WO2021129552A1 - Metal matrix composite material and preparation method therefor - Google Patents

Metal matrix composite material and preparation method therefor Download PDF

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WO2021129552A1
WO2021129552A1 PCT/CN2020/137888 CN2020137888W WO2021129552A1 WO 2021129552 A1 WO2021129552 A1 WO 2021129552A1 CN 2020137888 W CN2020137888 W CN 2020137888W WO 2021129552 A1 WO2021129552 A1 WO 2021129552A1
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composite material
preparation
metal matrix
friction stir
holes
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PCT/CN2020/137888
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
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徐世伟
唐伟能
谢玉
秦云
王快社
王文
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宝山钢铁股份有限公司
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Publication of WO2021129552A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021129552A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
    • B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a material and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a metal material and a preparation method thereof.
  • Metal Matrix Composite is a composite material composed of metal and its alloy as a matrix and artificially combined with one or several metal or non-metal reinforcements. Most of the reinforcing materials used in metal matrix composites are inorganic non-metals, such as ceramics, carbon, graphite, and boron.
  • the characteristics of metal matrix composites in terms of mechanics are high transverse and shear strength, good comprehensive mechanical properties such as toughness and fatigue, and also have the advantages of thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, wear resistance, small thermal expansion coefficient, and good damping.
  • the metal matrix used in metal matrix composites also includes ferrous metals such as titanium, copper, zinc, lead, beryllium superalloys, intermetallic compounds, and ferrous metals.
  • ferrous metals such as titanium, copper, zinc, lead, beryllium superalloys, intermetallic compounds, and ferrous metals.
  • the existing methods for preparing layered metal-based materials mainly include: rolling composite method, chemical deposition method, stacking welding method and spraying method, but all of the above methods have hole defects, poor mechanical properties, low production efficiency, and susceptibility to the environment. The problem of pollution.
  • a layered composite material is prepared by forming a microporous pore wall with a specific morphology on the metal surface in advance and another metal material entering the micropore to form a mechanical interlocking effect.
  • the method has a complicated process and is applied to chemical syrups such as sulfuric acid, which poses environmental risks.
  • some of the prepared materials still have a large number of cavities, the bonding strength is not high, and the mechanical properties are insufficient.
  • the publication number is CN107225301A
  • the publication date is October 3, 2017,
  • the Chinese patent document titled "Preparation and Welding Method of Prefabricated Solder Stainless Steel Layered Composite Material” discloses a prefabricated solder stainless steel layer Preparation and welding methods of shaped composite materials.
  • a pre-set brazing material stainless steel layered composite material for a plate-fin oil cooler is finally obtained.
  • the process is complicated, the production efficiency is low, and high vacuum and high temperature processing are required, and there are difficulties in environmental protection of brazing materials.
  • the prepared prefabricated brazing filler metal stainless steel layered composite material has low film forming strength, may have voids at the interface, insufficient bonding force, and poor comprehensive mechanical properties.
  • One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a metal matrix composite material, which addresses the shortcomings in the prior art, for example, the prepared material has pore defects, poor mechanical properties, low production efficiency, and susceptibility to the environment. Pollution and other problems, by reducing the welding interface between layers, building the material as a whole, and forming a three-dimensional structure with holes on it, and at the same time adding composite particles in the holes, to obtain a metal matrix composite material with excellent performance.
  • the present invention proposes a method for preparing a metal matrix composite material, which includes the steps:
  • the metal powder prefabricated into the metal matrix is processed by the laser directional forming technology [Direct Laser Deposition (DLD), which is a kind of 3D printing technology] through 3D printing technology. Substrate with holes. Subsequently, composite particles are added to the holes.
  • DLD Direct Laser Deposition
  • friction stir processing was used in this case to fuse the substrate and composite particles. The use of friction stir processing can not only avoid the defects of low mechanical properties of liquid welding caused by the use of interlayer welding interfaces in the prior art, and deterioration of material properties, but also achieve efficient and firm bonding between the base material and the composite material particles. .
  • various metal materials can be selected for the substrate as required, such as steel, or titanium.
  • the metal powder is selected from one or more of titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, aluminum alloy and copper alloy.
  • the metal powder is selected from one or more of TC4 titanium alloy, AZ80 magnesium alloy, 6061 aluminum alloy, ZK60 magnesium alloy, 5082 aluminum alloy and copper alloy.
  • the porosity of the metal matrix composite material is 10%-50%.
  • the hole is an irregularly shaped hole, and the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the hole is 0.3-1.5 mm.
  • the holes are cubic holes with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm.
  • the composite material particles are selected from at least one of the following: WC, Al 2 O 3 , SiC, SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , BN, tricalcium phosphate Single crystal or amorphous.
  • the average particle size of the composite material particles is less than 1/2 of the pore diameter.
  • the particle size of the metal powder is 0.05-0.5 mm.
  • the particle size of the composite material particles is 0.05-0.5 mm.
  • friction stir processing is also called friction stir processing. Its basic principle is that the material to be processed undergoes violent plastic deformation, mixing, and crushing through the strong stirring action of the stirring head, so as to realize the densification of the microstructure, Homogenization and refinement.
  • the process parameters of friction stir processing are selected from at least one of the following items:
  • the forward speed of friction stir processing is 50-500mm/min
  • the rotation speed of friction stir processing is 300-1800rpm
  • the processing passes are 1-4 passes.
  • the stirring head for friction stir processing satisfies at least one of the following items:
  • the mixing head is made of martensitic stainless steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel or tungsten-based alloy;
  • the shaft shoulder of the mixing head is conical, cylindrical or truncated cone-shaped
  • the length of the stirring head is 2-8mm.
