WO2021153692A1 - 電磁波吸収粒子、電磁波吸収粒子分散液、電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
電磁波吸収粒子、電磁波吸収粒子分散液、電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electromagnetic wave absorbing particle, an electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid, and a method for producing an electromagnetic wave absorbing particle.
- Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the range of about 1 nm to 1 mm are called light.” This wavelength range includes the visible light region and the infrared region.
- Near-infrared rays contained in the sun's rays pass through window materials, etc., enter the room, enter the room, raise the surface temperature of the walls and floor of the room, and raise the indoor temperature.
- window materials etc.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a light-shielding film containing a fine black powder containing an inorganic pigment such as carbon black or titanium black or an organic pigment such as aniline black. ..
- Patent Document 2 discloses a heat-retaining sheet in which a band-shaped film having infrared reflection and a band-shaped film having infrared absorption are knitted as warp threads or weft threads, respectively. It is also described that, as a strip-shaped film having infrared reflectivity, a synthetic resin film obtained by subjecting aluminum vapor deposition processing and further laminating a synthetic resin film is used.
- the infrared material fine particles are an infrared shielding material fine particle dispersion in which the infrared material fine particles are dispersed in a medium, and the infrared material fine particles are tungsten oxide fine particles and / or composite tungsten oxide fine particles.
- Patent Document 3 discloses tungsten oxide fine particles and / and composite tungsten oxide fine particles as infrared shielding material fine particles.
- the permeable membrane in which these tungsten oxides are dispersed is colored blue, and the degree of blue color becomes stronger as the amount of addition increases.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide electromagnetic wave absorbing particles capable of having a more neutral color tone in the transmitted color while suppressing the solar transmittance when dispersed.
- Cs x W 1-y O 3-z (0.2 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.46).
- electromagnetic wave absorbing particles containing a cesium tungsten oxide having an orthorhombic or hexagonal crystal structure are provided.
- electromagnetic wave absorbing particles capable of having a more neutral color tone in the transmitted color while suppressing the solar transmittance when dispersed.
- FIG. 1A is an explanatory diagram of the crystal structure of cesium tungsten oxide (Cs 4 W 11 O 35).
- FIG. 1B is an explanatory diagram of the crystal structure of cesium tungsten oxide (Cs 4 W 12 O 36).
- FIG. 2A shows an energy band structure of a cesium tungsten oxide (Cs 4 W 11 O 35).
- FIG. 2B shows the energy band structure of the cesium tungsten oxide (Cs 4 W 12 O 36).
- FIG. 2C shows an energy band structure of a cesium tungsten oxide (Cs 4 W 11 O 36).
- FIG. 2D shows the energy band structure of cesium tungsten oxide (Cs 6 W 17 O 54).
- FIG. 3A shows the dielectric function of the cesium tungsten oxide.
- FIG. 3A shows the dielectric function of the cesium tungsten oxide.
- FIG. 3B shows the dielectric function of the cesium tungsten oxide.
- FIG. 4 is an electron diffraction image taken from the c-axis direction of the powder A'obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is an electron diffraction image of the [001] HEX crystal zone axis of the pseudo-hexagonal particles of powder A obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a STEM-HAADF image observed from the [221] crystal zone axis of the pseudo-hexagonal particles of powder A obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 7 is an electron diffraction image of the [001] HEX crystal zone axis of the pseudo-hexagonal particles of powder B obtained in Example 2.
- FIG. 4 is an electron diffraction image taken from the c-axis direction of the powder A'obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is an electron diffraction image of the [001] HEX crystal zone axis of the pseudo-hexagonal particles of powder A obtained in
- FIG. 8 is an electron diffraction image of the [001] HEX crystal zone axis of the pseudo-hexagonal particles of powder C obtained in Example 3.
- FIG. 9A shows the molar absorption coefficients of the dispersions prepared in Examples 14 to 20 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 9B shows the molar absorption coefficients of the dispersions prepared in Examples 14 to 20 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 9C shows the molar absorption coefficients of the dispersions prepared in Examples 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 10A is a transmittance profile of the dispersions prepared in Example 15, Example 16, Example 19, and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 derived so that the VLT becomes constant.
- FIG. 10A is a transmittance profile of the dispersions prepared in Example 15, Example 16, Example 19, and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 derived so that the VLT becomes constant.
- FIG. 10B is a transmittance profile of the dispersions prepared in Example 15, Example 16, Example 19, and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 derived so that the VLT becomes constant.
- FIG. 11A is an explanatory diagram of changes in the near-infrared absorption characteristics of the dispersion liquid according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, Example 15, Example 16, and Example 19 with respect to the reduction time.
- FIG. 11B is an explanatory diagram of changes in the near-infrared absorption characteristics of the dispersion liquid according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, Example 15, Example 16, and Example 19 with respect to the reduction time.
- FIG. 11C is an explanatory diagram of changes in the color index of the dispersion liquid according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, Example 15, Example 16, and Example 19 with respect to the reduction time.
- FIG. 11D is an explanatory diagram of changes in the color index of the dispersion liquid according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, Example 15, Example 16, and Example 19 with respect to the reduction time.
- Electromagnetic wave absorption particles Conventionally, transmission color of which cesium added hexagonal tungsten bronze nanoparticles used as an electromagnetic wave absorbing particles, the dielectric function imaginary part ( ⁇ 2) (the epsilon 2 obtained in the experiment appeared in the non-patent document 1 ”, And the band structure (Non-Patent Document 2).
- Cs-HTB cesium-added hexagonal tungsten bronze
- Non-Patent Document 3 Non-Patent Document 3
- the increase in absorption on the blue side described above is achieved by basing materials with different energy band structures such as having a bandgap at low energy. Further, transmission of the red side can control by adjusting the amount of a source of free electrons and bound electrons cesium ion (Cs +) and oxygen vacancies (V O).
- the inventors of the present invention have examined various cesium tungsten oxides, which are oxides containing cesium (Cs) and tungsten (W), and as a result, cesium tungsten oxide precursors containing Cs and W.
- cesium tungsten oxide precursors containing Cs and W are used.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles containing the cesium tungsten oxide obtained by reducing the crystal powder of the body nCs 2 O ⁇ mWO 3 n, m are integers 3.6 ⁇ m / n ⁇ 9.0
- the color tone of the dispersed electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion such as a permeable film and the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid is also neutralized by reducing the bluish tint.
- the basic skeleton created by the WO octahedron is a hexagonal symmetric structure with large hexagonal voids or a large hexagonal structure in order to capture Cs with a large ion radius.
- the atomic arrangement of hexagonal crystals and cubic crystals (pyrochloro structure) with voids has surface defects including W defects (tungsten defects), and the symmetry is reduced to orthorhombic crystals and monoclinic crystals.
- the surface defects including the W defect in the orthorhombic crystal gradually disappear, and a hexagonal skeleton of a WO octahedron is formed.
- a surface defect including a W defect exists on the (010) ORTH surface, and this surface is inherited by the hexagonal prism surface ⁇ 100 ⁇ HEX , that is, [(100) HEX , (010) HEX , (110) HEX ]. Therefore, it gradually becomes a hexagonal crystal containing defects on the ⁇ 100 ⁇ HEX plane with heat reduction.
