WO2021152232A1 - Architecture optimisée de pneumatique de type poids-lourd, agricole ou génie civil - Google Patents
Architecture optimisée de pneumatique de type poids-lourd, agricole ou génie civil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2021152232A1 WO2021152232A1 PCT/FR2021/050092 FR2021050092W WO2021152232A1 WO 2021152232 A1 WO2021152232 A1 WO 2021152232A1 FR 2021050092 W FR2021050092 W FR 2021050092W WO 2021152232 A1 WO2021152232 A1 WO 2021152232A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- hyperelastic
- tire
- working
- reinforcement
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
- B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
- B60C9/2003—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel characterised by the materials of the belt cords
- B60C9/2006—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel characterised by the materials of the belt cords consisting of steel cord plies only
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/0007—Reinforcements made of metallic elements, e.g. cords, yarns, filaments or fibres made from metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
- B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
- B60C2009/2012—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel with particular configuration of the belt cords in the respective belt layers
- B60C2009/2016—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel with particular configuration of the belt cords in the respective belt layers comprising cords at an angle of 10 to 30 degrees to the circumferential direction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
- B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
- B60C2009/2038—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel using lateral belt strips at belt edges, e.g. edge bands
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
- B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
- B60C2009/2074—Physical properties or dimension of the belt cord
- B60C2009/2077—Diameters of the cords; Linear density thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
- B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
- B60C2009/2074—Physical properties or dimension of the belt cord
- B60C2009/2093—Elongation of the reinforcements at break point
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
- B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
- B60C2009/2074—Physical properties or dimension of the belt cord
- B60C2009/2096—Twist structures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
- B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
- B60C9/22—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel the plies being arranged with all cords disposed along the circumference of the tyre
- B60C2009/2219—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel the plies being arranged with all cords disposed along the circumference of the tyre with a partial zero degree ply at the belt edges - edge band
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C2200/00—Tyres specially adapted for particular applications
- B60C2200/06—Tyres specially adapted for particular applications for heavy duty vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C2200/00—Tyres specially adapted for particular applications
- B60C2200/06—Tyres specially adapted for particular applications for heavy duty vehicles
- B60C2200/065—Tyres specially adapted for particular applications for heavy duty vehicles for construction vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C2200/00—Tyres specially adapted for particular applications
- B60C2200/08—Tyres specially adapted for particular applications for agricultural vehicles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a radial tire, intended to equip a heavy vehicle of civil engineering, agricultural or goods transport type, and relates more particularly to the crown reinforcement of such a tire, and even more particularly its hooping frame.
- ETRTO European Tire and Rim Technical Organization
- a radial tire for a heavy vehicle of civil engineering type within the meaning of the standard of the European Tire and Rim Technical Organization or ETRTO, is intended to be mounted on a rim whose diameter is at least equal to 25 inches .
- ETRTO European Tire and Rim Technical Organization
- the invention is described for a large-dimension radial tire intended to be mounted on a dumper, in particular vehicles for transporting materials extracted from quarries or surface mines, by the intermediate a rim whose diameter is at least equal to 35 inches and can reach 57 inches, or even 63 inches.
- a tire having a geometry of revolution relative to an axis of rotation the geometry of the tire is generally described in a meridian plane containing the axis of rotation of the tire.
- the radial, axial and circumferential directions respectively denote the directions perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire, parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire and perpendicular to the meridian plane.
- the circumferential direction is tangent to the circumference of the tire.
- a tire comprises a tread, intended to come into contact with a ground via a tread surface, the two axial ends of which are connected by means of two sidewalls with two beads. providing the mechanical connection between the tire and the rim on which it is intended to be mounted.
- a radial tire further comprises a reinforcement, consisting of a crown reinforcement, radially inside the tread, and a carcass reinforcement, radially inside the crown reinforcement.
- the carcass reinforcement of a radial tire for a heavy vehicle of civil engineering, agricultural or goods transport type usually comprises at least one carcass layer comprising generally metallic reinforcements, coated with a polymeric material of elastomer type or elastomeric, obtained by mixing and called coating mixture.
- a carcass layer comprises a main part, connecting the two beads to each other and generally wound, in each bead, from the inside to the outside of the tire around a circumferential reinforcing element most often metallic called bead wire, to form a turnaround.
- the metal reinforcements of a carcass layer are substantially parallel to each other and form, with the circumferential direction, an angle of between 85 ° and 95 °.
- the crown reinforcement of a radial tire for a vehicle of civil engineering, agricultural or goods transport type comprises a superposition of crown layers extending circumferentially, radially outside the carcass reinforcement .
- Each top layer consists of reinforcements generally metallic, parallel to each other and coated with a polymeric material of the elastomer type or coating mixture.
- a metal reinforcement is characterized mechanically by a curve representing the tensile force (in N), applied to the metal reinforcement, as a function of its relative elongation (in%), known as the force curve. elongation. From this force-elongation curve are deduced the mechanical tensile characteristics of the metal reinforcement, such as the structural elongation As (in%), the total elongation at break At (in%), the force at break Fm (load maximum in N) and the breaking strength Rm (in MPa), these characteristics being measured according to standard ASTM D 2969-04 of 2014.
