WO2021027486A1 - 一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021027486A1
WO2021027486A1 PCT/CN2020/102636 CN2020102636W WO2021027486A1 WO 2021027486 A1 WO2021027486 A1 WO 2021027486A1 CN 2020102636 W CN2020102636 W CN 2020102636W WO 2021027486 A1 WO2021027486 A1 WO 2021027486A1
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Prior art keywords
copper alloy
bearing
bearing bush
smelting
melt
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PCT/CN2020/102636
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李廷举
接金川
王同敏
曹志强
卢一平
康慧君
张宇博
陈宗宁
郭恩宇
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Dalian University of Technology
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Dalian University of Technology
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Priority to JP2021510887A priority Critical patent/JP2022501198A/ja
Publication of WO2021027486A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021027486A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/001—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of specific alloys
    • B22D11/004—Copper alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/01—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths without moulds, e.g. on molten surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
    • B22D19/16—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for making compound objects cast of two or more different metals, e.g. for making rolls for rolling mills
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
    • C22C9/08—Alloys based on copper with lead as the next major constituent
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/121—Use of special materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/14—Special methods of manufacture; Running-in
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/10—Alloys based on copper
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2220/00—Shaping
    • F16C2220/02—Shaping by casting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of metal alloy materials, in particular to a bearing bush antifriction layer copper alloy filling device and a preparation method of a bearing bush bimetal composite material.
  • the widely used bearing material is copper-lead-tin alloy/carbon steel bearing material
  • its main preparation methods include static casting method, centrifugal casting method, particle induction centrifugal casting method, powder metallurgy sintering rolling composite and other methods.
  • the above methods all have their own weaknesses.
  • the static casting method has casting defects and Pb element segregation.
  • the centrifugal casting method and the particle induction centrifugal casting method have serious Pb element segregation and poor quality stability.
  • the powder metallurgy sintering rolling compound is used. The method obtains the bearing material with low structure density and poor interface bonding.
  • the current casting-rolling method has high potential for preparing bearing materials.
  • the prepared steel back/antifriction copper alloy bimetallic composite material has good interface bonding properties, and the lead-rich lubricating phase is evenly distributed.
  • the copper alloy melt flows irregularly, and casting defects such as cold barrier and insufficient casting are easy to appear.
  • the thickness of the alloy layer obtained by this method is not uniform. For example, the thickness difference between the middle layer and the edge of the bearing composite material casting slab can reach 2-6mm, which will increase the difficulty of later processing the bearing and the waste of raw materials for the copper alloy layer. Therefore, searching for a uniform method and device for filling copper alloy of the antifriction layer of the bearing bush has important application value and engineering significance.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a bearing bush anti-friction layer copper alloy filling device and a preparation method of the bearing bush bimetal composite material.
  • the copper alloy filling device for the antifriction layer of the bearing bush provided by the present invention can promote the uniform filling of the copper alloy melt during the casting process, and avoid casting defects such as insufficient casting and cold insulation.
  • the bearing bimetal composite material obtained by using the preparation method of the invention has good flatness.
  • the invention provides a copper alloy filling device for a bearing antifriction layer, which includes a copper alloy smelting device and a copper alloy bearing device, and the copper alloy smelting device includes a smelting furnace 1;
  • the flow control device 2 located inside the smelting furnace 1;
  • the diversion structure 3 communicated with the bottom outlet of the smelting furnace 1.
  • the diversion structure 3 includes a shell 4, a runner 5 and a splitter 6; the inner cavity formed by the shell 4 is the runner 5, and the splitter 6 Located inside the runner 5;
  • the heating device 7 located outside the guide structure 3;
  • the copper alloy bearing device includes a movable bearing substrate 8; a heating coil 9 for heating the bearing substrate 8; a cooling device 10 located at the bottom of the bearing substrate 8;
  • the guide structure 3 of the copper alloy melting device is higher than the copper alloy carrying device.
  • the smelting furnace 1 is an intermediate frequency smelting furnace
  • the material of the flow guiding structure 3 is one or more of graphite, magnesia sand and quartz ceramics.
  • the diversion structure 3 is divided into an upper half and a lower half.
  • the angle between the upper half diversion structure 3 and the longitudinal axis is 10-30°, and the lower half diversion structure 3 is relative to the longitudinal axis.
  • the included angle of the upper half of the diversion structure 3 is 60-80°; the shape of the flow channel 5 of the upper half of the diversion structure 3 is a rectangle, the shape of the flow channel 5 of the lower half of the diversion structure 3 is a triangle, and the apex angle of the triangle is It is 20 ⁇ 60°.
  • the number of the dividing bars 6 is 3-10, and the gap between adjacent dividing bars at the outlet end of the flow guiding structure 3 is 5-10 mm.
  • the flow guiding structure 3 of the copper alloy melting device is 5-10 mm higher than the copper alloy carrying device.
  • the carrier substrate 8 is a 10# carbon steel plate
  • the heating coil 9 is a high-frequency induction heating coil.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a bimetal composite bearing bush by using the above-mentioned device, which includes the following steps:
  • the composition of the copper alloy in the step (1) is Pb 24wt.%, Sn 2wt.%, the balance copper; the melting temperature is 1100-1250°C.
  • the temperature of the heating device 7 in the step (2) is 1100-1200° C.
  • the heating power of the heating coil 9 is 30-80 kW.
  • the flow rate of the copper alloy melt in the step (2) is 0.2 ⁇ 0.5 m/s, and the movement rate of the supporting substrate 8 is 0.5 ⁇ 3 m/min.