- the hexagonal crystal at this time deviates from perfect hexagonal symmetry due to the inclusion of defects in the ⁇ 100 ⁇ HEX plane, and is in a state that can be said to be a pseudo-hexagonal crystal. In this way, the crystal structure changes from orthorhombic to pseudo-hexagonal to hexagonal with heat reduction.
- the surface defects on the (010) ORTH surface including the W defects contained in the orthorhombic crystals are considered to be inherited by the surface defects on the ⁇ 100 ⁇ HEX surface, gradually decrease, and finally disappear.
- the electronic structure changes during heat reduction.
- the disappearance of the W deficiency results in a large amount of electron injection into the material.
- the outer shell electrons of Cs are spent on neutralizing O and become charge-neutral as a whole, but when the W deficiency decreases and becomes a pseudo-hexagonal crystal, there are 6 per W atom.
- the outer shell electrons are spent on neutralizing O, the outer shell electrons of Cs enter the W-5d orbit in the lower part of the conduction band and become free electrons. This free electron brings about absorption of near infrared rays by LSPR absorption. Meanwhile heat reduction has the effect of generating a V O at the same time.
- V O is produced when W atoms both sides thereof becomes excessive charge, constrained localized electrons W 5+ is generated (Non-Patent Document 2). This localized electron transitions to the vacant position in the upper conduction band and causes polaronic absorption, but a part of it is excited by the free electron orbit and causes LSPR absorption (Non-Patent Document 3). Absorption by these free electrons and bound electrons both have a peak wavelength of near-infrared, so that the base of absorption is at the red wavelength, thus reducing the transparency of red. As the amount of free electrons and bound electrons increases, that is, as the degree of reduction increases, the LSPR absorption and polaronic absorption wavelengths shift to higher wavelengths, and the absorption amount also increases, so that the transparency of red decreases.
- the crystal powder of the cesium tungsten oxide precursor nCs 2 O ⁇ mWO 3 (n, m is an integer, 3.6 ⁇ m / n ⁇ 9.0) is reduced, and the degree of reduction at that time is adjusted. Therefore, the blue transparent color can be neutralized.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment described above are obtained by heating a crystal powder of cesium tungsten oxide precursor nCs 2 O ⁇ mWO 3 containing Cs and W in a reducing atmosphere of 650 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower. Can be made.
- n and m are integers, and it is preferable that 3.6 ⁇ m / n ⁇ 9.0 is satisfied.
- the crystalline powder of the cesium tungsten oxide precursor nCs 2 O ⁇ mWO 3 (n, m is an integer, 3.6 ⁇ m / n ⁇ 9.0) containing cesium and tungsten is reduced.
- Particles obtained by heating and reducing at 650 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower in a gaseous atmosphere can be used.
- the value of m / n needs to be in the range of 3.6 ⁇ m / n ⁇ 9.0 as described above in order to obtain hexagonal tungsten bronze in whole or in part by heating and reduction. If it is less than 3.6, it becomes a cubic pyrochlore phase after heating and reduction, and the coloring is strong and near infrared absorption does not occur. If it is larger than 9.0, after heating and reduction, hexagonal tungsten bronze and tungsten trioxide are phase-separated, and the near-infrared absorption effect is significantly reduced.
- the particles obtained by heating and reducing the cesium tungsten oxide precursor containing the Cs 4 W 11 O 35 phase as the main phase as the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles at 650 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower in a reducing gas atmosphere are obtained. It is more preferable to use it.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles obtained by the high temperature reduction of Cs 4 W 11 O 35 when the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are dispersed, a large near infrared ray absorbing effect can be obtained while having a transmitted color with suppressed bluish tint. ..
- the main phase referred to here means the phase contained most in terms of mass ratio.
- the heating temperature for reducing the cesium tungsten oxide is preferably 650 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature By setting the temperature to 650 ° C. or higher, the structural change from orthorhombic to hexagonal can be sufficiently promoted, and the near-infrared absorption effect can be enhanced. Further, by setting the temperature to 950 ° C. or lower, the speed of crystal structure change can be appropriately maintained, and the appropriate crystal state and electronic state can be easily controlled. If the heating temperature is set higher than 950 ° C. and the reduction is excessive , lower oxides such as W metal and WO 2 may be produced, which is not preferable from this viewpoint.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment have the general formula Cs x W 1-y O 3-z (0.2 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.46). It can contain a cesium tungsten oxide represented by and having an orthorhombic or hexagonal crystal structure.
- the cesium tungsten oxide contained in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles has a degree of W deficiency and oxygen vacancies Vo in an appropriate range, and is dispersed to obtain an electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion or the like.
- the transmitted color can be made more neutral while suppressing the solar transmittance.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles can also be made of the above-mentioned composite tungsten oxide. However, even in this case, it is not excluded that unavoidable impurities mixed in in the manufacturing process or the like are contained.
- Tungsten bronze for electromagnetic wave absorption which is conventionally known, has a hexagonal structure.
- the composite tungsten oxide contained in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment can have an orthorhombic or hexagonal crystal structure.
- the hexagonal crystal here also includes a pseudo-hexagonal crystal.
- the composite tungsten oxide contained in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is one or more selected from the (010) plane of the orthorhombic crystal, the ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane which is the prism plane of the hexagonal crystal, and the (001) plane which is the bottom surface of the hexagonal crystal. It is preferable that the surface has linear or planar defects.
- the above-mentioned defects include stacking improperness based on the displacement between the planes, and disorder of the arrangement and atomic positions of Cs atoms and W atoms in the plane, which often causes streaks in the electron diffraction spots.
- the ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane, which is the hexagonal prism plane means the (100) plane, the (010) plane, and the (110) plane.
- the defect of the composite tungsten oxide that is, the lattice defect, is accompanied by at least a W defect, specifically, a partial W defect, and this W defect causes an electron loss in the crystal, which is as described above. It becomes one of the essential causes and acts on the neutralization of blue tone.
- the cesium tungsten oxide has a defect, and the defect can include a tungsten defect as described above.
- a part of O in the WO octahedron constituting the orthorhombic or hexagonal crystal, which is the basic structure of the cesium tungsten oxide, can be further randomly deleted.
- the lattice constant of the cesium tongue composite oxide corresponds to the amount or composition of defects in the crystal lattice and crystallinity.
- the values on the a-axis are observed to vary with respect to these variables, but the values on the c-axis correspond relatively well to the amount of lattice defects or optical characteristics.
- the cesium tungsten oxide contained in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment preferably has a hexagonal equivalent c-axis length of 7.560 ⁇ or more and 7.750 ⁇ or less.
- the cesium tungsten oxide contained in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment is often identified as a mixed phase of orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals when the diffraction pattern of the sample is measured by the X-ray powder diffraction method.
- the raw material of Cs 4 W 11 O 35 is reduced, it is identified as a mixed phase of orthorhombic Cs 4 W 11 O 35 and hexagonal Cs 0.32 WO 3.
- the lattice constants of each phase can be obtained by Rietveld analysis or the like, and these can be converted into hexagonal equivalent values.
- the lattice constant of the orthorhombic crystal can be converted into a hexagonal lattice constant by an appropriate lattice correspondence model.
- the correspondence of the lattice change between the orthorhombic crystal and the hexagonal crystal is the model of Solodovnikov 1998 (Non-Patent Document 4)
- a orth in the above formula, b orth, c orth means a-axis of the orthorhombic, b-axis, the length of the c axis. Further, a hex , b hex , and c hex mean the lengths of the a-axis, b-axis, and c-axis of the hexagonal crystal.