- the structural elongation As results from the relative positioning of the metal wires constituting the metal reinforcement under a low tensile force.
- the elastic elongation Ae results from the very elasticity of the metal of the metal wires, constituting the metal reinforcement, taken individually, the behavior of the metal according to a law of Hooke.
- the plastic elongation Ap results from the plasticity, that is to say from the irreversible deformation, beyond the elastic limit, of the metal of these metal wires taken individually.
- an extension modulus expressed in GPa, which represents the slope of the line tangent to the force-elongation curve at this point, is also defined.
- elastic modulus in extension or Young's modulus, the modulus in extension of the elastic linear part of the force-elongation curve.
- An elastic metal reinforcement in its ungummed state, is characterized by a structural elongation As at least equal to 1% and a total elongation at break At at least equal to 4%.
- an elastic metal reinforcement has an elastic modulus in extension at most equal to 180 GPa, and usually between 40 GPa and 150 GPa.
- Each metallic wire element consists of a steel monofilament and has a diameter of 0.38 mm.
- the metal wire elements define an internal arch of the cable, making it possible to define an arch diameter Dv.
- the preformation and internal arch provide the cable, once assembled, with relatively large aeration, in other words, a relatively large space between each pair of adjacent metal wire elements. Such aeration generates a structural elongation As of the cable equal to 2.3%.
- Such a cable is in particular intended for use in tires, for example tires for vehicles of the heavy goods vehicle type.
- a non-extensible metal reinforcement is characterized by a total elongation At, under a tensile force equal to 10% of the breaking force Lm, at most equal to 0.2%. Furthermore, a non-extensible metal reinforcement has an elastic modulus in extension usually between 150 GPa and 200 GPa.
- the crown layers there are usually the protective layers, constituting the protective reinforcement and radially outermost, generally elastic and the inextensible working layers (W02007 / 003562A1), constituting the 'working reinforcement and radially included between the protective reinforcement and the carcass reinforcement.
- the protective layers constituting the protective reinforcement and radially outermost, generally elastic and the inextensible working layers (W02007 / 003562A1), constituting the 'working reinforcement and radially included between the protective reinforcement and the carcass reinforcement.
- the protective reinforcement comprising at least one protective layer, essentially protects the working layers from mechanical or physicochemical attack, liable to propagate through the tread radially towards the inside of the tire.
- the protective frame often comprises two protective layers, radially superimposed, formed of elastic metal reinforcements, parallel to each other in each layer and crossed from one layer to the next, forming angles with the circumferential direction. at least equal to 10 °.
- the working reinforcement comprising at least two working layers, has the function of surrounding the tire and giving it rigidity and road holding. It incorporates both mechanical inflation stresses, generated by the inflation pressure of the tire and transmitted by the carcass reinforcement, and mechanical rolling stresses, generated by the rolling of the tire on ground and transmitted by the tread. . It must also resist oxidation and shocks and punctures, thanks to its intrinsic design and that of the protective frame.
- the working reinforcement usually comprises two working layers, radially superimposed, formed of non-extensible metal reinforcements, mutually parallel in each layer and crossed from one layer to the next, forming, with the circumferential direction, angles at most equal to 60 °, and preferably at least equal to 15 ° and at most equal to 45 °.
- the crown reinforcement therefore usually comprises a working layer of greater axial width and a working layer of smaller axial width. The shears of the rubber compounds are maximum at the end of the working layer of smallest axial width.
- the hooping frame whose function is to take up at least part of the mechanical inflation stresses, improves the endurance of the crown reinforcement by stiffening the crown reinforcement.
- the shrink frame can be positioned radially inside the working frame, between the two working layers of the working frame, or radially outside the working frame.
- the hooping reinforcement can comprise two hooping layers, radially superimposed, formed of metal reinforcements, mutually parallel in each layer and crossed from one layer to the next, forming, with the circumferential direction, angles at most equal to 10 °.
- the hooping reinforcement usually comprises a hooping layer produced by the circumferential winding of a hooping wire or a continuous hooping band, forming, with the circumferential direction, angles at most equal to 5 °.
- the hooping layers are of smaller axial width than the working layer of smaller axial width.
- the stresses due to rolling at the end are very high in traction and compression and lead to the rupture of the metal reinforcements arranged around the ends of the working layers.
- Document WO2014 / 095099 discloses a shoulder covering strip whose width is limited due to these stresses.
- Even using elastic cables, known in the state of the art the phenomenon of rolling buckling and the high consumption of the As of the reinforcement during the molding of tires for tires for heavy vehicles make these solutions unsatisfactory.
- tires for heavy vehicles have a significant tread height at least equal to 10 mm for heavy-duty tires and sometimes much more for agricultural and civil engineering tires, in particular at the shoulders of the tire.
- the inventors have set themselves the objective, for a radial tire for a vehicle of civil engineering, heavy-vehicle or agricultural type, of reducing the risk of cracking of the rubber compounds at the ends of the working layers of the tire while rolling while reducing the risks of rupture of the reinforcing elements of a radially outer hooping layer.
