the distribution as shown in FIG. 6 (c) is obtained.
- FIG. 6 (d) to 6 (e) are diagrams for explaining the evaluation process when the total number of observations is small.
- FIG. 6 (d) shows the feature space
- FIG. 6 (e) shows the positioning error distribution space.
- Point I 2 is a predicted value when the input parameter of point H 2 is input to the trained prediction model M.
- Distribution J 2 for the predicted value I 2 is the variation occurred in dropout application, or variations corresponding to all the observation times, or show both.
- Reliability evaluation unit 14 performs the same process as described in FIG. 6 (b), calculates a distribution J 2 in FIG. 6 (e). When the distribution W 2 of the observation failure rate is calculated based on the distribution J 2 , the distribution as shown in FIG. 6 (f) is obtained.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 evaluates the reliability of the predicted value based on the magnitude of the spread of the distribution J 1 and the distribution J 2. For example, the reliability evaluation unit 14 compares the area of the distribution J 1 and the distribution J 2 with a predetermined threshold, and the predicted value predicted by the prediction model M based on the fact that the area of the distribution J 1 is less than the threshold. I 1 is evaluated as highly reliable. For example, the reliability evaluation unit 14 evaluates that the predicted value I 2 predicted by the prediction model M is highly reliable based on the area of the distribution J 2 being equal to or larger than the threshold value.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example of the evaluation process of the prediction model according to the second embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the reliability evaluation unit 14 evaluates the reliability based on the uncertainty of the model (step S21). With respect to a certain predicted value, the reliability evaluation unit 14 inputs the input parameter n value when the predicted value is obtained into the prediction model M to which the dropout is applied, and acquires the predicted value. The reliability evaluation unit 14 performs the same process a plurality of times by changing the network to drop out, and calculates the variation of the predicted value. Next, the reliability evaluation unit 14 evaluates the reliability based on the total number of observations during learning (step S22).
- the reliability of the predicted value predicted by the trained prediction model M can be evaluated. For example, when the reliability of the predicted value is low, as shown in FIG. 6 (f), the distribution W 2 of the failure rate calculated based on the predicted value has a certain spread or more. In such a case, a look at the distribution W 2 spread, "this point, the failure rate is because there is a possibility of erroneous recognition of the road uncertain, it is better not to perform processing related to road pricing" a decision such as It can be carried out.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of the prediction model creation device according to each embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the computer 900 is, for example, a PC (Personal Computer) including a CPU 901, a main storage device 902, an auxiliary storage device 903, an input / output interface 904, and a communication interface 905, a server terminal device, and the like.
- the above-mentioned prediction model creation devices 10 and 10A are mounted on the computer 900.
- the operation of each processing unit described above is stored in the auxiliary storage device 903 in the form of a program.
- the CPU 901 reads the program from the auxiliary storage device 903, expands it to the main storage device 902, and executes the above processing according to the program.
- the CPU 901 secures a storage area corresponding to the storage unit 13 in the main storage device 902 according to the program.
- the CPU 901 secures a storage area for storing the data being processed in the auxiliary storage device 903 according to the program.
- the auxiliary storage device 903 is an example of a non-temporary tangible medium.
- Other examples of non-temporary tangible media include magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, semiconductor memories, etc. connected via the input / output interface 904.
- the distributed computer 900 may expand the program to the main storage device 902 and execute the above processing.
- the program may be for realizing a part of the above-mentioned functions.
- the program may be a so-called difference file (difference program) that realizes the above-mentioned function in combination with another program already stored in the auxiliary storage device 903.
- the prediction model creation devices 10 and 10A are prediction model creation devices for creating a prediction model for predicting a positioning error indicating an error in the position positioned by the satellite positioning system, and are at a certain point. Acquires topographical feature data indicating topographical features, the positioning error with respect to the position of the moving body observed by the satellite positioning system when the moving body passes through the point a plurality of times, and the number of observations for each positioning error. Data acquisition unit 11 to create a prediction model M that creates a prediction model M that outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error when the topographical feature data is input, and a prediction model creation unit 12 that outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error that the prediction model M outputs.
- the evaluation value of the failure rate is set for each positioning error.
- An evaluation unit 122 that calculates based on the number of observations and the observation failure rate calculated based on the function (Equation (3)), and an update unit that updates the prediction model M so that the evaluation value becomes an optimum value. 123 and. This makes it possible to create a prediction model M that predicts a positioning error for which an accurate failure rate can be calculated.