- the cesium tungsten oxide contained in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment may have a part of Cs replaced with an additive element.
- the additive element is one or more selected from Na, Tl, In, Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, and Ga.
- additive elements have an electron donating property, and are present at the Cs site to assist the electron donation to the conduction band of the WO octahedral skeleton.
- the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 nm or more and 200 nm or less. This is because the localized surface plasmon resonance is more prominently expressed by setting the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles to 200 nm or less, so that the near-infrared absorbing characteristics can be particularly enhanced, that is, the solar transmittance is particularly suppressed. Because it can be done. Further, by setting the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles to 0.1 nm or more, it can be easily manufactured industrially. The particle size is closely related to the color of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion, which is a dispersion-transmitting film in which Mie scattering is dispersed.
- the particle size range where Mie scattering is dominant the smaller the particle size, the more visible. Short wavelength scattering in the light region is reduced. Therefore, increasing the particle size has the effect of suppressing the blue color tone, but if it exceeds 100 nm, the haze of the film due to light scattering becomes a non-negligible size, and if it exceeds 200 nm, in addition to the increase in the haze of the film, the surface plasmon Is suppressed and LSPR absorption becomes excessively small.
- the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is the median diameter of a plurality of electromagnetic wave absorbing particles measured from a transmission electron microscope image, or the dispersion measured by a particle size measuring device based on a dynamic light scattering method of a dispersion liquid. It can be known from the particle size.
- the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is particularly preferably 30 nm or less.
- the average particle size means the particle size at an integrated value of 50% in the particle size distribution, and the average particle size has the same meaning in other parts in the present specification.
- a method for measuring the particle size distribution for calculating the average particle size for example, direct measurement of the particle size for each particle can be used using a transmission electron microscope. Further, the average particle size can also be measured by a particle size measuring device based on the dynamic light scattering method of the dispersion liquid as described above.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles can be surface-treated for the purpose of surface protection, durability improvement, oxidation prevention, water resistance improvement, and the like.
- the specific content of the surface treatment is not particularly limited, but for example, in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment, the surface of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is a compound containing one or more kinds of atoms selected from Si, Ti, Zr, and Al. Can be modified with.
- examples of the compound containing one or more kinds of atoms (elements) selected from Si, Ti, Zr, and Al include one or more kinds selected from oxides, nitrides, carbides, and the like.
- FIG. 1A shows the crystal structure of Cs 4 W 11 O 35.
- FIG. 1B shows the crystal structure of Cs 4 W 12 O 36 , which is Cs 0.33 WO 3.
- cesium 11 and oxygen 12 are shown.
- the same type of atom has the same hatching.
- Tungsten is not shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B because it is located in an octahedron formed of oxygen 12.
- FIG. 1B is a structure in which Cs 0.33 WO 3 is re-axised with orthorhombic crystals so as to be comparable to Cs 4 W 11 O 35 in FIG. 1A.
- the structure of Cs 4 W 11 O 35 in FIG. 1A is a structure in which W and O are regularly deleted in the crystal structure of Cs 4 W 12 O 36 in FIG. 1B.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B The band structures of the cesium tungsten oxide having the crystal structures of FIGS. 1A and 1B are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, respectively.
- the band structure of Cs 4 W 11 O 36 in which one W is missing, and a cell 1.5 times in the b-axis direction are used, and one W is used.
- the band structures of the missing Cs 6 W 17 O 54 are shown in FIGS. 2C and 2D, respectively.
- the Cs 4 W 11 O 36 in FIG. 2C has a structure in which one W is subtracted from the Cs 4 W 12 O 36 in FIG. 2B.
- Cs 6 W 17 O 54 in FIG. 2D that is, 3Cs 2 O ⁇ 17 WO 3
- Cs 4 W 12 O 36 in FIG. 2B that is, Cs 6 W 18 O 54. It is a structure.
- Non-Patent Document 2 W amount of defects Figure 2A, FIG. 2D, but decreases in the order of FIG. 2B, E F has increased to the conductor bottom side in this order, W electrons are injected into the W-5d orbital conduction electrons is increased, A detailed calculation example has already been reported when O is missing from Cs 4 W 12 O 36, which supports the increase in near-infrared absorption. It is known that the number of electrons present is significantly increased (Non-Patent Document 2).
- the experimentally obtained pseudo-hexagonal crystal (intermediate structure in the middle of the phase transition between the orthorhombic crystal and the hexagonal crystal) is considered to be an electronic state in which the above elements are mixed. That along with the reduction, by the formation of hexagonal crystallization and V O comprising a disappearance of W-deficient, electronically little by little conduction band implantation, the Fermi energy E F increases from the band gap to the conduction band bottom.
- ⁇ 2 in the visible region is generally small.
- the absorption of Cs 4 W 11 O 35 and Cs 6 W 17 O 54 which have a narrow bandgap, is increased, as defined by the interband transition.
- the absorption of Cs 4 W 12 O 35 is large due to the influence of the base of surface plasmon absorption.
- the transmitted light in the red region is expected to decrease in the order of decreasing ⁇ SP.
- the method for producing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and any method capable of producing electromagnetic wave absorbing particles satisfying the above-mentioned characteristics can be used without particular limitation.
- a configuration example of a method for producing electromagnetic wave absorbing particles will be described.
- the method for producing electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment can have, for example, the following steps.
- a step of synthesizing a cesium tungsten oxide precursor which synthesizes a cesium tungsten oxide precursor which is a tungstate containing cesium.
- Cesium Tungrate Oxide Precursor Synthesis Step In the cesium tungsten oxide precursor synthesis step, a tungstate containing cesium, that is, a cesium tungsten oxide precursor which is a cesium tungstate can be synthesized.
- the method for producing electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment can also be started from a heat reduction step.
- the cesium tungsten oxide precursor which is a cesium tungstate
- the cesium tungsten oxide precursor is preferably a crystal powder of nCs 2 O ⁇ mWO 3 (n, m is an integer, 3.6 ⁇ m / n ⁇ 9.0).
- the cesium tungsten oxide precursor, which is a cesium tungstate is more preferably a stable cesium tungstate.
- As a stable cesium tungstate one type selected from Cs 4 W 11 O 35 , Cs 2 W 6 O 19 , Cs 6 W 20 O 63 , Cs 2 W 7 O 22 , Cs 6 W 11 O 36, etc. The above can be mentioned.
- the cesium tungsten oxide precursor is particularly preferably a cesium tungsten oxide precursor containing the Cs 4 W 11 O 35 phase as the main phase.
- cesium tungstates can be prepared, for example, by calcining a raw material powder mixture containing cesium and tungsten in the air at 700 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the method for producing cesium tungstate is not limited to the above-mentioned form, and other methods such as a sol-gel method and a complex polymerization method can also be used.
- Cesium tungsten oxide precursor as the above-mentioned starting material specifically, cesium tungsten having one or more crystal structures selected from, for example, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and pseudo-hexagonal crystals.
- the acid salt can be subjected to a heat reduction step.
- the above-mentioned cesium tungsten oxide precursor can be heated and reduced at 650 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower in a reducing gas atmosphere.
- electromagnetic wave absorbing particles containing a cesium tungsten oxide having a desired composition can be obtained.