- the crown reinforcement comprising at least one working reinforcement
- the crown reinforcement comprising at least two working layers, one of greater axial width and one of smaller axial width
- each working layer comprising reinforcing elements, non-extensible, parallel to each other, forming, with the circumferential direction, oriented angles at least equal to 15 ° and at most equal to 40 °, the two angles of the two layers of work being of opposite sign
- an axial distance Ds being the maximum value of the axial distances measured on either side of the equatorial plane between the axial end of the working layer of smaller axial width and the axial end of the working layer of larger axial width
- the crown reinforcement comprising on either side of the equatorial plane at least one hooping layer radially outside the most radially outer working layer, called the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer, the axial end of which is most axially outer is axially outer to the axial end of the working layer of smallest axial width by an axial distance at least equal to Ds / 2 and whose axially inner most point is axially inner to the axial end of the layer working width of smaller axial width, with an axial distance at least equal to Ds / 2,
- said radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer on either side of the equatorial plane, comprising hyperelastic metal reinforcements, parallel to each other and forming, with a circumferential direction (XX ') of the tire, an angle at most equal to 5 ° , each hyperelastic metal reinforcement comprising at least one so-called hyperelastic cable,
- the inventors have reduced the risk of cracking of the rubber compounds of the crown without degrading the other performances, by using as metallic reinforcement of a radially outer wrapping layer either directly a hyperelastic cable or a multi-strand of hyperelastic cables, said hyperelastic cables having particular geometric characteristics.
- the hooping layer is said to be radially outer because it is always radially outer to the working layers. It is said to be hyperelastic because its metal reinforcements are hyperelastic.
- the arch diameter Dv of the hyperelastic metal reinforcements of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer must be large enough compared to the diameter of the metal wire elements Df to allow a deformation in compression improving the resistance to buckling and sufficiently low to define the thickness of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer compatible with the objectives of limiting the mass of the tires and therefore the material resources necessary for their production.
- the radius of curvature of the helix Rf must be small enough compared to the diameter of the metallic wire elements Df to give a significant structural elongation which will be used during the molding of the tire and large enough to obtain a linear breaking strength of the tire. Adequate hyperelastic radially outer hooping layer so as not to break under the driving stress, in particular under a transverse force under fin.
- Such cables have the advantage over conventional elastic cables, whether hybrid or not, of having not only high tensile elasticity but also good resistance to buckling.
- the area of the ends of the working layer is indeed in particular in bends, under transverse force, stressed longitudinally in traction and in compression on either side of the equatorial plane.
- the values of the characteristics Df, Dv and Rf as well as the other characteristics described below are measured on or determined from the cables either directly after manufacture, that is to say before any embedding step in a die.
- elastomeric, or extracted from an elastomeric matrix for example from a tire, and having then undergone a cleaning step during which any elastomeric matrix is removed from the cable, in particular any material present inside the cable.
- the adhesive interface between each metallic wire element and the elastomeric matrix must be removed, for example by an electrochemical process in a sodium carbonate bath.
- the effects associated with the shaping step of the tire manufacturing process described below, in particular the elongation of the cables are canceled out by the extraction of the ply and the cable which, during extraction, take up substantially their characteristics before the conformation stage.
- the cable according to the invention comprises a single layer of metallic wire elements wound in a helix.
- the cable according to the invention comprises one, not two, not more than two layers of metallic wire elements wound in a helix.
- the layer is made up of metallic wire elements, that is, several metal wire elements, not a single metal wire element.
- the cable according to the invention consists of the layer of coiled wire elements.
- the cable according to the invention is a single helix.
- a single helix cable is a cable in which the axis of each metal wire element of the layer describes a single helix, unlike a double helix cable in which the axis of each metal wire element describes a first helix. around the axis of the cable and a second helix around a helix described by the axis of the cable.
- the cable when the cable extends in a substantially rectilinear direction, the cable comprises a single layer of metallic strand elements wound together in a helix, each metallic strand element of the layer describing a path in the form of a helix around.
- the cable according to the invention does not have a central metal core.
- N is the number of metal wire elements or even of open-structure cable ("open-cord" in English).
- the vault of the cable according to the invention is delimited by the metal wire elements and corresponds to the volume delimited by a theoretical circle, on the one hand, radially inside each metal wire element and, on the other hand, tangent to each metallic wire element.
- wire element is understood to mean an element extending longitudinally along a main axis and having a section perpendicular to the main axis, the largest dimension G of which is relatively small compared to the dimension L along the main axis.
- relatively small is meant that L / G is greater than or equal to 100, preferably greater than or equal to 1000.
- This definition covers both wire elements of circular section and wire elements of non-circular section, for example of polygonal section. or oblong.
- each metal wire element has a circular section.
- metallic means a stranded element consisting mainly (that is to say for more than 50% of its mass) or entirely (for 100% of its mass) of a metallic material.
- Each wire element is preferably made of steel, more preferably of pearlitic or ferrito-perlitic carbon steel, commonly called by those skilled in the art carbon steel, or even stainless steel (by definition, steel comprising at least 10.5% chrome).
- a (l) Arcos [ (100 / (100+ As) x Cos [Arc
- the helix diameter Dh corresponds to the diameter of the theoretical circle passing through the centers of the metallic wire elements of the layer in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cable.