- the predetermined function indicates a function for calculating the failure rate, and the equations (1) and (3) correspond to the predetermined functions.
- the prediction model creation devices 10, 10A are the prediction model creation devices 10, 10A of (1), and the number of observations for each positioning error is acquired by the data acquisition unit 11. Based on the distribution of posterior probabilities of the positioning error to be the number of observations and the function (Equation (3)), the distribution W of the observation failure rate is calculated, and the distribution W is used as the failure rate.
- the predicted value calculation unit 121 which outputs the predicted value of the above, is further provided. This makes it possible to calculate the true distribution of failure rates.
- the prediction model creation devices 10, 10A are the prediction model creation devices 10, 10A of (1) to (2), and the evaluation unit 122 is based on the prediction model M.
- the area Lw where the calculated region of the predetermined width b centered on the failure rate and the region occupied by the distribution W indicated by the predicted value of the failure rate overlap is calculated as the evaluation value L, and the update unit 123 ,
- the parameters of the prediction model M are updated so that the evaluation value L becomes the maximum. This makes it possible to create a prediction model M capable of calculating an accurate failure rate.
- the prediction model creation device 10A is the prediction model creation device 10A of (1) to (3), and the reliability of the prediction value of the probability distribution of the positioning error output by the prediction model.
- a reliability evaluation unit 14 for evaluating sex is further provided.
- the prediction model creation device 10A is the prediction model creation device 10A of (4), and when the prediction model M is constructed by a neural network, the reliability evaluation unit 14 , The reliability is evaluated based on the variation at the time of applying the dropout to the prediction model when the predetermined topographical feature data and the speed of the moving object are input to the prediction model.
- the prediction model creation device 10A according to the sixth aspect is the prediction model creation device 10A of (4) to (5), and the reliability evaluation unit 14 is the magnitude of the total value of the number of observations.
- the spread of the posterior probability distribution of the predicted value based on the above is calculated, and the reliability is evaluated based on the spread of the distribution.
- the prediction model creation method is a prediction model creation method for creating a prediction model for predicting a positioning error indicating an error in the position positioned by the satellite positioning system, and is a feature of the terrain at a certain point.
- the topographical feature data is input, there is a step of creating a prediction model that outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error, and in the step of creating the prediction model, the probability of the positioning error output by the prediction model.
- the evaluation value of the failure rate is the number of observations for each positioning error and the above. It is calculated based on the observation failure rate calculated based on the function, and the prediction model is updated so that the evaluation value becomes the optimum value.
- the program according to the eighth aspect is a prediction model creation method for creating a prediction model for predicting a positioning error indicating an error of a position positioned by a satellite positioning system on a computer, and is a feature of the terrain at a certain point.
- the topographical feature data is input, there is a step of creating a prediction model that outputs the probability distribution of the positioning error, and in the step of creating the prediction model, the probability of the positioning error output by the prediction model.
- the evaluation value of the failure rate is the number of observations for each positioning error and the above. The process of updating the prediction model so that the evaluation value becomes the optimum value, which is calculated based on the observation failure rate calculated based on the function, is executed.
- prediction model creation device prediction model creation method and program, it is possible to create a prediction model that estimates the distribution of the error of the positioned position in the positioning using satellites.