  • the shaft shoulder of the stirring head when the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is in the shape of a truncated cone, the bottom diameter of the stirring head is 3-20mm, such as 5-20mm, and the top diameter is 1-10mm, such as 1-6mm. ; When the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is cylindrical, the diameter of the stirring head is 3-8mm.
  • the substrate includes at least two hollow layers with holes and a solid layer arranged between the two hollow layers.
  • the porosity of the substrate is 10%-50%, such as 15%-50%.
  • the thickness of the solid layer is 0.5-1 mm.
  • the thickness of the hollow layer is 2-3 mm.
  • the overall thickness of the substrate is 4.5-7 mm.
  • composite material particles added in the holes of each hollow layer may be the same kind of composite material particles or different kinds of composite material particles.
  • another object of the present invention is to provide a metal matrix composite material, which has good interlayer bonding performance and good overall performance.
  • the present invention proposes a metal matrix composite material, which is prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.
  • the metal matrix composite material and the preparation method thereof of the present invention have the following advantages and beneficial effects:
  • the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention uses the laser directional forming technology to prepare a substrate with holes, and the hole structure can accurately control the distribution area and content of the added composite material particles, thereby improving the material utilization efficiency.
  • the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention performs friction stir processing on the base material through friction stir processing, which can eliminate defects such as holes or cracks, so that the structure of the base material is dynamically recrystallized, and the composite material particles are uniform. Distributed in the substrate, which can effectively improve the performance of the substrate, especially the plastic toughness of the material, thereby increasing the service life of the material.
  • the preparation process of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention is green and environmentally friendly, and will not pollute the environment.
  • the metal matrix composite material of the present invention also has the advantage of high bonding performance between materials.
  • Fig. 1 schematically shows the structure of a substrate with holes in some embodiments of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows the substrate structure of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments in a partially broken form.
  • Fig. 3 is a process flow diagram of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments.
  • Figure 4 shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite of Example 1.
  • FIG. 5 further shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 in an enlarged scale.
  • FIG. 6 shows the comparison of the tensile properties of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 and the base material without composite material particles.
  • the metal matrix composite material of Examples 1-6 was prepared by the following steps:
  • the type of metal powder used can be referred to Table 1.
  • the model structure can be designed first, for example, the holes and the length and width of the substrate can be set first.
  • Table 2 For the specific structure settings, please refer to Table 2.
  • the substrate in the present technical solution may be a three-dimensional structure with holes distributed throughout.
  • the substrate in the present technical solution may also include at least two hollow layers with holes and a solid layer arranged between the two hollow layers.
  • the structure with a solid layer sandwiched between two hollow layers can also be used as a unit, so that multiple layers are superimposed on the thickness of the substrate to form a base with multiple such units. material.
  • first composite material particles such as SiC
  • second composite material particles such as SiO 2
  • the process parameters of friction stir processing can be set, which can be selected from at least one of the following items:
  • the forward speed of friction stir processing is 50-500mm/min
  • the rotation speed of friction stir processing is 300-1800rpm
  • the processing passes are 1-4 passes.
  • the stirring head for friction stir processing can be set, which can satisfy at least one of the following items:
  • the mixing head is made of martensitic stainless steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel or tungsten-based alloy;
  • the shaft shoulder of the mixing head is conical, cylindrical or truncated cone-shaped
  • the length of the stirring head is 2-8mm.
  • the bottom diameter of the stirring head can be set to 5-20mm, and the top diameter is 1-6mm; and when the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is cylindrical, the stirring head can be set The diameter is 3-8mm.
  • Table 1 lists the metal powders and composite material particles used in the metal matrix composite materials of Examples 1-6.
  • the particle size of the metal powder in each embodiment in Table 1 is not a point value but a range value, because the diameters of the metal powders actually prepared cannot be exactly the same, and are not exactly the same.
  • the metal The powder particle size distribution range is in the range of 0.05-0.5mm.
  • Table 2 lists the structural parameters in the three-dimensional structure of the substrate designed for the metal matrix composite materials of Examples 1-6.
  • Table 3 lists the specific process parameters involved in the friction stir processing used in the metal matrix composite materials of Examples 1-6.
  • Fig. 1 schematically shows a three-dimensional structure with holes in some embodiments of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention.
  • the metal powder can be formed into a substrate with holes P by laser directional forming technology.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the case where the hole P is a cubic hole, but in some other embodiments, the hole P may also be a hole with an irregular shape.
  • the hole P is a cubic hole, its diameter is 0.5-1 mm.
  • the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the hole P may be 0.3-1.5 mm.
  • the average particle size of the composite material particles may be less than 1/2 of the hole diameter.
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows the substrate structure of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments.
  • the middle of the substrate has a solid layer 1 without holes, above the solid layer 1 is an upper hollow layer 2 with holes, and below the solid layer 1 is a lower hollow layer 3 with holes .
  • the upper hollow layer 2 and the lower hollow layer 3 may be filled with the same composite material particles, or the upper hollow layer 2 and the lower hollow layer 3 may be filled with different composite material particles.
  • d 0.5-1mm.
  • Fig. 3 is a process flow diagram of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments.
  • the method for preparing the metal matrix composite material includes the steps:
  • Figure 4 shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1, where the substrate is Ti and the composite material particles are tricalcium phosphate.
  • FIG. 5 further shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 in an enlarged scale.
  • Fig. 6 schematically shows the comparison of the tensile properties of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 and the substrate without composite material particles.
  • curve A represents the substrate without composite material particles
  • curve B represents the metal matrix composite material described in this case by adding composite material particles to the substrate.
  • the tensile mechanical properties of the technical solution are obviously better than that of the base material.
  • the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention uses the laser directional forming technology to prepare a substrate with a three-dimensional structure of holes.
  • the hole structure can be used to precisely control the respective regions and contents of the added composite particles. Thereby improving the efficiency of material utilization.