- the vault diameter Dv is calculated according to the relation
- Dv Dh-Df where Df is the diameter of each metallic wire element and Dh the helix diameter, both expressed in millimeters.
- the pitch at which each metal wire element is wound is the length traveled by this wire element, measured parallel to the axis of the cable in which it is located, at the end of which the wire element having this pitch performs one complete turn around said axis of the cable.
- all the metal wire elements have the same diameter Df.
- orientation of an angle is meant the direction, clockwise or anti-clockwise, in which it is necessary to turn from a reference straight line, here the circumferential direction of the tire, defining the angle to reach the another line defining the angle.
- 9 ⁇ Rf / Df ⁇ 25 In one embodiment of a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for industrial vehicles chosen from vans, "Heavy goods", for example metro , buses, road transport vehicles (trucks, tractors, trailers), we have 9 ⁇ Rf / Df ⁇ 15.
- the radius of curvature of the helix Rf is such that 2 mm ⁇ Rf ⁇ 7 mm. 4 mm ⁇ Rf ⁇ 6 mm and preferably 4 mm ⁇ Rf ⁇ 5 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for off-road vehicles for example agricultural or civil engineering machinery
- the helix diameter Dh of each metallic wire element is such that 0.40 mm ⁇ Dh ⁇ 1.60 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for industrial vehicles chosen from vans, "Heavy goods vehicles", for example metro, bus, road transport vehicles (trucks, tractors, trailers), there is 0.85 mm ⁇ Dh ⁇ 1.60 mm and preferably 0.90 mm ⁇ Dh ⁇ 1.60 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for off-road vehicles for example agricultural or civil engineering machinery
- Df is such that 0.10 mm ⁇ Df ⁇ 0.50 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for industrial vehicles chosen from vans, "Heavy goods vehicles", for example metro, bus, road transport vehicles (trucks, tractors, trailers), there is 0.22 mm ⁇ Df ⁇ 0.50 mm and preferably 0.25 mm ⁇ Df ⁇ 0.45 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for off-road vehicles for example agricultural machinery or civil engineering
- Dv is such that Dv> 0.46 mm, and more preferably 0.50 mm ⁇ Dv ⁇ 1. 20 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for industrial vehicles chosen from vans, "Heavy goods vehicles", for example metro, bus, road transport vehicles (trucks, tractors, trailers), we have 0.65 mm ⁇ Dv ⁇ 0.80 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for off-road vehicles for example agricultural or civil engineering machinery, there is 0.55 mm ⁇ Dv ⁇ 1.00 mm .
- each metal wire element is wound at a pitch P such that 3 mm ⁇ P ⁇ 15 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for industrial vehicles chosen from vans, "Heavy goods vehicles", for example metro, bus, road transport vehicles (trucks, tractors, trailers), we have 7 mm ⁇ P ⁇ 15 mm, preferably 7.5 mm ⁇ P ⁇ 11 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for off-road vehicles for example agricultural or civil engineering machinery, there is 9 mm ⁇ P ⁇ 15 mm.
- the cable has a diameter D such that D ⁇ 2.10 mm.
- the apparent diameter or diameter, denoted D is measured by means of a thickness comparator, the diameter of the keys of which is at least equal to 1.5 times the pitch P of winding of the string elements (one can cite for example the JD50 model from the KAEFER brand, which achieves an accuracy of 1/100 of a millimeter, equipped with type a key, and having a contact pressure close to 0.6N).
- the measurement protocol consists of three repetitions of a series of three measurements (carried out perpendicular to the axis of the cable and under zero tension) of which the second and third of these measurements are carried out in a direction angularly offset from the previous one. a third of a turn, by rotating the measuring direction around the axis of the cable.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for industrial vehicles chosen from vans, "Heavy goods", for example metro, bus, road transport equipment (trucks, tractors, trailers), we have 1.15 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 1.55 mm.
- a cable intended for reinforcing a tire for off-road vehicles for example agricultural or civil engineering machinery, there is 1.5 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 2 mm.
- each metallic wire element comprises a single metallic monofilament.
- each metallic wire element is advantageously made of a metallic monofilament.
- the metallic monofilament is directly coated with a layer of a metallic coating comprising copper, zinc, tin, cobalt or an alloy of these metals, for example brass or the bronze.
- each metal wire element then consists of the metal monofilament, for example steel, forming a core, directly coated with the metal coating layer.
- each elementary metal monofilament is, as described above, preferably made of steel, and has a mechanical strength ranging from 1000 MPa to 5000 MPa.
- Such mechanical strengths correspond to the steel grades commonly encountered in the field of tires, namely, the grades NT (Normal Tensile), HT (High Tensile), ST (Super Tensile), SHT (Super High Tensile), UT ( Ultra Tensile), UHT (Ultra High Tensile) and MT (Mega Tensile), the use of high mechanical strengths possibly allowing an improved reinforcement of the matrix in which the cable is intended to be embedded and a lightening of the matrix thus reinforced.
- the layer consisting of N metallic wire elements wound in a helix N ranges from 3 to 18, preferably from 5 to 12 and more preferably from 6 to 9.
