WO2020248451A1 - 检测bgo晶体的残余双折射的装置和方法 - Google Patents

检测bgo晶体的残余双折射的装置和方法 Download PDF

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WO2020248451A1
WO2020248451A1 PCT/CN2019/111279 CN2019111279W WO2020248451A1 WO 2020248451 A1 WO2020248451 A1 WO 2020248451A1 CN 2019111279 W CN2019111279 W CN 2019111279W WO 2020248451 A1 WO2020248451 A1 WO 2020248451A1
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polarization state
residual birefringence
bgo
fine
birefringence
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PCT/CN2019/111279
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吴重庆
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南京恒高光电研究院有限公司
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/21Polarisation-affecting properties
    • G01N21/23Bi-refringence

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  • the present application relates to the field of crystal optics, for example, to a device and method for detecting the residual birefringence of isotropic crystal Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO).
  • BGO isotropic crystal Bismuth Germanium Oxide
  • BGO is an important isotropic optical crystal. In theory, it has only one refractive index. However, due to thermal effects during crystal manufacturing and processing, and mechanical stress during optical cold processing, residual stresses will be generated, resulting in residual stress in the crystal. Birefringence ultimately makes BGO an anisotropic crystal.
  • the residual birefringence is randomly generated during the thermal process and the cold working process, the residual birefringence is also uneven in size, which has many adverse effects on the use of BGO crystals. Especially when BGO is used as an electro-optic crystal, it is equivalent to a random initial voltage, which seriously affects the measurement accuracy. Therefore, it is a very important task to detect the residual birefringence of the BGO crystal to ensure the quality of the crystal.
  • how to use a simple device to detect the residual birefringence of the BGO crystal there is no method and corresponding device for detecting the residual birefringence of the BGO crystal in the related art.
  • This application provides a device and method for detecting the residual birefringence of the BGO crystal, which can directly calculate the residual small birefringence of the BGO crystal by detecting the polarization state of the output light.
  • An embodiment provides a device for detecting the residual birefringence of a BGO crystal, which includes a light source, a polarizer, a quarter wave plate, an optical fine-tuning frame with functions of horizontal rotation and roll rotation, a polarization analyzer, and a computer,
  • the polarizer is arranged at the output end of the light source, and the polarizer is arranged to convert the light generated by the light source into linearly polarized light and send it to the 1/4 wave plate to convert the light
  • the linearly polarized light becomes circularly polarized light and then directly projected onto the polarization analyzer;
  • the polarization analyzer is set to obtain the polarization state corresponding to the circularly polarized light and send the polarization state to the computer,
  • the polarizer is also set to cause the circularly polarized light to pass through the BGO crystal to be tested placed on the optical fine-tuning frame and then project it onto the polarization analyzer, and to obtain the changed polarization by rotating the optical
  • An embodiment provides a method for detecting the residual birefringence of a BGO crystal.
  • the above-mentioned device can be used to detect the residual birefringence of a BGO crystal.
  • the method includes:
  • the circularly polarized light is injected into the polarization analyzer after passing through the BGO crystal to be tested;
  • s 1out and s 3out are the two Stokes parameters of the polarization state recorded each time; k 0 is the wave number of light in vacuum; L is the length of the BGO crystal to be measured; ⁇ is the deviation from the initial angle Rotation angle; ⁇ e is the dielectric constant corresponding to residual birefringence, n e is the magnitude of residual birefringence; n o is the refractive index when there is no residual birefringence in the BGO crystal.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a device for detecting the residual birefringence of a BGO crystal provided in the first embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a device for detecting the residual birefringence of a BGO crystal provided in the second embodiment
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the change of the coordinate system when the incident angle of the BGO crystal is changed
  • Figure 4(a) is the polarization state of the output light of the BGO crystal No. 1 measured in the first embodiment
  • Figure 4(b) is the polarization state of the output light of the No. 2 BGO crystal measured in the first embodiment
  • Figure 4(c) is the polarization state of the output light of the number three BGO crystal measured in the first embodiment
  • Figure 4(d) is the polarization state of the output light of the No. 4 BGO crystal measured in the first embodiment
  • Fig. 6 is a flowchart of a method for detecting residual birefringence of a BGO crystal provided by an embodiment.