  • the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention performs friction stir processing on the base material through friction stir processing, which can eliminate defects such as holes or cracks, so that the structure of the base material is dynamically recrystallized, and the composite material particles are uniform. Distributed in the substrate, which can effectively improve the performance of the substrate, especially the plastic toughness, thereby increasing the service life of the material.
  • the preparation process of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention is green and environmentally friendly, and does not cause environmental pollution.
  • the metal matrix composite material of the present invention also has the advantages of high interlayer bonding performance, simple process flow and less time-consuming.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

A method for preparing a metal matrix composite material, comprising the steps of: (1) using laser directional forming technology to form metal powder into a substrate with holes (p); (2) adding composite material particles to the holes (p); and (3) performing friction stir processing on the substrate to fuse the substrate and the composite material particles, so as to obtain a metal matrix composite material. A metal matrix composite material, prepared by using said preparation method.

Description

一种金属基复合材料及其制备方法Metal matrix composite material and preparation method thereof 技术领域Technical field
本发明涉及一种材料及其制备方法，尤其涉及一种金属材料及其制备方法。The invention relates to a material and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a metal material and a preparation method thereof.
背景技术Background technique
金属基复合材料(Metal Matrix Composite，简称MMC)是以金属及其合金为基体，与一种或几种金属或非金属增强相人工结合成的复合材料。金属基复合材料所采用的增强材料大多为无机非金属，例如陶瓷、碳、石墨及硼等。金属基复合材料的特点在力学方面为横向及剪切强度较高，韧性及疲劳等综合力学性能较好，同时还具有导热、导电、耐磨、热膨胀系数小、阻尼性好等优点。金属基复合材料所采用的金属基体除金属铝、镁外，还有色金属钛、铜、锌、铅、铍超合金和金属间化合物以及黑色金属可以作为金属基体。现有的制备层状金属基材料的方法主要包括：轧制复合法、化学沉积法、堆积焊接法和喷涂法，但上述方法均存在孔洞缺陷，力学性能较差，制备效率低以及易受环境污染的问题。Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) is a composite material composed of metal and its alloy as a matrix and artificially combined with one or several metal or non-metal reinforcements. Most of the reinforcing materials used in metal matrix composites are inorganic non-metals, such as ceramics, carbon, graphite, and boron. The characteristics of metal matrix composites in terms of mechanics are high transverse and shear strength, good comprehensive mechanical properties such as toughness and fatigue, and also have the advantages of thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, wear resistance, small thermal expansion coefficient, and good damping. In addition to metal aluminum and magnesium, the metal matrix used in metal matrix composites also includes ferrous metals such as titanium, copper, zinc, lead, beryllium superalloys, intermetallic compounds, and ferrous metals. The existing methods for preparing layered metal-based materials mainly include: rolling composite method, chemical deposition method, stacking welding method and spraying method, but all of the above methods have hole defects, poor mechanical properties, low production efficiency, and susceptibility to the environment. The problem of pollution.
例如：公开号为CN108909060A，公开日为2018年11月30日，名称为“一种层状复合材料制备方法”的中国专利文献公开了一种层状复合材料的制备方法。在该专利文献所公开的技术方案中，其通过在金属表面预先形成具有特定形貌的微孔孔壁和进入微孔中的另一种金属材料形成机械互锁作用从而制备获得层状复合材料。该方法过程复杂，且应用到硫酸等化学药水，存在环保风险。并且所制备获得的有些材料仍存在大量的空洞，结合强度不高，力学性能不足。For example, the publication number is CN108909060A, the publication date is November 30, 2018, and the Chinese patent document titled "a method for preparing a layered composite material" discloses a method for preparing a layered composite material. In the technical solution disclosed in this patent document, a layered composite material is prepared by forming a microporous pore wall with a specific morphology on the metal surface in advance and another metal material entering the micropore to form a mechanical interlocking effect. . The method has a complicated process and is applied to chemical syrups such as sulfuric acid, which poses environmental risks. In addition, some of the prepared materials still have a large number of cavities, the bonding strength is not high, and the mechanical properties are insufficient.
又例如：公开号为CN107225301A，公开日为2017年10月3日，名称为“预置钎料不锈钢层状复合材料的制备及焊接方法”的中国专利文献公开了一种预置钎料不锈钢层状复合材料的制备及焊接方法。在该专利文献所公开的技术方案中，通过表面处理、冷轧复合、扩散退火等工艺步骤，最终得到用于板翅式油冷器的预置钎料不锈钢层状复合材料。然而，该工艺过程复杂，生产效率低，且需要高真空和高温处理，而且钎焊焊料环保方面存在难点。另外，所制备获得的预制钎料不锈钢 层状复合材料的成膜强度低、界面可能存在空隙，结合力不够，综合力学性能差。Another example: the publication number is CN107225301A, the publication date is October 3, 2017, and the Chinese patent document titled "Preparation and Welding Method of Prefabricated Solder Stainless Steel Layered Composite Material" discloses a prefabricated solder stainless steel layer Preparation and welding methods of shaped composite materials. In the technical solution disclosed in this patent document, through process steps such as surface treatment, cold-rolling compounding, diffusion annealing, etc., a pre-set brazing material stainless steel layered composite material for a plate-fin oil cooler is finally obtained. However, the process is complicated, the production efficiency is low, and high vacuum and high temperature processing are required, and there are difficulties in environmental protection of brazing materials. In addition, the prepared prefabricated brazing filler metal stainless steel layered composite material has low film forming strength, may have voids at the interface, insufficient bonding force, and poor comprehensive mechanical properties.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明的目的之一在于提供一种金属基复合材料的制备方法，该制备方法针对现有技术中存在的不足，例如所制备的材料具有孔洞缺陷、力学性能差、制备效率低以及易受环境污染等问题，通过减少层间焊接界面，整体构建材料，并在其上形成具有孔洞的三维结构，同时在孔洞中添加复合材料粒子的方式，得到性能优异的金属基复合材料。One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a metal matrix composite material, which addresses the shortcomings in the prior art, for example, the prepared material has pore defects, poor mechanical properties, low production efficiency, and susceptibility to the environment. Pollution and other problems, by reducing the welding interface between layers, building the material as a whole, and forming a three-dimensional structure with holes on it, and at the same time adding composite particles in the holes, to obtain a metal matrix composite material with excellent performance.
