Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D498/18—Bridged systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D515/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D515/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D515/18—Bridged systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/645—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07F9/6509—Six-membered rings
  • C07F9/6512—Six-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3
  • C07F9/65128—Six-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3 condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to prodrugs of myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors and their use in treating MPO-related disorders, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Huntington disease (HD).
• MPO-related disorders such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Huntington disease (HD).
• MSA multiple system atrophy
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• HD Huntington disease
• the present invention further relates to the use of prodrugs of MPO inhibitors for neuroprotection.
• Prodrugs are molecules with little or no pharmacological activity that are converted to the active parent drug in vivo by enzymatic or chemical reactions or by a combination of the two. Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Since 2008, at least 30 prodrugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). See, e.g., Rautio, Jarkko; Meanwell, Nicholas A.; Di, Li; Hageman, Michael J, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, volume 17, pages 559-587 (2016).
• FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
• MPO Myeloperoxidase
• PMNs polymorphonuclear leukocytes
• MPO is one member of a diverse protein family of mammalian peroxidases that also includes eosinophil peroxidase, thyroid peroxidase, salivary peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, prostaglandin H synthase, and others.
• the mature enzyme is a dimer of identical halves. Each half molecule contains a covalently bound heme that exhibits unusual spectral properties responsible for the characteristic green color of MPO.
• Cleavage of the disulfide bridge linking the two halves of MPO yields the hemi-enzyme that exhibits spectral and catalytic properties indistinguishable from those of the intact enzyme.
• the enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide to oxidize chloride to hypochlorous acid.
• Other halides and pseudohalides are also physiological substrates to MPO.
• PMNs are of particular importance for combating infections. These cells contain MPO, with well-documented microbicidal action.
• PMNs act non-specifically by phagocytosis to engulf microorganisms, incorporate them into vacuoles, termed phagosomes, which fuse with granules containing myeloperoxidase to form phagolysosomes.
• phagosomes vacuoles
• the enzymatic activity of the myeloperoxidase leads to the formation of hypochlorous acid, a potent bactericidal compound.
• Hypochlorous acid is oxidizing in itself, and reacts most avidly with thiols and thioethers, but also converts amines into chloramines, and chlorinates aromatic amino acids.
• Macrophages are large phagocytic cells, which, like PMNs, are capable of phagocytosing microorganisms. Macrophages can generate hydrogen peroxide and upon activation also produce myeloperoxidase. MPO and hydrogen peroxide can also be released to the outside of the cells where the reaction with chloride can induce damage to adjacent tissue.
• Linkage of myeloperoxidase activity to disease has been implicated in neurological diseases with a neuroinflammatory response including multiple scleroses such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
• MPO positive cells are enormous present in the circulation and in tissue undergoing inflammation. More specifically, MPO containing macrophages, microglia, astrocytes and/or neurons have been documented in the CNS during disease; multiple sclerosis (Nagra et al. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1997; 78(l-2):97-107; Marik et al. Brain 2007; 130: 2800-15; Gray et al. Brain Pathology 2008; 18: 86-95), Parkinson's disease (Choi et al. J. Neurosd. 2005; 25(28):6594-600), and Alzheimer's disease (Reynolds et al. Experimental Neurology 1999; 155:31-41; Green et al. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004; 90(3):724-33). It is supposed that some aspects of a chronic ongoing inflammation result in an overwhelming destruction where agents from MPO reactions have an important role.
• the enzyme is released both extracellularly as well as into phagolysosomes in the neutrophils (Hampton et al. Blood 1998; 92(9):3007-17).
• a prerequisite for the MPO activity is the presence of hydrogen peroxide, generated by NADPH oxidase and a subsequent superoxide dismutation.
• the oxidized enzyme is able to use a plethora of different substrates of which chloride is most recognized. From this reaction the strong non-radical oxidant— hypochlorous acid (HOCI) — is formed.
• HOCI oxidizes sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine and methionine very efficiently (Peskin et al. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2001; 30(5):572-9).
• MSA Multiple system atrophy
• Support for MPO inhibition in an MSA-like pathology can be generated through the use of preclinical disease models for MSA, like transgenic mice with oligodendroglial overexpression of human a-synuclein with or without a toxin addition like 3-nitropropionic acid.
• Huntington's disease is a hereditary progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by motor and psychiatric disturbances and pathologically by neuronal loss and gliosis (reactive astrocytosis), particularly, in the striatum and cerebral cortex.
• HD is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a CAG repeat in the HD gene, coding for polyglutamine in the huntingtin protein. Explanations to the pathological mechanisms include oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, and abnormal protein-protein interactions. Such mechanisms are possible to link to MPO activity, which might be manifested through its observed overexpression in pathological HD tissue (Choi et al. J. Neurosci. 2005; 25(28):6594-600).
• Support for MPO inhibition in an HD-like pathology can be generated through the use of preclinical disease models for HD.
• Such models might be mice or rats treated with mitochondrial toxins like 3-nitropropionic acid or malonate (Matthews et al J. Neurosci. 1998; 18:156-63).
• Useful models might also be transgenic mice expressing mutants of the huntingtin protein with or without a toxin addition like 3-nitropropionic acid (Bogdanov et al. J. Neurochem. 1998; 71:2642-44).
• BHV-3241 is a first-in-class, brain-penetrant, irreversible myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor that is being developed for the treatment of multiple system atrophy (MSA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• MPO myeloperoxidase
• MSA multiple system atrophy
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• MPO inhibitors may have pharmacokinetic properties that render them challenging to prepare in oral and/or parenteral dosage forms. Enhancing the oral bioavailability, modifying the pharmacokinetic profile or increasing the aqueous solubility of such compounds would therefore be desirable.
