WO2021000819A1 - 电池管理电路及电池模块 - Google Patents

电池管理电路及电池模块 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021000819A1
WO2021000819A1 PCT/CN2020/098744 CN2020098744W WO2021000819A1 WO 2021000819 A1 WO2021000819 A1 WO 2021000819A1 CN 2020098744 W CN2020098744 W CN 2020098744W WO 2021000819 A1 WO2021000819 A1 WO 2021000819A1
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Prior art keywords
voltage
battery
battery management
management circuit
signal
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PCT/CN2020/098744
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
范东恩·莫瑞恩
范拉默林·约普
布克·迪克
博曾·汉克
斯高腾·彼得
Original Assignee
大唐恩智浦半导体有限公司
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Application filed by 大唐恩智浦半导体有限公司 filed Critical 大唐恩智浦半导体有限公司
Priority to US17/622,461 priority Critical patent/US20220255143A1/en
Priority to JP2021578093A priority patent/JP2022539229A/ja
Priority to KR1020227000131A priority patent/KR20220027934A/ko
Priority to EP20834149.5A priority patent/EP3996234A4/en
Publication of WO2021000819A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021000819A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3835—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC involving only voltage measurements
    • H02J7/0022—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/0038—Circuits for comparing several input signals and for indicating the result of this comparison, e.g. equal, different, greater, smaller (comparing pulses or pulse trains according to amplitude)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
    • G01R19/16533—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application
    • G01R19/16538—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies
    • G01R19/16542—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies for batteries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R23/00—Arrangements for measuring frequencies; Arrangements for analysing frequency spectra
    • G01R23/02—Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rate; Arrangements for measuring period of current or voltage
    • G01R23/06—Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rate; Arrangements for measuring period of current or voltage by converting frequency into an amplitude of current or voltage
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R23/00—Arrangements for measuring frequencies; Arrangements for analysing frequency spectra
    • G01R23/16—Spectrum analysis; Fourier analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/374—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R35/00—Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass
    • G01R35/02—Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass of auxiliary devices, e.g. of instrument transformers according to prescribed transformation ratio, phase angle, or wattage rating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0026—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00711—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with introduction of pulses during the charging process
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a battery pack, in particular to a battery management circuit and a battery module of the battery pack.
  • Battery management system (Battery Management System, BMS) is the link between the battery and the user, which can improve the utilization rate of the battery, prevent the battery from being overcharged or over-discharged, and ensure the safety of the battery. It is widely used in electric vehicles, underwater robots and other fields .
  • the battery management system can measure various key parameters of the battery cell, such as the cell voltage.
  • a reference voltage generated by a bandgap reference circuit is usually used to measure the cell voltage.
  • One of the challenges of accurate voltage measurement is to generate a sufficiently accurate and stable reference voltage. Not only the absolute accuracy of the reference voltage should be in the range of 100 ⁇ V, but also need to ensure this accuracy during the lifetime and mechanical stress conditions. Due to the sensitivity of the PN junction to aging and stress, it is difficult to achieve this accuracy using a band gap reference.
  • Zener diode requires a power supply of approximately 6V, which is not available in a battery management system for a single battery cell.
  • This battery management system is connected to a single battery cell with a minimum power supply on the order of 1.5V.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a battery management circuit and battery module, which do not need to rely on a reference voltage and have higher cell voltage measurement accuracy.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the above-mentioned technical problems is to propose a battery management circuit, which includes a signal extraction unit, a clock capture unit, a voltage controlled oscillator, and a voltage sampling unit.
  • the signal extraction unit is adapted to extract the synchronization pulse signal from the communication bus connected to the battery management circuit.
  • the clock capture unit is connected to the signal extraction unit, and is adapted to generate a clock signal according to the synchronization pulse signal.
  • the voltage controlled oscillator is adapted to convert the battery cell voltage into a voltage frequency signal.
  • the voltage sampling unit is adapted to sample the voltage frequency signal according to the clock signal to obtain the sampling voltage of the battery cell voltage.
  • the battery management circuit further includes a frequency divider connected between the clock capture unit and the voltage sampling unit, and is adapted to divide the frequency of the clock signal, wherein the voltage sampling The unit uses the divided clock signal for the sampling.
  • the clock capture unit includes a frequency locked loop or a phase locked loop.
  • the voltage sampling unit includes a counter, wherein the data input terminal of the counter inputs the voltage frequency signal, and the reset terminal inputs the clock signal.