- a mixed gas containing a reducing gas such as hydrogen and one or more kinds of inert gases selected from nitrogen, argon and the like can be used. Further, heating in a steam atmosphere or a vacuum atmosphere, other mild heating, and reduction conditions may be used in combination.
- the method for producing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles of the present embodiment is not particularly limited to the above embodiment.
- a method for producing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles various methods that can have a predetermined structure including a defective microstructure can be used.
- the method for producing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles include a method of reducing tungstic acid salt obtained by a solid phase method, a liquid phase method, and a vapor phase method, and a method of reducing WO 3 in a molten alkali halide.
- the method for producing electromagnetic wave absorbing particles may further have an arbitrary step.
- (3) Crushing Step As described above, the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are preferably finely divided into fine particles. Therefore, in the method for producing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles, it is possible to have a pulverization step of pulverizing the powder obtained by the heat reduction step.
- the specific means for crushing and pulverizing is not particularly limited, and various means capable of mechanically pulverizing can be used.
- a mechanical crushing method a dry crushing method using a jet mill or the like can be used. Further, it may be mechanically pulverized in a solvent in the process of obtaining the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid described later.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are dispersed in the liquid medium in the pulverization step, it can be paraphrased as the pulverization and dispersion steps.
- the surface of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles may be modified with a compound containing one or more kinds of atoms selected from Si, Ti, Zr, and Al. Therefore, the method for producing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles may further include, for example, a modification step of modifying the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles with a compound containing one or more kinds of atoms selected from Si, Ti, Zr, and Al.
- the specific conditions for modifying the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are not particularly limited.
- it has a modification step of adding an alkoxide or the like containing one or more kinds of atoms selected from the above atomic group (metal group) to the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles to be modified to form a film on the surface of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles.
- an alkoxide or the like containing one or more kinds of atoms selected from the above atomic group (metal group)
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles to be modified to form a film on the surface of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles You can also.
- Electromagnetic wave absorption particle dispersion Next, a configuration example of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid of the present embodiment will be described.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid of the present embodiment can include the above-mentioned electromagnetic wave absorbing particles and a liquid medium selected from water, an organic solvent, an oil, a liquid resin, and a liquid plasticizer. ..
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid preferably has a structure in which electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are dispersed in a liquid medium.
- liquid medium as described above, one or more types selected from water, organic solvents, fats and oils, liquid resins, and liquid plasticizers can be used.
- organic solvent various solvents such as alcohol-based, ketone-based, hydrocarbon-based, glycol-based, and aqueous-based solvents can be selected.
- alcoholic solvents such as isop mouth pill alcohol, methanol, ethanol, 1-p mouth panol, isop mouth panol, butanol, pentanol, benzyl alcohol, diacetone alcohol, 1-methoxy-2-p mouth panol.
- Ketone-based solvents such as dimethyl ketone, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl bu-mouth pill-ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, shiku-mouth hexanone, isoho-mouth; 3-methyl-methoxy-pu-mouth pyone, ester-based solvents such as butyl acetate; ethylene Glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol isop pill ether, pu mouth pyrene glycol monomethyl ether, pu mouth pyrene glycol monoethyl ether, pu mouth pyrene glycol methyl ether acetyl, pu mouth pyrene glycol ethyl ether acetyl Glycol derivatives such as solvents; amides such as form amides, N-methylform amides, dimethylformamides, dimethyl acetylamides, N-methyl-2-pimouth lidones;
- organic solvents with low polarity are preferable, and in particular, isop-mouth pill alcohol, ethanol, 1-methoxy-2-p-mouth panol, dimethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, and p-mouth pyrene glycol monomethyl ether ace. More preferable are a solvent, n-butyl acetate and the like. These organic solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- fats and oils include drying oils such as flaxseed oil, sunflower oil and tung oil, semi-drying oils such as sesame oil, cotton seed oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil and rice bran oil, and non-drying oils such as olive oil, palm oil, palm oil and dehydrated castor oil.
- Fatty acid monoester which is a direct ester reaction of fatty acid of vegetable oil and monoalcohol, ethers, Isopar (registered trademark) E, Exol (registered trademark) Hexane, Heptane, E, D30, D40, D60, D80, D95, D110,
- One or more selected from petroleum-based solvents such as D130 (all manufactured by Exxon Mobile) can be used.
- liquid resin for example, one or more kinds selected from liquid acrylic resin, liquid epoxy resin, liquid polyester resin, liquid urethane resin and the like can be used.
- liquid plasticizer for example, a liquid plasticizer for plastics or the like can be used.
- the components contained in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion are not limited to the above-mentioned electromagnetic wave absorbing particles and the liquid medium.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion can further add and contain any component as needed.
- the pH of the dispersion may be adjusted by adding an acid or alkali to the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion as needed.
- various surfactants, coupling agents and the like are used in order to further improve the dispersion stability of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles and avoid coarsening of the dispersed particle size due to reaggregation. It can also be added to the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion as a dispersant.
- Dispersants such as surfactants and coupling agents can be selected according to the intended use, and the dispersant may be one or more selected from amine-containing groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and epoxy groups. It is preferably possessed as a functional group. These functional groups have the effect of adsorbing to the surface of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles to prevent aggregation and uniformly dispersing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles even in the infrared shielding film formed by using the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles.
- a polymer-based dispersant having at least one selected from the above functional groups (functional group group) in the molecule is more desirable.
- Solsperse registered trademark 9000, 12000, 17000, 20000, 21000, 24000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 32000, 35100, 54000, 250 (manufactured by Nippon Lubrizol Co., Ltd.)
- EFKA registered trademark 4008, 4009, 4010, 4015, 4046, 4047, 4060, 4080, 7462, 4020, 4050, 4055, 4400, 4401, 4402, 4403, 4300, 4320, 4330, 4340, 6220, 6225.
- the method for dispersing the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles in the liquid medium is not particularly limited as long as the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles can be dispersed in the liquid medium. At this time, it is preferable that the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles can be dispersed so that the average particle size is 200 nm or less, and more preferably 0.1 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- Examples of the method for dispersing electromagnetic wave absorbing particles in a liquid medium include a dispersion processing method using an apparatus such as a bead mill, a ball mill, a sand mill, a paint shaker, and an ultrasonic homogenizer.
- a medium stirring mill such as a bead mill using a medium medium (beads, balls, Ottawa sand), a ball mill, a sand mill, a paint shaker, etc. is shortened. Preferred from the point of view.
- the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are dispersed in the liquid medium, and at the same time, the particles are made into fine particles due to the collision between the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles and the collision of the medium medium with the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles.
- Absorbent particles can be made finer and dispersed. That is, it is crushed-dispersed.
- the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is preferably 0.1 nm or more and 200 nm or less as described above. This is because if the average particle size is small, the scattering of light in the visible light region having a wavelength of 400 nm or more and 780 nm or less due to geometric scattering or Mie scattering is reduced. This is because it is possible to avoid that the obtained electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion in which the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are dispersed in a resin or the like becomes like frosted glass and the clear transparency cannot be obtained. That is, when the average particle size is 200 nm or less, the light scattering mode becomes weaker in the geometric scattering or Mie scattering mode, and becomes a Rayleigh scattering mode.