  • the invention provides a copper alloy filling device for bearing antifriction layer, which includes a copper alloy smelting device and a copper alloy bearing device.
  • the invention uses the smelting furnace 1 in the copper alloy smelting device to melt the copper alloy raw materials to obtain the copper alloy Melt; the present invention uses the flow control device 2 to control the outflow rate of the melt.
  • the shunting effect of the splitter 6 can make the copper alloy melt evenly spread on the copper alloy carrying device And better control the uniformity of the thickness of the copper alloy in the anti-friction layer to avoid cold isolation and insufficient pouring of the bearing material; at the same time, due to the shunting effect of the shunt bar 6, it can reduce the copper alloy melt’s impact on the bearing substrate 8 impact, thereby reducing the oxidized inclusions of the copper alloy melt.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a bearing bush bimetal composite material.
  • This method utilizes the above-mentioned bearing bush antifriction layer copper alloy filling device to obtain a bearing bush bimetal composite material with good flatness.
  • the method is simple and easy to implement and easy to realize industrialization produce.
  • the results of the examples show that the flatness of the bearing bimetallic composite material obtained by the method of the present invention can reach ⁇ 0.02 mm.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the copper alloy filling device for the bearing anti-friction layer, in which 1-smelting furnace, 2-flow control device, 3-diversion structure, 4-shell, 5-runner, 6-diverter, 7-heating Device, 8-carrying substrate, 9-heating coil, 10-cooling device, 11-copper alloy melt layer.
  • the present invention provides a copper alloy filling device for bearing antifriction layer.
  • the schematic structure diagram is shown in Fig. 1, and includes a copper alloy smelting device and a copper alloy carrying device.
  • the copper alloy smelting device includes a smelting furnace 1;
  • the flow control device 2 located inside the smelting furnace 1;
  • the diversion structure 3 communicated with the bottom outlet of the smelting furnace 1.
  • the diversion structure 3 includes a shell 4, a runner 5 and a splitter 6; the inner cavity formed by the shell 4 is the runner 5, and the splitter 6 Located inside the runner 5;
  • the heating device 7 located outside the guide structure 3;
  • the copper alloy bearing device includes a movable bearing substrate 8; a heating coil 9 for heating the bearing substrate 8; a cooling device 10 located at the bottom of the bearing substrate 8;
  • the guide structure 3 of the copper alloy melting device is higher than the copper alloy carrying device.
  • the copper alloy filling device for the antifriction layer of the bearing bush provided by the present invention includes a copper alloy smelting device, and the copper alloy smelting device includes a smelting furnace 1.
  • the smelting furnace 1 is preferably an intermediate frequency smelting furnace, the power of the smelting furnace 1 is preferably 10-30 kW, more preferably 20 kW; the frequency of the smelting furnace 1 is preferably 1000-8000 Hz, more preferably 3000 ⁇ 6000Hz;
  • the mass of the copper alloy smelted by the smelting furnace 1 is preferably 10-30kg, more preferably 15-25kg; the present invention has no special requirements on the structure and power supply mode of the smelting furnace 1, and those skilled in the art are used
  • the melting furnace 1 with a well-known structure and power supply mode is sufficient.
  • the smelting furnace 1 can smelt the copper alloy raw materials into a copper alloy melt.
  • the copper alloy melting device provided by the present invention includes a flow control device 2 located inside the melting furnace 1.
  • the flow control device 2 is preferably perpendicular to the bottom outlet of the melting furnace 1.
  • the present invention has no special requirements on the type, specification and model of the flow control device 2, and the flow control device 2 well known to those skilled in the art can be used.
  • the present invention controls the size of the bottom opening of the smelting furnace 1 through the flow control device 2 so as to control the flow rate of the copper alloy melt from the smelting furnace 1.
  • the copper alloy smelting device provided by the present invention includes a diversion structure 3 communicating with the bottom outlet of the smelting furnace.
  • the material of the guide structure 3 is preferably one or more of graphite, magnesia sand and quartz ceramics.
  • the diversion structure 3 is preferably divided into an upper half and a lower half.
  • the angle ⁇ between the upper half 3-1 of the diversion structure and the longitudinal axis is small, preferably 10-30°.
  • the included angle ⁇ between the lower half 3-2 of the flow structure and the longitudinal axis is relatively large, preferably 60-80°.
  • the present invention can change the flow rate of the copper alloy melt by designing the angle between the diversion structure 3 and the longitudinal axis, so that the copper alloy flows smoothly to the surface of the copper alloy bearing device.
  • the flow guiding structure includes a housing 4, a flow channel 5, and a shunt 6.
  • the outermost layer of the flow guiding structure 3 is the shell 4, and the cavity formed by the shell is the flow channel 5; the flow channel 5 is in communication with the bottom outlet of the smelting furnace 1.
  • the shape of the flow channel 5-1 of the upper half of the diversion structure 3-1 is preferably a rectangle, and the shape of the flow channel 5-2 of the lower half of the diversion structure 3-2 is preferably a triangle.
  • the apex angle ⁇ is preferably 20 to 60°, more preferably 30 to 50°.
  • the upper half and the lower half of the flow guiding structure 3 are preferably connected by bolts; the present invention has no special requirements on the length of the flow channel 5, according to the width of the copper alloy layer of the bearing bush and the flow guiding The angle between the structure 3 and the longitudinal central axis can be used to design the length of the flow channel 5.
  • the flow divider 6 is located inside the flow channel 5, specifically in the flow channel of the lower half of the flow guiding structure 3.