  • the battery management circuit further includes a calibration unit for calibrating the sampling voltage according to the transfer function of the voltage controlled oscillator and the voltage sampling unit.
  • the battery management circuit further includes an internal temperature sensor adapted to detect the internal temperature of the battery management circuit, and the calibration unit is connected to the internal temperature sensor and is adapted to use the internal temperature calibration The sampling voltage.
  • the voltage-controlled oscillator includes a ring oscillator, the ring oscillator uses an adjustable voltage as a power source, and the ring oscillator outputs the voltage frequency signal.
  • the voltage controlled oscillator further includes a voltage divider circuit, a comparator and a transistor.
  • the voltage divider circuit is connected to the battery cell voltage and is suitable for outputting the proportional voltage of the battery cell voltage; the positive input of the comparator is connected to the adjustable voltage, the negative input is connected to the proportional voltage; the source of the transistor is connected to the battery cell voltage, and the drain is connected to the adjustable voltage Voltage, the gate is connected to the output of the comparator.
  • the present invention also provides a battery module, including multiple battery cells, multiple battery management circuits as described above, and a module controller. Each battery management circuit is correspondingly connected to a group of battery cells.
  • the module controller is connected to at least part of the battery management circuit through a communication bus, wherein the module controller is configured to transmit a synchronization pulse signal based on the system clock.
  • the module controller is adapted to be connected to a crystal oscillator.
  • the present invention also provides a battery module, which includes multiple battery cells, multiple battery management circuits, and a module controller.
  • the battery management circuit is correspondingly connected with a group of battery cells.
  • the module controller is connected to at least part of the battery management circuit through the communication bus, and the module controller has a system clock.
  • the battery management circuit is configured to lock an internal clock to the system clock.
  • the present invention does not need to rely on the reference voltage to measure the voltage, but uses a very accurate crystal-based timing reference for voltage measurement, thereby improving the accuracy of the measurement.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a battery management circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram of a low-level battery cell voltage of the battery management circuit of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram of a high-level battery cell voltage of the battery management circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a block diagram of a battery management circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • a component when a component is referred to as being “on another component”, “connected to another component”, “coupled to another component” or “contacting another component”, it can be directly connected to another component. On, connected to or coupled to, or in contact with the other component, or an intervening component may be present. In contrast, when a component is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” “directly coupled to,” or “directly in contact with” another component, there is no intervening component. Likewise, when the first component is referred to as “electrical contact” or “electrically coupled to” the second component, there is an electrical path between the first component and the second component that allows current to flow. The electrical path may include capacitors, coupled inductors, and/or other components that allow current to flow, even without direct contact between conductive components.
  • the embodiment of the present invention describes a battery management circuit (battery management circuit).
  • a battery management circuit can be used to manage one or more battery cells.
  • a battery management circuit is implemented as a chip for managing a group of battery cells.
  • Many battery management circuits and optional additional devices constitute a battery management system (battery management system).
  • the battery management circuit does not need to rely on the reference voltage and has higher cell voltage measurement accuracy.
  • the central microcontroller uses a very precise crystal-based timing reference to drive and communicate with all battery management circuits. By locking the system clock of each battery management circuit to the MCU clock, an accurate timing reference can be obtained in the battery management circuit, which can be used for voltage measurement.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the battery module 100 may include multiple sets of batteries 110, such as 110_1, 110_2,... and 110_n, where n is a positive integer.
  • Each battery group 110 may include one or more battery cells, two of which are shown in the figure.
  • the battery cells of each battery 110 may be connected in series or in parallel.
  • the batteries 110_1, 110_2 and 110_n may also be connected in series or in parallel.
  • Fig. 1 shows an example in which battery cells and battery packs are connected in series.
  • a plurality of battery management circuits 120 are provided, such as 120_1, 120_2, ... and 120_n.
  • Each battery management circuit 120 can be connected in parallel to a corresponding group of batteries 110 for monitoring and managing the corresponding group of batteries.
  • the battery management circuit 120 can monitor the cell voltage of a group of batteries 110.
  • each battery management circuit 120 is implemented as a semiconductor chip, but it is not limited to this.
  • the battery management circuits 120 can be connected for communication.
  • each battery management circuit 120 may communicate through a communication bus.
  • the form of the communication bus may be various known suitable communication buses. In one embodiment, a daisy chain communication bus can be used.