- the scattered light is proportional to the sixth power of the dispersed particle size, so that the scattering is reduced and the transparency is improved as the dispersed particle size decreases.
- the average particle size is 100 nm or less, the scattered light becomes very small, which is preferable.
- the dispersed state of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion in which the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles are dispersed in a solid medium such as a resin, which is obtained by using the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid of the present embodiment, is a dispersion liquid in the solid medium.
- the dispersion liquid does not aggregate more than the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles.
- the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles is 0.1 nm or more and 200 nm or less, the produced electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion and its molded body (plate, sheet, etc.) are grayish with monotonically reduced transmittance. You can avoid becoming a thing.
- the content of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles in the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersion liquid of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, for example. This is because a sufficient solar transmittance can be exhibited by setting the content of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles to 0.01% by mass or more. Further, when the content is 80% by mass or less, the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles can be uniformly dispersed in the dispersion medium.
- the lattice constant for each phase was calculated. Then, the lattice constant of the orthorhombic crystal was converted into the lattice constant of the hexagonal crystal by the following lattice correspondence model.
- a orth in the above formula, b orth, c orth means a-axis of the orthorhombic, b-axis, the length of the c axis. Further, a hex , b hex , and c hex mean the lengths of the a-axis, b-axis, and c-axis of the hexagonal crystal.
- VLT visible light transmittance
- ST solar radiation transmittance
- the transmittance was measured using a spectrophotometer U-4100 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd., and calculated by multiplying by a coefficient corresponding to the spectrum of sunlight. In measuring the transmittance, measurements were performed at intervals of 5 nm in the wavelength range of 300 nm or more and 2100 nm or less.
- the L * a * b * color index is based on JIS Z 8701, and the tristimulus values X, Y, and Z for the D65 standard light source and the light source angle of 10 ° are calculated, and the tristimulus values are based on JIS Z 8729. I asked.
- the RGB color index was also calculated from the tristimulus values in the same manner.
- Cs 2 CO 3 cesium carbonate
- WO 3 tungsten trioxide
- the obtained white powder, powder A' was evaluated as follows.
- the X-ray powder diffraction pattern was identified as approximately Cs 4 W 11 O 35 single phase (ICDD 00-51-1891), with a slight mix of Cs 6 W 11 O 36.
- FIG. 4 shows a spot pattern taken from the c-axis direction of the orthorhombic crystal.
- the periodicity of b / 8 cycle appeared in the b-axis direction, and the existence of defective surfaces of W and O was confirmed. Further, from the streaks running in the b-axis direction, it was found that there are some surface defects on the b-plane.
- the spot pattern of this c-axis crystal zone axis is close to 6-fold symmetry, but the angles of the (480) and (4-80) spots are 52.2 °, which deviates from 60 ° in the case of 6-fold symmetry, and b. It is considered that the symmetry was deviated 6 times due to the defective surfaces of W and O that entered the / 8 cycle.
- the obtained white powder, Cs 4 W 11 O 35 powder, was spread thinly and flatly on a carbon boat, placed in a tube furnace, and heated from room temperature to 800 ° C. in an Ar gas stream. While maintaining the temperature at 800 ° C., switch to an air flow mixed with 1 vol% H 2 gas (hereinafter, vol% is simply described as%) using Ar gas as a carrier, reduce the air flow for 5 minutes, and then H 2 gas. Was stopped, and the mixture was slowly cooled to 100 ° C. using only the Ar gas stream, and then the Ar gas stream was stopped and the mixture was slowly cooled to room temperature, and the powder A was taken out. The color tone of the powder A taken out was light blue.
- vol% 1 vol% H 2 gas
- the XRD pattern of powder A showed a two-phase mixed pattern of orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals.
- FIG. 5 shows an electron diffraction image of the pseudo-hexagonal particles.
- the pseudo-hexagonal particles showed a diffraction pattern close to that of hexagonal crystals, as shown by the electron diffraction image of the [001] HEX crystal zone axis in FIG.
- the inter-plane angle between (200) HEX and (110) HEX was measured to be 59.2 °, which was a value close to hexagonal.
- the HAADF image observed from the [221] crystal zone axis of the pseudo-hexagonal particles is shown in FIG.
- HAADF mode atom grains are observed with an atomic number and a brightness proportional to the atomic existence probability in the projection direction, so it looks dark in FIG. 6 (110)
- the linear region along HEX has the largest atomic number. It was identified as a W deficiency. It was confirmed that the trace of such a W-deficient region spreads in a plane on (110) HEX by observation from another direction. In addition, it is considered that a part of the trace with low contrast is contracted linearly.
- the heat reduction treatment is set to 5 minutes, which is shorter than that of other examples described later.
- the W defect of the orthorhombic (010) ORTH shrinks to become a pseudo-hexagonal crystal.
- many W-deficient regions in the process of contraction could be observed on the ⁇ 100 ⁇ HEX plane.
- the Cs 4 W 11 O 35 powder which is the powder A'obtained in Example 1, was spread thinly and flatly on a carbon boat, placed in a tube furnace, and heated from room temperature to 800 ° C. in an Ar gas stream.
- the XRD pattern of powder B showed a two-phase mixed pattern of orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals.
- the XRD pattern of powder C showed a two-phase mixed pattern of orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals.
- powder D, powder E, powder F, and powder G were produced in the same manner as in the case of producing powder A of Example 1.
- the powder color tones of powder D to powder G are all dark blue, and the XRD lattice constants are as shown in the table.
- Example 4 As shown in Table 1, in Example 4, an orthorhombic phase was also observed, and the c-axis length converted to hexagonal crystal was 7.7440 ⁇ (Example 4).
- Examples 8 to 11 The heating temperature and reduction time of the Cs 4 W 11 O 35 powder, which is the powder A'obtained in Example 1, during the heat reduction treatment were changed as shown in Table 1. Specifically, it was set at 650 ° C. for 120 minutes in Example 8, 700 ° C. for 60 minutes in Example 9, 900 ° C. for 10 minutes in Example 10, and 950 ° C. for 20 minutes in Example 11. Except for the above points, powder H, powder I, powder J, and powder K were prepared in the same manner as in the case of producing powder A of Example 1. Light blue, blue, dark blue, and dark blue powders were obtained, respectively. The lattice constants obtained from the XRD patterns of the obtained powders were as shown in Table 1.
- the XRD pattern of the powder L showed a two-phase mixed pattern of orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals.
- the lattice constants obtained from the XRD pattern of the obtained powder L are as shown in Table 1.
- the main phase of this white powder was identified as Cs 4 W 11 O 35 , but it was a mixed phase with Cs 2 W 6 O 19 (ICDD00-045-0522).
- the XRD pattern of powder M showed a two-phase mixed pattern of orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals.
- the lattice constants obtained from the XRD pattern of the obtained powder M are as shown in Table 1.
- powder of Cs 4 W 11 O 35 containing white Cs 4 W 11 O 35 , Cs 6 W 11 O 36 , and Cs 2 W 6 O 19 is prepared at a high temperature. Upon reduction, the color of the powder gradually changed from light blue to blue and dark blue.
- Example 14 20% by mass of the powder A produced in Example 1, 10% by mass of an acrylic polymer dispersant having an amine-containing group as a functional group (hereinafter abbreviated as "dispersant a"), and methyl isobutyl as a solvent. Weighed 70% by weight of ketone (MIBK). These weighed materials were placed in a glass container together with silica beads having a diameter of 0.3 mm, and dispersed and pulverized for 5 hours using a paint shaker to obtain a dispersion liquid A.
