WO2020243651A1 - Compositions et procédés de régulation sélective de gènes - Google Patents

Compositions et procédés de régulation sélective de gènes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020243651A1
WO2020243651A1 PCT/US2020/035431 US2020035431W WO2020243651A1 WO 2020243651 A1 WO2020243651 A1 WO 2020243651A1 US 2020035431 W US2020035431 W US 2020035431W WO 2020243651 A1 WO2020243651 A1 WO 2020243651A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
expression cassette
seq
sequence
dbd
expression
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PCT/US2020/035431
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephanie TAGLIATELA
Anne TANENHAUS
Kartik RAMAMOORTHI
Andrew Young
David OBERKOFLER
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Encoded Therapeutics, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to SG11202113048SA priority Critical patent/SG11202113048SA/en
Priority to KR1020217043048A priority patent/KR20220066225A/ko
Priority to CA3141900A priority patent/CA3141900C/fr
Priority to EP20815541.6A priority patent/EP3976798A4/fr
Priority to BR112021024055A priority patent/BR112021024055A2/pt
Priority to AU2020282352A priority patent/AU2020282352B2/en
Priority to CN202080054248.XA priority patent/CN114174520A/zh
Priority to MX2021014460A priority patent/MX2021014460A/es
Application filed by Encoded Therapeutics, Inc. filed Critical Encoded Therapeutics, Inc.
Priority to JP2021570376A priority patent/JP7432621B2/ja
Publication of WO2020243651A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020243651A1/fr
Priority to US17/523,627 priority patent/US20220136009A1/en
Priority to IL288313A priority patent/IL288313A/en
Priority to CONC2021/0017544A priority patent/CO2021017544A2/es
Priority to AU2023204555A priority patent/AU2023204555A1/en

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    • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • C12N15/1138—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against receptors or cell surface proteins
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Definitions

  • a broad range of human diseases are associated with abnormal expression of genes.
  • a genetic mutation in a gene causes it to be dysregulated, downregulated, or not expressed at all, resulting in haploinsufficiency.
  • a genetic mutation in a gene causes it to be upregulated, resulting in overexpression of the gene.
  • One approach is gene therapy, which involves therapeutic delivery of a nucleic acid into a patient’s cells.
  • gene therapy which involves therapeutic delivery of a nucleic acid into a patient’s cells.
  • various challenges associated with gene therapy remain unsolved, such as unwanted immune response elicited by gene therapy, off- target effects, limitations on cloning capacity of gene therapy vehicles (e.g., viruses), sustaining the therapeutic effect over a longer period of time, etc.
  • the central nervous system poses many unique challenges for the development of a therapy that addresses the underlying impairment in a gene and/or protein expression. While there are drugs that help to manage symptoms of CNS diseases/disorders, many CNS diseases/disorders, e.g, Dravet syndrome, lack specific treatments or a cure. Thus, there is a need for novel compositions and methods capable of modulating the expression of any endogenous gene to help reverse the effects of a disease or disorder, in particular, a therapy with reduced immunogenicity, reduced off-target effects, increased specificity for a target gene, and/or increased therapeutic efficacy.
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising a sequence encoding a non-naturally occurring transcription factor which increases expression of the SCN1A gene in a cell, wherein the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises a DNA binding domain (DBD) operably linked to at least two transcription activating domains (TAD) in the following manner: T AD 1 -T AD2-DBD, DBD-TAD3-TAD4, or TAD1-TAD2-DBD-TAD3- TAD4.
  • TAD1, TAD2, TAD3 and TAD4 are independently selected from the following: VP 16, VP64, Viper, CITED2, CITED4, CREB3 or functional fragments thereof.
  • TAD1 and TAD2 are the same TAD. In certain embodiments, TAD1 and TAD2 are CITED2, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, TAD1 and TAD2 are CITED4, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, TAD3 and TAD4 are the same TAD. In certain embodiments, TAD3 and TAD4 are CITED2, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, TAD3 and TAD4 are CITED4, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, TAD1, TAD2, TAD3 and TAD4 are the same TAD. In certain embodiments, TAD1, TAD2, TAD3 and TAD4 are CITED2, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, TAD1, TAD2, TAD3 and TAD4 are CITED4, or a functional fragment thereof.
  • the linker comprises or consists of GGSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 177) or GGSGGGSGGGSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 178).
  • the DBD binds to a genomic region having 18-27 nucleotides.
  • the DBD comprises at least 80% sequence identity to its closest human counterpart. In certain embodiments, the DBD comprises at least 90% sequence identity to its closest human counterpart. In certain embodiments, the DBD and the at least two TAD each comprise at least 80% sequence identity to their closest human counterparts. In certain embodiments, the DBD and the at least two TAD each comprise at least 90% sequence identity to their closest human counterparts.
  • the DBD comprises a guide RNA and a nuclease inactivated Cas protein.
  • the nuclease inactivated Cas protein is a nuclease inactivated Cas9.
  • the DBD comprises a zinc finger domain.
  • the DBD comprises six to nine zinc finger domains. In certain embodiments, the DBD comprises six zinc fingers. In certain embodiments, the DBD binds to a genomic region having 18 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the DBD comprises nine zinc fingers. In certain embodiments, the DBD binds to a genomic region having 27 nucleotides. [0011] In certain embodiments, the DBD comprises a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151. In certain embodiments, the DBD comprises a sequence having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151.
  • the DBD is derived from human EGR1 or human EGR3.
  • the DBD comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-98. In certain embodiments, the DBD comprises SEQ ID NOs: 77- 98.
  • the DBD comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 92. In certain embodiments, the DBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 92.
  • the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 130 or 131. In certain embodiments, the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises SEQ ID NO: 130 or 131.
  • the expression cassette comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 72 or 73. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 72 or 73.
  • the expression cassette further comprises a regulatory element that drives expression of the transcription factor at a higher level in PV neurons than in other cell types.
  • the regulatory element comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4.
  • the regulatory element comprises SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
  • the expression cassette further comprises a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the PV selective microRNA binding site comprises at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14 or 15. In certain embodiments, the PV selective microRNA binding site comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14, or 15.
  • the expression cassette is a part of a viral vector.
  • the viral vector is an AAV virus.
  • the AAV virus is an AAV9 virus or a scAAV9 virus.
  • the viral vector is a Lentivirus.
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising a sequence encoding a non-naturally occurring transcription factor which increases expression of the SCN1A gene in a cell, wherein the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises a DNA binding domain operably linked to a transcription activating domain, wherein the DNA binding domain is a zinc finger protein comprising the sequence LEPGEKP - [YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH TGEKP]n - YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH - TGKKTS (SEQ ID NO: 147), and wherein there is no HA tag (SEQ ID NO: 303) between the DNA binding domain and the transcription activating domain.
  • the transcription activating domain comprises a VP16, VPR or VP64 sequence, or a functional fragment thereof.
  • the transcription activating domain comprises VP64.
  • the DNA binding domain binds to a genomic region having 18- 27 nucleotides.
  • the DNA binding domain binds to a genomic region having 18 nucleotides.
  • the DNA binding domain binds to a genomic region having 27 nucleotides.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-91. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-91.
  • the expression cassette further comprises a regulatory element that drives expression of the transcription factor at a higher level in PV neurons than in other cell types.
  • the regulatory element comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4. In certain embodiments, the regulatory element comprises SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
  • the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 127. In certain embodiments, the non- naturally occurring transcription factor comprises SEQ ID NO: 127.