  • Patent CN201210088188 A polarization and birefringence measurement system (Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences). This patent uses a beam of light to illuminate, but the detection technology uses three wave plates and an image capture card to image the outgoing light on the capture card, and obtain polarization and birefringence information through image processing and analysis. The function of the image capture card is still to collect the light intensity distribution of the output light, which is more detailed than the aforementioned patent, and does not involve the measurement of the polarization state.
  • Patent CN201210193165 has many similarities with this application. They are all single beam injection, and the injected polarization state is circularly polarized light. The difference between this application and the patent is: (1) The measurement principle is different. The patent rotates the crystal 45 degrees around the beam axis.
  • Patent CN201310250980 is obviously different from this application.
  • the patent uses a reflective detection structure, that is, the light source and the light detector are on the same side of the sample.
  • the samples in many other patents are placed between the light source and the detector, and the transmitted light is detected; while this patent detects the reflected light and requires two sets of detection units.
  • Patent CN201310019042 Stress and birefringence measuring instrument and measuring method based on orthogonally polarized solid-state laser (Tsinghua University).
  • the sample to be tested is placed in the oscillation circuit (resonator) of the laser, and the birefringence of the sample is measured by measuring the beat frequency of the laser output light (light of two frequencies) caused by the birefringence.
  • Patent CN201510549341.9 A device for measuring small linear birefringence in cascade of elasto-optical modulation and electro-optical modulation (North University of China).
  • This patent has similarities with this application, and both use a beam of light to detect the transmitted light. But the difference is also very big: (1) The light injected into the sample in this patent is linearly polarized light and passes through the elasto-optical modulator (phase modulation); (2) In this patent, the receiving side first passes through an electro-optical modulator and then reaches Light detector; (3) The sample in the patent does not move.
  • the injected light is circularly polarized light without phase modulation; during the measurement process, the sample is rotated at a small angle (changing the incident angle); the detection end does not require an electro-optic modulator and is directly measured by a polarization analyzer.
  • This application provides a device for detecting the residual birefringence of a BGO crystal.
  • the device includes a light source, a polarizer, a quarter wave plate, an optical fine-tuning frame (referred to as a fine-tuning frame) with the functions of horizontal rotation and roll rotation, and polarization analysis Instrument and computer.
  • the present application also provides a method for detecting the residual birefringence of BGO crystals, which can calculate the residual birefringence of BGO crystals by using the above-mentioned device for detecting the residual birefringence of BGO crystals, wherein the method includes:
  • s 1out and s 3out are the two Stokes parameters corresponding to the polarization state recorded each time (the Stokes parameters are defined as four according to the definition, of which only two are independent);
  • k 0 is the light in vacuum
  • the polarization analyzer is directly connected to the data acquisition card, the data acquisition card is directly connected to the computer, the data acquisition card collects real-time data, the computer calculates the residual birefringence in real time, and the entire data acquisition and calculation process is automatically completed; 1
  • the fine-tuning frame in this embodiment can be a motorized precision fine-tuning frame.
  • the polarization analyzer is directly connected to the data acquisition card, and the data acquisition card is directly connected to the computer.
  • the data acquisition card collects real-time data, and the computer calculates the residual birefringence in real time. ;
  • the computer controls the electric fine-tuning frame in real time through the feedback system to realize self-calibration and automatic measurement, and improve the measurement accuracy.
  • the device for detecting the residual birefringence of the BGO crystal includes a light source 1, a polarizer 2, a quarter-wave plate 3, a precision fine-tuning frame 4, a BGO crystal to be tested 5, and a polarization analyzer 6 and computer 7.
  • the wave vector of the crystal light direction is In order to facilitate the analysis, we will create a wave vector As the coordinate system of the new z-axis (optical axis), it is necessary to perform coordinate transformation on the dielectric tensor ⁇ r of the BGO crystal with residual birefringence. Then find the birefringence vector.