- dispenserant a an acrylic polymer dispersant having an amine-containing group as a functional group
- MIBK ketone
- the average particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles in the dispersion liquid A (dispersed particle size measured by ELS-8000 manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd., which is a particle size measuring device based on a dynamic light scattering method), 26 It was 0.4 nm.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B show the molar absorption coefficients of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersions of Examples 14 to 20 and Comparative Example 1 prepared using the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles prepared in Examples 1 to 7.
- FIG. 9B is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 9A.
- FIG. 9C shows the molar absorption coefficients of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particle dispersions of Examples 15, 16, 18, 22, 23 and Comparative Example 1 prepared using the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles prepared in Examples 2, 3, 5, 9, and 10. Is.
- VLT Visible light transmittance
- ST solar radiation transmittance
- T900 63.2%, respectively. It was measured and found to be transparent with visible light and have a near-infrared absorption effect.
- Example 15 The powder B produced in Example 2 was dispersed and pulverized in the same manner as in Example 14 to obtain a dispersion liquid B.
- the dispersed particle size of the particles was 31.4 nm.
- FIGS. 9A to 9C The measured profiles of the molar absorption coefficient of this dispersion B are shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C. Since the solar shielding effect and the transmitted color change depending on the VLT value of the dispersion liquid, it is necessary to evaluate the solar shielding effect and the transmitted color in the same VLT. Therefore, a transmittance profile was derived from the molar absorption coefficient by the Lambert-Beer equation so as to have the same VLT value as the spectral transmittance of the dispersion liquid A obtained in Example 14.
- the transmittance profile is shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B.
- Example 1 The Cs 4 W 11 O 35 powder, which is the powder A'obtained in Example 1, was pulverized and dispersed in the same procedure as in Example 14 to obtain a dispersion liquid N.
- the color of the dispersion liquid N was grayish white, and the dispersed particle size of the particles in the dispersion liquid N was 30.3 nm.
- the measured profiles of the molar absorption coefficient of the dispersion N are shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C. Further, as in the case of Example 15, the transmittance profile is derived from the molar absorption coefficient by the Lambert-Beer equation so that the VLT value is the same as the VLT value of the spectral transmittance of the dispersion liquid A obtained in Example 14. did.
- composition Cs 0.33 WO 2.74 was obtained.
- the XRD pattern of powder O showed a hexagonal single phase.
- the value of the lattice constant c-axis was a preferable value.
- the powder O was pulverized and dispersed in the same procedure as in Example 14 to obtain a dispersion liquid O.
- the color of the dispersion O was dark blue.
- the dispersed particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles in the dispersion liquid O was 25.8 nm.
- the dispersion O was diluted with MIBK and placed in a transparent cell having an optical path length of 10 mm, the transmittance was measured, and the molar absorption coefficient was determined. Similar to the case of Example 15, the transmittance profiles of the VLT derived from the molar absorption coefficient by the Lambert-Beer equation are shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B.
- ITO fine particles have a neutral color tone, but there are various types from slightly blue to brown depending on the reduction method and the production method.
- the powder P was pulverized and dispersed in the same procedure as in Example 14 to obtain a dispersion liquid P.
- the color of the dispersion P was light blue.
- the dispersed particle size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing particles in the dispersion liquid P was 35.4 nm.
- the dispersion P was diluted with MIBK and placed in a transparent cell having an optical path length of 10 mm, the transmittance was measured, and the molar absorption coefficient was determined. As in the case of Example 15, it was derived from the molar absorption coefficient by the Lambert-Beer equation.
- the transmittance profile of the derived VLT is shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B.
- Example 16 to 20 The powders C to G prepared in Examples 3 to 7 were dispersed and pulverized in the same manner as in Example 14 to obtain dispersion C to dispersion G. Then, each of the dispersion liquid C to the dispersion liquid G was diluted with MIBK and placed in a transparent cell having an optical path length of 10 mm, the transmittance was measured, and the molar absorption coefficient was determined. As in the case of Example 15, it was derived from the molar absorption coefficient by the Lambert-Beer equation. The dispersion particle size, optical characteristics, and color index of each dispersion are shown in Table 2, and the profile of the molar absorption coefficient is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10B corresponds to a partially enlarged view of FIG. 10A.
- FIG. 11A the solar transmittance (ST) of the dispersion liquid according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, Example 15, Example 16, and Example 19 is shown in FIG. 11A
- T900 is shown in FIG. 11B
- the color index is shown in FIG. 11C. It is shown collectively in 11D.
- t R on the horizontal axis means the reduction time at 800 ° C. Therefore, in FIGS. 11A to 11D, only a part of the explanation is given, but the example having the same t R is the same experimental example.
- Comparative Example 1 has a low transmittance for the blue wavelength, but has a high transmittance for the red wavelength, and when it is used as a dispersion film (dispersion), it looks like a transparent film as a whole.
- Comparative Example 2 while the transmittance of the blue wavelength is high, the transmittance is greatly reduced at the red wavelength, and it can be seen that when a dispersion film (dispersion) is used, it looks like a bluish film as a whole.
- the dispersions of Examples 15, 16 and 19 are intermediate between the dispersions of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and the transmittance of the blue wavelength increases as the reduction time at 800 ° C. becomes longer. Gradually increases, and conversely, the transmittance of the red wavelength tends to decrease sharply with absorption in the near infrared region.
- Example 19 at 800 ° C. and a reduction time of 60 minutes the transmittance profile gradually approaches Comparative Example 2, but even with the same VLT value, the electromagnetic wave absorbing film of Example 19 has the same transmittance at the red wavelength but at the blue wavelength. It can be seen that the transmittance is low and the color tone is more neutral.
- the dispersions of Examples 16 and 19 having a reduction time of more than 20 minutes at 800 ° C. have characteristics superior to those of Comparative Example 3 using ITO, which have a better solar shielding effect. I was able to confirm. Further, when the reduction time at 800 ° C. was 60 minutes, it was almost the same level as the dispersion liquid of Comparative Example 2 using the conventional Cs 0.33 WO 3.
- the b * value and B value are larger than those of the dispersion liquid of Comparative Example 2 using Cs 0.33 WO 3 when the reduction time at 800 ° C. is up to about 30 minutes. It is a value on the neutral side, and it can be seen that it has been greatly improved.
- Example 21 to 24 The powders H to K prepared in Examples 8 to 11 were dispersed and pulverized in the same manner as in Example 14 to obtain dispersions H to K.
- Table 2 shows the dispersion particle size, optical characteristics, and color index of these dispersions
- FIG. 9C shows the profile of the molar absorption coefficient.
- the reduction temperature and time are different from 650 ° C. to 950 ° C., but it can be seen that as the degree of high temperature reduction of the particles increases, the near-infrared absorption increases, while the transmitted color tends to be blue. However, in each case, it was confirmed that the color tone was close to the neutral color.
- Example 25 and 26 The powder L and powder M prepared in Examples 12 and 13 were dispersed and pulverized in the same manner as in Example 14 to obtain a dispersion liquid L and a dispersion liquid M.
- Table 2 shows the dispersed particle size, optical characteristics, and color index of these dispersions.