为了实现上述目的，本发明提出了一种金属基复合材料的制备方法，其包括步骤：In order to achieve the above objective, the present invention proposes a method for preparing a metal matrix composite material, which includes the steps:
(1)使用激光定向成形技术将金属粉末成型为具有孔洞的基材；(1) Use laser directional forming technology to form metal powder into a substrate with holes;
(2)向孔洞中添加复合材料粒子；(2) Add composite particles to the holes;
(3)对基材进行搅拌摩擦加工，以将基材与复合材料粒子进行融合，得到金属基复合材料。(3) Perform friction stir processing on the base material to fuse the base material and the composite material particles to obtain a metal matrix composite material.
在本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法中，通过激光定向成形技术〔Direct Laser Deposition(DLD)，是3D打印技术的一种〕将预制为金属基体的金属粉末通过3D打印技术加工成具有孔洞的基材。随后，向孔洞中添加复合材料粒子。为了使得添加了复合材料粒子实现均匀分布与整体结合，尤其是实现基材与复合材料粒子的良好结合，本案采用了搅拌摩擦加工，以使得基材与复合材料粒子进行融合。采用搅拌摩擦加工既可以避免现有技术中由于采用层间焊接界面，所导致的液态焊接的力学性能不高，恶化材料性能的缺陷，又可以实现基材与复合材料粒子之间的高效牢固结合。In the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention, the metal powder prefabricated into the metal matrix is processed by the laser directional forming technology [Direct Laser Deposition (DLD), which is a kind of 3D printing technology] through 3D printing technology. Substrate with holes. Subsequently, composite particles are added to the holes. In order to allow the addition of composite particles to achieve uniform distribution and overall integration, especially to achieve a good combination of substrate and composite particles, friction stir processing was used in this case to fuse the substrate and composite particles. The use of friction stir processing can not only avoid the defects of low mechanical properties of liquid welding caused by the use of interlayer welding interfaces in the prior art, and deterioration of material properties, but also achieve efficient and firm bonding between the base material and the composite material particles. .
在本技术方案中，基材可以根据需要选择各种金属材料，例如钢，又例如钛等。In this technical solution, various metal materials can be selected for the substrate as required, such as steel, or titanium.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，金属粉末选自：钛合金、镁合金、铝合金和铜合金中的一种或多种。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the metal powder is selected from one or more of titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, aluminum alloy and copper alloy.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，金属粉末选自：TC4钛合金、AZ80镁合金、6061铝合金、ZK60镁合金、5082铝合金以及铜合金中的一种或多种。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the metal powder is selected from one or more of TC4 titanium alloy, AZ80 magnesium alloy, 6061 aluminum alloy, ZK60 magnesium alloy, 5082 aluminum alloy and copper alloy.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，其中金属基复合材料的孔隙率为10％-50％。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the porosity of the metal matrix composite material is 10%-50%.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，其中孔洞为形状不规则的孔洞，孔洞的外接圆的直径为0.3-1.5mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the hole is an irregularly shaped hole, and the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the hole is 0.3-1.5 mm.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，其中孔洞为立方体孔洞，其口径为0.5-1mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the holes are cubic holes with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，其中复合材料粒子选自下述各项的至少其中之一：WC、Al 2O 3、SiC、SiO 2、ZrO 2、BN、磷酸三钙的单晶体或非晶体。 Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the composite material particles are selected from at least one of the following: WC, Al 2 O 3 , SiC, SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , BN, tricalcium phosphate Single crystal or amorphous.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，其中复合材料粒子的平均颗粒尺寸小于孔洞孔径的1/2。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the average particle size of the composite material particles is less than 1/2 of the pore diameter.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，其中金属粉末的粒径为0.05-0.5mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the particle size of the metal powder is 0.05-0.5 mm.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，复合材料粒子的粒度为0.05-0.5mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the particle size of the composite material particles is 0.05-0.5 mm.
本发明中，搅拌摩擦加工(Friction stir processing)又称为搅拌摩擦处理，其基本原理是通过搅拌头的强烈搅拌作用使被加工材料发生剧烈塑性变形、混合、破碎，实现微观结构的致密化、均匀化和细化。In the present invention, friction stir processing (Friction Stir Processing) is also called friction stir processing. Its basic principle is that the material to be processed undergoes violent plastic deformation, mixing, and crushing through the strong stirring action of the stirring head, so as to realize the densification of the microstructure, Homogenization and refinement.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，搅拌摩擦加工的工艺参数选自下述各项的至少其中之一：Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the process parameters of friction stir processing are selected from at least one of the following items:
搅拌摩擦加工的前进速度为50-500mm/min；The forward speed of friction stir processing is 50-500mm/min;
搅拌摩擦加工的旋转速度为300-1800rpm；The rotation speed of friction stir processing is 300-1800rpm;
搅拌摩擦加工每一道次的压下量为0.2-0.5mm；The reduction of each pass of friction stir processing is 0.2-0.5mm;
加工道次为1-4次道。The processing passes are 1-4 passes.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法，搅拌摩擦加工的搅拌头满足下列各项的至少其中之一：Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the stirring head for friction stir processing satisfies at least one of the following items:
搅拌头材质为马氏体不锈钢、中碳钢、高碳钢或钨基合金；The mixing head is made of martensitic stainless steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel or tungsten-based alloy;
搅拌头的轴肩为圆锥形、圆柱形或圆台形；The shaft shoulder of the mixing head is conical, cylindrical or truncated cone-shaped;
搅拌头的长度为2-8mm。The length of the stirring head is 2-8mm.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，当搅拌头的轴肩为圆台形时，搅拌头的底部直径为3-20mm，如5-20mm，顶部直径为1-10mm，如1-6mm；当搅拌头的轴肩为圆柱形时，搅拌头的直径为3-8mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, when the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is in the shape of a truncated cone, the bottom diameter of the stirring head is 3-20mm, such as 5-20mm, and the top diameter is 1-10mm, such as 1-6mm. ; When the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is cylindrical, the diameter of the stirring head is 3-8mm.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，基材包括至少两层具有孔洞的镂空层和设于该两层镂空层之间的实心层。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the substrate includes at least two hollow layers with holes and a solid layer arranged between the two hollow layers.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，基材的孔隙率为10％-50％，如15％-50％。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the porosity of the substrate is 10%-50%, such as 15%-50%.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，实心层的厚度为0.5-1mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the thickness of the solid layer is 0.5-1 mm.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，镂空层的厚度为2-3mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the thickness of the hollow layer is 2-3 mm.