• the present invention is directed to the treatment of MPO-related disorders, e.g., multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, and methods of neuroprotection, which include administering to a patient in need thereof the prodrugs, pharmaceutical compositions including the prodrugs, and kits including the pharmaceutical compositions and instructions for use.
• MPO-related disorders e.g., multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease
• methods of neuroprotection which include administering to a patient in need thereof the prodrugs, pharmaceutical compositions including the prodrugs, and kits including the pharmaceutical compositions and instructions for use.
• At least one of X and Y may represent S, and the other may represent 0 or S;
• L may represent a direct bond or C1 to C7 alkylene group as described below;
• R 11 may be hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic, or aromatic ring as described below;
• R 12 may be hydrogen, a halogen, or a carbon optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms;
• AA 1-3 may be a moiety consisting of 1 to 3 natural amino acids linked through a peptide bond, nl may be an integer of 1 to 5,
• X 1 may be S, O, or NH
• R 2 may be -[C(R 3 ) 2 ] n R 4 , -NR 3 R 4 , or -OR 4
• each R 3 may independently be hydrogen or C1-C10 alkyl wherein R 3 may be optionally connected to form a ring
• R 4 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 heteroalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 heteroalkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted
• a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of the compound in accordance with the invention described herein.
• a method of treating multiple system atrophy in a patient in need thereof which includes administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound in accordance with the invention described herein.
• a method of treating Huntington's disease in a patient in need thereof which includes administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound in accordance with the invention described herein.
• a method for neuroprotection which includes administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition including a therapeutically effective amount of a compound in accordance with the invention described herein.
• kits for treating multiple system atrophy comprising: (a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound in accordance with the invention described herein; and
• kit for treating Huntington's disease comprising:
• kit for neuroprotection comprising:
• the term “about” refers to a value or composition that is within an acceptable error range for the particular value or composition as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value or composition is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 10% or 20% (i.e., ⁇ 10% or ⁇ 20%). For example, about 3 mg can include any number between 2.7 mg and 3.3 mg (for 10%) or between 2.4 mg and 3.6 mg (for 20%). Furthermore, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the terms can mean up to an order of magnitude or up to 5-fold of a value. When particular values or compositions are provided in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the meaning of "about” should be assumed to be within an acceptable error range for that particular value or composition.
• administering refers to the physical introduction of a composition comprising a therapeutic agent to a subject, using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art. Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods and can be a therapeutically effective dose or a subtherapeutic dose.
• AUC area under the curve
• AUC refers to a total amount of drug absorbed or exposed to a subject. Generally, AUC may be obtained from mathematical method in a plot of drug concentration in the subject over time until the concentration is negligible.
• AUC area under the curve
• C ma x refers to a maximum concentration of a drug in blood, serum, a specified compartment or test area of a subject between administration of a first dose and administration of a second dose.
• C max could also refer to dose normalized ratios if specified.
• dosing interval refers to the amount of time that elapses between multiple doses of a formulation disclosed herein being administered to a subject. Dosing interval can thus be indicated as ranges.
• Dosing frequency refers to the frequency of administering doses of a formulation disclosed herein in a given time. Dosing frequency can be indicated as the number of doses per a given time, e.g., once a week or once in two weeks.
• in combination with and “in conjunction with” refer to administration of one treatment modality in addition to another treatment modality.
• in combination with or “in conjunction with” refers to administration of one treatment modality before, during, or after administration of the other treatment modality to the subject.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt form of one or more of the compounds or prodrugs described herein which are presented to increase the solubility of the compound in the gastric or gastroenteric juices of the patient's gastrointestinal tract in order to promote dissolution and the bioavailability of the compounds.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids, where applicable. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts, among numerous other acids and bases well known in the pharmaceutical art.
• subject and patient refer any human or non-human animal.
• non-human animal includes, but is not limited to, vertebrates such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, and rodents such as mice, rats and guinea pigs.
• the subject is a human.
• the terms, "subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein.
• an agent also sometimes referred to herein as a "drug” refers to any amount of the agent that, when used alone or in combination with another agent, protects a subject against the onset of a disease or promotes disease regression evidenced by a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction.
• the therapeutically effective amount of an agent can be evaluated using a variety of methods known to the skilled practitioner, such as in human subjects during clinical trials, in animal model systems predictive of efficacy in humans, or by assaying the activity of the agent in in vitro assays.
• T max refers to a time or period after administration of a drug when the maximum concentration (C max ) is reached in blood, serum, a specified compartment or test area of a subject.
• treatment refers to any treatment of a condition or disease in a subject and may include: (i) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in the subject which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e., arresting its development; relieving the disease or condition, i.e., causing regression of the condition; or (iii) ameliorating or relieving the conditions caused by the disease, i.e., symptoms of the disease. Treatment could be used in combination with other standard therapies or alone.
• Treatment or "therapy” of a subject also includes any type of intervention or process performed on, or the administration of an agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, slowing down or preventing the onset, progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication or condition, or biochemical indicia associated with a disease.
• beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: improvement in any aspect of a major symptom including lessening severity, alleviation of major symptom intensity, and other associated symptoms, reducing frequency of recurrence, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the symptom, and decreasing dose of other medications required to treat the symptom.
• alkyl group refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having a specified number of carbon atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of the "alkyl group” are a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an iso-amyl group, and a hexyl group.
• alkylene group refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the alkyl group.
• alkenyl group refers to a hydrocarbon monovalent group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminal thereof and having a specified number of carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples thereof are an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group.
• alkenylene group refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the alkenyl group.
• alkynyl group refers to a hydrocarbon monovalent group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminal thereof and having a specified number of carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples thereof are an ethynyl group and a propynyl group.