  • the number of the splitter strips 6 is preferably 3-10, more preferably 5-8; the splitter strips 6 are solid-structured strips with a width of preferably 10-20mm, and a length equal to The length of the flow channels of the lower half of the guide structure 3-2 is the same.
  • the gap between the adjacent flow dividing bars 6 at the outlet end of the flow guiding structure 3 is preferably 5-10 mm, more preferably 6-8 mm; in the present invention, the flow dividing bars 6 are not completely fixed to the flow channel 5, when the copper alloy melt passes through the runner 5, the diverter bar 6 can move with the copper alloy melt.
  • the diverter bar 6 will be squeezed to the copper alloy melt where there is more copper alloy melt. Where there is less body, the melt flow at different positions can be controlled to achieve uniform distribution of melt.
  • the present invention makes the copper alloy melt evenly spread on the copper alloy bearing device through the shunting effect of the shunt bar 6, while reducing the impact of the copper alloy melt on the bearing substrate 8, thereby reducing the oxidation inclusions of the copper alloy melt.
  • the copper alloy smelting device provided by the present invention includes a heating device 7 located outside the flow guiding structure 3.
  • the heating device 7 is preferably a silicon molybdenum rod heating body, which uses resistance heating radiation heat transfer method for heating; the shape of the heating device 7 is preferably a flat plate, and the heating device 7 is preferably parallel to The lower half of the guide structure 3, but not in contact with the guide structure 3.
  • the present invention has no special requirements on the size and specifications of the heating device 7, as long as the heating temperature can meet the preheating requirements.
  • the present invention uses the heating device 7 to preheat the flow guiding structure 3, which can prevent the copper alloy melt from solidifying when flowing through the flow guiding structure 3.
  • the copper alloy filling device for the antifriction layer of the bearing bush provided by the present invention includes a copper alloy bearing device, and the copper alloy bearing device includes a movable bearing substrate 8.
  • the supporting base 8 is preferably a 10# carbon steel plate.
  • the supporting base 8 is a base layer of bearing material.
  • the present invention does not have special requirements on the thickness and width of the bearing substrate 8, and it can be designed according to the width of the bearing material substrate layer.
  • the thickness of the supporting base 8 is preferably 3 mm, and the width is preferably 100-400 mm.
  • the moving mode of the carrier substrate 8 is preferably machine traction, and the traction device is preferably roll traction or lead screw traction.
  • the copper alloy bearing device provided by the present invention includes a heating coil 9 for heating the bearing substrate 8.
  • the heating coil 9 is preferably a high-frequency induction coil, and the heating power of the heating coil 9 is preferably 30 to 80 kW, more preferably 40 to 70 kW.
  • the heating coil 9 is located at one end of the supporting base 8 but is not in contact with the supporting base 8, and the supporting base 8 can pass through the heating coil 9 smoothly.
  • the present invention can preheat the supporting base 8 through the heating effect of the heating coil 9 to prevent the supporting base 8 from deforming when the copper alloy melt is combined with the supporting base 8.
  • the copper alloy bearing device provided by the present invention includes a cooling device 10 located at the bottom of the bearing substrate 8.
  • the cooling device 10 is located at the bottom of the carrier substrate 8 covered with the copper alloy melt layer, but is not in contact with the carrier substrate 8.
  • the distance between the cooling device 10 and the carrier substrate 8 is preferably 10-100 mm, and more Preferably it is 30-70 mm.
  • the cooling device 10 is preferably a water cooling device, and the cooling device 10 has a fan-shaped nozzle.
  • the angle of the water outlet of the fan-shaped nozzle is preferably 30-65°, and the water outlet diameter is preferably 1 to 4 mm.
  • the copper alloy melt and the supporting substrate 8 are cooled by the cooling device 10, so that the copper alloy melt can be rapidly solidified and form a bearing bimetallic composite material with the supporting substrate 8.
  • the flow guiding structure 3 of the copper alloy smelting device is higher than the copper alloy carrying device, and the height is preferably 5-10 mm, more preferably 6-8 mm.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a bimetal composite bearing bush by using the above-mentioned device, which includes the following steps:
  • the carrier substrate 8 is preferably cleaned to remove oxides and oil stains on the surface of the carrier substrate 8;
  • the cleaning agent for cleaning is preferably NaOH and/or HCl.
  • the copper alloy raw materials are added to the smelting furnace 1 for smelting to obtain a copper alloy melt.
  • the composition of the copper alloy is preferably Pb 24 wt.%, Sn 2 wt.%, and the balance copper.
  • the copper raw material of the copper alloy is preferably electrolytic copper, and its purity is preferably ⁇ 99.97wt.%;
  • the lead raw material of the copper alloy is preferably pure lead, and its purity is preferably ⁇ 99.9wt.%;
  • the tin raw material of the alloy is preferably pure tin, and its purity is preferably ⁇ 99.9 wt.%.
  • the melting temperature is preferably 1100 to 1250°C, more preferably 1200°C.
  • the present invention has no special requirements for the smelting time, and the copper alloy can be smelted into a uniform melt using a smelting time well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the present invention turns on the heating device 7 and the heating coil 9, and under the protection of inert gas, the copper alloy melt is spread on the surface of the supporting substrate 8 through the flow guiding structure 3 to obtain a copper alloy melt layer.
  • the supporting base 8 moves in parallel along the horizontal direction.
  • the heating temperature of the heating device 7 is preferably 1100 to 1200°C, preferably 1150°C; the heating temperature of the heating coil 9 is preferably 600 to 900°C, more preferably 700 to 800°C.