进一步地，在本发明所述的制备方法中，基材整体的厚度为4.5-7mm。Further, in the preparation method of the present invention, the overall thickness of the substrate is 4.5-7 mm.
进一步地，各所述镂空层的孔洞内添加的复合材料粒子可以为同种复合材料粒子或异种复合材料粒子。Further, the composite material particles added in the holes of each hollow layer may be the same kind of composite material particles or different kinds of composite material particles.
相应地，本发明的另一目的在于提供一种金属基复合材料，该金属基复合材料的层间结合性能好，综合性能表现良好。Correspondingly, another object of the present invention is to provide a metal matrix composite material, which has good interlayer bonding performance and good overall performance.
为了实现上述目的，本发明提出了一种金属基复合材料，其采用上述的制备方法制得。In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention proposes a metal matrix composite material, which is prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.
本发明所述的金属基复合材料及其制备方法相较于现有技术具有如下所述的优点以及有益效果：Compared with the prior art, the metal matrix composite material and the preparation method thereof of the present invention have the following advantages and beneficial effects:
本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法利用激光定向成形技术制备得到具有孔洞的基材，利用孔洞结构可以精确控制添加的复合材料粒子分布的区域和含量，从而提升材料的利用效率。The preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention uses the laser directional forming technology to prepare a substrate with holes, and the hole structure can accurately control the distribution area and content of the added composite material particles, thereby improving the material utilization efficiency.
此外，本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法通过搅拌摩擦加工对基材进行搅拌摩擦加工，可以消除孔洞或是裂纹等缺陷，使得基材的组织发生动态再结晶，同时复合材料粒子均匀分布在基材内，从而可以有效改善基材的性能，尤其是材料的塑韧性，从而提升材料服役寿命。In addition, the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention performs friction stir processing on the base material through friction stir processing, which can eliminate defects such as holes or cracks, so that the structure of the base material is dynamically recrystallized, and the composite material particles are uniform. Distributed in the substrate, which can effectively improve the performance of the substrate, especially the plastic toughness of the material, thereby increasing the service life of the material.
另外，本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法的制备过程绿色环保，不会对环境造成污染。In addition, the preparation process of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention is green and environmentally friendly, and will not pollute the environment.
本发明所述的金属基复合材料除了同样具有上述的优点以及有益效果外，其还具有材料间结合性能高的优点。In addition to the above-mentioned advantages and beneficial effects, the metal matrix composite material of the present invention also has the advantage of high bonding performance between materials.
附图说明Description of the drawings
图1示意性地显示了本发明所述的金属基复合材料在一些实施方式中的具有孔洞的基材的结构。Fig. 1 schematically shows the structure of a substrate with holes in some embodiments of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention.
图2以局部剖开的形式示意性地显示了本发明所述的金属基复合材料在一些实施方式中的基材结构。Fig. 2 schematically shows the substrate structure of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments in a partially broken form.
图3为本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法在一些实施方式中的工艺流程图。Fig. 3 is a process flow diagram of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments.
图4显示了实施例1的金属基复合材料的微观结构。Figure 4 shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite of Example 1.
图5进一步放大地显示了实施例1的金属基复合材料的微观结构。FIG. 5 further shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 in an enlarged scale.
图6显示了实施例1的金属基复合材料与不添加复合材料粒子的基材的拉伸性能的对照情况。FIG. 6 shows the comparison of the tensile properties of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 and the base material without composite material particles.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面将结合说明书附图和具体的实施例对本发明所述的金属基复合材料及其制备方法做进一步的解释和说明，然而该解释和说明并不对本发明的技术方案构成不当限定。Hereinafter, the metal matrix composite material and the preparation method thereof of the present invention will be further explained and described in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments of the specification. However, the explanation and description do not improperly limit the technical solution of the present invention.
实施例1-6Example 1-6
实施例1-6的金属基复合材料采用以下步骤制备获得：The metal matrix composite material of Examples 1-6 was prepared by the following steps:
(1)使用激光定向成形技术将金属粉末成型为具有孔洞的基材，其中所采用的金属粉末的类型可以参考表1。在进行激光定向成形技术将金属粉末进行3D打印成型时，先可以设计其模型结构，例如对于孔洞、基材的长宽等先进行设定，具体的结构设置可以参考表2。(1) Using laser directional forming technology to form metal powder into a substrate with holes, the type of metal powder used can be referred to Table 1. When laser directional forming technology is used to 3D print metal powder, the model structure can be designed first, for example, the holes and the length and width of the substrate can be set first. For the specific structure settings, please refer to Table 2.