- the composition and structure of the raw material powder are slightly different from those of Cs 6 W 11 O 36 or Cs 4 W 11 O 35 containing Cs 2 W 6 O 19 , but basically high temperature reduction.
- the change from orthorhombic to hexagonal due to the above contains the same contents, and it is considered that the characteristics of the electromagnetic wave absorbing film mainly depend on the reduction conditions at high temperature.
- the near-infrared absorption increases as the degree of high-temperature reduction of the particles increases. It can be seen that the size increases, while the transparent color tends to be blue. The blue tendency of the transmitted color and the near-infrared absorption effect are in a trade-off relationship with each other, and an appropriate degree of high-temperature reduction can be selected according to the application.
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Abstract
Description
[電磁波吸収粒子、電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法]
本実施形態の電磁波吸収粒子、および電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法について説明する。
(電磁波吸収粒子)
従来から、電磁波吸収粒子として用いられているセシウム添加六方晶タングステンブロンズナノ粒子の透過色は、その誘電関数虚部(ε2)(実験で得られたε2は非特許文献1に掲載されている)、およびバンド構造(非特許文献2)により規定される。
Cs4W12O36からOが欠損した場合はすでに詳しい計算例が報告されており、伝導帯底部に局在軌道が導入されると共に自由電子と局在電子が顕著に増加することが分かっている(非特許文献2)。
(電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法)
本実施形態の電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法は特に限定されず、既述の特性を充足する電磁波吸収粒子を製造できる方法であれば特に限定されず用いることができる。ここでは、電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法の一構成例について説明する。
セシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体を、還元性気体の雰囲気中、650℃以上950℃以下で加熱、還元する加熱還元工程。
(1)セシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体合成工程
セシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体合成工程では、セシウムを含むタングステン酸塩、すなわちセシウムタングステン酸塩であるセシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体を合成できる。セシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体が既に合成されている場合には、本実施形態の電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法は、加熱還元工程から開始することもできる。
(2)加熱還元工程
上記した出発物質としてのセシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体、具体的には例えば、斜方晶、単斜晶、擬六方晶から選択された1種以上の結晶構造を有するセシウムタングステン酸塩を、加熱還元工程に供することができる。
(3)粉砕工程
既述のように、電磁波吸収粒子は微細化され、微粒子となっていることが好ましい。このため、電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法においては、加熱還元工程により得られた粉末を粉砕する粉砕工程を有することができる。
(4)修飾工程
既述のように、電磁波吸収粒子は、その表面をSi、Ti、Zr、Alから選択された1種類以上の原子を含む化合物で修飾されていても良い。そこで、電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法は、例えば電磁波吸収粒子を、Si、Ti、Zr、Alから選択された1種類以上の原子を含む化合物で修飾する修飾工程をさらに有することもできる。
[電磁波吸収粒子分散液]
次に、本実施形態の電磁波吸収粒子分散液の一構成例について説明する。
(化学分析)
得られた電磁波吸収粒子の化学分析は、Csについては原子吸光分析(AAS)により、W(タングステン)についてはICP発光分光分析(1CP―OES)により行った。また、Oについては軽元素分析装置(LECO社製、型式ON―836)を用いて、Heガス中で試料を融解しルツボ中のカーボンと反応したCOガスをIR吸収分光法で定量する方法で分析した。表1中には、化学分析により求めた各元素の含有割合から、W(タングステン)を1とした場合の組成比を算出し、併せて示している。なお、以下の実施例1~実施例13においては、W欠損を有するセシウムタングステン複合酸化物を含む電磁波吸収粒子である粉末が得られている。このため、実施例1~実施例13で得られた電磁波吸収粒子である粉末A~粉末Mについて、表1に示したWを1とした場合の組成比に、W欠損に応じた値をかけることで得られた組成比は、いずれも一般式CsxW1-yO3-z(0.2≦x≦0.4、0<y≦0.4、0<z≦0.46)を充足することを確認できている。
(X線回折測定)
X線回折測定はSpectris社のX'Pert-PRO/MPD装置でCu-Kα線を用いて粉末XRD測定することで実施した。
(電磁波吸収粒子分散液の光学特性)
電磁波吸収粒子分散液の可視光線透過率(VLT)、および日射透過率(ST)は、ISO 9050およびJIS R 3106に準拠して測定を行った。具体的には、日立製作所(株)製の分光光度計U-4100を用いて透過率を測定し、太陽光のスペクトルに応じた係数を乗じて算出した。透過率の測定に当たっては波長300nm以上2100nm以下の範囲について、5nm間隔で測定を行った。L*a*b*色指数は、JIS Z 8701に準拠して、D65標準光源、光源角度10°に対する三刺激値X、Y、Zを算出し、三刺激値からJIS Z 8729に準拠して求めた。RGB色指数も同様にして三刺激値から算出した。
[実施例1]
炭酸セシウム(Cs2CO3)と三酸化タングステン(WO3)をモル比でCs2CO3:WO3=2:11の比率となるように秤量、混合、混練して得られた混練物をカーボンボートに入れ、大気中、管状炉で、850℃で20時間を2回加熱し、ごく薄く緑がかった白色粉末である粉末A´を得た。なお、加熱する際、850℃で20時間加熱後に、一度取り出して粉砕・混合した後同じ条件で再加熱した。
[実施例2]
実施例1で得た粉末A´であるCs4W11O35粉末を、カーボンボートに薄く平らに敷き詰めて、管状炉内に配置し、Arガス気流中で室温から800℃まで加熱した。800℃で温度を保持しながら、Arガスをキャリアーとした1%H2ガスを混合させた気流に切り替え、15分間還元した後、H2ガスを停止し、Arガス気流のみで100℃まで徐冷し、その後Arガス気流を止めて室温まで徐冷し、粉末Bを取り出した。取り出した粉末Bの色調は青色だった。
[実施例3]
実施例1で得た粉末A´であるCs4W11O35粉末を、カーボンボートに薄く平らに敷き詰めて、管状炉内に配置し、Arガス気流中で室温から800℃まで加熱した。800℃で温度を保持しながら、Arガスをキャリアーとした1%H2ガスを混合させた気流に切り替え、30分間還元した後、H2ガスを停止し、Arガス気流のみで100℃まで徐冷し、その後Arガス気流を止めて室温まで徐冷し、粉末Cを取り出した。取り出した粉末Cの色調は濃青色だった。
[実施例4~実施例7]
実施例1で得た粉末A´であるCs4W11O35粉末を、還元処理する際の還元時間を、表1に示すように35分~90分に変えた。以上の点以外は実施例1の粉末Aを作製した場合と同様にして、粉末D、粉末E、粉末F、粉末Gを作製した。粉末D~粉末Gの粉末色調はすべて濃青色であり、XRD格子定数は、表に示すとおりである。
[実施例8~実施例11]