  • the inert gas is preferably Ar gas, and the flow rate of the inert gas is preferably 20-40 L/min, more preferably 30 L/min. The present invention is protected by inert gas.
  • the flow rate of the copper alloy melt is preferably 0.2 to 0.5 m/s, more preferably 0.3 to 0.4 m/s; the movement rate of the supporting substrate 8 is preferably 0.5 to 3 m/min, and more It is preferably 1 to 2 m/min.
  • the moving direction of the carrier substrate 8 is specifically a direction away from the heating coil 9.
  • the present invention controls the flow rate of the copper alloy melt and the movement rate of the carrier substrate 8, so that the lay-up rate of the melt and the movement rate of the carrier substrate 8 can be matched with each other, which is beneficial to the metallurgical combination of the copper alloy melt and the carrier substrate 8. .
  • the copper alloy melt is laid flat on the surface of the supporting substrate 8 for 30 to 120 seconds, and the cooling device 10 is turned on in the present invention to cool the copper alloy melt layer and the supporting substrate 8 to obtain a bearing bimetal composite material.
  • the time for the cooling device 10 to open is preferably 30-120s, more preferably 50-100s, when the copper alloy melt is flattened into the surface of the supporting substrate 8.
  • the temperature of the supporting substrate 8 after cooling is preferably 20 ⁇ 50°C.
  • a section of copper alloy melt layer is formed on the surface of the supporting substrate 8.
  • the cooling device 10 of the present invention supports the formation of the copper alloy melt layer
  • the part of the base body 8 is cooled, and the part of the supporting base body 8 where the copper alloy melt layer is not formed is not cooled and still maintains a preheated state.
  • the copper alloy melt can be rapidly solidified and form a bearing bimetal composite material with the supporting substrate.
  • the cooling device is turned on to cool the melt layer formed behind the deflector and the bearing substrate, and the bearing substrate is cooled to 20°C to obtain the bearing bimetal Composite materials.
  • the detection method is to measure the anti-friction copper alloy thickness with an ultrasonic thickness gauge every 10mm along the length and width of the steel plate and copper alloy.
  • the cooling device is turned on to cool the bearing substrate to 30° C. to obtain the bearing bimetallic composite material.
  • the flatness of the obtained bearing bimetallic composite material was tested according to the method of Example 1. After testing, the flatness of the obtained bearing bimetallic composite material was ⁇ 1.2mm, and there was no phenomenon of cold insulation and insufficient pouring.
  • the cooling device is turned on to cool the bearing substrate to 40°C to obtain the bearing bimetallic composite material.
  • the flatness of the obtained bearing bimetallic composite material was tested according to the method of Example 1. After testing, the flatness of the obtained bearing bimetallic composite material was ⁇ 1.2mm, and there was no phenomenon of cold insulation and insufficient pouring.