- the objective of said radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer is to decrease the maximum shears in rubbery compounds near the end of the working layer of smaller axial width.
- the designers separate the two ends of these working layers with a length Ds.
- the length Ds is therefore such that if this distance is respected between the ends, the excess loads linked to the two ends do not overlap in a damaging way.
- Ds / 2 is therefore of the order of magnitude of the influence distance of the overloads at the ends. It is therefore advantageous for the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer to be positioned on either side of the end of the working layer of smaller axial width over a distance of at least Ds / 2 to reduce the shears over any this zone.
- the axially outermost axial end of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer is axially outer to the axial end of the working layer of greater axial width , by a distance at least equal to Ds / 2 so as to reduce the shears also at the end of the working layer of greater axial width.
- the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer reducing the risks of cracking of the rubber compounds around the ends of the working layers and being composed of a hyperelastic cable or strand capable of withstanding large deformations such as those due to obstacles. on the road surface likely to cause crown breaks, it can act as a protective layer in this area.
- the radially hooping layer hyperelastic outer end comprises an axially inner end, that on either side of the equatorial plane, the axial end of the protective layer of greater axial width is axially inner to the most axially inner axial end of the hooping layer radially outer hyperelastic.
- the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer does not include an axially inner end and is therefore full width, it is advantageous depending on the type of tires and the stresses they undergo either to remove the protective layer or to 'decrease the number.
- the ratio K of the pitch P to the diameter Df of each metal wire element, of said hyperelastic cables is such that 19 ⁇ K ⁇ 44, preferably 20 ⁇ K ⁇ 40 and more preferably 23 ⁇ K ⁇ 39, P and Df being expressed in millimeters. 19 ⁇ K ⁇ 35 and preferably 23 ⁇ K ⁇ 30.
- the helix angle a of each metallic wire element is such that 13 ° ⁇ a ⁇ 30 °, preferably 17 ° ⁇ a ⁇ 26 °. 18 , 5 ° ⁇ a ⁇ 30 ° and preferably 18.5 ° ⁇ a ⁇ 26 °.
- the cable has a structural elongation As such that As> 1%, preferably As> 2.5%, more preferably As> 3%.
- the higher Jr the greater the space between two adjacent metallic wire elements. with respect to the maximum number of metallic wire elements that the layer could accommodate.
- the smaller Jr the smaller the space separating two adjacent metal wire elements compared to the maximum number of metal wire elements that the layer could accommodate.
- Jr makes it possible to maximize the number of metallic thread elements present on the layer and therefore the reinforcing capacity of the cable without, however, deteriorating the capacity to accommodate longitudinal compressive deformations.
- the relative radial clearance between two adjacent wire elements, Jr of said hyperelastic cables included in the elastic metal reinforcements of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer is such that 0.10 ⁇ Jr ⁇ 0.60, preferably 0 , 30 ⁇ Jr ⁇ 0.60.
- the relative radial play between two adjacent wire elements allows adjustment of cable ventilation and balance in this type of application.
- a cable that is insufficiently ventilated will behave similar to conventional cables and will not provide the same level of performance gain.
- a cable that is too ventilated, beyond a relative play of 0.6 will easily deform but will not resist longitudinal forces in tension or compression.
- each metal reinforcement of the layer of radially outer hyperelastic hooping consists of a single hyperelastic cable as defined above or is composed of several of said cables, assembled together, namely, is a strand of hyperelastic cables. Indeed, the assembly of several hyperelastic cables keeps the compression properties of the hyperelastic cable.
- the hyperelastic metal reinforcements of said radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer have a secant modulus at 2% elongation at most equal to 80 GPa and an elongation at break of at least 4%.
- the hyperelastic metal reinforcements of said radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer have a compressive buckling deformation value of at least 2%.
- the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer is formed by the circumferential winding of a hyperelastic metal reinforcement or of a strip made up of several hyperelastic metal reinforcements, which makes it possible to reduce, compared to a layer of non-continuous reinforcements, the number of ends of cables or strands which are so many privileged initiation points of a crack and to use all the resistance potential of the metallic reinforcements circumferentially.
- the elastic metal reinforcements of the protective layers form, with the circumferential direction, an angle at least equal to 15 ° and at least. plus equal to 35 °.
- a preferred embodiment comprises two protective layers comprising elastic or hyperelastic metal bulges. More advantageously, the respective metal reinforcements of the two protective layers are crossed from one protective layer to the next. More advantageously for productivity gains, the metal reinforcements of the most radially inner protective layer, form with the circumferential direction (XX '), an angle equal in absolute value to the angle formed by the metal reinforcements of the layer of most radially outer protection with the circumferential direction (XX ').
- the absolute value of the angles formed by the metal reinforcements of the protective layers with the circumferential direction is substantially equal to the average of the absolute values of the angles formed by the metal reinforcements of the working layers with the circumferential direction (XX ').
- the tire can comprise a protective reinforcement radially external to the working reinforcement comprising at least one protective layer.