  • the interfaces IOtop and IObot between the battery management circuits 120 are illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the battery management circuits 120 can also be connected to the battery module controller 130 to exchange data.
  • the battery management circuit 120 may provide the measured battery voltage to the battery module controller 130.
  • the battery module controller 130 may control the operation of the entire battery module including multiple groups of batteries 110.
  • the battery module controller 130 is connected to the crystal 132.
  • the internal oscillator (not shown) of the battery module controller 130 can use the crystal 132 to generate a very accurate system clock as a timing reference.
  • the frequency of the system clock depends on the choice of technology, the required speed of processing/calculation, power consumption requirements, etc. In actual implementation, the frequency range of the system clock can be between tens of MHz and hundreds of MHz.
  • the oscillator of the battery module controller 130 is used to drive the communication bus for controlling all the battery management circuits 120. After capturing the bus operating frequency of the battery module controller 130 through the communication bus, each battery management circuit 120 can lock its internal clock to the bus operating frequency, thereby having the same very high absolute accuracy.
  • Figure 1 shows a battery management system based on a single-cell battery management circuit.
  • the same principle can be applied to other types of systems, where crystal-based oscillator signals with high absolute accuracy can be used for locking.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a battery management circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the battery management circuit 120 may include a signal extraction unit 121, a clock capture unit 122, a frequency divider 123, a voltage controlled oscillator 124, a voltage sampling unit 125 and a calibration unit 126.
  • the signal extraction unit 121 is adapted to be connected to the communication bus IO bus.
  • the signal extraction unit 121 extracts the synchronization pulse signal from the communication bus.
  • the communication signal always uses a specific data rate or clock signal to run, and the purpose of the signal extraction unit 121 is to extract the timing information in the signal.
  • the exact implementation of the signal extraction unit 121 largely depends on the modulation of the communication bus.
  • the communication signal may be Manchester coded, which means that the clock and data are combined in a single signal.
  • the signal extraction unit 121 may extract the synchronization pulse signal based on the edge of the communication bus signal. These synchronization pulse signals form the input of the clock capture unit 122, so that a clock signal locked to the frequency of the communication bus can be generated.
  • the clock capture unit 122 is connected to the signal extraction unit 121, and is adapted to generate the clock signal Clk according to the synchronization pulse signal.
  • the frequency of the clock signal Clk may be the same as the frequency of the system clock in the battery module controller 130.
  • the clock capturing unit 122 may be implemented as a frequency locked loop (Frequency Locked Loop, FLL) or a phase locked loop (Phase Locked Loop, PLL).
  • a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 124 is suitable for converting the battery cell voltage Vbat into a voltage frequency signal Vfm.
  • the battery cell voltage Vbat may be an analog value
  • the voltage frequency signal may be a digital value including frequency information. This frequency information is related to the amplitude of the battery cell voltage Vbat. For example, the greater the amplitude, the greater the frequency.
  • the voltage sampling unit 125 can sample the voltage frequency signal Vfm according to the clock signal Clk to obtain the sampled voltage D of the battery cell voltage.
  • the frequency of the clock signal Clk can be divided by the frequency divider 123 to obtain the divided signal Rst.
  • the voltage sampling unit 125 uses the frequency-divided signal Rst for sampling.
  • the voltage sampling unit 125 may include a counter. The data input terminal of the counter inputs the voltage frequency signal Vfm, and the reset terminal inputs the clock signal Clk or its frequency division signal Rst.
  • FIG. 2 an example in which the frequency divider 123 is used is shown, but it is understood that the present invention covers an example in which the frequency divider 123 is not used.
  • the following uses the frequency divider 123 as an example for description.
  • the counter can count the number of cycles of the voltage frequency signal Vfm within the time window defined by the frequency division signal Rst, and the count value reflects the battery cell voltage Vbat.
  • the Rst signal determines the integration time of the measurement. The longer the period of the Rst signal, the more periods of Vfm counted, and the higher the resolution of the measurement.
  • the frequency of the Rst signal depends on the application requirements and noise performance of the battery management circuit 120. The most likely minimum period of Rst is on the order of several ms, corresponding to a frequency of several hundred Hz.
  • the output of the counter By counting the number of cycles of Vfm during the time window set by the Rst signal, the output of the counter will represent the battery cell voltage. By making the counter period longer, the resolution of the output increases, at the expense of slower measurement speed.
  • FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram of a low-level battery cell voltage of the battery management circuit of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the battery management circuit captures the clock signal Clk from the communication bus, and obtains the Rst signal through frequency division, which is used to sample the Vfm signal to obtain the sampling voltage D.
  • D is a signal that gradually rises in one cycle of Rst.
  • the measured voltage VMout is obtained.
  • 4 is a waveform diagram of a high-level battery cell voltage of the battery management circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. Compared with FIG. 3, the battery cell voltage Vbat is at a high level, and the frequency of the converted voltage-frequency signal is also higher, and the pulses are denser. Correspondingly, the amplitudes of the sampling voltage D and the measurement voltage VMout are also higher.
  • Vbat 5V
  • Vbat the frequency of VCO 124 will be 150MHz. This relationship needs to be used to convert the output of the voltage sampling unit 125 (which is a measure of the frequency of Vfm) into an equivalent value Vbat.
  • the battery management circuit 120 may further include a calibration unit 126, which may calibrate the sampling voltage D according to the transfer function of the VCO 124.
  • the main purpose of the calibration unit 126 is to convert the value D back to the equivalent value of Vbat.
  • Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the voltage-controlled oscillator 124 may include a ring oscillator 502.
  • the ring oscillator 502 uses an adjustable voltage Vdd as a power source, and the ring oscillator 502 outputs a voltage frequency signal Vfm.
  • the adjustable voltage Vdd can be constructed in the following manner.
  • the voltage controlled oscillator 124 further includes a voltage divider circuit 504, a comparator 506, and a transistor 508.
  • the voltage divider circuit 504 can be connected to the battery cell voltage Vbat, and the voltage divider circuit 504 is adapted to output a proportional voltage of the battery cell voltage Vbat.
  • the positive input terminal of the comparator 506 is connected to the adjustable voltage Vdd, the negative input terminal is connected to the proportional voltage, and the output terminal of the comparator 506 outputs the result of the comparison between the two.
  • the source of the transistor 508 is connected to the battery cell voltage Vbat, the drain is connected to the adjustable voltage Vdd, and the gate is the output terminal of the comparator.
  • the output frequency of the ring oscillator 502 can be adjusted by the power supply voltage Vdd.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a battery management circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the battery management circuit 120 may further include an internal temperature sensor 127, which is suitable for detecting the internal temperature of the battery management circuit.
  • the calibration unit 127 is connected to the internal temperature sensor 127 and is adapted to use the internal temperature detected by the internal temperature sensor 127 to calibrate the sampling voltage.
  • the output of the internal temperature sensor 127 can be used to compensate the temperature sensitivity of the VCO 124 through calibration. In this way, the output frequency of the ring oscillator 502 (measured using an accurate reference frequency) can be mapped back to the equivalent input voltage Vbat.
  • the ring oscillator is selected only for the purpose of simplification. In other embodiments, any other oscillator whose output frequency depends on the supply voltage can be used.
  • a voltage controlled oscillator that can be considered is a voltage average feedback relaxation oscillator (VAF), which is designed to have an output frequency independent of power supply and temperature. This implementation also does not require a voltage reference.
  • VAF voltage average feedback relaxation oscillator
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • intermediate FM-level ADC or "voltage-to-frequency converter” in the art.