  • the expression cassette comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 93 or 71. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 93 or 71.
  • the expression cassette further comprises a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the PV selective microRNA binding site comprises at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14 or 15. In certain embodiments, the PV selective microRNA binding site comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14, or 15.
  • the expression cassette is a part of a viral vector.
  • the viral vector is an AAV virus.
  • the AAV virus is an AAV9 virus or a scAAV9 virus.
  • the viral vector is a Lentivirus.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14 or 15, wherein the microRNA binding site reduces expression of the transgene in excitatory neurons.
  • the PV selective microRNA binding site comprises SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the PV selective microRNA binding site comprises SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising the PV selective microRNA binding site and a promoter and/or enhancer.
  • the promoter and/or enhancer is a PV selective regulatory element that drives expression of the transgene at a higher level in parvalbumin (PV) neurons than in other cell types.
  • the PV selective regulatory element is operably linked to a transgene.
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising a regulatory element operably linked to a transgene and at least one microRNA binding site, wherein the regulatory element drives expression of the transgene at a higher level in parvalbumin (PV) neurons than in other cell types, and wherein the microRNA binding site reduces expression of the transgene in excitatory neurons.
  • the expression cassette does not comprise SEQ ID NO: 67.
  • the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR128 (SEQ ID NO: 9).
  • the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR221 (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR222 (SEQ ID NO: 13). In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR128 (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least one binding site for MIR221 (SEQ ID NO: 11). In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR128 (SEQ ID NO: 9), at least one binding site for MIR221 (SEQ ID NO: 11), and at least one binding site for MTR222 (SEQ ID NO: 13). In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14 or 15. In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, 14 or 15.
  • the transgene encodes a polypeptide comprising a non-naturally occurring transcription factor which increases expression of the SCN1 A gene in a cell.
  • the transcription factor binds to a genomic region having 18-27 nucleotides.
  • the transcription factor comprises a DNA binding domain.
  • the transcription factor comprises a DNA binding domain and a transcription activating domain.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises at least 80% sequence identity to its closest human counterpart. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises at least 90% sequence identity to its closest human counterpart. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain and the transcription activating domain both comprise at least 80% sequence identity to their closest human counterparts. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain and the transcription activating domain both comprise at least 90% sequence identity to their closest human counterparts.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a guide RNA and a nuclease inactivated Cas protein.
  • the nuclease inactivated Cas protein is a nuclease inactivated Cas9.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a zinc finger domain. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises six to nine zinc finger domains. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises six zinc fingers. In certain
  • the DNA binding domain binds to a genomic region having 18 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises nine zinc fingers. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain binds to a genomic region having 27 nucleotides.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98.
  • the DNA binding domain is a zinc finger protein comprising the sequence LEPGEKP - [YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH TGEKP]n - YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH - TGKKTS (SEQ ID NO: 147).
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-91. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-91.
  • the DNA binding domain is derived from human EGR1 or human EGR3.
  • the transcription activating domain comprises a VP 16, VPR, VP64, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3 sequence, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the transcription activating domain comprises a human CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3 sequence, or a functional fragment thereof.
  • the regulatory element comprises a sequence having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4. In certain embodiments, the regulatory element comprises a sequence having SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
  • the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 105, 106, and 127-129. In certain embodiments, the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 105, 106, and 127-129.
  • the transgene comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71, 74, 75, 76 or 184. In certain embodiments, the transgene comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71, 74, 75, 76 or 184.
  • the expression cassette is a part of a viral vector.
  • the viral vector is an AAV virus.
  • AAV virus is an AAV9 virus or a scAAV9 virus.
  • the viral vector is a Lentivirus.
  • the application provides a method for selective expression of a transgene in parvalbumin (PV) neurons of a primate comprising administering to a primate a viral vector comprising a transgene and at least one microRNA binding site, wherein the microRNA binding site reduces expression of the transgene in excitatory neurons.
  • PV parvalbumin
  • the viral vector further comprises a regulatory element operably linked to the transgene, wherein the regulatory element drives expression of the transgene at a higher level in parvalbumin (PV) neurons than in other cell types.
  • a regulatory element operably linked to the transgene, wherein the regulatory element drives expression of the transgene at a higher level in parvalbumin (PV) neurons than in other cell types.
  • the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MTR128 (SEQ ID NO: 9). In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR221 (SEQ ID NO: 11). In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR222 (SEQ ID NO: 13). In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR128 (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least one binding site for MIR221 (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • the microRNA binding site comprises at least one binding site for MIR128 (SEQ ID NO: 9), at least one binding site for MIR221 (SEQ ID NO: 11), and at least one binding site for MIR222 (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • the microRNA binding site comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14 or 15. In certain embodiments, the microRNA binding site comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, 14 or 15.
  • the transgene comprises a sequence encoding a non-naturally occurring transcription factor which increases expression of the SCN1 A gene in a cell.
  • the transcription factor binds to a genomic region having 18-27 nucleotides.
  • the transcription factor comprises a DNA binding domain.
  • the transcription factor comprises a DNA binding domain and a transcription activating domain.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises at least 80% sequence identity to its closest human counterpart. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises at least 90% sequence identity to its closest human counterpart. In certain
  • the DNA binding domain and the transcription activating domain both comprise at least 80% sequence identity to their closest human counterparts. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain and the transcription activating domain both comprise at least 90% sequence identity to their closest human counterparts.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a guide RNA and a nuclease inactivated Cas protein.
  • the nuclease inactivated Cas protein is a nuclease inactivated Cas9.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a zinc finger domain. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises six to nine zinc finger domains. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises six zinc fingers. In certain
  • the DNA binding domain binds to a genomic region having 18 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises nine zinc fingers. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain binds to a genomic region having 27 nucleotides.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151.
  • the DNA binding domain is derived from human EGR1 or human EGR3.
  • the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98.
  • the DNA binding domain is a zinc finger protein comprising the sequence LEPGEKP - [YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH TGEKP]n - YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH - TGKKTS (SEQ ID NO: 147). [0057] In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-91. In certain embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-91.
  • the transcription activating domain comprises a VP 16, VPR, VP64, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3 sequence, or a functional fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the transcription activating domain comprises a human CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3 sequence, or a functional fragment thereof.
  • the regulatory element comprises a sequence having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4. In certain embodiments, the regulatory element comprises a sequence having SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
  • the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 105, 106, and 127-129. In certain embodiments, the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 105, 106, and 127-129.
  • the transgene comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71, 74, 75, 76 or 184. In certain embodiments, the transgene comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71, 74, 75, 76 or 184.
  • the viral vector is an AAV virus.
  • the AAV virus is an AAV9 virus or a scAAV9 virus.
  • the viral vector is a Lentivirus.
  • the primate is a human. In certain embodiments, the primate is a non-human primate. In certain embodiments, the non-human primate is an old world monkey, an orangutan, a gorilla, a chimpanzee, a marmoset, a crab-eating macaque, a rhesus macaque or a pig-tailed macaque.
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising a sequence encoding a non-naturally occurring transcription factor which increases expression of the SCN1A gene in a cell, wherein the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 128 or 129.
  • the non-naturally occurring transcription factor comprises SEQ ID NO: 128 or 129.
  • the application provides a method of increasing expression of SCN1A in a cell by administering any of the expression cassettes provided herein.
  • the cell is a neuronal cell.
  • the neuronal cell is selected from the group consisting of unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, or pseudounipolar neurons.