  • the residual birefringence vector is:
  • Equation (16) shows that the direction of the residual birefringence vector is the s 2 direction, and the magnitude of the residual birefringence vector is not only related to the residual ⁇ e of the crystal, but also related to the direction of light passing through the crystal.
  • the basic idea of residual birefringence measurement is to make the BGO crystal rotate a small angle around the (0,0,1) direction while observing the changes in the polarization state of the output light, and finally calculate the residual birefringence of the BGO crystal according to equation (16) the size of.
  • the experimental system is shown in Figure 1.
  • four BGO crystals 5 of the same batch were tested.
  • the four crystals are number 1, number 2, number 3 and number 4, so that the incident angle varies from 0 to 2.5° ,
  • Four BGO crystals 5 sequentially obtain the output light polarization state changes as shown in Fig. 4(a), Fig. 4(b), Fig. 4(c) and Fig. 4(d).
  • the device for detecting the residual birefringence of the BGO crystal includes a light source 1, a polarizer 2, a quarter-wave plate 3, an electric precision fine-tuning frame 4, a BGO crystal to be tested 5, and a polarization
  • the light source 1, the polarizer 2 and the quarter-wave plate 3 form a circularly polarized light generator.
  • This circularly polarized light enters the BGO crystal 5 to be tested, and the BGO crystal is placed in a rotating precision fine-tuning frame 4 rotates together with the precision fine-tuning frame 4, the BGO output light is received by the polarization analyzer 6 and the polarization state of the BGO light is output from the polarization analyzer 6, and then the measured data is directly sent to the computer 7 through the data acquisition card, After computer data processing, the result is fed back to the drive circuit of the precision fine-tuning frame 4, and the precision-fine-tuning frame 4 is further rotated until the measurement requirement is reached.
  • This fully automated feedback system will further improve measurement accuracy and save time.