  • the cooling device is turned on to cool the bearing substrate to 50° C. to obtain the bearing bimetal composite material.
  • the flatness of the obtained bearing bimetallic composite material was tested according to the method of Example 1. After testing, the flatness of the obtained bearing bimetallic composite material was ⁇ 1.2mm, and there was no phenomenon of cold insulation and insufficient pouring.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供了一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法，属于金属合金材料技术领域。本发明提供的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，包括铜合金熔炼装置和铜合金承载装置，本发明通过铜合金熔炼装置中的熔炼炉1对铜合金原料进行熔炼，能够得到铜合金熔体；本发明利用流量控制装置2控制熔体的流出速率，当流体经过导流结构3的流道时，分流条6的分流作用可以使铜合金熔体均匀地平铺在铜合金承载装置8上，并较好地控制减摩层铜合金各处厚度的均匀性，避免轴瓦材料各处的冷隔以及浇不足；同时，由于分流条6的分流作用，能够降低铜合金熔体对承载基体8的冲击，从而减少铜合金熔体的氧化夹杂物。

Description

一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法
本申请要求于2019年8月9日提交中国专利局、申请号为201910733305.6、发明名称为“一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及金属合金材料技术领域，特别涉及一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
随着各种机动车辆发动机向高速、重载、高功率等方向的发展，其对轴瓦材料的质量要求越来越苛刻。
目前，广泛应用的轴瓦材料为铜铅锡合金/碳素钢轴瓦材料，其主要制备方法有静止浇注法、离心浇注法、颗粒感应离心浇注法、粉末冶金烧结轧制复合等方法。但是上述方法均存在自身弱点，例如静止浇注法存在着铸造缺陷及Pb元素偏析等问题，离心浇注法和颗粒感应离心浇注法Pb元素偏析严重，质量稳定性较差，采用粉末冶金烧结轧制复合法得到轴瓦材料组织致密度低，界面结合较差。
目前铸轧法制备轴瓦材料具有很高的潜力，所制备的钢背/减摩铜合金双金属复合材料具有良好的界面结合性能，富铅润滑相分布均匀细小。然而在浇注复合过程中，铜合金熔体流动不规律，易出现冷隔以及浇不足等铸造缺陷。此外此法所得合金层厚度不均匀，例如轴瓦复合材料铸坯中间层和边部厚度差可以达到2～6mm，这会增加后期轴瓦加工难度以及铜合金层原料的浪费。因此，探求一种关于轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型均匀方法及装置具有重要的应用价值和工程意义。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明目的在于提供一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法。本发明提供的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置能够促进浇注过程中铜合金熔体的均匀充型，避免出现浇不足以及冷 隔等铸造缺陷。使用本发明制备方法得到的轴瓦双金属复合材料平整度良好。
为了实现上述发明目的，本发明提供以下技术方案：
本发明提供了一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，包括铜合金熔炼装置和铜合金承载装置，所述铜合金熔炼装置包括熔炼炉1；
位于熔炼炉1内部的流量控制装置2；
与熔炼炉1底部出口连通的导流结构3，所述导流结构3包括外壳4、流道5和分流条6；所述外壳4形成的内腔即为流道5，所述分流条6位于流道5内部；
位于导流结构3外侧的加热装置7；
所述铜合金承载装置包括可移动的承载基体8；用于加热所述承载基体8的加热线圈9；位于承载基体8底部的冷却装置10；
所述铜合金熔炼装置的导流结构3高于铜合金承载装置。
优选的，所述熔炼炉1为中频熔炼炉，所述导流结构3的材质为石墨、氧化镁砂和石英陶瓷中的一种或几种。
优选的，所述导流结构3分为上半部分和下半部分，所述上半部分导流结构3与纵向轴线的夹角为10～30°，下半部分导流结构3与纵向轴线的夹角为60～80°；所述上半部分导流结构3的流道5形状为长方形，所述下半部分导流结构3的流道5形状为三角形，所述三角形的顶角角度为20～60°。
优选的，所述分流条6的数量为3～10个，相邻分流条在导流结构3出口端的缝隙为5～10mm。
优选的，所述铜合金熔炼装置的导流结构3高于铜合金承载装置5～10mm。
优选的，所述承载基体8为10#碳素钢板，所述加热线圈9为高频感应加热线圈。
本发明提供了利用上述装置制备轴瓦双金属复合材料的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将铜合金原料加入到熔炼炉1中进行熔炼，得到铜合金熔体；
(2)开启加热装置7和加热线圈9，在惰性气体的保护下，使铜合 金熔体通过导流结构3平铺到承载基体8表面，得到铜合金熔体层，同时承载基体8沿着水平方向平行移动；
(3)所述铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体8表面30～120s内，开启冷却装置10，对所述铜合金熔体层和承载基体8进行冷却，得到轴瓦双金属复合材料。
优选的，所述步骤(1)中铜合金的成分为Pb 24wt.％，Sn 2wt.％，余量铜；所述熔炼的温度为1100～1250℃。
优选的，所述步骤(2)中加热装置7的温度为1100～1200℃，所述加热线圈9的加热功率为30～80kW。
优选的，所述步骤(2)中铜合金熔体的流动速率为0.2～0.5m/s，所述承载基体8的移动速率为0.5～3m/min。
本发明提供了一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，包括铜合金熔炼装置和铜合金承载装置，本发明通过铜合金熔炼装置中的熔炼炉1对铜合金原料进行熔炼，能够得到铜合金熔体；本发明利用流量控制装置2控制熔体的流出速率，当流体经过导流结构3的流道5时，分流条6的分流作用可以使铜合金熔体均匀地平铺在铜合金承载装置上，并较好地控制减摩层铜合金各处厚度的均匀性，避免轴瓦材料各处的冷隔以及浇不足；同时，由于分流条6的分流作用，能够降低铜合金熔体对承载基体8的冲击，从而减少铜合金熔体的氧化夹杂物。