  • the cell is GABAergic neuron.
  • the cell is a PV neuron.
  • the cell is a non-neuronal cell.
  • the cell is a glial cell.
  • the glial cell is selected from the group consisting of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, and satellite cells. In certain embodiments, the cell is within a subject. In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, increasing expression of SCN1 A treats a disease, disorder or symptom. In certain embodiments, the disorder is a central nervous system disorder. In certain embodiments, the disorder is epilepsy associated with SCN1A haploinsufficiency. In certain embodiments, the haploinsufficiency is the result of the subject being heterozygous for a loss of function mutation of the SCN1A gene.
  • the disorder is epilepsy associated with an insertion, deletion, or substitution in the SCN1A gene. In certain embodiments, the disorder is epilepsy associated with a point mutation in the SCN1A gene. In certain embodiments, the disorder is Dravet Syndrome. In certain embodiments, a symptom of the central nervous system disorder is neuronal hyperactivity. In certain embodiments, treating the central nervous system disorder comprises reducing neuronal hyperactivity. In certain embodiments, a symptom of the central nervous system disorder is seizures. In certain embodiments, treating the central nervous system disorder comprises reducing the frequency of seizures. In certain embodiments, treating the central nervous system disorder comprises reducing the severity of seizures.
  • the application provides a method of increasing expression of SCN1A in the CNS by administering any one of the expression cassettes provided herein.
  • the expression cassette is administered via unilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration.
  • the expression cassette is administered via bilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration.
  • the increased expression of SCN1 A occurs in the brain.
  • the increased expression of SCN1 A occurs in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, temporal cortex, hippocampus, medulla, and/or occipital cortex.
  • the increased expression of SCN1A occurs in the spine.
  • the increased expression of SCN1A occurs in the spinal cord and/or dorsal root ganglion.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates upregulation of endogenous SCN1A using engineered transcription factors that bind to various regions on chromosome 2 (with reference to GRCh38.pl2). Data are presented as fold change in SCN1 A expression with respect to control (EGFP-KASH) condition.
  • FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, and FIG. 2C illustrate the relative expression of endogenous SCN1A in HEK293 cells using SCNIA-specific transcriptional activators (see TABLE 1). Data are presented as fold change relative to control conditions, and shown on a Logio scale.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates the relative expression of endogenous SCN1A in GABA neurons using an SCNIA-specific transcriptional activator (Construct 30). Data are presented as fold change relative to control conditions (CBA-EGFP).
  • FIG. 3B illustrates the relative expression of endogenous SCN1A in GABA neurons using SCNIA-specific transcriptional activators (Constructs 25 and 16). Data are presented as fold change relative to control conditions (CBA-EGFP) in Logio.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the relative expression of endogenous SCN1A and the 40 nearest neighboring genes driven by an SCN1A specific transcription factor (Construct 30). Data are presented as fold change relative to control conditions (CBA-EGFP -KASH) in Logio.
  • FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate expression of a SCNIA-specific transcriptional activator in vivo as compared to a control expression cassette which expressed eGFP.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates the relative expression of SCN1A gene in mice with injected with either control eGFP or Construct 4 comprising an SCN1 A transcriptional activator.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates the change in SCN1A expression in terms of percentage mean eGFP.
  • FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, FIG. 6C, FIG. 6D, FIG. 6E, FIG. 6F, and FIG. 6G illustrate the effect on hyperthermic seizures in the Sen 1 a lllllKea knockout mouse model of Dravet syndrome using various SCN1A specific transcription factors as compared to a control.
  • PI Scnla +/- mice heterozygous; HET
  • HET heterozygous mice
  • FIG. 6D shows a direct comparison between Construct 32, which contains an HA tag located between the DBD and TAD, and Construct 34, which does not contain an HA tag.
  • FIG. 6E shows a direct comparison between Construct 31, which contains the ml microRNA binding site located between the coding region and polyA tail, and Construct 32, which does not contain the ml microRNA binding site.
  • FIG. 6H illustrates the effect on hyperthermic seizures in the Scnla ⁇ mutant mouse model of Dravet syndrome using Construct 31 (compared to PBS injected control).
  • FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 7C, and FIG. 7D illustrate survival in the Scn l knockout mouse model of Dravet syndrome under various conditions.
  • FIG. 7A illustrates the comparison between wild-type (PBS WT) and Scnla +/- mice (PBS HET) in a survival assay.
  • PBS WT wild-type
  • PBS HET Scnla +/- mice
  • Scnla +/+ mice were infused with PBS. Mice were observed in their home cage daily and in the case of any mortality, the date was recorded. There was a significant difference in survival between Scnla +/- and Scnla +/+ animals (P ⁇ 0.0001).
  • FIG. 7B-D illustrate the effect on survival in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome for mice treated with various SCN1A specific transcription factors as compared to a control.
  • PI Scnla +/- mice were infused with either PBS or an AAV9 vector expressing an SCN1A specific transcription factor (Constructs 31 or 33). Mice were observed in their home cage daily and in the case of any mortality, the date was recorded.
  • FIG. 7D shows a direct comparison between Construct 31, which contains the ml microRNA binding site located between the coding region and polyA tail, and Construct 33, which does not contain the ml microRNA binding site.
  • FIG. 7E illustrates survival in the Scnla ⁇ mutant mouse model of Dravet syndrome using Construct 31 (compared to PBS injected control).
  • FIG. 8 illustrates relative Scnl A mRNA expression in different brain tissues following intraparenchymal delivery of an AAV9 vector encoding an SCN1A specific transcription factor (Construct 33), administered to two cynomolgus macaques at 1.2xl0 12 gc/animal, normalized to two untreated control animal. All animals were sacrificed 28 days after injection and Scnl A mRNA was quantified in the tissue samples by Taqman PCR. Data is reported as normalized expression of target mRNA in different tissue sections from the brain. Similar results were recorded with a different set of Scnla gene derived primers/probe as well.
  • FIGs. 9A-F shows the pattern of expression of EGFP in marmoset hippocampus dentate gyrus region following treatment with AAV9 vectors comprising an EGFP transgene under the control of EF la promoter, RE 2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2), or RE 2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2) with an ml microRNA binding site (SEQ ID NO: 7) located between the EGFP coding region and polyA site.
  • a representative region of the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus is shown for each vector treatment. The top row shows the cell nuclei stained with DAPI and the bottom row shows the GFP positive regions stained with an anti-GFP antibody.
  • FIG. 9A EFla treatment
  • the hippocampus CA4 hylus region is outlined in yellow and the arrows point to the dentate cell granule cell body layer (DG).
  • FIG. 9B and FIG. 9C are centered on the same region.
  • the CA4 region which is a mixture of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons, is highlighted as it was the only region of significant expression in the RE 2 + ml condition.
  • the DG cell layer is thought to contain primarily excitatory neurons.
  • GFP expression driven by EFla and RE 2 is visible in the DG cell layer (FIG. 9D and FIG. 9E) yet is not present in RE 2 + ml treated animals (FIG. 9F) (white arrowheads).
  • FIGs. 10A-L shows that the pattern of expression of EGFP in marmoset hippocampus dentate gyrus region following treatment with AAV9 vectors comprising an EGFP transgene under the control of EFla promoter, RE 2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2), or RE 2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2) with an ml microRNA binding site (SEQ ID NO: 7) located between the EGFP coding region and polyA site is primarily localized to parvalbumin (PV) positive cells in the RE 2 and RE 2 + ml treated animals.