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Abstract
Description
以下、本発明の第一実施形態による測位誤差の予測方法について図1~図4を参照して説明する。
(構成)
図1は、本発明の第一実施形態における予測モデル作成装置の一例を示す図である。図1に示すように予測モデル作成装置10は、データ取得部11と、予測モデル作成部12と、記憶部13と、を備える。
評価部122は、予測モデルMが予測する測位誤差に基づいて算出された失敗率を、観測された測位誤差の分布から算出された失敗率と比較して評価を行う。本実施形態では、測位誤差ではなく、失敗率を評価関数(損失関数)として用いる。
更新部123は、予測モデルMに基づく失敗率に対する評価部122の評価に基づいて、予測モデルMのパラメータを更新する。
衛星測位システムを用いた測位では、同一地点で複数回の測位を行っても、測位誤差は一定ではなくばらつきが生じる。測位誤差とは、衛星測位システムが測位した位置情報の誤差の大きさを示し、例えば、位置情報を中心、測位誤差を半径とする円の範囲で誤差が生じ得ることを示す。本実施形態では、測位誤差のばらつきを確率分布で表す。例えば、ある地点Qを車両で100回走行しながら、地点Qにおける位置情報と測位誤差を衛星測位システムから受信する。例えば、100回のうち測位誤差2[m]が30回、測位誤差3[m]が20回、・・・、測位誤差11[m]が1回観測された場合、地点Pの測位誤差が2[m]である確率は30%、3[m]である確率は20%、・・・、11[m]である確率は1%となる。本実施形態の予測モデルMは、地点Qの地形特徴データ、車両の速度などを入力すると、地点Qで観測される測位誤差の確率分布を出力する。
失敗率fは、次の式(1)で算出する。
f=f2・r2+f3・r3+・・・+f11・r11・・・(1)
ここで、fkは測位誤差がk[m]のときの失敗率、rkは測位誤差がk[m]となる真の確率である。真の確率とは、nkを測位誤差がk[m]が観測された回数、観測回数の合計をNとし、N→∞とした際に想定されるnk÷Nの値である。
rkは一般には観測できないため、nk、Nの値から推定する。nk(k=2,3、・・・11)、Nが既知である場合に、真の確率がrkである事後確率p(r2,r3,・・・,r11|n2,n3,・・・,n11)は、ディリクレ分布に従う。事後確率pを以下の式(2)に示す。
事後確率pがディリクレ分布に従うので、失敗率も分布を持ち、その分布は、以下の式(3)で算出することができる。
f=∫(f2・r2+f3・r3+・・・+f11・r11)×p(r2,r3,・・・,r11|n2,n3,・・・,n11)dr2dr3・・・dr11・・・(3)
予測値算出部121は、式(2)を用いて真の測位誤差分布の推定値を算出し、式(3)によって失敗率の観測値を算出する。さらに本実施形態では、失敗率の真値を式(3)で算出されるfと仮定し、予測モデルMが予測する測位誤差の確率分布と式(1)から算出される失敗率fpredを、式(3)で算出されるfに基づいて評価する。
なお、式(2)ではディリクレ分布によって測位誤差の分布を推定したが、ディリクレ分布ではなく2項分布の積によって算出してもよい。
予測モデルMが予測する測位誤差の確率分布と式(1)から算出される失敗率をfpredとすると、fpredの評価値Lを以下の式(4)のように、観測結果から式(3)によって推定される失敗率の事後確率の、予測値近傍での累積確率とする。ここで、式(4)のbは、失敗率の許容誤差である。
図2、図3は、それぞれ、本開示の予測モデルの作成方法を説明する第1の図、第2の図である。図2は全観測回数が少ない場合、図3は全観測回数が多い場合の図である。
図2(a)は、測位誤差観測回数空間を示すグラフである。n2、n3はそれぞれ、測位誤差2[m]が観測された回数、測位誤差3[m]が観測された回数を示す。説明の便宜のため、n2~n11のうちのn2、n3を取り出して図示している。このことは、以下においても同様である。図2(b)は、測位誤差分布空間を示すグラフである。r2、r3はそれぞれ、測位誤差2[m]が観測される確率、測位誤差3[m]が観測される確率を示す。
図4は、本開示の予測モデル作成処理の一例を示すフローチャートである。
まず、データ取得部11が、学習データを取得する(ステップS11)。例えば、データ取得部11は、複数の地点のそれぞれについて、その地点の地形特徴データ、車両の速度、対象地点を複数回通過した際に観測された測位誤差の大きさとその観測回数、全観測回数を取得する。地形特徴データとは、例えば、対象地点を中心として各方向に存在する建物の数やその高さ、車両が走行した経路(道路の形状)などである。地形特徴データ、車両の速度は何れも対象地点での衛星測位システムからの信号の受信に影響を及ぼす要素である。地形特徴データは、3次元の地図データを解析して得ることができる。車両の速度と測位誤差については、同一の対象地点について、実際に車両を同一方向に同一の速度で複数回走行させ、そのときの速度、衛星測位システムから取得した位置情報、測位誤差情報を記録することによって得ることができる。本実施形態では、地形特徴データ、車両の速度と、測位誤差ごとの観測回数、全観測回数を1組みの学習データとする。例えば、ある地点を10回走行して、測位誤差2[m]が5回、3[m]が3回、4[m]が2回観測された場合、測位誤差ごとの観測回数とは、「測位誤差2[m]が5回、3[m]が3回、4[m]が2回」という情報であり、全観測回数は10回である。データ取得部11は、様々な地形の特徴を有する複数の地点について、学習データを取得し、記憶部13に記録する。