  • a feature of the present invention is to apply this type of ADC to the battery management circuit, benefiting from the crystal-based frequency reference provided by the MCU, which is distributed among all battery management circuits.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
  • Tests Of Electric Status Of Batteries (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种电池管理电路，包括信号提取单元、时钟捕捉单元、压控振荡器以及电压采样单元。信号提取单元适于从连接到电池管理电路的通信总线中提取同步脉冲信号。时钟捕捉单元连接信号提取单元，适于根据同步脉冲信号产生时钟信号。压控振荡器适于将电池单元电压转换为电压频率信号。电压采样单元适于根据时钟信号对电压频率信号采样，获得电池单元电压的采样电压。

Description

电池管理电路及电池模块 技术领域
本发明涉及电池组，尤其是涉及电池组的电池管理电路及电池模块。
背景技术
电池管理系统(Battery Management System，BMS)是电池与用户之间的纽带，能够提高电池的利用率，防止电池出现过度充电或过度放电，保障电池安全，广泛应用于电动汽车、水下机器人等领域。
电池管理系统能够测量电池单元的各种关键参数，例如单元电压。通常使用由带隙参考电路产生的参考电压来测量单元电压。精确电压测量的挑战之一是产生足够精确和稳定的参考电压。不仅该参考电压的绝对精度应在100μV的范围内，还需要在寿命期和机械应力条件下保证这种精度。由于PN结对老化和应力的敏感性，使用带隙基准很难实现这种精度。
一种可能的解决方案是使用基于齐纳二极管的参考电压。该解决方案的缺点是齐纳二极管需要大约6V的电源，这在单个电池单元的电池管理系统中是不可用的。这种电池管理系统连接到具有1.5V量级的最小电源的单个电池单元。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种电池管理电路及电池模块，不必依赖于参考电压且具有更高的单元电压测量精度。
本发明为解决上述技术问题而采用的技术方案是提出一种电池管理电路，包括信号提取单元、时钟捕捉单元、压控振荡器以及电压采样单元。信号提取单元适于从连接到电池管理电路的通信总线中提取同步脉冲信号。时钟捕捉单元连接信号提取单元，适于根据同步脉冲信号产生时钟信号。压控振荡器适于将电池单元电压转换为电压频率信号。电压采样单元适于根据时钟信号对电压频率信号采样，获得电池单元电压的采样电压。
在本发明的一实施例中，电池管理电路还包括分频器，连接在所述时钟捕捉单元和所述电压采样单元之间，适于对所述时钟信号进行分频，其中所述电 压采样单元使用经过分频的时钟信号进行所述采样。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述时钟捕捉单元包括锁频环或锁相环。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述电压采样单元包括计数器，其中所述计数器的数据输入端输入所述电压频率信号，重置端输入所述时钟信号。
在本发明的一实施例中，电池管理电路还包括校准单元，根据所述压控振荡器和电压采样单元的传输函数校准所述采样电压。
在本发明的一实施例中，电池管理电路还包括内部温度传感器，适于检测所述电池管理电路的内部温度，所述校准单元连接所述内部温度传感器，且适于使用所述内部温度校准所述采样电压。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述压控振荡器包括环形振荡器，所述环形振荡器以可调节电压为电源，所述环形振荡器输出所述电压频率信号。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述压控振荡器还包括分压电路、比较器和晶体管。分压电路连接电池单元电压，适于输出电池单元电压的比例电压；比较器的正输入端连接可调节电压，负输入端连接比例电压；晶体管的源极连接电池单元电压，漏极连接可调节电压，栅极连接比较器的输出端。
本发明还提出一种电池模块，包括多组电池单元、多个如上所述的电池管理电路以及模块控制器。每个电池管理电路与一组电池单元对应地连接。模块控制器，通过通信总线连接至少部分电池管理电路，其中所述模块控制器配置为传输基于系统时钟的同步脉冲信号。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述模块控制器适于连接到晶体振荡器。
本发明还提出一种电池模块，包括多组电池单元、多个电池管理电路以及模块控制器。电池管理电路与一组电池单元对应地连接。模块控制器通过通信总线连接至少部分电池管理电路，模块控制器具有系统时钟。所述电池管理电路配置为将内部时钟锁定为所述系统时钟。