  • This application can directly calculate the residual tiny birefringence of the BGO crystal by detecting the polarization state of the output light. Because the residual birefringence is very small, it is impossible to measure this small birefringence by using the principle that one beam of input light is divided into two birefringent lights. This application can not only measure the residual birefringence of BGO crystals, but also the residual birefringence in other isotropic media. At the same time, the device for detecting birefringence provided by this application is compared with other devices for detecting birefringence in the related art. The structure is simpler and the cost is lower.

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Abstract

一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置及方法,检测装置包括:光源(1)、起偏器(2)、1/4波片(3)、光学微调架(4)、偏振分析仪(6)和计算机(7);其中,起偏器(2)设于光源(1)的输出端,且起偏器(2)设置为将光源(1)产生的光转换为线偏振光并送入1/4波片(3),以将线偏振光变为圆偏振光后直接投射到偏振分析仪(6)上;偏振分析仪(6)设置为得到与圆偏振光对应的偏振态并将偏振态送入计算机(7);起偏器(2)还设置为使圆偏振光经过置于光学微调架(4)上的待测BGO晶体(5)后再投射到偏振分析仪(6)上,通过旋转光学微调架(4)得到变化的偏振态轨迹后将偏振态轨迹送入计算机(7);计算机(7)设置为根据接收的偏振态计算出待测BGO晶体(5)的残余双折射。

Description

检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置和方法
本申请要求申请日为2019年6月10日、申请号为201910495763.0的中国专利申请的优先权,该申请的全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及晶体光学领域,例如涉及一种检测各向同性晶体锗酸铋(Bismuth Germanium Oxide,BGO)的残余双折射的装置和方法。
背景技术
BGO是一种重要的各向同性光学晶体,理论上它只有一个折射率,但是由于晶体制造和加工过程中的热效应以及光学冷加工过程中的机械应力,都会产生残余应力,从而导致晶体内存在残余双折射,最终使BGO成为一种各向异性晶体。
由于残余双折射是在热过程和冷加工过程中随机产生的,所以残余双折射也是大小不均的,这对于BGO晶体的使用,带来很多不利影响。尤其是当BGO作为电光晶体使用时,相当于存在了一个随机的初始电压,从而严重影响测量精度。所以,对BGO晶体的残余双折射进行检测以便保证晶体质量是一件十分重要的工作。但是,如何使用一种简单装置就可以实现BGO晶体残余双折射的检测,相关技术中还没有检测BGO晶体残余双折射的方法和相应的装置。
发明内容
本申请提供了一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置和方法,可通过对输出光偏振态的检测,直接计算BGO晶体残余的微小双折射。
一实施例提供了一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置,包括:光源、起偏器、1/4波片、具有水平旋转和侧滚旋转功能的光学微调架、偏振分析仪和计算机,其中,所述起偏器设于所述光源的输出端,且所述起偏器设置为将所述光源产生的光转换为线偏振光并送入所述1/4波片,以将所述线偏振光变为圆偏振光后直接投射到所述偏振分析仪上;所述偏振分析仪设置为得到与所述圆偏振光对应的偏振态并将所述偏振态送入所述计算机,所述起偏器还设置为使所述圆偏振光经过置于所述光学微调架上的待测BGO晶体后再投射到所述偏振分析仪上,通过旋转所述光学微调架得到变化的偏振态轨迹后将所述偏振态轨 迹送入所述计算机;所述计算机设置为根据接收的所述偏振态计算出所述待测BGO晶体的残余双折射。
一实施例提供了一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的方法,能够应用上述装置检测BGO晶体的残余双折射,所述方法包括:
获取起偏器和1/4波片产生的圆偏振光;
将所述圆偏振光直接注入偏振分析仪;
得到偏振态;
将待测BGO晶体置于光学微调架上;
所述圆偏振光经所述待测BGO晶体后注入所述偏振分析仪;
调节所述光学微调架,使与待测BGO晶体对应的偏振态与所述圆偏振光直接注入所述偏振分析仪后得到的偏振态一致;
调节所述光学微调架,使所述光学微调架水平旋转和侧滚旋转;
得到所述光学微调架的旋转角度、与所述旋转角度对应的偏振态及所述偏振态随着所述旋转角度变化的轨迹;及
将所述轨迹数据送入计算机,并根据公式计算残余双折射:
其中,所述公式为:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000002
其中,s 1out和s 3out分别为每次记录的偏振态的两个斯托克斯参数;k 0为光在真空中的波数;L为待测BGO晶体的长度;Δ为偏离起始角度的旋转角度;ε e为残余双折射对应的介电常数,
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000003
n e为残余双折射的大小;n o为当BGO晶体不存在残余双折射时的折射率。
附图说明