なお、上記例では、地形特徴データと車両の速度を入力すると測位誤差の確率分布を予測する予測モデルMを作成することとしたが、予測モデル作成部12は、地形特徴データを入力すると測位誤差の確率分布を予測する予測モデルMを作成するように構成されていてもよい。このことは、第二実施形態についても同様である。
次に図5~図7を参照して、第二実施形態における予測モデル作成装置について説明する。
図5は、本開示の第二実施形態における予測モデル作成装置の一例を示す図である。予測モデル作成装置10Aは、データ取得部11と、予測モデル作成部12と、記憶部13と、信頼性評価部14と、を備える。第一実施形態と同様の構成については説明を省略する。
予測モデルMがRNN等のネットワークの場合、信頼性評価部14は、ネットワークの要素の一部を故意に欠落させるドロップアウトと呼ばれる手法を適用する。例えば、信頼性評価部14は、所定回数だけ、その都度、異なるネットワークのドロップアウトを行い、同じ入力に対して、ドロップアウト適用済みの予測モデルMが出力する予測値を記録する。信頼性評価部14は、予測モデルMが出力した予測値のばらつきを評価する。ばらつきが大きい場合、予測モデルMによって予測された測位誤差の確率分布の信頼性は低く、ばらつきが小さければ、信頼性は高いと評価する。
図3(c)を用いて説明したように、学習時に、全観測回数が多い場合は予測値fpredが観測失敗率の分布Wと離れていると評価値Lが大きく低下する。反対に、図2(c)を用いて説明したように、全観測回数が少ない場合には予測値fpredが観測失敗率の分布Wと離れていても、分布Wの広がりが大きいため、評価値Lの低下が小さい。この性質を利用して、学習時の観測回数に基づく信頼性の評価として式(2)のディリクレ分布を用いる。ただし、予測モデルMの作成後は、予測値に対応したnk(k=2,3,・・・,11)が存在しないため、nk=N×rkとおいてディリクレ分布を算出する。信頼性評価部14は、ディリクレ分布の広がりが大きい場合、予測モデルMによって予測された測位誤差の確率分布の信頼性は低く(全観測回数が少ない)、広がりが小さければ(全観測回数が多い)、信頼性は高いと評価する。
図6(a)~図6(c)は、全観測回数が多い場合の評価処理を説明する図である。図6(a)は、特徴量空間を示す。特徴量とは予測モデルに入力するパラメータである。点H1は、特徴量g1(例えば、地形の特徴量)の値がG1で、特徴量g2(例えば、車両の速度)の値がG2である入力パラメータを示す。図6(b)は、測位誤差分布空間を示す。点I1は、点H1の入力パラメータを、学習済みの予測モデルMに入力した時の出力、つまり測位誤差の確率分布を示す。分布J1は、ドロップアウト適用時に発生したばらつき、または、全観測回数に応じたばらつき、または、その両方を示す。信頼性評価部14は、学習済みの予測モデルMにドロップアウトを適用して、点H1の入力パラメータを入力したときの予測値を、記憶部13に記録する。信頼性評価部14は、I1が示すr2,r3,・・・,r11(それぞれ、測位誤差=2、3、・・・、11[m]が観測される確率)と、予測モデル作成時の観測回数の合計値N(Nは既知である。)を用いて、nk=N×rk(k=2~11)を算出する。そして、信頼性評価部14は、nk、rk、N、と式(2)により2~11[m]の各測位誤差がそれぞれnk回(k=2~11)ずつ観測されるときの測位誤差の事後確率の分布(ディリクレ分布)を算出する。信頼性評価部14は、算出した事後確率の分布を、記憶部13に記録する。分布J1は、ドロップアウト適用時に記録した予測値をプロットしたもの、算出した事後確率の分布、の何れか又は両方である。分布J1に基づいて、観測失敗率の分布W1を算出すると図6(c)のような分布が得られる。
図7は、本開示の第二実施形態における予測モデルの評価処理の一例を示すフローチャートである。
まず、信頼性評価部14は、モデルの不確かさに基づく信頼性の評価を行う(ステップS21)。信頼性評価部14は、ある予測値に関して、その予測値が得られたときの入力パラメータn値を、ドロップアウトを適用した予測モデルMに入力し、予測値を取得する。信頼性評価部14は、ドロップアウトするネットワークを変えて同様の処理を複数回行い、予測値のばらつきを算出する。
次に信頼性評価部14は、学習時の全観測回数に基づく信頼性の評価を行う(ステップS22)。信頼性評価部14は、評価対象の予測値fpredに関して、nk=N×rkを算出し、式(2)から事後確率の分布を算出する。
次に信頼性評価部14は、予測値を評価する(ステップS23)。信頼性評価部14は、ステップS21、S22で得られた分布の大きさに基づいて、予測値の信頼性を評価する。