- the most radially inner protective layer has an axial width LP1 at least equal to 1.05 times and at most equal to 1.25 times the maximum axial width LTmax of the working layer having the greatest axial width. Below 1.05 times the axial width LTmax, the most radially inner protective layer does not protrude sufficiently from the working layer of greatest axial width to be able to ensure an effective protective role with respect to the pounding. Beyond 1.25 times the axial width LTmax, the axial end of the most radially inner protective layer is very close to the axial end of the tread, increasing the risk of cracking between the axial end. of said protective layer and the axial end of the tread.
- the crown reinforcement comprises a hooping reinforcement comprising two layers of hooping radially inside the most radially outer working layer of which the respective metal reinforcements, coated in an elastomeric material, parallel to each other and forming, with the circumferential direction, an angle at most equal to 10 °, are crossed from one hooping layer to the next.
- a distinction is usually made between angled hooping layers, with reinforcements forming angles at least equal to 5 ° and at most equal to 8 °, and circumferential hooping layers, with substantially circumferential reinforcements forming angles close to 0 ° and at most equal to 5 °.
- the metal reinforcements of the hooping layer can be either elastic or non-stretchable.
- the shrink frame can be positioned radially inside the working frame, between the two working layers of the working frame.
- Figure 1 meridian section of a tire crown according to the invention.
- Figure 2 meridian section of a tire crown according to the invention.
- Figure 3 meridian section of a tire crown according to the invention.
- Figure 4 cross section of a hyperelastic cable making up all or part of the metal reinforcements of the protective reinforcement according to the invention.
- a meridian section of a tire 1 for a heavy vehicle of civil engineering type comprising a crown reinforcement 3, radially inside a tread 2 and radially outside a carcass reinforcement 4.
- the crown frame 3 comprises, radially from the outside to the inside, a protective frame 31, a working frame 32 and a shrinking frame 33.
- the protective frame 31 comprises two protective layers (311, 312) comprising elastic metal reinforcements coated in an elastomeric material, parallel to each other and forming an angle equal to 24 °, with a circumferential direction XX 'tangent to the circumference of the tire, the respective metal reinforcements of each protective layer being crossed d 'one layer of protection to the next.
- the working frame 32 comprises two working layers 321, 322, the respective non-extensible metal reinforcements of which, coated in an elastomeric material, parallel to each other and forming, with the circumferential direction XX ', angles respectively equal to 33 °, for the most radially inner working layer 321 which is also circumstantially the working layer of greatest axial width, and 19 °, for the most radially outer working layer 322 which is also circumstantially the working layer of smallest axial width , are crossed from one working layer to the next.
- the working reinforcement also comprises a radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer 323 comprising hyperelastic cables, with an axial width at least equal to Ds and arranged so that the axially outermost axial end is axially external to the armature.
- a radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer 323 comprising hyperelastic cables, with an axial width at least equal to Ds and arranged so that the axially outermost axial end is axially external to the armature.
- the hyperelastic metal reinforcements of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer are a circumferential winding of a hyperelastic cable forming an angle of 0.5 ° with the circumferential direction.
- the most radially inner protective layer 311 is axially projecting relative to the working layer of greatest axial width, here the most radially internal working layer 321. In the case shown, the axial width LP1 is equal to 1.15 times the axial width LTmax.
- the hooping frame 33 includes two hooping layers 331, 332 whose respective metal reinforcements, coated in an elastomeric material, parallel to each other and forming, with the circumferential direction XX ', an angle of between 5 ° and 10 °, are crossed with a hooping layer to the next one.
- Figure 2 is a variant of the invention where the axially outermost axial end of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer (323) is axially outer to the axial end of the larger working layer.
- Figure 3 is a variant of the invention where the axially outermost axial end of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer (323) is axially outer to the axial end of the larger working layer.
- axial width (321) by a distance at least equal to Ds / 2 and the axial end of the protective layer of greatest axial width (311) is axially inner to the axially innermost axial end of the layer radially outer hyperelastic hooping.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the cables entering into the production of the reinforcing elements of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layers either constituting the reinforcing elements, or being one of the cables of the strand which constitutes the reinforcing element of said layer of hooping.
- the cable 50 according to the invention comprises a single layer 52 of metallic wire elements 54 wound in a helix.
- the cable 50 consists of the single layer 52, in other words the cable 50 does not include any other metallic thread element than those of the layer 52.
- the layer 52 consists of 9 metallic thread elements wound in helix and being embedded in the rubber compound matrix of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer, the internal vault 58 itself being filled with said rubber compound.
- the invention has been simulated on calculation tools and will be tested on tires of size 24.00R35.
- the simulations make it possible to evaluate the mechanical and thermal stresses on tires by the technique of finite elements in large displacement and large deformation, taking into account the mechanical and hysteretic characteristics of the materials.
- the tires are also compared on rolling tests on 22 m circumference flywheels. The same test protocol is applied to the tires according to the invention and to the reference tires according to the state of the art.
- a first test consists of rolling at zero drift angle at a load corresponding to the load index at the recommended pressure.
- the speed of the test is 30 km / h.
- the result of the test is the mileage of the tire before its loss of pressure or the treading of the crown.
- This first test evaluates the endurance capacity of the crown to withstand the rolling cycles which generate a cyclic shear stress on the zone of the ends of the working layers with a high and increasing thermal stress which essentially stresses the rubber compounds in this zone.