图1是实施例一提供的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置的结构示意图;
图2是实施例二提供的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置的结构示意图;
图3是改变BGO晶体的入射角时坐标系的变化示意图;
图4(a)是实施例一所测得的编号一的BGO晶体输出光的偏振态;
图4(b)是实施例一所测得的编号二的BGO晶体输出光的偏振态;
图4(c)是实施例一所测得的编号三的BGO晶体输出光的偏振态;
图4(d)是实施例一所测得的编号四的BGO晶体输出光的偏振态;
图5为实施例一提供的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置所测得的BGO晶体输出光s 1out随入射角Δ变化的曲线;
图6为一实施例提供的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
关于双折射的测量,相关技术中已经提出了多个专利和方法,概括如下:
(1)光纤双折射的测量。相关专利有CN85100420B:单模光纤双折射测量方法(上海交通大学),CN201510504703:一种基于偏振控制的单模光纤线性双折射测量装置及方法(中国矿业大学);CN201510428064:一种单模光纤线性双折射测量装置及方法(中国矿业大学)。这些方法有一个天然的缺陷,因为光纤的双折射是一个与光纤的放置状态有关的量,而且这些方法和装置都不适用于晶体双折射的检测。此外,专利CN201210251508:动态纤维双折射测量仪,虽然被测对象不是光纤而是纺织纤维,但也是限于纤维状的样品。
(2)海因兹仪器公司的相关专利:CN1739007A:平面外双折射的测量;CN02825033:双折射测量系统的精度校准;CN200380101656.2:大型样品的双折射测量方法;CN200580036436。这些专利与本申请相比,应用对象不同,它们的应用对象是大型平面样品;且测量方法不同,上述专利都采用了两束光作为光源,并同时检测两束光的输出。双折射现象就是一束光通过双折射材料后分为两束光的现象。所以,测量双折射的大小,就可以直接测量输出的两束光分开的程度(或者空间的距离)。这种方法,对于相关技术中较大的双折射材料是有效的。但是,对于BGO这样原本是各向同性的材料且只有很微小的残余双折射的情况,输出的两束光很难分开,所以利用上述专利所提出的方法,是完全不可行的。此外,专利CN96201855.4:立式双折射测量仪(浙江大学),基本思路也是测量输出光的明暗条纹,这就要求入射光的旋转角度较大,否则分不 清明暗条纹。本申请与上述专利的区别是采用一束光注入,检测的也是一束光的偏振态,不必区分两束光,或者在没有明暗条纹的情况下检测BGO晶体的残余双折射。
(3)专利CN201210088188:一种偏振和双折射测量系统(中科院光电技术研究所)。该专利采用了一束光照射,但是检测技术采用了三个波片,并采用图像采集卡,将出射光成像在采集卡上,通过图像处理和分析获得偏振与双折射信息。图像采集卡的作用还是要采集输出光的光强分布,与前述专利更为细致一些,并不涉及偏振态的测量。
(4)中科院上海光机所提出的相关专利,包括CN201210193165:线性双折射测量装置和测量方法;和CN201310250980:线性双折射测量装置和测量方法。
专利CN201210193165与本申请有多个相似之处,都是单光束注入,注入偏振态都是圆偏振光。本申请与该专利的差别是:(1)测量原理不同,该专利是使晶体绕着光束轴旋转45度,由于该专利注入晶体的光是圆偏振光,绕轴旋转的效果不明显,所以无法测定BGO微小的残余双折射;本申请采用水平旋转晶体,改变的是入射角,通过检测不同入射角注入时输出的偏振态的变化来获得双折射信息;(2)检测方法不同,该专利使用了一个沃拉斯顿透镜,将输出光束分成两束子光束,然后将两个子光束分别由双象限探测器接收,而本申请是直接由偏振分析仪获得斯托克斯参数,从而解出晶体的双折射。
专利CN201310250980和本申请有明显的不同。该专利采用反射式检测结构,即光源和光探测器都处于样品的同一侧。其它多个专利中的样品都置于光源与探测器之间,检测的是透射光;而该专利检测的是反射光,需要两组检测单元。
(5)专利CN201310019042:基于正交偏振固体激光的应力和双折射测量仪及测量方法(清华大学)。该专利是将被测的样品置于激光器的振荡回路(谐振 腔)中,通过测量由于双折射引起的激光器输出光(两个频率光)的拍频,来测量样片的双折射。
(6)专利CN201510549341.9:一种弹光调制和电光调制级联测微小线性双折射的装置(中北大学)。该专利与本申请有相似之处,都是采用一束光检测透过光。但差别也很大:(1)该专利注入样品的光为线偏振光,而且经过弹光调制器(相位调制);(2)该专利中,在接收侧先要经过一个电光调制器然后到达光探测器;(3)该专利中的样品不动。本申请与该专利不同的是,注入光为圆偏振光,无需相位调制;测量过程中,样品做小角度的旋转(改变入射角);检测端无需电光调制器,直接由偏振分析仪测量。
以上综述了相关技术中有关于双折射测量的多个专利。本申请与上述专利皆不相同。考虑到实际应用,晶体偏离正入射的角度很小,而且BGO的残余双折射也很小,又是一个随机量,因此,从晶体输出的光不可能或者很难因为角度的变化分成两束,所以用两束光方案或者明暗光的方案,都不能测出微小双折射的影响。此外,所有的方案无论是转动入射光源还是转动样品,以便改变入射光的入射角,都需要转动的角度较大。实际在使用时,由于晶体光路中偏离正入射的角度是很小的,所有上述方案均不能测出这种情况下残余双折射的影响。而且,所有的方案结构都过于复杂,不适于生产过程中使用。