コンピュータ900は、CPU901、主記憶装置902、補助記憶装置903、入出力インタフェース904、通信インタフェース905を備える例えばPC(Personal Computer)、サーバ端末装置などである。上述の予測モデル作成装置10,10Aは、コンピュータ900に実装される。そして、上述した各処理部の動作は、プログラムの形式で補助記憶装置903に記憶されている。CPU901は、プログラムを補助記憶装置903から読み出して主記憶装置902に展開し、当該プログラムに従って上記処理を実行する。CPU901は、プログラムに従って、記憶部13に対応する記憶領域を主記憶装置902に確保する。CPU901は、プログラムに従って、処理中のデータを記憶する記憶領域を補助記憶装置903に確保する。
実施形態に記載の予測モデル作成装置10,10A、予測モデル作成方法およびプログラムは、例えば以下のように把握される。
これにより、正確な失敗率が算出可能な測位誤差を予測する予測モデルMを作成することができる。所定の関数とは、失敗率を算出する関数を示し、式(1)や式(3)が所定の関数に該当する。
これにより、失敗率の真の分布を算出することができる。
これにより、正確な失敗率を算出できる予測モデルMを作成することができる。
第4~第6の態様に係る予測モデル作成装置10Aによれば、予測モデルMの作成後であっても、予測モデルMが出力する予測値について、評価を行うことができる。
11 データ取得部
12 予測モデル作成部
121 予測値算出部
122 評価部
123 更新部
13 記憶部
14 信頼性評価部
900 コンピュータ
901 CPU
902 主記憶装置
903 補助記憶装置
904 入出力インタフェース
905 通信インタフェース
Claims (8)
- 衛星測位システムが測位した位置の誤差を示す測位誤差を予測する予測モデルを作成する予測モデル作成装置であって、
ある地点の地形の特徴を示す地形特徴データと、前記地点を移動体で複数回通過したときに前記衛星測位システムが観測した前記移動体の位置に対する前記測位誤差および前記測位誤差ごとの観測回数と、を取得するデータ取得部と、
前記地形特徴データを入力すると、前記測位誤差の確率分布を出力する予測モデルを作成する予測モデル作成部と、
前記予測モデルが出力する前記測位誤差の確率分布と、所定の関数と、に基づいて算出される、前記位置に対する誤認識が生じる可能性の大きさを示す失敗率について、前記失敗率の評価値を、前記測位誤差ごとの観測回数と前記関数に基づいて算出される観測失敗率に基づいて算出する評価部と、
前記評価値が最適値となるように前記予測モデルを更新する更新部と、
を備える予測モデル作成装置。 - 前記測位誤差ごとの観測回数が、前記データ取得部によって取得された前記観測回数となるための前記測位誤差の事後確率の分布と、前記関数と、に基づいて、前記観測失敗率の分布を算出し、該分布を前記失敗率の予測値として出力する予測値算出部、
をさらに備える請求項1に記載の予測モデル作成装置。 - 前記評価部は、前記予測モデルに基づいて算出された前記失敗率を中心とする所定幅の領域と、前記失敗率の予測値が示す分布が占める領域と、が重なる面積を前記評価値として算出し、
前記更新部は、前記評価値が最大となるように前記予測モデルのパラメータを更新する、
請求項2に記載の予測モデル作成装置。 - 前記予測モデルが出力する前記測位誤差の確率分布の予測値に対する信頼性を評価する信頼性評価部、をさらに備える請求項1から請求項3の何れか1項に記載の予測モデル作成装置。
- 前記予測モデルがニューラルネットワークで構築されている場合、前記信頼性評価部は、所定の前記地形特徴データおよび前記移動体の速度を前記予測モデルに入力した場合の、前記予測モデルへのドロップアウトの適用時のばらつきに基づいて、前記信頼性の評価を行う、
請求項4に記載の予測モデル作成装置。 - 前記信頼性評価部は、前記観測回数の合計値の大きさに基づく前記予測値の事後確率の分布の広がりを算出し、前記分布の広がりに基づいて、前記信頼性の評価を行う、
請求項4又は請求項5に記載の予測モデル作成装置。 - 衛星測位システムが測位した位置の誤差を示す測位誤差を予測する予測モデルを作成する予測モデル作成方法であって、
ある地点の地形の特徴を示す地形特徴データと、前記地点を移動体で複数回通過したときに前記衛星測位システムが観測した前記移動体の位置に対する前記測位誤差および前記測位誤差ごとの観測回数と、を取得するステップと、
前記地形特徴データを入力すると、前記測位誤差の確率分布を出力する予測モデルを作成するステップと、を有し、
前記予測モデルを作成するステップでは、
前記予測モデルが出力する前記測位誤差の確率分布と、所定の関数と、に基づいて算出される、前記位置に対する誤認識が生じる可能性の大きさを示す失敗率について、前記失敗率の評価値を、前記測位誤差ごとの観測回数と前記関数に基づいて算出される観測失敗率に基づいて算出し、
前記評価値が最適値となるように前記予測モデルを更新する、
予測モデル作成方法。 - コンピュータに、
衛星測位システムが測位した位置の誤差を示す測位誤差を予測する予測モデルを作成する予測モデル作成方法であって、
ある地点の地形の特徴を示す地形特徴データと、前記地点を移動体で複数回通過したときに前記衛星測位システムが観測した前記移動体の位置に対する前記測位誤差および前記測位誤差ごとの観測回数と、を取得するステップと、
前記地形特徴データを入力すると、前記測位誤差の確率分布を出力する予測モデルを作成するステップと、を有し、