- a second test consists of rolling with transverse force imposed on the load corresponding to the load index at the recommended pressure.
- the transverse force is equal to 30% of the load, alternated, over cycle times of 10 minutes.
- the speed of the test is 15 km / h.
- the result of the test is the mileage of the tire before its loss of pressure or the treading of the crown.
- This test evaluates the endurance capacity of the top to withstand the rolling cycles under drift which generate a cyclic stress of high compression traction on the zone of the ends of the working layers with a lower thermal stress than the previous one, and thus placing more stress on the reinforcements. metallic.
- the reference tires and according to the invention are identical except for the crown reinforcement by the presence of a radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer on the tire according to the invention. They have the same tread pattern and the same reinforcements for the carcass layer (4), the hoop layers (331, 332), the working layers (321, 322) and the protective layers and the same rubber compounds for the different parts of the tires.
- the crown reinforcement is composed radially from the outside to the inside of two protective layers, two working layers, two hoop layers.
- the most radially outer protective layer is 400 mm wide, and its metal reinforcements make an angle with the circumferential direction of 24 °.
- the most radially protective layer interior is 520 mm wide, and its metal reinforcements make an angle with the circumferential direction of -24 °.
- the most radially outer working layer is 380mm wide, and its metal reinforcements make an angle with the circumferential direction of 19 °.
- the most radially inner working layer is 450mm wide, and its metal reinforcements make an angle with the circumferential direction of -33 °.
- the most radially outer hoop layer is 200 mm wide, and its metal reinforcements make an angle with the circumferential direction of 8 °.
- the radially outermost hoop layer is 240mm wide, and its metal reinforcements make an angle with the circumferential direction of -8 °.
- the metal reinforcements of the working and shrinking layers are inextensible metal reinforcements 26.30, namely cables of 26 wires 30 hundredths of a mm in diameter, arranged in three layers, the central layer comprising 3 wires, the second comprising 9 wires and the outer layer comprising 14 threads. Said strands are arranged at a pitch of 3.4mm.
- the elastic metal reinforcements of the protective reinforcement of the reference tire are cables 24.26, namely strands of 4 cables 6 wires 26 hundredths of a mm in diameter. Said strands are arranged at a pitch of 2.5 mm.
- the tire according to the invention comprises, in addition to the crown reinforcement of the reference tire, on either side of the equatorial plane, a radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer, the metal reinforcements of which are hyperelastic.
- the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer On either side of the equatorial plane, the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer has an axial width of 35 mm, equal to Ds and is centered on the axial end of the most radially outer working layer which is also the layer of work of smaller axial width.
- the hyperelastic metal reinforcements of the radially outer hyperelastic hooping layer of the tire 1 according to the invention are 18.45, namely strands according to the invention, composed of 3 cables comprising 6 wires of diameter Df of 45 hundredths of a size. mm. Said strands are arranged at a pitch of 4.8 mm. The arch diameter Dv of said wires is equal to 1.11 mm. The radius of curvature of the helix Rf is equal to 4.2 mm. Jr, the relative radial clearance between two adjacent wire elements is equal to 0.35. [099] The hyperelastic strands have a structural elongation As at least equal to 3%, a total elongation at break of at least 8%.
- the tire 1 according to the invention brings about a gain of approximately 15% in performance in mileage before the tire decays on the cracking of the rubber compounds around the axial ends of the working layers compared to the tire. reference tire.
- the invention as proposed therefore makes it possible to improve the endurance of the tire.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA3163261A CA3163261A1 (fr) | 2020-01-29 | 2021-01-19 | Architecture optimisee de pneumatique de type poids-lourd, agricole ou genie civil |
BR112022013272A BR112022013272A2 (pt) | 2020-01-29 | 2021-01-19 | Arquitetura otimizada de pneu do tipo de serviços pesados, agrícola ou engenharia civil |
AU2021213941A AU2021213941A1 (en) | 2020-01-29 | 2021-01-19 | Optimized architecture of a heavy-duty tire of the agricultural or civil engineering type |
EP21705586.2A EP4096937B1 (fr) | 2020-01-29 | 2021-01-19 | Architecture optimisée de pneumatique de type poids-lourd, agricole ou génie civil |
CN202180011326.2A CN115003522B (zh) | 2020-01-29 | 2021-01-19 | 农业或土木工程类型的重型轮胎的优化结构 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FRFR2000852 | 2020-01-29 | ||
FR2000852A FR3106529B1 (fr) | 2020-01-29 | 2020-01-29 | architecture optimisée de pneumatique de type poids-lourd, agricole ou génie civil |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2021152232A1 true WO2021152232A1 (fr) | 2021-08-05 |
Family