本申请提供一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置,该装置包括光源、起偏器、1/4波片、具有水平旋转和侧滚旋转功能的光学微调架(简称微调架)、偏振分析仪和计算机。本申请还提供了一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的方法,能够利用上述检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置计算BGO晶体的残余双折射,其中,所述方法包括:
S10:获取起偏器和1/4波片产生的圆偏振光;
S20:将所述圆偏振光直接注入偏振分析仪;
S30:得到偏振态;
S40:将待测BGO晶体置于光学微调架上;
S50:所述圆偏振光经所述待测BGO晶体后注入所述偏振分析仪;
S60:得到与所述待测BGO晶体对应的偏振态;
S70:调节所述光学微调架,使与所述待测BGO晶体对应的偏振态与所述将所述圆偏振光直接注入偏振分析仪后得到的偏振态一致;
S80:调节所述光学微调架,使所述光学微调架水平旋转和侧滚旋转;
S90:得到所述光学微调架的旋转角度、与所述旋转角度对应的偏振态及所述偏振态随着所述旋转角度变化的轨迹;及
S100:将所述轨迹数据送入计算机,并根据公式计算残余双折射。
其中,所述公式为:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000005
其中,s 1out和s 3out分别为每次记录的偏振态对应的两个斯托克斯参数(斯托克斯参数根据定义为四个,其中独立的只有两个);k 0为光在真空中的波数,可用公式k 0=2π/λ计算,其中,λ为光在真空中的波长;L为BGO晶体的长度;Δ为偏离起始角度的旋转角度;ε e为残余双折射对应的介电常数,
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000006
n e为残余双折射的大小;n o为当BGO不存在残余双折射时的折射率。
因为圆偏振光很难对准,为了减少误差,可在前述计算公式中引入Δ=Δ 0+θ,其中(Δ为每次旋转微调架后所对应的偏离角度,Δ 0为初始对准时由于没有严格对准而存在的起始角度,θ为偏离起始角的角度;根据公式
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000007
和公式
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000008
可以得到:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000010
找到s 1out=0的特征点,这时应满足Δ 0+θ=0,由于偏离角θ是已知的,从而可以找到起始角Δ 0,然后再进一步求出残余双折射n e
本实施例通过将偏振分析仪与数据采集卡直接相连,数据采集卡与计算机直接相连,数据采集卡采集实时数据,计算机实时计算出残余双折射,整个数据采集与计算过程自动完成;相比图1离线处理数据的方式,图2的结构工作效率更高。另外,本实施例中的微调架可采用电动的精密微调架,将偏振分析仪与数据采集卡直接相连,数据采集卡与计算机直接相连,数据采集卡采集实时数据,计算机实时计算出残余双折射;计算机通过反馈系统实时控制电动微调架,实现自校准与自动测量,并提高测量精度。
实施例一
如图1所示,本实施例提供的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置包括光源1、起偏器2、1/4波片3、精密微调架4、待测BGO晶体5、偏振分析仪6和计算机7。
本实施例实现BGO晶体残余双折射检测的原理如下:
对于BGO晶体,在不存在残余双折射的理想情况下
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000011
ε 4、ε 5及ε 6均为0,是各向同性介质。当考虑残余双折射时,BGO成为对称的各向异性的材料,介电常数张量为:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000012
由于主折射率的初始值
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000013
很大,而残余双折射很小,所以主折射率的相对变化不大,可以忽略;而副对角线上的元素,由于ε 4、ε 5及ε 6的理论值均为0,所以任何微小的变化都不可以忽略。而正是这些微小的变化,导致BGO 变成各向异性介质。对于各向异性介质,当入射光沿着晶体光轴方向入射时,输出偏振态不变化,然而当入射光不沿光轴方向入射时(入射角改变),输出光的偏振态将发生变化。下面研究残余双折射矢量问题。
假定在以各向异性材料的天然晶轴的坐标系中,晶体通光方向的波矢为
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000014
为了便于分析,将建立一个以波矢
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000015
作为新的z轴(光轴)的坐标系,所以需要对具有残余双折射的BGO晶体的介电张量ε r进行坐标变换。然后求出双折射矢量。