(2)向孔洞中添加复合材料粒子，所采用的复合粒子可以参考表1。(2) Add composite material particles to the hole, the composite particles used can refer to Table 1.
(3)对基材进行搅拌摩擦加工，以将基材与复合材料粒子进行融合，得到金属基复合材料。(3) Perform friction stir processing on the base material to fuse the base material and the composite material particles to obtain a metal matrix composite material.
另外需要说明的是，在一些实施方式中，本技术方案中的基材可以是整体均分布有孔洞的三维结构。In addition, it should be noted that, in some embodiments, the substrate in the present technical solution may be a three-dimensional structure with holes distributed throughout.
在另外一些实施例中，本技术方案中的基材也可以是至少包括两层具有孔洞的镂空层和设于该两层镂空层之间的实心层。In other embodiments, the substrate in the present technical solution may also include at least two hollow layers with holes and a solid layer arranged between the two hollow layers.
当然，在其他的实施例中，这种两层镂空层中间夹一层实心层的结构也可以作为一个单元，从而在基材的厚度上多个叠加，以形成具有多个这种单元的基材。Of course, in other embodiments, the structure with a solid layer sandwiched between two hollow layers can also be used as a unit, so that multiple layers are superimposed on the thickness of the substrate to form a base with multiple such units. material.
另外，还需要说明的是，在各不同的镂空层的孔洞内可以分别填充不同类型的复合材料粒子。例如可以在厚度方向上相对位于上层的镂空层内添加第一复合材料粒子(例如SiC)，而在厚度方向上相对位于下层的镂空层内添加第二复合材料粒子 (例如SiO 2)。 In addition, it should be noted that different types of composite material particles can be filled in the holes of the different hollow layers. For example, the first composite material particles (such as SiC) may be added in the hollow layer relatively located in the upper layer in the thickness direction, and the second composite material particles (such as SiO 2 ) may be added in the hollow layer relatively located in the lower layer in the thickness direction.
在一些实施方式中，可以对搅拌摩擦加工的工艺参数进行设置，其可以选自选自下述各项的至少其中之一：In some embodiments, the process parameters of friction stir processing can be set, which can be selected from at least one of the following items:
搅拌摩擦加工的前进速度为50-500mm/min；The forward speed of friction stir processing is 50-500mm/min;
搅拌摩擦加工的旋转速度为300-1800rpm；The rotation speed of friction stir processing is 300-1800rpm;
搅拌摩擦加工每一道次的压下量为0.2-0.5mm；The reduction of each pass of friction stir processing is 0.2-0.5mm;
加工道次为1-4次道。The processing passes are 1-4 passes.
此外，在另一些实施方式中，可以对搅拌摩擦加工的搅拌头进行设置，其可以满足下列各项的至少其中之一：In addition, in other embodiments, the stirring head for friction stir processing can be set, which can satisfy at least one of the following items:
搅拌头材质为马氏体不锈钢、中碳钢、高碳钢或钨基合金；The mixing head is made of martensitic stainless steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel or tungsten-based alloy;
搅拌头的轴肩为圆锥形、圆柱形或圆台形；The shaft shoulder of the mixing head is conical, cylindrical or truncated cone-shaped;
搅拌头的长度为2-8mm。The length of the stirring head is 2-8mm.
上述方案中，当搅拌头的轴肩为圆台形时，可以设置搅拌头的底部直径为5-20mm，顶部直径为1-6mm；而当搅拌头的轴肩为圆柱形时，可以设置搅拌头的直径为3-8mm。In the above scheme, when the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is round cone shape, the bottom diameter of the stirring head can be set to 5-20mm, and the top diameter is 1-6mm; and when the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is cylindrical, the stirring head can be set The diameter is 3-8mm.
表1列出了实施例1-6的金属基复合材料所采用的金属粉末以及复合材料粒子。Table 1 lists the metal powders and composite material particles used in the metal matrix composite materials of Examples 1-6.
表1Table 1
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000002
需要说明的是，表1中各实施例的金属粉末粒径不是点值而是范围值，是因为实际所制备获得的金属粉末的直径无法完全一致，并非完全一样，在各实施例中，金属粉末粒径分布范围是在0.05-0.5mm的范围内。It should be noted that the particle size of the metal powder in each embodiment in Table 1 is not a point value but a range value, because the diameters of the metal powders actually prepared cannot be exactly the same, and are not exactly the same. In each embodiment, the metal The powder particle size distribution range is in the range of 0.05-0.5mm.
表2列出了实施例1-6的金属基复合材料所设计的基材的三维结构中的结构参数。Table 2 lists the structural parameters in the three-dimensional structure of the substrate designed for the metal matrix composite materials of Examples 1-6.
表2Table 2
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000003
表3列出了实施例1-6的金属基复合材料所采用的搅拌摩擦加工中涉及的具体工艺参数。Table 3 lists the specific process parameters involved in the friction stir processing used in the metal matrix composite materials of Examples 1-6.
表3table 3
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2020137888-appb-000004
图1示意性地显示了本发明所述的金属基复合材料在一些实施方式中的具有孔洞的三维结构。Fig. 1 schematically shows a three-dimensional structure with holes in some embodiments of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention.
如图1所示，通过激光定向成形技术可以将金属粉末成形为具有孔洞P的基材。在图1中示意性地显示了孔洞P为立方体孔洞的情况，但是在一些其他的实施方式中，孔洞P也可以为形状不规则的孔洞。当孔洞P为立方体孔洞，其直径为0.5-1mm。当孔洞P为形状不规则的孔洞，孔洞P的外接圆的直径可以为0.3-1.5mm。采用复合材料粒子对孔洞进行填充时，复合材料粒子的平均颗粒尺寸可以小于孔洞孔径的1/2。As shown in FIG. 1, the metal powder can be formed into a substrate with holes P by laser directional forming technology. FIG. 1 schematically shows the case where the hole P is a cubic hole, but in some other embodiments, the hole P may also be a hole with an irregular shape. When the hole P is a cubic hole, its diameter is 0.5-1 mm. When the hole P is an irregularly shaped hole, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the hole P may be 0.3-1.5 mm. When composite material particles are used to fill the holes, the average particle size of the composite material particles may be less than 1/2 of the hole diameter.