  • PV parvalbumin
  • the top row shows the GFP positive regions and the next row down shows the same regions stained with the inhibitory interneuron marker for PV.
  • the boxed region in FIGs. 10A-F is shown at a higher magnification in FIGs. 10G-L.
  • GFP expression driven by RE 2 and RE 2 + ml is primarily codocalized with the inhibitory interneuron marker PV (FIGs. 10H and 10K, 101 and 10L white arrowheads), whereas in EG- EFla GFP expression is not as readily localized to PV positive cells (FIGs. 10G and 10 J white arrowheads).
  • the GFP positive cells have distinctly interneuron morphology of highly branching cells with a pyramidal cell body in RE 2 and RE 2 + ml treated animals (FIGs. 10H and 101 yellow arrowheads) as compared to a less distinct cell body morphology in the EFla treated animals (FIG. 10G yellow arrowheads).
  • FIG. 11 shows the VG/diploid genome in frontal cortex (FC), Rostral parietal cortex (Rostral PC), temporal cortex (TC), Caudal parietal cortex (Caudal PC), hippocampus (Hip), medulla (Med), and occipital cortex (OC) tissue samples for animals treated with AAV9- j ⁇ g GABA _ ej p SCNiA ac]mini stered at 4 . 8E+13 or 8E+13 vg/animal via unilateral
  • ICV intracerebroventricular
  • FIG. 12 shows the transcripts/pg RNA in frontal cortex (FC), Rostral parietal cortex (Rostral PC), temporal cortex (TC), Caudal parietal cortex (Caudal PC), hippocampus (Hip), medulla (Med), and occipital cortex (OC) tissue samples for animals treated with AAV9- j ⁇ g GABA _ ej p SCNiA ac]mini stered at 4 . 8E+13 or 8E+13 vg/animal via unilateral
  • intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration (Example 10 and Example 11).
  • Each data point represents the VG/diploid genome for the tissue sample and the horizontal bars represent the average VG/diploid genome for all tissue samples for each animal.
  • Average transcripts for ARFGAP2 were 1.85E+6/pg RNA, and are indicated by the dashed upper boundary line. The detection limit is indicated by the dashed lower boundary line.
  • FIG. 13 shows vector biodistribution (VG/diploid genome) and transgene expression (transcripts/pg RNA) in peripheral tissue samples outside of the brain.
  • the peripheral tissue samples shown are spinal cord C2/L4 (SC C2/L4), dorsal root ganglion C2/L4 (DRG C2/L4), liver, spleen, heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, and testis/ovary.
  • Average VCN vector biodistribution
  • eTFs engineered transcription factors, or eTFs, that are non-naturally occurring and have been designed to bind to a genomic target site and modulate expression of an endogenous gene of interest.
  • eTFs may be designed to either upregulate or downregulate expression (RNA and/or protein expression) of a gene of interest.
  • microRNA binding sites may be incorporated into a viral vector and provide selective expression of a transgene in parvalbumin (PV) neurons.
  • the application provides eTFs that are capable of upregulating expression of the sodium voltage gated channel alpha subunit 1 (SCN1A) gene and increasing expression of its corresponding protein product Navi .1 and methods of use thereof for treating diseases or disorders associated with a deficiency in Navi .1, such as, for example, Dravet syndrome.
  • SCN1A sodium voltage gated channel alpha subunit 1
  • the application provides microRNA binding sites that reduce expression of a mRNA containing the microRNA binding site in excitatory neurons thereby leading to selective expression of the gene in GABAergic or parvalbumin (PV) neurons and methods of use thereof for selective expression of a gene of interest in PV neurons.
  • PV parvalbumin
  • “about” or“approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system.
  • “about” can mean within one or more than one standard deviation, per the practice in the art.
  • “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, up to 15%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value.
  • determining can be used interchangeably herein to refer to any form of measurement, and include determining if an element is present or not (for example, detection). These terms can include both quantitative and/or qualitative determinations.
  • Assessing may be relative or absolute.
  • the term“expression” refers to the process by which a nucleic acid sequence or a polynucleotide is transcribed from a DNA template (such as into mRNA or other RNA transcript) and/or the process by which a transcribed mRNA is subsequently translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. Transcripts and encoded polypeptides may be collectively referred to as“gene product.” If the polynucleotide is derived from genomic DNA, expression may include splicing of the mRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
  • “operably linked”,“operable linkage”,“operatively linked”, or grammatical equivalents thereof refer to juxtaposition of genetic elements, e.g., a promoter, an enhancer, a polyadenylation sequence, etc., wherein the elements are in a relationship permitting them to operate in the expected manner.
  • a regulatory element which can comprise promoter and/or enhancer sequences, is operatively linked to a coding region if the regulatory element helps initiate transcription of the coding sequence. There may be intervening residues between the regulatory element and coding region so long as this functional relationship is maintained.
  • A“vector” as used herein refers to a macromolecule or association of macromolecules that comprises or associates with a polynucleotide and which can be used to mediate delivery of the polynucleotide to a cell.
  • vectors include plasmids, viral vectors, liposomes, and other gene delivery vehicles.
  • the vector generally comprises genetic elements, e.g., regulatory elements, operatively linked to a gene to facilitate expression of the gene in a target.
  • an expression cassette and“a nucleic acid cassette” are used interchangeably to refer to a combination of nucleic acid sequences or elements that are expressed together or are operably linked for expression.
  • an expression cassette refers to the combination of regulatory elements and a gene or genes to which they are operably linked for expression.
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • rAAV refers to recombinant adeno-associated virus, also referred to as a recombinant AAV vector (or“rAAV vector”).
  • AAV includes AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, rhlO, and hybrids thereof, avian AAV, bovine AAV, canine AAV, equine AAV, primate AAV, non-primate AAV, and ovine AAV.
  • TRs native terminal repeats
  • Rep proteins Rep proteins
  • capsid subunits are known in the art. Such sequences may be found in the literature or in public databases such as GenBank.
  • An“rAAV vector” as used herein refers to an AAV vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence not of AAV origin (i.e., a polynucleotide heterologous to AAV), typically a sequence of interest for the genetic transformation of a cell.
  • the heterologous polynucleotide is flanked by at least one, and generally by two, AAV inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs).
  • An rAAV vector may either be single-stranded (ssAAV) or self-complementary (scAAV).
  • An“AAV virus” or “AAV viral particle” refers to a viral particle composed of at least one AAV capsid protein and an encapsidated polynucleotide rAAV vector. If the particle comprises a heterologous polynucleotide (i.e., a polynucleotide other than a wild-type AAV genome such as a transgene to be delivered to a mammalian cell), it is typically referred to as an“rAAV vector particle” or simply an“rAAV particle”. Thus, production of rAAV particle necessarily includes production of rAAV vector, as such a vector is contained within an rAAV particle.
  • a heterologous polynucleotide i.e., a polynucleotide other than a wild-type AAV genome such as a transgene to be delivered to a mammalian cell
  • the terms“treat”,“treatment”,“therapy” and the like refer to alleviating, delaying or slowing the progression, prophylaxis, attenuation, reducing the effects or symptoms, preventing onset, inhibiting, or ameliorating the onset of the diseases or disorders.
  • the methods of the present disclosure may be used with any mammal. Exemplary mammals include, but are not limited to rats, cats, dogs, horses, cows, sheep, pigs, and more preferably humans.
  • a therapeutic benefit includes eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
  • a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the subject, notwithstanding that the subject may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
  • a therapeutic may be administered to a subject at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
  • the methods of the present disclosure may be used with any mammal.