三维坐标系的变换如图3所示,考虑到实际BGO晶体的切向,由坐标系x,y,z到坐标系X'Y'Z'的变换可以视作坐标系x,y,z先绕晶体的001方向(z轴)逆时针旋转了θ角,然后绕Y'轴再旋转γ角得到的,其中θ=-π/4+Δ,Δ为光入射BGO晶体时由于对准误差而引入的相对于光轴方向的偏离角(正入射时Δ=0,以下简称入射角Δ)。同理γ=π/2+δ,也就是绕Y'旋转也存在预设的误差。经过繁杂的推导可得,此时BGO晶体的介电张量为:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000016
为了证实残余双折射的存在形式以及数学关系,设定绕z轴的旋转没有误差,也就是θ=-π/4,γ=π/2+δ,经过繁杂的推导可得,此时BGO晶体的介电张量为:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000017
将式(3)改写为四元数,即:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000018
由式(4)可以看出介电常数四元数没有
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000019
方向的分量,表明BGO晶体不存在旋光性。大量实验表明,出射光的偏振态只绕着在邦加球的s 2轴(
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000020
轴)旋转,可知绕s 1轴(
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000021
轴)的双折射可忽略,于是:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000022
考虑到式(5)与入射角δ无关,经化简可得以下关系式:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000023
此时式(4)可化为:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000024
对于BGO晶体而言,如前所述
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000025
不变,将该条件代入式(6)可得:
ε 6≈0      (8)
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000026
由此对残余双折射进行了标定,而一般情况下,在实验中绕 Y'轴的旋转并没有误差,而只有绕z轴的误差,即θ=-π/4+Δ,γ=π/2,于是将cosγ=0,sinγ=1代入到式(3)得到:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000027
如前论证,
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000028
ε 4=ε 5=ε e,ε 6=0,这一点与晶体的放置状态无关,则:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000029
考虑θ=-π/4+Δ,代入式(11)化简得到:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000030
式(12)中的
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000031
代表了BGO晶体的残余双折射的影响,当入射角Δ变化时,输出偏振态在邦加球上绕s 2轴旋转。
由于折射率与介电常数之间有简单的对应关系,即:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000032
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000033
式中
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000034
于是:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000035
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000036
由此可知,2n oN r=E r   (b)     (15)
由于
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000037
于是
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000038
残余双折射矢量为:
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000039
式(16)表明,残余双折射矢量的方向为s 2方向,残余双折射矢量的大小不仅与晶体残余的ε e有关,而且与晶体的通光方向有关。
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000040
于是,在已知s 1=f(Δ)的前提下,可以分别求出ε e以及
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000041
残余双折射测量的基本思路是,使BGO晶体绕(0,0,1)方向旋转一个小角度,同时观察输出光的偏振态的变化,最后根据式(16)求解出BGO晶体的残余双折射的大小。
实验系统如图1所示,实验过程中对四块同一批次的BGO晶体5进行测试,四块晶体分别为编号一,编号二,编号三及编号四,使入射角从0到2.5°变化, 四块BGO晶体5依次得到输出光偏振态的变化如图4(a)、图4(b)、图4(c)及图4(d)所示。