图2示意性地显示了本发明所述的金属基复合材料在一些实施方式中的基材结构。Fig. 2 schematically shows the substrate structure of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments.
如图2所示，在该实施方式中，基材中部具有没有孔洞的实心层1，实心层1的上方是具有孔洞的上层镂空层2，实心层1的下方的具有孔洞的下层镂空层3。As shown in Figure 2, in this embodiment, the middle of the substrate has a solid layer 1 without holes, above the solid layer 1 is an upper hollow layer 2 with holes, and below the solid layer 1 is a lower hollow layer 3 with holes .
需要说明的是，在填充复合材料粒子时，可以向上层镂空层2和下层镂空层3填充相同的复合材料粒子，也可以向上层镂空层2和下层镂空层3分别填充不同的复合材料粒子。图2中，d＝0.5-1mm。It should be noted that when filling the composite material particles, the upper hollow layer 2 and the lower hollow layer 3 may be filled with the same composite material particles, or the upper hollow layer 2 and the lower hollow layer 3 may be filled with different composite material particles. In Figure 2, d=0.5-1mm.
图3为本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法在一些实施方式中的工艺流程 图。Fig. 3 is a process flow diagram of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material according to the present invention in some embodiments.
如图3所示，在本实施方式中，制备金属基复合材料的制备方法包括步骤：As shown in FIG. 3, in this embodiment, the method for preparing the metal matrix composite material includes the steps:
(1)使用激光定向成形技术将金属粉末成型为具有孔洞的三维结构，以得到基材；(1) Use laser directional forming technology to shape metal powder into a three-dimensional structure with holes to obtain a substrate;
(2)向所述孔洞中添加复合材料粒子；(2) Adding composite material particles to the holes;
(3)对基材进行搅拌摩擦加工，以将基材与复合材料粒子进行融合，得到所述金属基复合材料。(3) Perform friction stir processing on the base material to fuse the base material and composite material particles to obtain the metal matrix composite material.
图4显示了实施例1的金属基复合材料的微观结构，其基材为Ti，复合材料粒子为磷酸三钙。图5进一步放大地显示了实施例1的金属基复合材料的微观结构。Figure 4 shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1, where the substrate is Ti and the composite material particles are tricalcium phosphate. FIG. 5 further shows the microstructure of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 in an enlarged scale.
图6示意性地显示了实施例1的金属基复合材料与不添加复合材料粒子的基材的拉伸性能的对照情况。Fig. 6 schematically shows the comparison of the tensile properties of the metal matrix composite material of Example 1 and the substrate without composite material particles.
如图6所示，曲线A表示没有添加过复合材料粒子的基材，曲线B表示基材中添加了复合材料粒子以制成的本案所述的金属基复合材料，由图6可以看出本技术方案的拉伸力学性能明显较基材更好。As shown in Figure 6, curve A represents the substrate without composite material particles, and curve B represents the metal matrix composite material described in this case by adding composite material particles to the substrate. The tensile mechanical properties of the technical solution are obviously better than that of the base material.
综上所述，本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法利用激光定向成形技术制备得到具有孔洞的三维结构的基材，利用孔洞结构可以精确控制添加的复合材料粒子分别的区域和含量，从而提升材料的利用效率。In summary, the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention uses the laser directional forming technology to prepare a substrate with a three-dimensional structure of holes. The hole structure can be used to precisely control the respective regions and contents of the added composite particles. Thereby improving the efficiency of material utilization.
此外，本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法通过搅拌摩擦加工对基材进行搅拌摩擦加工，可以消除孔洞或是裂纹等缺陷，使得基材的组织发生动态再结晶，同时复合材料粒子均匀分布在基材内，从而可以有效改善基材的性能，尤其是塑韧性，从而提升材料服役寿命。In addition, the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention performs friction stir processing on the base material through friction stir processing, which can eliminate defects such as holes or cracks, so that the structure of the base material is dynamically recrystallized, and the composite material particles are uniform. Distributed in the substrate, which can effectively improve the performance of the substrate, especially the plastic toughness, thereby increasing the service life of the material.
另外，本发明所述的金属基复合材料的制备方法制备过程绿色环保，没有对环境造成污染。In addition, the preparation process of the preparation method of the metal matrix composite material of the present invention is green and environmentally friendly, and does not cause environmental pollution.
本发明所述的金属基复合材料除了同样具有上述的优点以及有益效果外，其还具有层间结合性能高、工艺流程简单耗时少的优点。In addition to the above-mentioned advantages and beneficial effects, the metal matrix composite material of the present invention also has the advantages of high interlayer bonding performance, simple process flow and less time-consuming.
需要说明的是，本发明的保护范围中现有技术部分并不局限于本申请文件所给出的实施例，所有不与本发明的方案相矛盾的现有技术，包括但不局限于在先专利文献、在先公开出版物，在先公开使用等等，都可纳入本发明的保护范围。It should be noted that the prior art part of the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments given in this application document, and all prior art that does not contradict the solution of the present invention includes but is not limited to the previous Patent documents, prior publications, prior publications, etc. can all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
此外，本案中各技术特征的组合方式并不限本案权利要求中所记载的组合方式或是具体实施例所记载的组合方式，本案记载的所有技术特征可以以任何方式进行自由组合或结合，除非相互之间产生矛盾。In addition, the combination of the technical features in this case is not limited to the combination described in the claims of the case or the combination described in the specific embodiments. All the technical features described in this case can be freely combined or combined in any way, unless There are contradictions between each other.