• alkynylene group refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the alkynyl group.
• heteroalkyl group refers to an alkyl group as defined above, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S or in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a group containing at least one of the above heteroatoms. Non-limiting examples thereof are a methoxyethyl group and a dimethylaminoethyl group.
• heteroalkylene group refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the heteroalkyl group.
• heteroalkenyl group refers to an alkenyl group as defined above, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S. Non-limiting examples thereof are a methoxybutenyl group and a dimethylaminobutenyl group.
• heteroalkenylene group refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the heteroalkenyl group.
• heteroalkynyl group refers to an alkynyl group as defined above, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S. Non-limiting examples thereof are a methoxybutynyl group and a dimethylaminobutynyl group.
• heteroalkynylene group refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the heteroalkynyl group.
• a “cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon monocyclic group having a specified number of carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples thereof are a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group.
• a “cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the cycloalkyl group.
• heterocycloalkyl group refers to a monovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and specified number of carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples thereof are a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group.
• heterocycloalkylene group refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the heterocycloalkyl group.
• aryl group refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having a specified number of carbon atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of the aryl group are a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group.
• the aryl group includes two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.
• An "arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the aryl group.
• heteroaryl group refers to a monovalent carbocyclic aromatic system having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and a specified number of carbon atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of the heteroaryl group are a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group.
• the heteroaryl group includes two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.
• a “heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group formed by abstraction of hydrogen from the heteroaryl group.
• At least one of substituents of the substituted alkyl group, substituted alkenyl group, substituted alkynyl group, substituted cycloalkyl group, substituted heterocycloalkyl group, substituted aryl group, and substituted heteroaryl group may be selected from: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C2-C10 alkenyl group, a C2-C10 alkynyl group, and C1-C10 alkoxy group; a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C2-C10 alkenyl group,
• substituents of the substituted alkyl group, substituted alkenyl group, substituted alkynyl group, substituted alkoxy group, substituted cycloalkyl group, substituted heterocycloalkyl group, substituted aryl group, and substituted C1-C30 heteroaryl group may be selected from: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C2-C10 alkenyl group, a C2-C10 alkynyl group, and C1-C10 alkoxy group; a C1-C10 alkyl
• the number of carbon atoms in the resulting "substituted” group is defined as the sum of the carbon atoms contained in the original (unsubstituted) group and the carbon atoms (if any) contained in the substituent.
• substituted C1-C20 alkyl refers to a C1-C20 alkyl group substituted with C6-C20 aryl group
• the total number of carbon atoms in the resulting aryl substituted alkyl group is C7-C40.
• the subject compounds are useful as prodrugs in a method of inhibiting MPO in a patient, such as mammal in need of such inhibition, wherein the method comprises the administration of an effective amount of the compound.
• Embodiments of the present invention are directed to the use of the compounds disclosed herein as prodrugs of MPO inhibitors.
• primate especially humans, a variety of other mammals can be treated according to the method of the present invention.
• An embodiment of the present invention provides a compound having General Formula (1):
• At least one of X and Y may represent S, and the other may represent 0 or S.
• L may represent a direct bond or C1 to C7 alkylene group, wherein the C1 to C7 alkylene group may optionally incorporate a heteroatom selected from 0, S(0) n (wherein n represents an integer 0, 1, or 2), and NR 16 .
• the C1 to C7 alkylene group may optionally incorporate one or two carbon-carbon double bonds, and the C1 to C7 alkylene group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected independently from OH, a halogen, CN and NR 14 R 15 , a C1 to C6 alkyl group and a C1 to C6 alkoxy group, wherein the C1 to C6 alkoxy group optionally incorporates a carbonyl group adjacent to the oxygen.
• R 11 may be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R 11 may be a saturated or partially unsaturated 3 to 7 membered ring optionally incorporating one or two heteroatoms selected independently from O, N, and S, and optionally incorporating a carbonyl group.
• the ring may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halogen, S0 2 R 9 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , OH, a C1 to C7 alkyl group, a C1 to C7 alkoxy group, CN, CONR 22 R 23 , NR 22 COR 23 and COR 23 , wherein the C1 to C7 alkoxy group may be further substituted with a C1 to C6 alkoxy group and may optionally incorporate a carbonyl group adjacent to the oxygen.
• substituents independently selected from a halogen, S0 2 R 9 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , OH, a C1 to C7 alkyl group, a C1 to C7 alkoxy group, CN, CONR 22 R 23 , NR 22 COR 23 and COR 23 , wherein the C1 to C7 alkoxy group may be further substituted with a C1 to C6 alkoxy group and may optionally incorporate a carbonyl group
• the C1 to C7 alkyl group may be further substituted with hydroxy or a C1 to C6 alkoxy group, and the C1 to C7 alkyl group or the C1 to C6 alkoxy group may optionally incorporate a carbonyl group adjacent to the oxygen or at any position in the C1 to C7 alkyl group.
• R 11 may be an aromatic ring system selected from phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl or a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaromatic ring structure containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.
• the aromatic ring system may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halogen, S0 2 R 9 , S0 2 NR 9 R 10 ,
• C1 to C7 alkoxy group may optionally be further substituted with a C1 to C6 alkoxy group, and the C1 to C6 alkoxy group may optionally incorporate a carbonyl group adjacent to the oxygen.
• the C1 to C7 alkyl group may be further substituted with hydroxy or a C1 to C6 alkoxy group, and the C1 to C7 alkyl group and the C1 to C6 alkoxy group may optionally incorporate a carbonyl group adjacent to the oxygen or at any position in the alkyl group.
• R 12 may represent hydrogen, a halogen, or a carbon optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms.