从4(a)、图4(b)、图4(c)及图4(d)中可以看出,不同晶体的残余双折射是存在差异的,对于该批次的BGO晶体,测得的s 1的值与入射角Δ的关系如图5所示,由图5可知不同的晶体的初始偏振态存在差异,因此四个晶体的s 1的初始值也有所不同,最后根据公式(17)得到表1中不同晶体的残余双折射n e的值。
表1不同晶体的残余双折射
Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-000042
由表1可知,这一批BGO晶体的残余双折射的值在(2.1~3.8)×10 -3之间。
实施例二
如图2所示,本实施例提供的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置包括光源1、起偏器2、1/4波片3、电动的精密微调架4、待测BGO晶体5、偏振分析仪6、计算机7、数据采集卡和精密微调架4的驱动电路。
在本实施例中,光源1、起偏器2和1/4波片3组成一个圆偏振光发生器,这个圆偏振光进入到待测BGO晶体5,BGO晶体放置在可旋转的精密微调架4上随精密微调架4一起旋转,BGO输出的光被偏振分析仪6接收并从偏振分析仪6输出BGO的光的偏振态,然后通过数据采集卡将测得的数据直接送入计算机7,经过计算机数据处理后,将结果反馈到精密微调架4的驱动电路,使精密微调 架4进一步转动,直至到达测量要求为止。这种全自动化的反馈系统,将进一步提高测量精度,而且节省时间。
本申请通过对于输出光偏振态的检测,可以直接计算出BGO晶体残余的微小双折射。由于残余双折射十分微小,利用一束输入光分为两路双折射光的原理,无法测量这个为微小的双折射。本申请不仅可以测量BGO晶体的残余双折射,而且可以测量其它各向同性介质中的残余双折射,同时本申请提供的检测双折射的装置相比于相关技术中的其它检测双折射的装置,结构更简单,成本更低廉。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置,包括:光源、起偏器、1/4波片、具有水平旋转和侧滚旋转功能的光学微调架、偏振分析仪和计算机;
    其中:
    所述起偏器设于所述光源的输出端,且所述起偏器设置为将所述光源产生的光转换为线偏振光并送入所述1/4波片,以将所述线偏振光变为圆偏振光后直接投射到所述偏振分析仪上;
    所述偏振分析仪设置为得到与所述圆偏振光对应的偏振态并将所述偏振态送入所述计算机,所述起偏器还设置为使所述圆偏振光经过置于所述光学微调架上的待测BGO晶体后再投射到所述偏振分析仪上,通过旋转所述光学微调架得到变化的偏振态轨迹后将所述偏振态轨迹送入所述计算机;
    所述计算机设置为根据接收的所述偏振态计算出所述待测BGO晶体的残余双折射。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置,其中,所述光学微调架包括电动的精密微调架和所述精密微调架的驱动电路,所述计算机通过所述驱动电路调节所述精密微调架的旋转角度。
  3. 一种检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的方法,采用权利要求1-2任一项所述的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的装置,所述方法包括:
    获取起偏器和1/4波片产生的圆偏振光;
    将所述圆偏振光直接注入偏振分析仪;
    得到偏振态;
    将待测BGO晶体置于光学微调架上;
    所述圆偏振光经所述待测BGO晶体后注入所述偏振分析仪;
    得到与所述待测BGO晶体对应的偏振态;
    调节所述光学微调架,使与所述待测BGO晶体对应的偏振态与所述将所述圆偏振光直接注入所述偏振分析仪后得到的偏振态一致;
    调节所述光学微调架,使所述光学微调架水平旋转和侧滚旋转;
    得到所述光学微调架的旋转角度、与所述旋转角度对应的偏振态及所述偏振态随着所述旋转角度变化的轨迹;及
    将所述轨迹数据送入计算机,并根据公式计算残余双折射;
    其中,所述公式为:
    Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-100002
    其中,s 1out和s 3out分别为每次记录的偏振态的两个斯托克斯参数;k 0为光在真空中的波数;L为待测BGO晶体的长度;Δ为偏离起始角度的旋转角度;ε e为残余双折射对应的介电常数,
    Figure PCTCN2019111279-appb-100003
    n e为残余双折射的大小;n o为当BGO晶体不存在残余双折射时的折射率。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的方法,其中,k 0采用k 0=2π/λ计算,其中λ为光在真空中的波长。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的检测BGO晶体的残余双折射的方法,其中,Δ=Δ 0+θ,Δ为所述光学微调架每次旋转后的偏离角度,Δ 0为初始对准时所述光学微调架存在的起始角度,θ为所述光学微调架偏离所述起始角的角度;
    所述将所述轨迹数据送入计算机,并根据公式计算残余双折射包括:
    找到s 1out=0的特征点;
    根据θ及Δ 0+θ=0,找到起始角Δ 0;及
    根据所述公式及Δ 0+θ=0求出残余双折射n e
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