ID=72709398
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/FR2021/050092 WO2021152232A1 (fr) | 2020-01-29 | 2021-01-19 | Architecture optimisée de pneumatique de type poids-lourd, agricole ou génie civil |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP4096937B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN115003522B (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2021213941A1 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112022013272A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA3163261A1 (fr) |
CL (1) | CL2022002026A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3106529B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2021152232A1 (fr) |
Citations (9)
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EP0728598A1 (fr) * | 1995-02-27 | 1996-08-28 | PIRELLI COORDINAMENTO PNEUMATICI S.p.A. | Bandage pneumatique pourvu d'une couche de ceinture renforcée |
US5843583A (en) | 1996-02-15 | 1998-12-01 | N.V. Bekaert S.A. | Cord with high non-structural elongation |
WO2005014925A1 (fr) | 2003-07-22 | 2005-02-17 | N.V. Bekaert S.A. | Corde hybride a fort coefficient d'elongation |
WO2007003562A1 (fr) | 2005-06-30 | 2007-01-11 | Société de Technologie Michelin | Pneumatique pour vehicules lourds |
WO2007090603A1 (fr) | 2006-02-09 | 2007-08-16 | Societe De Technologie Michelin | Cable composite elastique pour pneumatique |
EP2168787A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-28 | 2010-03-31 | Bridgestone Corporation | Pneumatique |
WO2014095099A1 (fr) | 2012-12-17 | 2014-06-26 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Pneumatique de véhicule |
WO2015004210A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Pneumatique comportant des epaisseurs variables des melanges caoutchouteux interieurs a l'armature de carcasse |
WO2019058053A1 (fr) * | 2017-09-22 | 2019-03-28 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Armature de sommet de pneumatique pour vehicule lourd de type genie civil |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP4057317B2 (ja) * | 2002-03-13 | 2008-03-05 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | ゴム物品補強用のスチールコード、及びそれを用いた空気入りタイヤ |
FR2873721A1 (fr) * | 2004-08-02 | 2006-02-03 | Michelin Soc Tech | Cable a couches pour armature de sommet de pneumatique |
FR2946366B1 (fr) * | 2009-06-03 | 2011-12-02 | Michelin Soc Tech | Cable a trois couches,gomme in situ,pour armature carcasse de pneumatique. |
FR2953452B1 (fr) * | 2009-12-04 | 2011-12-09 | Michelin Soc Tech | Pneumatique comportant des cables d'armature de carcasse frettes |
FR2995822B1 (fr) * | 2012-09-26 | 2014-09-12 | Michelin & Cie | Sommet de pneumatique pour vehicule lourd de type genie civil |
FR3014745B1 (fr) * | 2013-12-18 | 2017-02-10 | Michelin & Cie | Armature de sommet de pneumatique pour vehicule lourd de type genie civil |
FR3020016B1 (fr) * | 2014-04-22 | 2016-04-01 | Michelin & Cie | Pneumatique pour vehicule industriel lourd |
FR3064211A1 (fr) * | 2017-03-23 | 2018-09-28 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Pneumatique pour vehicule de tourisme |
-
2020
- 2020-01-29 FR FR2000852A patent/FR3106529B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-01-19 EP EP21705586.2A patent/EP4096937B1/fr active Active
- 2021-01-19 WO PCT/FR2021/050092 patent/WO2021152232A1/fr unknown
- 2021-01-19 AU AU2021213941A patent/AU2021213941A1/en active Pending
- 2021-01-19 CN CN202180011326.2A patent/CN115003522B/zh active Active
- 2021-01-19 CA CA3163261A patent/CA3163261A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-01-19 BR BR112022013272A patent/BR112022013272A2/pt unknown
-
2022
- 2022-07-27 CL CL2022002026A patent/CL2022002026A1/es unknown
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0728598A1 (fr) * | 1995-02-27 | 1996-08-28 | PIRELLI COORDINAMENTO PNEUMATICI S.p.A. | Bandage pneumatique pourvu d'une couche de ceinture renforcée |
US5843583A (en) | 1996-02-15 | 1998-12-01 | N.V. Bekaert S.A. | Cord with high non-structural elongation |
WO2005014925A1 (fr) | 2003-07-22 | 2005-02-17 | N.V. Bekaert S.A. | Corde hybride a fort coefficient d'elongation |
WO2007003562A1 (fr) | 2005-06-30 | 2007-01-11 | Société de Technologie Michelin | Pneumatique pour vehicules lourds |
WO2007090603A1 (fr) | 2006-02-09 | 2007-08-16 | Societe De Technologie Michelin | Cable composite elastique pour pneumatique |
EP2168787A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-28 | 2010-03-31 | Bridgestone Corporation | Pneumatique |
WO2014095099A1 (fr) | 2012-12-17 | 2014-06-26 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Pneumatique de véhicule |
WO2015004210A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Pneumatique comportant des epaisseurs variables des melanges caoutchouteux interieurs a l'armature de carcasse |
WO2019058053A1 (fr) * | 2017-09-22 | 2019-03-28 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Armature de sommet de pneumatique pour vehicule lourd de type genie civil |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR112022013272A2 (pt) | 2022-09-06 |
FR3106529B1 (fr) | 2022-01-07 |
CA3163261A1 (fr) | 2021-08-05 |
CL2022002026A1 (es) | 2023-03-31 |
EP4096937A1 (fr) | 2022-12-07 |
AU2021213941A1 (en) | 2022-07-14 |
EP4096937B1 (fr) | 2024-03-06 |
CN115003522A (zh) | 2022-09-02 |
FR3106529A1 (fr) | 2021-07-30 |
CN115003522B (zh) | 2023-08-29 |
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