  • the treatment can result in a decrease or cessation of symptoms (e.g., a reduction in the frequency, duration and/or severity of seizures).
  • a prophylactic effect includes delaying or eliminating the appearance of a disease or condition, delaying or eliminating the onset of symptoms of a disease or condition, slowing, halting, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, or any combination thereof.
  • the term“effective amount” or“therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a composition described herein that is sufficient to affect the intended application, including but not limited to disease treatment, as defined below.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon the intended treatment application ⁇ in vivo ), or the subject and disease condition being treated, e.g., the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term also applies to a dose that will induce a particular response in a target cell.
  • the specific dose will vary depending on the particular composition chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to which it is administered, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried.
  • A“fragment” of a nucleotide or peptide sequence refers to a sequence that is shorter than a reference or“full-length” sequence.
  • A“variant” of a molecule refers to allelic variations of such sequences, that is, a sequence substantially similar in structure and biological activity to either the entire molecule, or to a fragment thereof.
  • A“functional fragment” of a DNA or protein sequence refers to a fragment that retains a biological activity (either functional or structural) that is substantially similar to a biological activity of the full-length DNA or protein sequence.
  • a biological activity of a DNA sequence can be its ability to influence expression in a manner known to be attributed to the full-length sequence.
  • the terms“subject” and“individual” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.
  • the methods described herein can be useful in human therapeutics, veterinary applications, and/or preclinical studies in animal models of a disease or condition.
  • the term“ in vivo” refers to an event that takes place in a subject’s body.
  • the term“ in vitro” refers to an event that takes places outside of a subject’s body.
  • an in vitro assay encompasses any assay run outside of a subject.
  • In vitro assays encompass cell-based assays in which cells alive or dead are employed.
  • In vitro assays also encompass a cell-free assay in which no intact cells are employed.
  • sequence identity refers to an exact nucleotide-to-nucleotide or amino acid-to-amino acid correspondence of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences, respectively.
  • techniques for determining sequence identity include comparing two nucleotide or amino acid sequences and the determining their percent identity.
  • Sequence comparisons may be performed by any suitable alignment algorithm, including but not limited to the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (see, e.g., the EMBOSS Needle aligner available at www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa/emboss_needle/, optionally with default settings), the BLAST algorithm (see, e.g., the BLAST alignment tool available at
  • Optimal alignment may be assessed using any suitable parameters of a chosen algorithm, including default parameters.
  • The“percent identity”, also referred to as“percent homology”, between two sequences may be calculated as the number of exact matches between two optimally aligned sequences divided by the length of the reference sequence and multiplied by 100. Percent identity may also be determined, for example, by comparing sequence information using the advanced BLAST computer program, including version 2.2.9, available from the National Institutes of Health. The BLAST program is based on the alignment method of Karlin and Altschul, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • the BLAST program defines identity as the number of identical aligned symbols (i.e., nucleotides or amino acids), divided by the total number of symbols in the shorter of the two sequences. The program may be used to determine percent identity over the entire length of the sequences being compared. Default parameters are provided to optimize searches with short query sequences, for example, with the blastp program.
  • the program also allows use of an SEG filter to mask-off segments of the query sequences as determined by the SEG program of Wootton and Federhen, Computers and Chemistry 17: 149-163 (1993).
  • High sequence identity generally includes ranges of sequence identity of approximately 80% to 100% and integer values there between.
  • “engineered” with reference to a protein refers to a non-naturally occurring protein, including, but not limited to, a protein that is derived from a naturally occurring protein, or where a naturally occurring protein has been modified or
  • “synthetic” and“artificial” are used interchangeably to refer to a protein or a domain thereof that has low sequence identity (e.g., less than 50% sequence identity) to a naturally occurring human protein.
  • YPR and YP64 domains are synthetic transactivation domains.
  • an“engineered transcription factor” or“eTF” refers to as a non- naturally occurring DNA binding protein or a non-naturally occurring transcription modulator that has been modified or reprogrammed to bind to a specific target binding site and/or to include a modified or replaced transcription effector domain.
  • a“DNA binding domain” can be used to refer to one or more DNA binding motifs, such as a zinc finger or a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif, individually or collectively as part of a DNA binding protein.
  • DNA binding motifs such as a zinc finger or a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif, individually or collectively as part of a DNA binding protein.
  • transcription activation domain refers to a domain of a protein which in conjunction with a DNA binding domain can activate transcription from a promoter by contacting transcriptional machinery (e.g., general transcription factors and/or RNA polymerase) either directly or through other proteins known as co-activators.
  • transcriptional machinery e.g., general transcription factors and/or RNA polymerase
  • transcriptional repressor domain refers to a domain of a protein which in conjunction with a DNA binding domain can repress transcription from a promoter by contacting
  • transcriptional machinery e.g., general transcription factors and/or RNA polymerase
  • transcriptional machinery either directly or through other proteins known as co-repressors.
  • GRCh38.pl2 refers to Genome Reference Consortium Human Build 38 patch release 12 (GRCh38.pl2) having GenBank Assembly Accession No. GCA_000001405.27 and dated 2017/12/21.
  • the application provides eTFs that are capable of upregulating expression of the sodium voltage gated channel alpha subunit 1 (SCN1A) gene and increasing expression of its corresponding protein product Navi .1.
  • SCN1 A gene belongs to a family of genes that code for subunits used for assembling sodium channels. These channels, which transport positively charged sodium ions into cells, play a key role in a cell’s ability to generate and transmit electrical signals.
  • the SCN1A gene encodes one part (the alpha subunit) of a sodium channel called Navl.l. These channels are primarily found in the brain, where they control the flow of sodium ions into cells. Navl. l channels are involved in transmitting signals from one nerve cell (or neuron) to another.
  • GEFS+ febrile seizures plus
  • SCN1A Several mutations in the SCN1A gene have been found to cause genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), which is a spectrum of seizure disorders of varying severity. These conditions include simple febrile (fever-associated) seizures, which start in infancy and usually stop by age 5, and febrile seizures plus (FS+). FS+ involves febrile and other types of seizures, including those not related to fevers (afebrile seizures), that continue beyond childhood.
  • the GEFS+ spectrum also includes other conditions, such as Dravet syndrome (also known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy or SMEI), that cause more serious seizures that last longer and may be difficult to control. These recurrent seizures
  • epilepsy can worsen over time and are often accompanied by a decline in brain function.
  • Many other mutations have been associated with familial hemiplegic migraine, a form of migraine headache that runs in families and at least one mutation has been associated with the
  • an eTF provided herein that increases expression of SCN1 A can be used to treat a variety of disease or disorders associated with mutations in the Navi .1 channel.
  • Transcription factors are proteins that bind specific sequences in the genome and control the expression of genes.
  • the engineered transcription factors or eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1 A are non-naturally occurring proteins that comprise a DNA binding domain (DBD) and at least one domain that is a transcriptional modulator, e.g., either a transcriptional activation domain (TAD) or a transcriptional repressor domain (TRD).
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A may comprise a DBD and a TAD (e.g., TAD- DBD or DBD-TAD), wherein the DBD and TAD may be derived from the same protein or from different proteins.