• R 9 , R 10 , R 14 , R 15 , R 1S , R 22 , and R 23 may independently represent hydrogen, a
• the C1 to C6 alkyl group may be further substituted with a halogen, a C1 to C6 alkoxy group, CHO, a C2 to C6 alkanoyl group, OH, CONR 7 R 8 , and NR 7 COR 8 .
• the groups NR 9 R 10 , NR 14 R 15 , and NR 22 R 23 may each independently represent a 5 to 7 membered saturated azacyclic ring optionally incorporating one additional heteroatom selected from O, S and NR 11 , wherein the azacyclic ring may be optionally substituted with a halogen, a C1 to C6 alkoxy group, CHO, a C2 to C6 alkanoyl group, OH, CONR 7 R 8 and NR 7 COR 8 .
• R 7 , R 8 and R 11 may independently represent hydrogen or a C1 to C6 alkyl group, or the group NR 7 R 5 may represent a 5- to 7-membered saturated azacyclic ring may optionally incorporate one additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and NR 11 .
• each R 1 may independently be H or provided that at least one R 1 is .
• R2 may be optionally connected to form a ring.
• R 2 may be -[C(R 3 )2]nR 4 , -NR 3 R 4 , or -OR 4 .
• R 3 may independently be hydrogen or a C1-C10 alkyl group. When each R 3 is a C1-C10 alkyl group, R 3 may be optionally connected with a single bond to form a ring.
• R 4 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2- C20 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 heteroalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 heteroalkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 heteroaryl group.
• R 4 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C15 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C15 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 heteroalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 heteroalkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C15 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C15 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C15 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C15 heteroaryl group.
• R 4 may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroaryl group.
• n may be 0 or 1.
• R 1 groups may include:
• Each of the above groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• each R 3 in moiety [C(R 3 )] 2 may be hydrogen.
• one R 3 may be hydrogen and the other R 3 may be a C1-C10 alkyl group.
• each R 3 may be a C1-C10 alkyl group.
• examples of R 1 groups may include:
• Each of the above groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• R 2 may be -NR 3 R 4 , wherein R 3 and R 4 may be the same as described above.
• R 3 and R 4 may be individual substituents.
• R 3 and R 4 may be connected to form a ring.
• examples of R 1 groups may include:
• Each of the above groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• R 2 may be -OR 4 , wherein R 4 may be the same as described above.
• R 1 groups may include:
• Each of the above groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• R 4 may be substituted with a natural amino acid that is linked to R 4 through an oxygen atom of a carboxylic acid group.
• the natural amino acid may be glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, hydroxylysine, arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, or hydroxyproline.
• the natural amino acid may be attached at the terminal or internal carbon atom of the R 4 group.
• R a and R b may be independently selected from hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1- C20 heteroaryl group.
• AAI- 3 may be a moiety consisting of 1 to 3 natural amino acids linked through a peptide bond. The natural amino acids may be the same as those described in connection with group R 4 above, n may be an integer of 1 to 5.
• Xi may be S, O, or NH.
• R 3 and R 4 may each independently be H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkynyl group.
• AA may be a natural amino acid linked through a peptide bond.
• General Formula (1) may include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound, solvates of the compound, or solvates of salts of the compound.
• Y, L, R 1 , R 11 and R 12 may be the same as that described above in connection with General Formula (1).
• Another embodiment of the present invention provides a compound having General Formula (3): General Formula (3)
• X, L, R 1 , R 1 1 and R 12 may be the same as that described above in connection with General Formula (1).
• R 1 substituents in General Formulae (1), (2), and (3) can be determined by one skilled in the art, e.g., the desired degree of bioavailability.
• One or two R 1 groups may be present in the compound. If two R 1 groups are present, the R 1 groups may be the same or different.
• the compound maybe represented by Formula (I) or Formula (II):
• each R 1 may independently be H o , provided that at least one R 1 is .
• Formulae (I) and (II) require the presence of at least one group
• each R 1 may be any R 1
• R 2 may be the same as that described in connection with General Formula (1) above.
• At least one R 3 may not be hydrogen, or each R 3 may not be hydrogen.
• at least one R 3 may be a methyl group or each R 3 may be a methyl group.
• R 2 may independently be -C(H)(CH 3 )R 4 or -C(CH 3 ) 2 R 4 , wherein R 4 may be the same as that described above.
• R 4 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C1- C15 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2- C15 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C15 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 heteroalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 heteroalkynyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl group.
• R 4 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2- C10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkynyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl group.
• R 1 when each R 1 is R 2 may be connected to form a ring.
• the compound may be represented by one of Formulae (la), (lb), and (lc):
• groups R 2 may be the same as those described in connection with Formula (I).
• the compound may be represented by one of Formulae
• groups R may be the same as those described in connection with Formula (II).
• groups R may be connected with a single bond to form a linking group L, as in Formula (Id):
• groups R 2 may be connected with a single bond to form a linking group L, as in Formula (lie):
• the linking group L may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroarylene group, or any combination thereof.
• Li may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkynylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl group.
• Li may be a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkylene group or a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenylene group.
• R 5 and R 6 may each independently be hydrogen or a C1-C10 alkyl group, for example, a C1-C5 alkyl group, or a C1-C3 alkyl group.
• At least one R5 may not hydrogen and at least one R6 may not hydrogen.
• at least one R 5 may be a methyl group and at least one R6 may be a methyl group.
• Two geminal groups R 5 may be optionally connected with a single bond to form a ring.
• two geminal groups R 6 may be optionally connected with a single bond to form a ring.
• the linking group L may have one of Formulae (L-ll), (L-12), (L-13), (L-14), and (L-15):
• Li may be the same as that described in connection with
• the compound may be represented by Formula (III):
• AA1-3 may be a moiety consisting of 1 to 3 natural amino acids linked through a peptide bond.