本发明由于采用以上技术方案，使之与现有技术相比，不必依赖于参考电压来测量电压，而是使用非常精确的基于晶体的时序参考用于电压测量，从而提高了测量的精确度。
附图概述
为让本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能更明显易懂，以下结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作详细说明，其中：
图1是根据本发明一实施例的电池模块的示意图。
图2是本发明一实施例的电池管理电路的框图。
图3是本发明一实施例的电池管理电路的电池单元电压为低电平的波形图。
图4是本发明一实施例的电池管理电路的电池单元电压为高电平的波形图。
图5是本发明一实施例的压控振荡器的电路图。
图6是本发明另一实施例的电池管理电路的框图。
本发明的较佳实施方式
为让本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能更明显易懂，以下结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式作详细说明。
在下面的描述中阐述了很多具体细节以便于充分理解本发明，但是本发明还可以采用其它不同于在此描述的其它方式来实施，因此本发明不受下面公开的具体实施例的限制。
如本申请和权利要求书中所示，除非上下文明确提示例外情形，“一”、“一个”、“一种”和/或“该”等词并非特指单数，也可包括复数。一般说来，术语“包括”与“包含”仅提示包括已明确标识的步骤和元素，而这些步骤和元素不构成一个排它性的罗列，方法或者设备也可能包含其他的步骤或元素。
应当理解，当一个部件被称为“在另一个部件上”、“连接到另一个部件”、“耦合于另一个部件”或“接触另一个部件”时，它可以直接在该另一个部件之上、连接于或耦合于、或接触该另一个部件，或者可以存在插入部件。相比之下，当一个部件被称为“直接在另一个部件上”、“直接连接于”、“直接耦合于”或“直接接触”另一个部件时，不存在插入部件。同样的，当第一个部件被称为“电接触”或“电耦合于”第二个部件，在该第一部件和该第二部件之间存在允许电流流动的电路径。该电路径可以包括电容器、耦合的电感器和/或允许电流流动的其它部件，甚至在导电部件之间没有直接接触。
本发明的实施例描述一种电池管理电路(battery management circuit)。在本发明的上下文中，电池管理电路可用于管理一个或多个电池单元(battery cell)。典型地，一个电池管理电路实施为一个芯片，用于管理一组电池单元。许多电池管理电路和可选的额外器件组成电池管理系统(battery management system)。
在本发明的实施例中，电池管理电路不必依赖于参考电压且具有更高的单元电压测量精度。在电池模块中，中央微控制器(MCU)使用非常精确的基于晶体的时序参考，驱动与所有的电池管理电路通信。通过将每个电池管理电路的系统时钟锁定到MCU的时钟，可以在电池管理电路中获得精确的时序参考，可用于电压测量。
图1是根据本发明一实施例的电池模块的示意图。参考图1所示，电池模块100可包括多组电池110，例如110_1,110_2,…和110_n，在此，n为正整数。每组电池110可包括一个或多个电池单元，图中示意了2个。每组电池110的电池单元之间可以是串联的或者并联的。各组电池110_1,110_2和110_n之间也可以是串联的或者并联的。在图1中示意了电池单元及电池组串联的例子。在图1中，设置了多个电池管理电路120，例如120_1,120_2,…和120_n。每个电池管理电路120可并联到对应的一组电池110上，用于监测和管理该组对应的电池。举例来说，电池管理电路120可监测对应一组电池110的单元电压。在一些实施例中，每个电池管理电路120实施为一个半导体芯片，但并不以此为限。各个电池管理电路120之间可连接以进行通信。举例来说，各个电池管理电路120可通过通信总线通信。通信总线的形式可以是已知的各种合适的通信总线。在一个实施例中，可以使用菊花链通信总线。在图1中示意了各个电池管理电路120之间的接口IOtop和IObot。
这些电池管理电路120也可连接到电池模块控制器130以交换数据。举例来说，电池管理电路120可将测量的电池电压提供给电池模块控制器130。电池模块控制器130可控制包括多组电池110的整个电池模块的工作。电池模块控制器130连接到晶体132。电池模块控制器130内部的振荡器(图未示)可利用晶体132产生非常精确的系统时钟，作为时序参考。系统时钟的频率取决于技术选择、处理/计算所需的速度，功耗要求等等。在实际实施时，系统时钟 的频率范围可在几十MHz在几百MHz之间。电池模块控制器130的振荡器用于驱动用于控制所有电池管理电路120的通信总线。在通过通信总线捕获电池模块控制器130的总线工作频率后，每个电池管理电路120可以将其内部时钟锁定到总线工作频率，从而具有相同的非常高的绝对精度。
尽管图1示出的是基于单节电池管理电路的电池管理系统。然而，相同的原理可以应用于其他类型的系统，其中具有高绝对精度的基于晶体的振荡器信号可用于锁定。