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1A may comprise a DBD and two TADs, wherein the DBD and TADs are derived from the same protein, the DBD is derived from a first protein and both TADs are derived from a second protein, the DBD and one TAD are derived from a first protein and the second TAD is derived from a second protein, or the DBD is derived from a first protein, one TAD is derived from a second protein, and the second TAD is derived from a third protein (e.g., TADl-DBD-TADl, TAD1-DBD-TAD2,
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A may comprise a DBD and three TADs, wherein the DBD and TADs are derived from the same protein, the DBD is derived from a first protein and the TADs are derived from one or more different proteins, or wherein the DBD and all of the TADs are all derived from different proteins e.g., TADx-TADx-TADx-DBD, TADx- TADx-DBD-TADx, TADx-DBD-TADx-TADx, or DBD-TADx-TADx-TADx, wherein each X is independently selected and may be the same or different from one or all of the other TADs.
  • Examples include, for example, TAD 1 -TADl-DBD-TADl, TAD1-TAD1-DBD-TAD2, TAD1- TAD2-DBD-TAD1, TAD1-TAD2-DBD-TAD2, TAD1-TAD2-DBD-TAD3, TAD 1 -DBD- TAD 1-T ADI, TADl- DBD-TAD2-TAD2, TAD 1 -DBD-TAD 1-T AD2, TAD2-DBD-TAD1- TAD2, TAD1-DBD-TAD2-TAD3, TADl -TADl -TADl -DBD, TAD1-TAD2-TAD2-DBD,
  • TAD 1 -T AD2-TAD2-DBD TAD 1 -TAD2-T AD3 -DBD
  • DBD-TAD 1 -TADl -TADl DBD- TAD 1-T AD 1-TAD2, DBD-TAD 1-TAD2-TAD2, or DBD-TAD 1-T AD2-TAD3, etc.
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A may comprise a DBD and four TADs, wherein the DBD and TADs are derived from the same protein, the DBD is derived from a first protein and the TADs are derived from one or more different proteins, or wherein the DBD and all of the TADs are all derived from different proteins e.g., TADx-TADx-TADx-TADx-DBD, TADx- T ADx-T ADx-DBD-T ADx, TADx-TADx-DBD-TADx-TADx, TADx- DBD-TADx-TADx- TADx or DBD-TADx-TADx-TADx-TADx, wherein each X is independently selected and may be the same or different from one or all of the other TADs.
  • TAD 1-T ADI -DBD-TAD 1-T ADI TADl -TAD 1-DBD-TAD2-TAD2, TAD1-TAD2-DBD- TAD1-TAD2, TAD1-TAD2-DBD-TAD2-TAD1, TAD 1 -TAD2-DBD-T AD 1 -TAD3 , TADl- TAD3 -DBD-TAD 1-T AD2, TAD 1 -TAD2-DBD-TAD3 -TAD4, TADl -TADl -TAD 1-DBD- TAD2, TAD1-TAD2-TAD3-DBD-TAD4, T AD 1 -DBD-TAD 1 -TAD 1-TAD2, TADl-DBD- TAD2-TAD3-TAD4, TADl -DBD-TAD 1-TAD2-TAD3, TAD2-DBD-TAD1-TAD2-TAD3, TAD1-DBD-TAD2-TAD3-TAD4, TADl -DBD
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a DBD and two TADs that are located at the same terminus of the DBD (e.g., N-terminus or C-terminus) wherein the DBD is derived from a first protein and both TADs are derived from a second protein, or the DBD is derived from a first protein, one TAD is derived from a second protein, and the second TAD is derived from a third protein (e.g., TAD 1 -TAD 1 -DBD, TAD1-TAD2-DBD, DBD-TADl- TADl, or DBD-TAD1-TAD2).
  • the DBD may be a synthetic construct that contains domains from multiple proteins.
  • a DBD and a TAD and/or two TADs may be directly
  • a DBD and a TAD and/or two TADs may be conjugated using a peptide linker, or combinations thereof.
  • a DBD is conjugated to a TAD and/or one TAD is conjugated to a second TAD via a linker having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50,
  • the DBD and the TAD and/or two TADs are conjugated via naturally occurring intervening residues found in the naturally occurring proteins from which the domains are derived.
  • the DBD and TAD and/or two TADs are conjugated via a synthetic or exogenous linker sequence.
  • Suitable linkers can be flexible, cleavable, non-cleavable, hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic.
  • a DBD and a TAD and/or two TADs may be fused together via a linker comprising a plurality of glycine and/or serine residues.
  • glycine/serine peptide linkers include [GS]n, [GGGSjn (SEQ ID NO: 179), [GGGGSjn (SEQ ID NO: 180), [GGSGjn (SEQ ID NO: 181), wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 1.
  • a linker useful for conjugating a DBD and a TAD and/or two TADs is GGSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 177).
  • a linker useful for conjugating a DBD and a TAD and/or two TADs is GGSGGGSGGGSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 178).
  • the first and second TADs may be conjugated to the DBD with the same or different linkers, or one TAD may be conjugated to the DBD with a linker and the other TAD is directly conjugated to the DBD (e.g., without an intervening linker sequence), or both TADs may be directly conjugated to the DBD (e.g., without intervening linker sequences).
  • the linker connecting the two TADs may be the same or different from the linker connecting the TADs to the DBD, or the TADs may be conjugated to each other with a linker but the TADs are directly conjugated to the DBD (e.g., without an intervening linker sequence), or the TADs may be directly conjugated to each other (e.g., without intervening linker sequences) but the TADs are conjugated to the DBD with a linker.
  • the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1 A do not comprise one or more HA tag(s) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 171) located between the DBD and the one or more TADs.
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DBD derived from a naturally occurring protein that has been modified such that the DBD binds to a different target site as compared to the naturally occurring protein from which it was derived and the eTF comprising such modified DBD modulates expression from a different gene (e.g., SCN1A) as compared to the naturally occurring protein from which the DBD was derived (e.g., a gene other than SCN1 A).
  • a different gene e.g., SCN1A
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a TAD derived from a naturally occurring protein that has been modified such that the eTF comprising such modified TAD modulates expression from a different gene (e.g., SCN1A) as compared to the naturally occurring protein from which the TAD was derived (e.g., a gene other than SCN1 A), and/or the eTF comprising such modified TAD differently modulates expression of SCN1A (e.g., upregulates vs. downregulates) as compared to the naturally occurring protein from which the TAD was derived.
  • a different gene e.g., SCN1A
  • the eTF comprising such modified TAD differently modulates expression of SCN1A (e.g., upregulates vs. downregulates) as compared to the naturally occurring protein from which the TAD was derived.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DBD derived from a naturally occurring protein and a TAD derived from a naturally occurring protein (either the same or different proteins), wherein both the DBD and TAD have been modified.
  • the DBD may bind to a different target site as compared to the naturally occurring protein from which it was derived
  • the eTF comprising such modified DBD and TAD modulates expression from a different gene (e.g., SCN1A) as compared to the naturally occurring proteins from which the domains were derived (e.g., gene(s) other than SCN1 A), and/or the eTF comprising such modified DBD and TAD differently modulates expression of SCN1A (e.g., upregulates vs. downregulates) as compared to the naturally occurring proteins from which the DBD and TAD domains were derived.
  • SCN1A e.g., upregulates vs. downregulates
  • DBDs DNA Binding Domains
  • the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1 A may comprise any suitable DBD that binds to a target site of interest (e.g., a target site that results in upregulation of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF provided herein).
  • the DBD may be a synthetically designed DBD.
  • the DBD may be derived from a naturally occurring protein. DBD families include basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) (e.g., c- Myc), basic-leucine zipper (e.g., C/EBP), helix-turn-helix (e.g., Oct-1), and zinc fingers (e.g., EGR1 or EGR3).