本发明提供了一种轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法，此法利用上述轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，得到平整度良好的轴瓦双金属复合材料，同时此法简单易行，易于实现工业化生产。实施例结果表明，使用本发明方法所得轴瓦双金属复合材料平整度能够达到±0.02mm。
说明书附图
图1是轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置结构示意图，其中1-熔炼炉，2-流量控制装置，3-导流结构，4-外壳，5-流道，6-分流条，7-加热装置，8-承载基体，9-加热线圈，10-冷却装置，11-铜合金熔体层。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其结构示意图如图1所示，包括铜合金熔炼装置和铜合金承载装置，所述铜合金熔炼装置包括 熔炼炉1；
位于熔炼炉1内部的流量控制装置2；
与熔炼炉1底部出口连通的导流结构3，所述导流结构3包括外壳4、流道5和分流条6；所述外壳4形成的内腔即为流道5，所述分流条6位于流道5内部；
位于导流结构3外侧的加热装置7；
所述铜合金承载装置包括可移动的承载基体8；用于加热所述承载基体8的加热线圈9；位于承载基体8底部的冷却装置10；
所述铜合金熔炼装置的导流结构3高于铜合金承载装置。
本发明提供的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置包括铜合金熔炼装置，所述铜合金熔炼装置中包括熔炼炉1。在本发明中，所述熔炼炉1优选为中频熔炼炉，所述熔炼炉1的功率优选为10～30kW，更优选为20kW；所述熔炼炉1的频率优选为1000～8000Hz，更优选为3000～6000Hz；所述熔炼炉1熔炼铜合金的质量优选为10～30kg，更优选为15～25kg；本发明对所述熔炼炉1的结构和供电方式没有特殊的要求，使用本领域技术人员熟知结构和供电方式的熔炼炉1即可。在本发明中，所述熔炼炉1能够将铜合金原料熔炼成铜合金熔体。
本发明提供的铜合金熔炼装置包括位于熔炼炉1内部的流量控制装置2。在本发明中，所述流量控制装置2优选垂直于熔炼炉1底部出口。本发明对所述流量控制装置2的种类、规格和型号没有特殊的要求，使用本领域技术人员熟知的流量控制装置2即可。本发明通过流量控制装置2控制熔炼炉1底部开口的大小，从而控制铜合金熔体从熔炼炉1中流出的速率。
本发明提供的铜合金熔炼装置包括与熔炼炉底部出口连通的导流结构3。在本发明中，所述导流结构3的材质优选为石墨、氧化镁砂和石英陶瓷中的一种或几种。在本发明中，所述导流结构3优选分为上半部分和下半部分，导流结构的上半部分3-1与纵向轴线的夹角β较小，优选为10～30°，导流结构的下半部分3-2与纵向轴线的夹角θ较大，优选为60～80°。本发明通过对导流结构3与纵向轴线的夹角进行设计，可以改变铜合金熔体的流动速率，使铜合金平缓地流动到铜合金承载装置表面。
在本发明中，所述导流结构包括外壳4、流道5和分流条6。在本发明中，所述导流结构3最外层为外壳4，外壳形成的空腔即为流道5；所述流道5与熔炼炉1底部出口连通。在本发明中，所述上半部分导流结构3-1的流道5-1形状优选为长方形，下半部分导流结构3-2的流道5-2形状优选为三角形，所述三角形顶角角度α优选为20～60°，更优选为30～50°。在本发明中，所述导流结构3的上半部分和下半部分优选通过螺栓进行连接；本发明对所述流道5的长度没有特殊的要求，根据轴瓦铜合金层的宽度和导流结构3与纵向中轴线的夹角对流道5的长度进行设计即可。
在本发明中，分流条6位于流道5内部，具体位于下半部分导流结构3的流道内。在本发明中，所述分流条6的数量优选为3～10个，更优选为5～8个；所述分流条6为实心结构的条状，其宽度优选为10～20mm，长度与所述下半部分导流结构3-2的流道的长度相同。在本发明中，所述相邻分流条6在导流结构3出口端的缝隙优选为5～10mm，更优选为6～8mm；在本发明中，所述分流条6并不完全固定于流道5上，当铜合金熔体通过流道5时，所述分流条6能够伴随铜合金熔体进行移动，具体的，铜合金熔体多的地方会挤压分流条6，挤到铜合金熔体少的地方，从而控制不同位置的熔体流量，实现熔体的均匀分布。本发明通过分流条6的分流作用，使铜合金熔体均匀地平铺在铜合金承载装置上，同时降低铜合金熔体对承载基体8的冲击，从而减少铜合金熔体的氧化夹杂物。
本发明提供的铜合金熔炼装置包括位于导流结构3外侧的加热装置7。在本发明中，所述加热装置7优选为硅钼棒加热体，其采用电阻加热辐射传热的方式进行加热；所述加热装置7的形状优选为平板状，所述加热装置7优选平行于导流结构3的下半部分，但不与导流结构3接触。本发明对所述加热装置7的大小和规格没有特殊的要求，能够使其加热温度达到预热要求即可。本发明通过加热装置7对导流结构3进行预热，可以避免铜合金熔体在流经导流结构3时发生凝固。
本发明提供的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置包括铜合金承载装置，所述铜合金承载装置包括可移动的承载基体8。在本发明中，所述承载基体8优选为10#碳素钢板，在本发明中，所述承载基体8为轴瓦材料的基体层。 本发明对所述承载基体8的厚度和宽度没有特殊的要求，根据轴瓦材料基体层的宽度进行设计即可。在本发明的具体实施例中，所述承载基体8的厚度优选为3mm，宽度优选为100～400mm。在本发明中，所述承载基体8移动的方式优选为机器牵引移动，所述牵引装置优选为轧辊牵引或者丝杠牵引。
本发明提供的铜合金承载装置包括用于加热承载基体8的加热线圈9。在本发明中，所述加热线圈9优选为高频感应线圈，所述加热线圈9的加热功率优选为30～80kW，更优选为40～70kW。在本发明中，所述加热线圈9位于承载基体8一端，但并不与承载基体8接触，所述承载基体8可以顺利从加热线圈9中经过。本发明通过加热线圈9的加热作用，可以对承载基体8进行预热，以防止铜合金熔体与承载基体8复合时承载基体8发生变形。
本发明提供的铜合金承载装置包括位于承载基体8底部的冷却装置10。在本发明中，所述冷却装置10位于已覆盖铜合金熔体层的承载基体8底部，但不与承载基体8接触，所述冷却装置10与承载基体8的间距优选为10～100mm，更优选为30～70mm。在本发明中，所述冷却装置10优选为水冷却装置，所述冷却装置10具有扇形喷嘴，所述扇形喷嘴的出水口角度优选为30～65°，出水口径优选为1～4mm。本发明通过冷却装置10对铜合金熔体和承载基体8进行冷却，可以使铜合金熔体快速凝固，与承载基体8形成轴瓦双金属复合材料。
在本发明中，所述铜合金熔炼装置的导流结构3高于铜合金承载装置，所述高出高度优选为5～10mm，更优选为6～8mm。
本发明提供了利用上述装置制备轴瓦双金属复合材料的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将铜合金原料加入到熔炼炉1中进行熔炼，得到铜合金熔体；
(2)开启加热装置7和加热线圈9，在惰性气体的保护下，使铜合金熔体通过导流结构3平铺到承载基体8表面，得到铜合金熔体层，同时承载基体8沿着水平方向平行移动；