每个电池管理电路120中的精确时钟可用于测量电池电压。图2是本发明一实施例的电池管理电路的框图。参考图2所示，电池管理电路120可包括信号提取单元121、时钟捕捉单元122、分频器123、压控振荡器124、电压采样单元125以及校准单元126。信号提取单元121适于连接到通信总线IO bus。通信总线上有来自电池模块控制器130的包含系统时钟的同步脉冲信号。信号提取单元121从通信总线中提取同步脉冲信号。通信信号总是使用特定的数据速率或时钟信号运行，信号提取单元121的目的是提取该信号中的定时信息。信号提取单元121的确切实现很大程度上取决于通信总线的调制。例如，通信信号可以是曼彻斯特编码，这意味着时钟和数据在单个信号中组合。信号提取单元121可以基于通信总线信号的边缘提取同步脉冲信号。这些同步脉冲信号形成时钟捕捉单元122的输入，使得可以生成锁定到通信总线频率的时钟信号。
时钟捕捉单元122连接信号提取单元121，适于根据同步脉冲信号产生时钟信号Clk。此时钟信号Clk的频率可以与电池模块控制器130内系统时钟的频率相同。在本发明的实施例中，时钟捕捉单元122可实施为锁频环(Frequency Locked Loop,FLL)或锁相环(Phase Locked Loop,PLL)。
另一方面，压控振荡器(VCO)124适于将电池单元电压Vbat转换为电压频率信号Vfm。在此，电池单元电压Vbat可为模拟值，电压频率信号可为包含频率信息的数字值。此频率信息与电池单元电压Vbat的幅值相关。例如，幅值越大，频率越大。
电压采样单元125可根据时钟信号Clk对电压频率信号Vfm采样，获得电池单元电压的采样电压D。典型地，可以通过分频器123对时钟信号Clk进行 分频，得到分频信号Rst。电压采样单元125使用分频信号Rst进行采样。在一个实施例中，电压采样单元125可包括计数器。计数器的数据输入端输入电压频率信号Vfm，重置端输入时钟信号Clk或其分频信号Rst。在图2的示例中，示出了使用分频器123的例子，然而可以理解，本发明涵盖不使用分频器123的例子。下文以使用分频器123为例进行说明。计数器可对由分频信号Rst所定义的时间窗口内，电压频率信号Vfm的周期数进行计数，计数值反映了电池单元电压Vbat。Rst信号确定了测量的积分时间。Rst信号的周期越长，所计数的Vfm的周期越多，测量的分辨率就越高。Rst信号的频率取决于电池管理电路120的应用要求和噪声性能。Rst最可能的最小周期是几ms的量级，对应几百Hz的频率。
通过在由Rst信号设置的时间窗口期间计数Vfm的周期数，计数器的输出将表示电池单元电压。通过使计数器周期更长，输出的分辨率增加，代价是测量速度变慢。
图3是本发明一实施例的电池管理电路的电池单元电压为低电平的波形图。参考图3所示，电池单元电压Vbat为低电平时，其转换的电压频率信号的频率也较低，脉冲较不密集。电池管理电路从通信总线捕捉到时钟信号Clk，经分频得到Rst信号，用来对Vfm信号采样，得到采样电压D。D为在Rst的一个周期逐渐升高的信号。再经校准后，得到测量电压VMout。图4是本发明一实施例的电池管理电路的电池单元电压为高电平的波形图。与图3相比，电池单元电压Vbat为高电平，其转换的电压频率信号的频率也较高，脉冲更密集。相应地，采样电压D和测量电压VMout的幅值也更高。
在前文的例子中，设VCO 124的传输函数为f，则电压频率Vfm＝f(Vbat)。函数f描述了由VCO建立的Vbat的值与Vfm的频率之间的关系。在理想情况下，会存在线性关系，例如：
freq Vfm＝F(Vbat)＝100MHz+10MHz·Vbat
在这个例子中，当Vbat＝5V时，VCO 124的频率将是150MHz。需要利用这种关系将电压采样单元125的输出(这是Vfm频率的度量)转换为等效值Vbat。
电压采样单元125的输出可能需要校准，使得VMout＝f -1(D)＝Vbat。相 应地在本实施例中，电池管理电路120还可包括校准单元126，可根据VCO 124的传输函数来校准采样电压D。
严格地说，在前文提到的等式VMout＝f -1(D)＝Vbat是不够准确的。在一个实施例中，最好还考虑电压采样单元125的传递函数，将D转换回Vbat。然而，校准单元126的主要目的是将值D转换回Vbat的等效值。除了其他参数之外，它还将使用VCO 124的传递函数f，例如Rst信号的频率。
图5是本发明一实施例的压控振荡器的电路图。参考图5所示，压控振荡器124可包括环形振荡器502。环形振荡器502以可调节电压Vdd为电源，环形振荡器502输出电压频率信号Vfm。
可调节电压Vdd可通过下述方式构造。压控振荡器124还包括分压电路504、比较器506和晶体管508。分压电路504可连接电池单元电压Vbat，分压电路504适于输出电池单元电压Vbat的比例电压。比较器506的正输入端连接可调节电压Vdd，负输入端连接比例电压，比较器506的输出端输出二者比较的结果。晶体管508的源极连接电池单元电压Vbat，漏极连接可调节电压Vdd，栅极所述比较器的输出端。
环形振荡器502的输出频率与其电源电压之间有显著的关系。因此可以通过电源电压Vdd来调节输出频率。