  • a DBD comprises a zinc finger domain, a TALEN binding domain, or a gRNA/Cas complex.
  • the DBD provided herein may be designed to recognize any target site that results in upregulation of SCN1 A.
  • a DBD is designed to recognize a genomic location and upregulate expression of an endogenous SCN1A gene when bound by an eTF.
  • Binding sites capable of modulating expression of an endogenous SCN1A gene when bound by an eTF provided herein may be located anywhere in the genome that results in modulation of gene expression of SCN1 A.
  • the binding site may be located on a different chromosome from SCN1A, on the same chromosome as SCN1A, upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS) of the SCN1A gene, downstream of the TSS of the SCN1A gene, proximal to the TSS of the SCN1A gene, distal to the SCN1A gene, within the coding region of the SCN1A gene, within an intron of the SCN1A gene, downstream of the poly A tail of the SCN1A gene, within a promoter sequence that regulates the SCN1 A gene, or within an enhancer sequence that regulates the SCN1 A gene.
  • TSS transcriptional start site
  • the DBD may be designed to bind to a target binding site of any length so long as it provides specific recognition of the target binding site sequence by the DBD, e.g., with minimal or no off target binding.
  • the target binding site may modulate expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF at a level that is at least 2-fold, 5- fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold, 250-fold, 500-fold, or greater as compared to all other genes.
  • the target binding site may modulate expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF at a level that is at least 2-fold, 5- fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold, 250-fold, 500-fold, or greater as compared to the 40 nearest neighbor genes (e.g., the 40 genes located closest on the chromosome, either upstream or downstream, of the coding sequence of SCN1 A).
  • the target binding site may be at least 5 bp, 10 bp, 15 bp, 20 bp, 25 bp, 30 bp, 35 bp, 40 bp, 45 bp or 50 bp, or more.
  • an eTF having a DBD recognizing a longer target binding site has fewer off-target effects associated with non specific binding (such as, for example, modulation of expression of an off-target gene or gene other than SCN1 A) relative to the off-target effects observed with an eTF having a DBD that binds to a shorter target site.
  • the reduction in off-target binding is at least 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 fold lower as compared to a comparable eTF having a DBD that recognizes a shorter target binding site.
  • a DBD provided herein can be modified to have increased binding affinity such that it binds to a target binding site for a longer period of time such that a TAD conjugated to the DBD is able to recruit more transcription factors and/or recruit such transcription factor for a longer period of time to exert a greater effect on the expression level of the endogenous SCN1 A gene.
  • a DBD may be modified to increase its specific binding (or on-target binding) to a desired target site and/or modified to decrease its non-specific or off-target binding.
  • binding between a DBD or eTF and a target binding site may be determined using various methods.
  • specific binding between a DBD or eTF and a target binding site may be determined using a mobility shift assay, DNase protection assay, or any other in vitro method known in the art for assaying protein-DNA binding.
  • specific binding between an eTF and a target binding site may be determined using a functional assay, e.g., by measuring expression (RNA or protein) of a gene (e.g., SCN1A) when the target binding site is bound by the eTF.
  • a target binding site may be positioned upstream of a reporter gene (such as, for example, eGFP) or the SCN1 A gene on a vector contained in a cell or integrated into the genome of the cell, wherein the cell expresses the eTF.
  • a vector expressing the eTF may be introduced into a cell type that naturally contains the SCN1A gene. Greater levels of expression of the reporter gene (or SCN1A) in the presence of the eTF as compared to a control (e.g., no eTF or an eTF that recognizes a different target site) indicate that the DBD of the eTF binds to the target site.
  • an eTF that binds to a target site may have at least 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10- fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or greater expression of the reporter gene or SCN1A as compared to a control (e.g., no eTF or an eTF that recognizes a different target site).
  • a control e.g., no eTF or an eTF that recognizes a different target site.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is at least 9bp, 12bp, 15bp, 18bp, 21bp, 24bp, 27bp, 30bp, 33bp, or 36bp in size; more than 9bp, 12bp, 15bp, 18bp, 21bp, 24bp, 27bp, or 30bp; or from 9-33bp, 9-30bp, 9-27bp, 9-24bp, 9-21bp, 9-18bp, 9-15bp, 9-12bp, 12-33bp, 12-30bp, 12-27bp, 12- 24bp, 12-21 bp, 12-18bp, 12-15bp, 15-33bp, 15-30bp, 15-27bp, 15-24bp, 15-21bp, 15-18bp, 18-33bp, 18-30bp, 18-27bp, 18-24bp, 18-21bp, 21-
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is located on chromosome 2.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1 A recognizes a target binding site that is located on chromosome 2 within 110 kb, 100 kb, 90 kb, 80 kb, 70 kb, 60 kb, 50 kb, 40 kb, 30 kb, 20 kb, 10 kb, 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, or 1 kb upstream or downstream of the TSS of SCN1 A.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is located on chromosome 2 within 110 kb upstream of the TSS of SCN1A. In certain embodiments, an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is located on chromosome 2 within 110 kb downstream of the TSS of SCN1 A. In exemplary embodiments, such target binding sites are 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is located on chromosome 2 within positions 166179652-165989571, within positions 166128050-166127958, within positions 166155414-166140590, within positions 166179652-1661777272, or within positions 1659990246-165989592 (all with reference to GRCh38.pl2).
  • target binding sites are 18- 27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, (ii) overlaps with a position on chromosome 2 selected from 166178880, 166177369, 166177362, 166177299, 166177299, 166155393, 166155264, 166149373, 166149176, 166149165, 166149118, 166148953,
  • 166128002, 166128037, or 166128025 (all with reference to GRCh38.pl2), and (iii) is capable of producing at least a 1.2 fold increase in expression of SCN1A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A (i) binds to a target site comprising or consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 25, 30, 31, or 35-66, and (ii) is capable of producing at least a 1.2 fold increase in expression of SCN1A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, (ii) overlaps with a position on chromosome 2 selected from 166155255, 166155099, 166148843, 166148361, 166142219, 166141090, 165990246, 165990193, 166149168, 166127991, 166128002, 166128037, or 166128025 (all with reference to GRCh38.pl2), and (iii) is capable of producing at least a 2 fold increase in expression of SCN1A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A (i) binds to a target site comprising or consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 30, 31, 37, 38, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 61, 62, or 64, and (ii) is capable of producing at least a 2 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, and (ii) overlaps with a position on chromosome 2 selected from 166149168, 166127991, 166128002, 166128037 or 166128025 (all with reference to GRCh38.pl2), and (iii) is capable of producing at least a 5 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A (i) binds to a target site comprising or consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 30, 31, 37, or 38, and (ii) is capable of producing at least a 5 fold increase in expression of SCN1A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, (ii) overlaps with a position on chromosome 2 selected from 166128002, 166128037, or 166128025 (all with reference to GRCh38.pl2), and (iii) is capable of producing at least a 15 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A (i) binds to a target site comprising or consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs: 30, 37, or 38, and (ii) is capable of producing at least a 15 fold increase in expression of SCN1A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, (ii) overlaps with a position on chromosome 2 selected from 166128037 or 166128025 (all with reference to GRCh38.pl2), and (iii) is capable of producing at least a 20 fold increase in expression of SCN1A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A (i) binds to a target site comprising or consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs: 30 or 38, and (ii) is capable of producing at least a 20 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, (ii) overlaps with a position on chromosome 2 at position 166128025, and (iii) is capable of producing at least a 25 fold increase in expression of SCN1A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A (i) binds to a target site comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 30, and (ii) is capable of producing at least a 25 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, and (ii) binds to a genomic region that is within at least 1 kb, 750 bp, 500 bp, 400 bp, 300 bp, 200 bp, 100 bp, or 50 bp of a genomic location having a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 25, 30, 31, or 35-66.