(3)所述铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体8表面30～120s内，开启冷却装置10，对所述铜合金熔体层和承载基体8进行冷却，得到轴瓦双金属 复合材料。
本发明在开始制备轴瓦双金属复合材料前，优选对承载基体8进行清洗，以除去承载基体8表面的氧化物及油污；所述清洗用清洗剂优选为NaOH和/或HCl。
本发明将铜合金原料加入到熔炼炉1中进行熔炼，得到铜合金熔体。在本发明中，所述铜合金的成分优选为Pb 24wt.％，Sn 2wt.％，余量铜。在本发明中，所述铜合金的铜原料优选为电解铜，其纯度优选≥99.97wt.％；所述铜合金的铅原料优选为纯铅，其纯度优选≥99.9wt.％；所述铜合金的锡原料优选为纯锡，其纯度优选≥99.9wt.％。在本发明中，所述熔炼的温度优选为1100～1250℃，更优选为1200℃。本发明对所述熔炼的时间没有特殊的要求，使用本领域技术人员熟知的熔炼时间将所述铜合金熔炼成均匀的熔体即可。
得到铜合金熔体后，本发明开启加热装置7和加热线圈9，在惰性气体的保护下，使铜合金熔体通过导流结构3平铺到承载基体8表面，得到铜合金熔体层，同时承载基体8沿着水平方向平行移动。在本发明中，所述加热装置7的加热温度优选为1100～1200℃，优选为1150℃；所述加热线圈9的加热温度优选600～900℃，更优选为700～800℃。在本发明中，所述惰性气体优选为Ar气，所述惰性气体的流量优选为20～40L/min，更优选为30L/min。本发明通过惰性气体进行保护，一方面可以保证铜合金熔体在流出时不发生氧化，另一方面可以保证承载基体8在加热时不发生氧化，有利于铜合金熔体与承载基体8的复合。在本发明中，所述铜合金熔体的流动速率优选为0.2～0.5m/s，更优选为0.3～0.4m/s；所述承载基体8的移动速率优选为0.5～3m/min，更优选为1～2m/min，在本发明中，所述承载基体8的移动方向具体的为远离加热线圈9的方向。本发明通过控制铜合金熔体的流动速率与承载基体8的移动速率，可以使熔体的平铺速率与承载基体8的移动速率相互配合，有利于铜合金熔体与承载基体8的冶金结合。
所述铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体8表面30～120s内，本发明开启冷却装置10，对所述铜合金熔体层和承载基体8进行冷却，得到轴瓦双金属复合材料。在本发明中，所述冷却装置10开启的时间优选为铜合金熔体 平铺到承载基体8表面内的30～120s，更优选为50～100s，所述冷却后承载基体8的温度优选为20～50℃。在本发明中，铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体8表面后，会在承载基体8表面形成一段铜合金熔体层，本发明所述冷却装置10对所述形成铜合金熔体层的承载基体8部分进行冷却，而未形成铜合金熔体层的承载基体8部分不进行冷却，仍保持预热状态。本发明通过对铜合金熔体层和承载基体8进行冷却，可以使铜合金熔体快速凝固，与承载基体形成轴瓦双金属复合材料。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置和轴瓦双金属复合材料的制备方法进行详细的说明，但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
(1)采用厚3mm和宽200mm的10#优质碳素钢板作为承载基体，使用NaOH以及HCl清洗掉表面氧化物及油污；
(2)安装轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，导流结构中，三角形流道的顶角角度为20°，在三角形流道内安装3条分流条；
(3)称量原材料阴极铜(纯度99.97wt.％)，纯铅(纯度99.9wt.％)，纯锡(纯度99.9wt.％)，配成成分为Cu-24wt.％Pb-2wt.％Sn的铜合金原料，通过中频感应熔炼炉在1100℃下熔炼出成分均匀的铜合金熔体；
(4)将加热装置温度加热至1100℃，加热线圈温度加热至600℃，在Ar气保护下(流量为20/min)，打开流量控制系统，使铜合金熔体通过导流结构平铺到承载基体表面，其中铜合金熔体的流速为0.2m/s，承载基体的移动速度为0.5m/min，得到铜合金熔体层；
(5)铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体表面30s后，开启冷却装置，对导流装置后方形成的熔体层以及承载基体进行冷却，将所述承载基体冷却至20℃，得到轴瓦双金属复合材料。
检测制备的轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度，检测方法为在沿着钢板及铜合金长度以及宽度方向每隔10mm采用超声波测厚仪测量减摩铜合金厚度。
经检测，所得轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度为±1.2mm，且未出现冷隔和浇不足的现象。
实施例2
(1)采用厚3mm和宽200mm的10#优质碳素钢板，使用NaOH以及HCl清洗掉表面氧化物及油污；
(2)安装轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其中三角形流道的顶角角度为30°，在三角形流道内安装5条分流条；
(3)称量原材料阴极铜(纯度99.97wt.％)，纯铅(纯度99.9wt.％)，纯锡(纯度99.9wt.％)，配成成分为Cu-24wt.％Pb-2wt.％Sn的铜合金原料，通过中频感应熔炼炉在1200℃下熔炼出成分均匀的铜合金熔体；
(4)将加热装置温度加热至1150℃，加热线圈温度加热至700℃，在Ar气保护下(流量为30/min)，打开流量控制系统，使铜合金熔体通过导流结构平铺到承载基体表面，其中铜合金熔体的流速为0.3m/s，承载基体的移动速度为1m/min，得到铜合金熔体层；
(5)铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体表面50s后，开启冷却装置，将所述承载基体冷却至30℃，得到轴瓦双金属复合材料。
按照实施例1的方法对所得轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度进行检测，经检测，所得轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度为±1.2mm，且未出现冷隔和浇不足的现象。
实施例3
(1)采用厚3mm和宽200mm的10#优质碳素钢板，使用NaOH以及HCl清洗掉表面氧化物及油污；
(2)安装轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其中三角形流道的顶角角度为50°，在三角形流道内安装8条分流条；
(3)称量原材料阴极铜(纯度99.97wt.％)，纯铅(纯度99.9wt.％)，纯锡(纯度99.9wt.％)，配成成分为Cu-24wt.％Pb-2wt.％Sn的铜合金原料，通过中频感应熔炼炉在1250℃下熔炼出成分均匀的铜合金熔体；