环形振荡器502的输出频率与温度之间也有显著关系，因此需要参考温度做校准。图6是本发明另一实施例的电池管理电路的框图。参考图6所示，电池管理电路120还可包括内部温度传感器127，适于检测电池管理电路的内部温度。校准单元127连接此内部温度传感器127，且适于使用内部温度传感器127所检测的内部温度来校准采样电压。内部温度传感器127的输出可用于通过校准补偿VCO 124的温度灵敏度。以这种方式，环形振荡器502的输出频率(使用精确的参考频率测量)可以映射回等效的输入电压Vbat。
在本发明的上述实施例中，环形振荡器的选择仅出于简化目的。在其他实施例中，可以使用输出频率取决于电源电压的任何其他振荡器。可以考虑的压控振荡器的另一种可能实现是电压平均反馈张弛振荡器(VAF)，其设计为具有独立于电源和温度的输出频率。该实现也不需要电压参考。
本发明中描述的模数转换器(ADC)的类型在本领域中称为“中间FM级ADC”或“电压到频率转换器”。本发明的一个特点是将这种类型的ADC应用于电池管理电路，受益于MCU提供的基于晶体的频率参考，该频率参考在所有电池管理电路间分发。
虽然本发明已参照当前的具体实施例来描述，但是本技术领域中的普通技术人员应当认识到，以上的实施例仅是用来说明本发明，在没有脱离本发明精神的情况下还可作出各种等效的变化或替换，因此，只要在本发明的实质精神范围内对上述实施例的变化、变型都将落在本申请的权利要求书的范围内。

Claims (11)

  1. 一种电池管理电路，包括：
    信号提取单元，适于从连接到所述电池管理电路的通信总线中提取同步脉冲信号；
    时钟捕捉单元，连接所述信号提取单元，适于根据所述同步脉冲信号产生时钟信号；
    压控振荡器，适于将电池单元电压转换为电压频率信号；以及
    电压采样单元，适于根据所述时钟信号对所述电压频率信号采样，获得所述电池单元电压的采样电压。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的电池管理电路，其特征在于，还包括分频器，连接在所述时钟捕捉单元和所述电压采样单元之间，适于对所述时钟信号进行分频，其中所述电压采样单元使用经过分频的时钟信号进行所述采样。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的电池管理电路，其特征在于，所述时钟捕捉单元包括锁频环或锁相环。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的电池管理电路，其特征在于，所述电压采样单元包括计数器，其中所述计数器的数据输入端输入所述电压频率信号，重置端输入所述时钟信号。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的电池管理电路，其特征在于，还包括校准单元，适于根据所述压控振荡器和/或电压采样单元的传输函数校准所述采样电压。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的电池管理电路，其特征在于，还包括内部温度传感器，适于检测所述电池管理电路的内部温度，所述校准单元连接所述内部温度传感器，且适于使用所述内部温度校准所述采样电压。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的电池管理电路，其特征在于，所述压控振荡器包括：
    环形振荡器，所述环形振荡器以可调节电压为电源，所述环形振荡器适于输出所述电压频率信号。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的电池管理电路，其特征在于，所述压控振荡器还包括
    分压电路，连接所述电池单元电压，所述分压电路适于输出所述电池单元电压的比例电压；
    比较器，所述比较器的正输入端连接所述可调节电压，负输入端连接所述比例电压；以及
    晶体管，所述晶体管的源极连接所述电池单元电压，漏极连接所述可调节电压，栅极连接所述比较器的输出端。
  9. 一种电池模块，包括：
    多组电池单元；
    多个如权利要求1-8任一项所述的电池管理电路，每个电池管理电路与一组电池单元对应地连接；以及
    模块控制器，通过通信总线连接所述多个电池管理电路的至少一部分，其中所述模块控制器配置为传输基于系统时钟的同步脉冲信号。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的电池模块，其特征在于，所述模块控制器具有振荡器，所述振荡器适于连接到外部晶体。
  11. 一种电池模块，包括：
    多组电池单元；
    多个电池管理电路，每个电池管理电路与一组电池单元对应地连接；以及
    模块控制器，通过通信总线连接所述多个电池管理电路的至少一部分，所述模块控制器具有系统时钟；
    其中所述电池管理电路配置为将内部时钟锁定为所述系统时钟。
PCT/CN2020/098744 2019-07-04 2020-06-29 电池管理电路及电池模块 WO2021000819A1 (zh)

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