• the compound may be represented by Formula (IV):
• Xi may be S, 0, or NH
• R 5 may be H or a side-chain group present in a natural amino acid
• AA 0-2 may be H or a moiety consisting of 1 or 2 natural amino acids, which may be the same or different, that are linked through a peptide bond
• n may be an integer of 1 to 5.
• the moiety AA 0-2 may include any combination of the natural amino acids.
• the compound may be represented by Formula (V):
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heteroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 heteroalkynyl group.
• the compound may be represented by Formula (VI):
• R 6 may be FI or a side-chain group present in a natural amino acid.
• the compound may be an ester of the carboxylic acid represented by Formula (VI).
• the compound may be represented by Formulae (VII), (VIII), (IX), or
• n may be an integer of 1 to 25.
• the compound may be an ester of the carboxylic acid represented by Formula (VII).
• the compound may be represented by Formulae (XI) or (XII):
• x and each y may independently be an integer of 1 to 25.
• the compound may be a mono- or di-ester of the carboxylic acid represented by Formula (XI).
• the compound may be represented by Formula (XIII):
• R 1 to R 5 may each independently be hydrogen or C1-C10 alkyl, and R 6 may be hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, or C6-C10 aryl, wherein any of groups R 1 to R 5 may be optionally connected to form a ring.
• the compound may be represented by Formula (XIV):
• m may be an integer of 1 to 25.
• the compound may be a mono- or di-ester of the carboxylic acid represented by Formula (XIV).
• Non-limiting examples of the compounds according to the present invention may be:
• the compounds of the invention may be made in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• a person of ordinary skill in the art would readily understand how to make compounds of the present invention based on the available synthetic methods.
• some of the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to Reaction Scheme 1:
• Base may be lithium hexamethyldisilyl amide or sodium hydride and "R 1 X” may be alkyl halide or sulfonyl chloride, wherein R 1 is as described in the present application.
• R 1 is as described in the present application.
• Other compounds of the invention may be prepared according to Reaction Scheme 2: Reaction Scheme 2
• Base may be lithium hexamethyldisilyl amide or sodium hydride and L is as described in the present application.
• the present invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be prepared in any suitable dosage form, but are typically prepared as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, or solutions.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising the compounds of the invention typically also include other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients such as, for example, binders, lubricants, diluents, coatings, disintegrants, barrier layer components, glidants, coloring agents, solubility enhancers, gelling agents, fillers, proteins, co-factors, emulsifiers, solubilizing agents, suspending agents, flavorants, preservatives and mixtures thereof.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in preparing the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP), talc, calcium sulphate, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, polyols, alginic acid, phosphate buffered solutions, emulsifiers, isotonic saline, pyrogen-free water and combinations thereof.
• fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol
• cellulose preparations such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth,
• disintegrating agents may be combined as well, and exemplary disintegrating agents may be, but not limited to, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
• the flavoring agent may be selected from mint, peppermint, berries, cherries, menthol and sodium chloride flavoring agents, and combinations thereof.
• the sweetener may be selected from sugar, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame, neotame, and combinations thereof.
• Typical routes of administering the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include, without limitation, oral administration.
• the compositions may also be administered by parenteral (e.g ., intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intracerebroventricular, intracisternal injection or infusion, subcutaneous injection, or implant), by inhalation spray, nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topical routes of administration and may be formulated, alone or together, in suitable dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles appropriate for each route of administration.
• parenteral e.g ., intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intracerebroventricular, intracisternal injection or infusion, subcutaneous injection, or implant
• inhalation spray nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topical routes of administration and may be formulated, alone or together, in suitable dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles appropriate for each route of administration.
• compositions according to certain embodiments of the present invention are formulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to a patient.
• Compositions that will be administered to a subject or patient may take the form of one or more dosage units. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, 2000).
• the present invention is further directed to a method for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibition of MPO activity in humans and animals comprising combining a prodrug compound of the present invention with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be manufactured in conventional methods known in the art, for example, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, lyophilizing processes and the like.
• compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient (or prodrug thereof) into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
• the active compound (or prodrug thereof) is included in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of diseases.
• composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• the pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient (or prodrug thereof) may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, solutions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
• Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
• Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. They may also be coated by the techniques described in the U.S. Patent 4,256,108 published March 17, 1981; U.S. Patent 4,160,452 published July 10, 1979; and U.S. Patent 4,265,874 published May 5, 1981; to form osmotic therapeutic tablets for control release. Oral tablets may also be formulated for immediate release, such as fast melt tablets or wafers, rapid dissolve tablets or fast dissolve films.
• Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient (or prodrug thereof) is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient (or prodrug thereof) is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
• water or an oil medium for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials (or prodrugs thereof) in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
• excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxy- propylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example poly
• the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
• preservatives for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate
• flavoring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate
• sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient (or prodrug thereof) in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient (or prodrug thereof) in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
• a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glyce
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil- in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally- occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• sweetening agents for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
• Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug.
• These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• transdermal patches may also be used for topical administration.
• compositions and method of the present invention may further include other therapeutically active compounds (or prodrug thereof) as noted herein which are usually applied in the treatment of the above mentioned pathological conditions.
• the invention is directed to a sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension.
• This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butane diol.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• the invention is also directed to a therapeutically effective intravenous formulation of the compounds of the invention, which is solution stable and isotonic with human blood.
• the intravenous formulation preferably can be packaged in plastic or glass, and meets government and compendial (USP in the US) particulate standards, and can be used as effective therapeutic agents.
• the intravenous formulation may contain a buffer which can maintain the pH of the intravenous formulation within a desirable range.
• the buffering agent may maintain the intravenous formulation in an acceptable particulate profile for storage and subsequent use.