(4)将加热装置温度加热至1150℃，加热线圈温度加热至800℃，在Ar气保护下(流量为35/min)，打开流量控制系统，使铜合金熔体通过导流结构平铺到承载基体表面，其中铜合金熔体的流速为0.4m/s，承载基体的移动速度为2m/min，得到铜合金熔体层；
(5)铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体表面80s后，开启冷却装置，将所 述承载基体冷却至40℃，得到轴瓦双金属复合材料。
按照实施例1的方法对所得轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度进行检测，经检测，所得轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度为±1.2mm，且未出现冷隔和浇不足的现象。
实施例4
(1)采用厚3mm和宽200mm的10#优质碳素钢板，使用NaOH以及HCl清洗掉表面氧化物及油污；
(2)安装轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其中三角形流道的顶角角度为60°，在三角形流道内安装10条分流条；
(3)称量原材料阴极铜(纯度99.97wt.％)，纯铅(纯度99.9wt.％)，纯锡(纯度99.9wt.％)，配成成分为Cu-24wt.％Pb-2wt.％Sn的铜合金原料，通过中频感应熔炼炉在1200℃下熔炼出成分均匀的铜合金熔体；
(4)将加热装置温度加热至1150℃，加热线圈温度加热至900℃，在Ar气保护下(流量为30/min)，打开流量控制系统，使铜合金熔体通过导流结构平铺到承载基体表面，其中铜合金熔体的流速为0.5m/s，承载基体的移动速度为3m/min，得到铜合金熔体层；
(5)铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体表面120s后，开启冷却装置，将所述承载基体冷却至50℃，得到轴瓦双金属复合材料。
按照实施例1的方法对所得轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度进行检测，经检测，所得轴瓦双金属复合材料的平整度为±1.2mm，且未出现冷隔和浇不足的现象。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，包括铜合金熔炼装置和铜合金承载装置，所述铜合金熔炼装置包括熔炼炉(1)；
    位于熔炼炉(1)内部的流量控制装置(2)；
    与熔炼炉(1)底部出口连通的导流结构(3)，所述导流结构(3)包括外壳(4)、流道(5)和分流条(6)；所述外壳(4)形成的内腔即为流道(5)，所述分流条(6)位于流道(5)内部；
    位于导流结构(3)外侧的加热装置(7)；
    所述铜合金承载装置包括可移动的承载基体(8)；用于加热所述承载基体(8)的加热线圈(9)；位于承载基体(8)底部的冷却装置(10)；
    所述铜合金熔炼装置的导流结构(3)高于铜合金承载装置。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述熔炼炉(1)为中频熔炼炉，所述导流结构(3)的材质为石墨、氧化镁砂和石英陶瓷中的一种或几种。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述导流结构(3)分为上半部分和下半部分，所述上半部分导流结构(3-1)与纵向轴线的夹角为10～30°，下半部分导流结构(3-2)与纵向轴线的夹角为60～80°；所述上半部分导流结构(3-1)的流道(5-1)形状为长方形，所述下半部分导流结构(3-1)的流道(5-2)形状为三角形，所述三角形的顶角角度为20～60°。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述分流条(6)的数量为3～10个，相邻分流条(6)在导流结构(3)出口端的缝隙为5～10mm。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述分流条(6)并不完全固定于流道(5)上，当铜合金熔体通过流道(5)时，所述分流条(6)能够伴随铜合金熔体进行移动。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述铜合金熔炼装置的导流结构(3)高于铜合金承载装置5～10mm。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述承载基体(8)为10#碳素钢板，所述加热线圈(9)为高频感应加热 线圈。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述承载基体(8)的厚度为3mm，宽度为100～400mm。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述冷却装置(10)与承载基体(8)的间距为10～100mm。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的轴瓦减摩层铜合金充型装置，其特征在于，所述冷却装置(10)为水冷却装置，所述冷却装置(10)具有扇形喷嘴，所述扇形喷嘴的出水口角度为30～65°，出水口径为1～4mm。
  11. 一种利用权利要求1～10任意一项所述装置制备轴瓦双金属复合材料的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    (1)将铜合金原料加入到熔炼炉(1)中进行熔炼，得到铜合金熔体；
    (2)开启加热装置(7)和加热线圈(9)，在惰性气体的保护下，使铜合金熔体通过导流结构(3)平铺到承载基体(8)表面，得到铜合金熔体层，同时承载基体(8)沿着水平方向平行移动；
    (3)所述铜合金熔体平铺到承载基体(8)表面30～120s内，开启冷却装置(10)，对所述铜合金熔体层和承载基体(8)进行冷却，得到轴瓦双金属复合材料。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(1)中铜合金的成分为Pb 24wt.％，Sn 2wt.％，余量铜；所述熔炼的温度为1100～1250℃。
  13. 根据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(2)中加热装置(7)的温度为1100～1200℃，所述加热线圈(9)的加热功率为30～80kW，加热温度为600～900℃。
  14. 根据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(2)中惰性气体为Ar气，所述惰性气体的流量为20～40L/min。
  15. 根据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(2)中铜合金熔体的流动速率为0.2～0.5m/s，所述承载基体(8)的移动速率为0.5～3m/min。
  16. 根据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冷却后承载基体的温度为20～50℃。
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