还需要注意的是，以上所列举的实施例仅为本发明的具体实施例。显然本发明不局限于以上实施例，随之做出的类似变化或变形是本领域技术人员能从本发明公开的内容直接得出或者很容易便联想到的，均应属于本发明的保护范围。It should also be noted that the above-listed embodiments are only specific embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the subsequent similar changes or modifications can be directly derived from or easily associated with the disclosure of the present invention by those skilled in the art, and should fall within the protection scope of the present invention. .

Claims (15)

  1. 一种金属基复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括步骤：A method for preparing a metal matrix composite material, which is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
    (1)使用激光定向成形技术将金属粉末成型为具有孔洞的基材；(1) Use laser directional forming technology to form metal powder into a substrate with holes;
    (2)向所述孔洞中添加复合材料粒子；(2) Adding composite material particles to the holes;
    (3)对基材进行搅拌摩擦加工，以将基材与复合材料粒子进行融合，得到所述金属基复合材料。(3) Perform friction stir processing on the base material to fuse the base material and composite material particles to obtain the metal matrix composite material.
  2. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，其中基材的孔隙率为10％-50％。The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the porosity of the substrate is 10%-50%.
  3. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述金属粉末选自钛合金、镁合金、铝合金和铜合金中的一种或多种；优选选自：TC4钛合金、AZ80镁合金、6061铝合金、ZK60镁合金、5082铝合金以及铜合金中的一种或多种。The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the metal powder is selected from one or more of titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, aluminum alloy and copper alloy; preferably selected from: TC4 titanium alloy, AZ80 magnesium alloy , 6061 aluminum alloy, ZK60 magnesium alloy, 5082 aluminum alloy and copper alloy one or more.
  4. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，其中所述孔洞为形状不规则的孔洞，所述孔洞的外接圆的直径为0.3-1.5mm；或所述孔洞为立方体孔洞，其口径为0.5-1mm。The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the hole is an irregularly shaped hole, and the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the hole is 0.3-1.5mm; or the hole is a cubic hole with a diameter of 0.5-1mm.
  5. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，其中所述复合材料粒子选自下述各项的至少其中之一：WC、Al 2O 3、SiC、SiO 2、ZrO 2、BN、磷酸三钙的单晶体或非晶体。 The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the composite material particles are selected from at least one of the following: WC, Al 2 O 3 , SiC, SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , BN, phosphoric acid Single crystal or non-crystal of tricalcium.
  6. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其中所述复合材料粒子的平均颗粒尺寸小于所述孔洞孔径的1/2。The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the composite material particles is less than 1/2 of the pore diameter.
  7. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，其中所述金属粉末的粒径为0.05-0.5mm，和/或，所述复合材料粒子的粒径为0.05-0.5mm。The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of the metal powder is 0.05-0.5 mm, and/or the particle size of the composite material particles is 0.05-0.5 mm.
  8. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述搅拌摩擦加工的工艺参数选自下述各项的至少其中之一：The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the process parameters of the friction stir processing are selected from at least one of the following items:
    搅拌摩擦加工的前进速度为50-500mm/min；The forward speed of friction stir processing is 50-500mm/min;
    搅拌摩擦加工的旋转速度为300-1800rpm；The rotation speed of friction stir processing is 300-1800rpm;
    搅拌摩擦加工每一道次的压下量为0.2-0.5mm；The reduction of each pass of friction stir processing is 0.2-0.5mm;
    加工道次为1-4次道。The processing passes are 1-4 passes.
  9. 如权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述搅拌摩擦加工的搅拌头 满足下列各项的至少其中之一：The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the stirring head for friction stir processing satisfies at least one of the following items:
    搅拌头材质为马氏体不锈钢、中碳钢、高碳钢或钨基合金；The mixing head is made of martensitic stainless steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel or tungsten-based alloy;
    搅拌头的轴肩为圆锥形、圆柱形或圆台形；The shaft shoulder of the mixing head is conical, cylindrical or truncated cone-shaped;
    搅拌头的长度为2-8mm。The length of the stirring head is 2-8mm.
  10. 如权利要求9所述的制备方法，其特征在于，当搅拌头的轴肩为圆台形时，搅拌头的底部直径为3-20mm，顶部直径为1-10mm；当搅拌头的轴肩为圆柱形时，搅拌头的直径为3-8mm。The preparation method according to claim 9, characterized in that, when the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is a truncated cone shape, the bottom diameter of the stirring head is 3-20mm, and the top diameter is 1-10mm; when the shaft shoulder of the stirring head is cylindrical When forming, the diameter of the stirring head is 3-8mm.
  11. 如权利要求1-10中任意一项所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述基材包括至少两层具有所述孔洞的镂空层和设于该两层镂空层之间的实心层。The preparation method according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the substrate comprises at least two hollow layers with the holes and a solid layer arranged between the two hollow layers.
  12. 如权利要求11所述的制备方法，其特征在于，各所述镂空层的孔洞内添加的复合材料粒子为同种或异种。The preparation method according to claim 11, wherein the composite material particles added in the holes of each of the hollow layers are of the same species or different species.
  13. 如权利要求11所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述实心层的厚度为0.5-1mm。The preparation method according to claim 11, wherein the thickness of the solid layer is 0.5-1 mm.
  14. 如权利要求11所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述镂空层的厚度为2-3mm。The preparation method according to claim 11, wherein the hollow layer has a thickness of 2-3 mm.
  15. 一种金属基复合材料，其采用如权利要求1-14中任意一项所述的制备方法制得。A metal matrix composite material, which is prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1-14.
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