• compositions will generally include a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, in addition to one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the compositions are advantageously prepared together with liquid inert carriers, such as water. Suitable liquid excipients/carriers are Water for Injection (US Pharmocoepia) and saline solution.
• US Pharmocoepia Water for Injection
• saline solution saline solution.
• the solution should be pyrogen- free, and also should be absent of particulate matter. Limits for the amount of particulate matter (i.e., extraneous, mobile undissolved substances, other than gas bubbles) which may be found in IV fluids are defined in the US Pharmacoepia.
• excipients and other additives include solvents such as ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and mixtures thereof; stabilizers such as EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid), citric acid, and mixtures thereof; antimicrobial preservatives, such as benzyl alcohol, methyl para ben, propyl paraben, and mixtures thereof; buffering agents, such as citric acid/sodium citrate, potassium hydrogen tartrate, sodium hydrogen tartrate, acetic acid/sodium acetate, maleic acid/sodium maleate, sodium hydrogen phthalate, phosphoric acid/potassium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid/disodium hydrogen phosphate, and mixtures thereof; tonicity modifiers, such as sodium chloride, mannitol, dextrose, and mixtures thereof; fluid and nutrient replenishes such as synthetic amino acids, dextrose, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, Ringer's solution, and other electrolyte solutions.
• the buffer system is generally a mixture of a weak acid and a soluble salt thereof, e.g., sodium citrate/citric acid; or the monocation or dication salt of a dibasic acid, e.g., potassium hydrogen tartrate; sodium hydrogen tartrate, phosphoric acid/potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid/disodium hydrogen phosphate.
• a dibasic acid e.g., potassium hydrogen tartrate; sodium hydrogen tartrate, phosphoric acid/potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid/disodium hydrogen phosphate.
• the amount of buffer system used is dependent on the desired pH and the amount of the compound of the invention.
• the choice of appropriate buffer and pH of a formulation, depending on solubility of the drug to be administered, is readily made by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
• the injectable formulation may be suitable for use with a needle-free injection device.
• Solid compositions are normally formulated in dosage units providing from about 1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient per dose. Some examples of solid dosage units are 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 10 mg, 37.5 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg and 1000 mg. Typical dose ranges in accordance with the present invention include from about 10-600 mg, 25-300 mg, 25-150 mg, 50-100 mg, 60-90 mg, and 70-80 mg.
• Liquid compositions are generally in a unit dosage range of 1-100 mg/mL. Some examples of liquid dosage units are 0.1 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL.
• a method may comprise administering to a subject one or more additional agent(s) simultaneously or sequentially with the compounds of the invention.
• the above combinations include combinations of a compound of the present invention not only with one other active compound (or prodrug thereof), but also with two or more other active compounds (or prodrugs thereof).
• compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with other drugs (or prodrugs thereof) that are used in the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the diseases or conditions for which compounds of the present invention are useful.
• Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present invention.
• compositions of the present invention include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients (or prodrug thereof), in addition to a compound of the present invention.
• the weight ratio of the compound of the compound of the present invention to the other active ingredient(s) (or prodrugs thereof) may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used.
• the weight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the other agent will generally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, or from about 200:1 to about 1:200.
• Combinations of a compound of the present invention and other active ingredients (or prodrugs thereof) will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.
• the compound of the present invention and other active agents may be administered separately or in conjunction.
• the administration of one element may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of other agent(s), via the same or different routes of administration.
• a therapeutic effect may be greater as compared to use of a compound of the invention or one or more additional agent(s) alone. Accordingly, a synergistic effect between a compound of the invention and the one or more additional agents may be achieved. In some embodiments, the one or more additional agent(s) may be taken by a subject prophylactically.
• kits for use in the instant methods can include one or more containers comprising a pharmaceutical composition described herein and instructions for use in accordance with any of the methods described herein.
• these instructions comprise a description of administration of the pharmaceutical composition to treat, ameliorate or prevent multiple system atrophy, Huntington's disease, or other MPO disorder, according to any of the methods described herein.
• the kit may, for example, comprise a description of selecting an individual suitable for treatment based on identifying whether that individual has the disease or whether the individual is at risk of having the disease.
• the instructions are typically provided in the form of a package insert, or label, in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory having authority over the jurisdiction where the pharmaceutical composition is to be provided to patients.
• Method A LC/MS data were determined with a Waters Alliance 2695 HPLC/MS (Waters Symmetry C18, 4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 pm) with a 2996 diode array detector from 210-400 nm.
• the solvent system was 5-95% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% TFA) over nine minutes using a linear gradient, and retention times are in minutes.
• Mass spectrometry was performed on a Waters ZQ using electrospray in positive mode.
• Method A-2 LC/MS data were determined with a Waters Alliance 2695 HPLC/MS (Waters Symmetry C18, 4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 pm) with a 2996 diode array detector from 210-400 nm; the solvent system is 40-95% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% TFA) over nine minutes using a linear gradient, and retention times are in minutes. Mass spectrometry was performed on a Waters ZQ using electrospray in positive mode.
• Method A-3 LC/MS data were determined with a Waters Alliance 2695 HPLC/MS (Waters Symmetry C18, 4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 pm) with a 2996 diode array detector from 210-400 nm; the solvent system is 40-95% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% TFA) over nine minutes using a linear gradient, then holding at 95% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% TFA) for 10 minutes. Retention times are in minutes. Mass spectrometry was performed on a Waters ZQ using electrospray in positive mode.
• Method B Preparative reversed phase HPLC was performed on a Phenomenex LUNA column (19 x 100 mm, C18, 5 pm) with a 10 min mobile phase gradient of 10% acetonitrile/water to 90% acetonitrile/ water with 0.1% TFA as buffer using 214 and 254 nm as detection wavelengths. Injection and fraction collection were performed with a Gilson 215 liquid handling apparatus using Trilution LC software.