実施例1で得た粉末A´であるCs4W11O35粉末を、加熱還元処理する際の加熱温度と還元時間を、表1に示すように変更した。具体的には、実施例8では650℃で120分間、実施例9では700℃で60分間、実施例10では900℃で10分間、実施例11では950℃で20分間とした。以上の点以外は実施例1の粉末Aを作製した場合と同様にして、粉末H、粉末I、粉末J、粉末Kを作製した。それぞれ水色、青色、濃青色、濃青色の粉末が得られた。得られた各粉末のXRDパターンから求めた格子定数は、表1に示す通りであった。
[実施例12]
炭酸セシウムと三酸化タングステンをモル比でCs2CO3:WO3=3:11の比率で混合してカーボンボートに薄く平らに敷き詰めて、管状炉内に配置し、850℃で5時間加熱して、ごく薄く緑がかった白色粉末を得た。この白色粉末の主相はCs6W11O36(ICDD1-70-632)と同定されたが、Cs4W11O35との混相であった。
[実施例13]
炭酸セシウムと三酸化タングステンをモル比でCs2CO3:WO3=1:6の比率で混合してカーボンボートに薄く平らに敷き詰めて、管状炉内に配置し、850℃で5時間加熱して、ごく薄く緑がかった白色粉末を得た。この白色粉末の主相はCs4W11O35と同定されたが、Cs2W6O19(ICDD00-045-0522)との混相であった。
[実施例14]
実施例1で作製した粉末Aを20質量%と、官能基としてアミンを含有する基を有するアクリル系高分子分散剤(以下「分散剤a」と略称する)10質量%と、溶媒としてメチルイソブチルケトン(MIBK)70質量%とを秤量した。秤量したこれらの材料を0.3mm径のシリカビーズと共にガラス容器に入れ、ペイントシェーカーを用いて、5時間、分散・粉砕し、分散液Aを得た。
[実施例15]
実施例2で作製した粉末Bを、実施例14と同様の要領で分散・粉砕し、分散液Bを得た。粒子の分散粒径は、31.4nmであった。
[比較例1]
実施例1で得た粉末A´であるCs4W11O35粉末を実施例14と同様の手順で粉砕・分散処理を行い、分散液Nを得た。分散液Nの色は灰白色であり、分散液N内における粒子の分散粒径は、30.3nmであった。
[比較例2]
炭酸セシウム(Cs2CO3)水溶液、タングステン酸(H2WO4)、および二酸化タングステン粉末(WO2)をCs2O・5WO3・4WO2の組成となるように、秤量、混合、混練して原料混合物を調製した。十分に混合した後、原料混合物を、カーボンボートに薄く平らに敷き詰めて、N2ガスをキャリアーとした1%H2ガス気流下、550℃で60分間保持し、その後100%N2気流に変えて1時間保持後800℃に昇温して1時間保持し、室温へ徐冷して粉末Oを得た。粉末Oの色は濃青色であった。化学分析の結果、組成Cs0.33WO2.74が得られた。
[比較例3]
色調の参考試料として、中性色調のIn2O3:Sn(以下ITOと略)の分散液を用意した。ITO微粒子はニュートラルな色調をもつことが知られているが、その還元方法や作製方法によってややブルー調のものから茶系のものまでさまざまな種類が存在する。ここでは中でも純透明色に近いENAM社製のITO粉末(粉末P)を用いた。
[実施例16~実施例20]
実施例3から実施例7で作製した粉末C~粉末Gを、実施例14と同様の要領で分散・粉砕し、分散液C~分散液Gを得た。そして、分散液C~分散液GをそれぞれMIBKで希釈して光路長10mmの透明セルに入れ、透過率を測定し、モル吸収係数を求めた。実施例15の場合と同様にして、モル吸収係数からLambert-Beer式により導出した。各分散液の分散粒径、光学特性、色指数は表2に、モル吸収係数のプロファイルを図9に示す。これらの分散液においては、800℃での還元時間が長くなるほど近赤外線吸収が大きくなり、他方透過色はブルー傾向が強くなることが分かる。ただし、いずれにおいても、中性色に近い色調を示すことを確認できた。
[実施例21~実施例24]
実施例8~実施例11で作製した粉末H~粉末Kを、実施例14と同様の要領で分散・粉砕し、分散液H~分散液Kを得た。
[実施例25、26]
実施例12、13で作製した粉末L、粉末Mを、実施例14と同様の要領で分散・粉砕し、分散液L、分散液Mを得た。
Claims (13)
- 一般式CsxW1-yO3-z(0.2≦x≦0.4、0<y≦0.4、0<z≦0.46)表わされ、斜方晶または六方晶の結晶構造を備えたセシウムタングステン酸化物を含有する電磁波吸収粒子。
- 前記セシウムタングステン酸化物が、斜方晶の(010)面、六方晶のプリズム面である{100}面、六方晶の底面である(001)面から選択された1以上の面に線状または面状の欠陥を有する請求項1に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 前記セシウムタングステン酸化物が欠陥を有し、前記欠陥がタングステン欠損を含む請求項1または請求項2に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 前記セシウムタングステン酸化物の斜方晶または六方晶の結晶を構成するW-O八面体のOの一部が、ランダムに欠損した請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 前記セシウムタングステン酸化物は、六方晶換算のc軸長が7.560Å以上7.750Å以下である請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 前記セシウムタングステン酸化物のCsの一部が添加元素により置換されており、前記添加元素がNa、Tl、In、Li、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Gaから選択された1種類以上である請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 前記電磁波吸収粒子の平均粒径が0.1nm以上200nm以下である請求項1から請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 前記電磁波吸収粒子の表面が、Si、Ti、Zr、Alから選択された1種類以上の原子を含む化合物で修飾されている請求項1から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- セシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体nCs2O・mWO3(n,mは整数、3.6≦m/n≦9.0)の結晶粉末を、還元性気体の雰囲気中、650℃以上950℃以下で加熱、還元して得られる粒子である請求項1から請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 主相としてCs4W11O35相を含むセシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体を、還元性気体の雰囲気中、650℃以上950℃以下で加熱、還元して得られた粒子である請求項1から請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子。
- 請求項1から請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子と、水、有機溶媒、油脂、液状樹脂、液状可塑剤から選択された1種類以上である液状媒体と、を含み、
前記液状媒体に、前記電磁波吸収粒子が分散された電磁波吸収粒子分散液。 - 前記電磁波吸収粒子の含有量が、0.01質量%以上80質量%以下である請求項11に記載の電磁波吸収粒子分散液。
- 請求項1から請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の電磁波吸収粒子を製造する電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法であって、
セシウムタングステン酸化物前駆体nCs2O・mWO3(n,mは整数、3.6≦m/n≦9.0)の結晶粉末を、還元性気体の雰囲気中、650℃以上950℃以下で加熱、還元する加熱還元工程と、
前記加熱還元工程により得られた粉末を粉砕する粉砕工程とを有する電磁波吸収粒子の製造方法。
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WO2022080420A1 (ja) * | 2020-10-14 | 2022-04-21 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 近赤外線吸収粒子、近赤外線吸収粒子の製造方法、近赤外線吸収粒子分散体、近赤外線吸収積層体、近赤外線吸収透明基材 |
WO2022168838A1 (ja) * | 2021-02-02 | 2022-08-11 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 電磁波吸収粒子、電磁波吸収粒子分散液、電磁波吸収粒子分散体、電磁波吸収積層体 |
Also Published As
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JPWO2021153692A1 (ja) | 2021-08-05 |
KR20220134518A (ko) | 2022-10-05 |
EP4098619A4 (en) | 2023-08-09 |
EP4098619A1 (en) | 2022-12-07 |
BR112022014518A2 (pt) | 2022-09-20 |
US20230052771A1 (en) | 2023-02-16 |
CN115003631A (zh) | 2022-09-02 |
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