前記予測モデルを作成するステップでは、
前記予測モデルが出力する前記測位誤差の確率分布と、所定の関数と、に基づいて算出される、前記位置に対する誤認識が生じる可能性の大きさを示す失敗率について、前記失敗率の評価値を、前記測位誤差ごとの観測回数と前記関数に基づいて算出される観測失敗率に基づいて算出し、
前記評価値が最適値となるように前記予測モデルを更新する処理、
を実行させるプログラム。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113834792A (zh) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-12-24 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | 一种基于max-doas的50米分辨率痕量气体廓线反演方法 |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0792388B2 (ja) * | 1989-04-17 | 1995-10-09 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 位置検出装置 |
| JPH0944244A (ja) * | 1995-07-27 | 1997-02-14 | Shinko Electric Co Ltd | 無人車の走行制御装置 |
| JP2003215228A (ja) * | 2002-01-23 | 2003-07-30 | Hitachi Ltd | 位置表示機能付き移動端末装置及び位置表示方法 |
| JP2007203860A (ja) * | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-16 | Xanavi Informatics Corp | 車両速度制御装置および同装置における目標速度設定方法ならびにプログラム |
| US20120139775A1 (en) * | 2010-12-02 | 2012-06-07 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Method for Testing GNSS-Based Positioning Systems in Obstructed Environments |
-
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- 2020-03-13 JP JP2022505712A patent/JP7235931B2/ja active Active
- 2020-03-13 WO PCT/JP2020/011219 patent/WO2021181687A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0792388B2 (ja) * | 1989-04-17 | 1995-10-09 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 位置検出装置 |
| JPH0944244A (ja) * | 1995-07-27 | 1997-02-14 | Shinko Electric Co Ltd | 無人車の走行制御装置 |
| JP2003215228A (ja) * | 2002-01-23 | 2003-07-30 | Hitachi Ltd | 位置表示機能付き移動端末装置及び位置表示方法 |
| JP2007203860A (ja) * | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-16 | Xanavi Informatics Corp | 車両速度制御装置および同装置における目標速度設定方法ならびにプログラム |
| US20120139775A1 (en) * | 2010-12-02 | 2012-06-07 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Method for Testing GNSS-Based Positioning Systems in Obstructed Environments |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113834792A (zh) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-12-24 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | 一种基于max-doas的50米分辨率痕量气体廓线反演方法 |
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| JPWO2021181687A1 (ja) | 2021-09-16 |
| JP7235931B2 (ja) | 2023-03-08 |
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