• Method C Preparative reversed phase HPLC was performed on a Waters Sunfire column (19 x 50 mm, C18, 5 pm) with a 10 min mobile phase gradient of 10% acetonitrile/water to 90% acetonitrile/ water with 0.1% TFA as buffer using 214 and 254 nm as detection wavelengths. Injection and fraction collection were performed with a Gilson 215 liquid handling apparatus using Trilution LC software.
• Method D Preparative reversed phase HPLC was performed on a Waters Sunfire column (30 x
• TMS tetramethylsilane
• Trifluoroacetic acid ⁇ 4-oxo-l-[2-(propan-2-yloxy)ethyl]-2-sulfanylidene-lH,2H,3H,4H,5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-5-yl ⁇ methyl 3-aminopropanoate.
• Trifluoroacetic acid ⁇ 4-oxo-l-[2- ⁇ propan-2-yloxy)ethyl]-2-sulfanylidene-lH,2H,3H,4H,5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-5-yl ⁇ methyl 5-[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido]pentanoate.
• EXAMPLE 75 5- ⁇ 3,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonyl)-l-[2-(propan-2-yloxy)ethyl]-2-sulfanyl-lH,4H,5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-4-one.
• Chloromethyl 2-[2- ⁇ 2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetate A solution of 2-[2-(2- methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid (2.08 mL, 13.5 mmol), tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate(458 mg, 1.35 mmol), and sodium carbonate (4.54 g, 54 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane and water (50:50 v/v, 57 mL) and cooled at °0 C on an ice bath. Chloromethyl chlorosulfonate (1.62 mL, 16.2 mmol) was add dropwise and the reaction was warmed to room temperature with stirring overnight.
• EXAMPLE 99 tert-Butyl 4- ⁇ [(l-chloroethoxy)carbonyl]oxy ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylate: Pyridine (647 ⁇ L, 8 mmol) was added to tert-butyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-l-carboxylate (1.61 g, 8 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) and cooled on an ice bath. Chloroethyl chloroformate (826 ⁇ L, 8 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction was warmed to room temperature overnight. Additional dichloromethane was added (20 mL) and washed with water (4 x 5 mL) and brine.
• 2,2,7,7-Tetramethyloctanedioic acid A round-bottom flask containing a solution of (4E)- 2,2,7,7-tetramethyloct-4-enedioic acid (4.26 g, 18.66 mmol) in methanol (130 mL) with palladium on carbon (5%, wet, 50 mg), was equipped with a balloon filled with hydrogen. The flask was quickly purged under vacuum and filled with hydrogen (3x), and stirred overnight. The palladium was removed by filtration and solvent removed to provide the titled compound (4.24 g, 98.7%).
• 1 H NMR 300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ 12.00 (s, 2H), 1.49 - 1.24 (m, 4H), 1.15 - 1.07 (m, 4H), 1.02 (s, 12H).
• 1,8-Dichloromethyl 2,2,7,7-tetramethyloctanedioate A solution of 2, 2,7,7- tetramethyloctanedioic acid (4.62 g, 20.06 mmol), tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (681 mg, 2.0 mmol), and sodium carbonate (11.8 g, 140.4 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane and water (50:50 v/v, 90 mL) and cooled at °0 C on an ice bath. Chloromethyl chlorosulfonate (4.81 mL, 48.1 mmol) was add dropwise and the reaction was warmed to room temperature with stirring overnight.
• 1,8-Dichloromethyl octanedioate A solution of suberic acid (3.49 g, 20.06 mmol), tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (681 mg, 2.0 mmol), and sodium carbonate (11.8 g, 140.4 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane and water (50:50 v/v, 90 mL) and cooled at °0 C on an ice bath. Chloromethyl chlorosulfonate (4.81 mL, 48.1 mmol) was add dropwise and the reaction was warmed to room temperature with stirring overnight. The reaction was poured into a separatory funnel and separated.
• 1-Chloroethyl IM,N-bis(propan-2-yl)carbamate Dissolved diisopropyl amine (0.12 g, 0.18 mL, 2.1 mmole) in 2 mL CH 2 CI 2 , then added diisopropyl ethyl amine (0.73 mL, 2.5 mmole). Cooled in an ice bath, then added dropwise, over 1 min, 1-chloro-ethyl chloroformate (0.23 mL, 2.1 mmole). After 2 hours, partitioned between CH 2 CI 2 and H 2 O. Separated layers and washed the org. layer with brine.
• EXAMPLE 212 Step 1 -4 (2- ⁇ [(l-chloroethoxy)carbonyl](methyl)amino ⁇ pyridin-3-yl)methyl 2- ⁇ [(tert-butoxy) carbonyl]-(methyl)amino ⁇ acetate was synthesized by following the procedure in J. Ohwada et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 13 (2003) 191-196.
• EXAMPLE 229 N-tert-butyl-4-oxo-l-[2-(propan-2-yloxy)ethyl]-2-sulfanylidene-lH,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide: Added sodium hydride 60 % dispersion in mineral oil (12 mg, 0.49 mmole) to a solution of l-[2-(propan-2-yloxy)ethyl]-2-sulfanylidene-lH,2H,3H,4H,5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-4-one (0.050 g, 0.39 mmole) in DMF (3 imL).
• EXAMPLE 255 Charged a 250 mL round bottom flask with hexanedioic acid (5 g, 17.4 mmole), t-butanol (43 mL, mmole), EDC (2.71 g, 17.46 mmole) and DMAP (2.13 g, 17.46 mmole). Dissolved in 30 mL of CH2CI2, at ambient temperature. After 18 hours, partitioned between ethyl acetate 50 mL and 20 mL of 0.01 N HCI. Separated layers and washed the organic layer with brine. Dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo.
• Di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate (520 mg, 2.0 mmol) was added via syringe with continued stirring of the reaction mixture overnight, followed by purification with RP-H PLC (Method D). The later fractions of similar retention time containing the desired product were combined and lyophilized to provide the di-tert-butyl protected intermediate (130 mg, 13.7%). Deprotection of tert-butyl protecting groups was carried out with glacial acetic acid and water (4:1 v/v) at 75° C for 30 minutes followed by stirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was purified by RP- HPLC (Method D), and similar fractions were lyophilized to provide the title compound as a white solid (54 mg).
• the order of carrying out the reactions in the foregoing schemes may be varied to facilitate the reaction or to avoid unwanted reaction products.
• various protecting group strategies may be employed to facilitate the reaction or to avoid unwanted reaction products.
• the compounds of the invention may be tested for biological activity as MPO inhibitors by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• methods such as, for example, a Caco-2 assay, may be used to test the bioavailability of the compounds of the invention.
• a description of a Caco-2 permeability assay is as follows:
• the Caco-2 monolayer is widely used across the pharmaceutical industry as an in vitro model of the human small intestinal mucosa to predict the absorption of orally administered drugs. 1"4
• the Caco-2 cell model mimics processes such as transcellular transport, paracellular transport, and some aspects of efflux and active transport.
• the Caco-2 cells are cultured to confluency, trypsinized and seeded onto a filter transwell insert at a density of "'32,000 cells/well in DMEM cell culture medium.
• Cells are grown in a humidified atmosphere of 5% C0 2 at 37 °C. Following an overnight attachment period (24 h after seeding), the cell medium is replaced with fresh medium in both the apical and basolateral compartments every other day.
• the cell monolayers are used for transport studies 21 days post seeding after measuring the TEER values (>600 Ohms/cm 2 ).
• Donor working solution is prepared by dilution of DMSO stock of test article or positive control with transport media to 10 mM.
• the donor working solution (with test article or positive control, with or without Pgp inhibitor) is added to the apical (A) compartment and the transport media as receiver working solution is added to the basolateral (B) compartment.
• the donor working solution (with positive control or test article, with or without Pgp inhibitor) is added to the basolateral (B) compartment and transport media as receiver working solution is added to the apical (A) compartment.
• the cells are incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C for 90 minutes.
• samples are taken from both donor and receiver compartments and transferred into 96-well assay plates containing internal standard solution (IS) in each well. After centrifugation, the supernatant solutions are transferred to clean 96 well plates and analyzed by LC- MS/MS. The MS detection is performed using a Sciex API 4000 instrument. Each compound is analyzed by reversed phase HPLC.
• Efflux ratio P app [B -» A] / P app [A -> B]
• dQ/dt is the permeability rate
• Co is the initial concentration in the donor compartment
• A is the surface area of the cell monolayer (0.33cm 2 ).
• the P app value is a rate measured in cm/s. Calculated P app is ranked as low ( ⁇ 1x10 6 cm/s), moderate (1-10x10-6 cm/s), and high (>10xl0 5 cm/s).
• Comparing the efflux ratios generated in the presence and absence of a Pgp inhibitor identifies whether the test article is a Pgp substrate.
• a compound is considered to be a Pgp substrate when the efflux ratio in the absence of inhibitor is >1.99 and is significantly reduced ( ⁇ 1) in the presence of an inhibitor.
• %Recovery (Total compound mass in donor and receiver compartments at the end of the incubation / Initial compound mass in the donor compartment) x 100.
• Simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and Simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) stability are in vitro metrics indicating the ability of a compound to pass through the gastrointestinal tract digested, partially digested or completely digested. An undigested or nearly undigested compound will usually survive gut transit long enough to be absorbed into the systemic circulation. Greater than 50% remaining intact compound at 1 hour indicates a relatively stable molecule that will likely be absorbed in the gut.
• samples at a final concentration of 2 pg/mL are prepared in respective blank simulated gastric fluid with pepsin (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid with pancreatin (pH 6.8). All samples are incubated at 37 °C on a 150-rpm orbital shaker, and an aliquot is removed at predetermined time points (0 to 60 minutes). Samples are precipitated with three volumes of acetonitrile containing propranolol as internal standard, and centrifuged for 10 min at 2,000 g before LC- MS/MS analysis of the supernatant solutions. Percent parent compound remaining is determined relative to 0-minute incubation samples. If a sufficient number of time points are available, the degradation half-life is calculated based on the natural log of % compound remaining vs. time plot.
• Plasma stability estimates the ability of a compound to remain intact in the blood. For prodrugs that are intended to be hydrolyzed by plasma enzymes a certain level of instability in plasma indicates the compound is probably breaking down to the parent drug. A stability range of 25-75% remaining parent compound after 1 hour in plasma indicates the compound is likely breaking down to the parent drug molecule and a patient will be exposed to this parent molecule.
• Plasma stability was carried out by individual incubations of drug candidates in fresh human plasma at a concentration of 1 mM for 1 hour at 37 ° C. After which, the samples were de- proteinized by addition of 2 volumes of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid and internal standard, vortex mixed for 2 minutes and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 minutes to pellet precipitated protein. The resulting supernatant containing the drug candidates was diluted 5-fold with water containing 0.1% formic acid and submitted to LCMS/MS analysis. All determinations were done in triplicate. Plasma stability was expressed as percent of control remaining. See Pelletier et al. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 752-756.
• MDR1 multidrug resistance protein 1
• Literature 1. Artursson, P.; Karlsson, J. "Correlation between oral drug absorption in humans and apparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells”; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175, 880, (1991).

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