  • the target binding site is capable of producing at least a 1.2 fold, 2 fold, 5 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 25 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site that is (i) 18-27bp, 18bp, or 27 bp, and (ii) binds to a genomic region that is at least partially overlapping with a genomic location having a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 25, 30, 31, or 35-66.
  • the target binding site is capable of producing at least a 1.2 fold, 2 fold, 5 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 25 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A recognizes a target binding site having any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 18, 25, 30, 31, or 35-66.
  • the target binding site is capable of producing at least a 1.2 fold, 2 fold, 5 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, or 25 fold increase in expression of SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A results in at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 6 fold, 7 fold, 8 fold, 9 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold,
  • upregulation of SCN1A expression can be detected using PCR methods, Western blot, or immunoassays.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A binds to a target site that is capable of increasing SCN1A expression by at least 1.2 fold, 1.3 fold, 1.4 fold, 1.5 fold, 1.6 fold, 1.7 fold, 1.8 fold, 1.9 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 8 fold, 10 fold, 12 fold, 15 fold, 18 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, 75 fold, 100 fold, or greater or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater relative to a control in a
  • SCN1A transcriptional activation assay An exemplary SCN1A transcriptional activation assay is provided herein in Example 3. Briefly, HEK293 are transfected with a plasmid carrying an eTF or a control eGFP reporter construct. 48h following transfection, cells are collected, RNA is isolated, and reverse transcribed and the resulting cDNA samples are analyzed by qPCR (for example, using primers having SEQ ID NOs: 185 and 186) to quantify levels of endogenous SCN1 A transcript. GAPDH may be used as a reference gene to determine relative levels of SCN1A expression.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A has minimal off target effects, e.g., off-target effects associated with non-specific binding such as, for example, modulation of expression of an off-target gene or gene other than SCN1 A.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A specifically upregulates SCN1A as compared to a control by at least 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, or 50 fold greater than the expression produced by the eTF for one or more off target genes as compared to a control.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A specifically upregulates transcription from the SCN1 A gene as compared to a control by at least 15 fold greater than the transcription of the 40 nearest neighbor genes (e.g., the 40 nearest genes located to the coding sequence of SCN1A on chromosome 2) produced by the eTF relative to a control, e.g., PLA2R1, ITGB6, RBMS1, TANK, PSMD14, TBR1, SLC4A10, DPP4, FAP, IFIH1, GCA, FIGN, GRB14, COBLL1, SLC38A11, SCN3A, SCN2A, CSRNP3, GALNT3, TTC21B, SCN9A, SCN7A, B3GALT1, STK39, CERS6, NOSTRIN, SPC25, ABCBl l, DHRS9, BBS5, KLHL41, FASTKD1, PPIG, CCDC173, PHOSPH02, KLHL23
  • a control
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A is capable of reducing the frequency of seizures in a hyperthermic seizure (HTS) assay in the Scnla im3 ⁇ 4ea mouse model of Dravet syndrome.
  • HTS hyperthermic seizure
  • an eTF disclosed herein is able to reduce the frequency of seizures at 42.6° C in an HTS assay by at least 1.2 fold, 1.3 fold, 1.4 fold, 1.5 fold, 1.6 fold, 1.7 fold, 1.8 fold, 1.9 fold, 2.0 fold, or more or by at least 20%, 30%
  • an eTF disclosed herein is able to reduce the frequency of seizures at 42.6° C in an HTS assay so that at least 60%, 62%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the mice run in the assay are seizure free at 42.6° C.
  • mice An exemplary HTS assay is described herein in Example 6. Briefly, litters of pups produced from male Scnla +/- mice crossed with female C57B1/6J mice may be dosed with an AAV9 vector encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A as provided herein or a control vector encoding eGFP via bilateral ICV at PI. Mice may be dosed with ⁇ 1.0E10-5.0E12 gc/mouse.
  • the HTS assay is performed in P26-P28 SCN1A heterozygous mice and SCN1 A wild-type mice in a mixed 129Stac X C57BL/6 background by increasing the body temperature of the mice (under controlled conditions and with body temperature monitoring) by -0.5° C every 2 minutes until the onset of the first tonic-clonic seizure accompanied by loss of posture or until a body temperature of 43° C is reached.
  • a mouse is considered to be seizure free if no seizure with loss of posture is detected over the full course of the experiment.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A is capable of increasing the survival of a mouse that is heterozygous for SCN1A, e.g., an Scnla im3 ⁇ 4ea mouse line.
  • an eTF disclosed herein is able to increase the survival rate of SCN1 A heterozygous mice at PlOO by at least 1.2 fold, 1.3 fold, 1.4 fold, 1.5 fold, 1.6 fold, 1.7 fold, 1.8 fold, 1.9 fold, 2.0 fold, or more or by at least 20%, 30% 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100% or more as compared to a control (e.g., PBS treated or treatment with an AAV vector comprising a sequence encoding eGFP).
  • a control e.g., PBS treated or treatment with an AAV vector comprising a sequence encoding eGFP
  • an eTF disclosed herein is able to increase the survival rate of SCN1A heterozygous mice at P100 so that at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the mice run in the assay are still alive at PI 00.
  • mice An exemplary survival assay is described herein in Example 7. Briefly, litters of pups produced from male Scnla +/- mice crossed with female C57B1/6J mice may be dosed with AAV9 vector via bilateral ICV at PI. Mice may be dosed with ⁇ 1.0E10-5.0E12 gc/mouse. The number of mice that have survived to PI 00 is determined.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A may comprise a DBD from a zinc finger protein, derived from a zinc finger protein, or that is a nuclease is inactivated zinc finger protein.
  • a zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn 2+ ) in order to stabilize the fold.
  • Zinc finger (Znf) domains are relatively small protein motifs that contain multiple finger-like protrusions that make tandem contacts with a DNA target site.
  • the modular nature of the zinc finger motif allows for a large number of combinations of DNA sequences to be bound with high degree of affinity and specificity, and is therefore ideally suited for engineering protein that can be targeted to and bind specific DNA sequences.
  • Many engineered zinc finger arrays are based on the zinc finger domain of the murine transcription factor Zif268.
  • Zif268 has three individual zinc finger motifs that collectively bind a 9 bp sequence with high affinity.
  • a wide variety of zinc fingers proteins have been identified and are characterized into different types based on structure as further described herein. Any such zinc finger protein is useful in connection with the DBDs described herein.
  • the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1 A comprise a DBD comprising one or more zinc fingers or is derived from a DBD of a zinc finger protein.
  • the DBD comprises multiple zinc fingers, wherein each zinc finger is linked to another zinc finger or another domain either at its N-terminus or C-terminus, or both via an amino acid linker.
  • a DBD provided herein comprises one or more zinc fingers from one or more of the zinc finger types described in TABLE 9.
  • a DBD provided herein comprises a plurality of zinc finger structures or motifs, or a plurality of zinc fingers having one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 152-167, or any combination thereof.
  • a DBD comprises X— [ZF— X]n and/or [X— ZF]n— X, wherein ZF is a zinc finger domain having any one of the motifs listed in TABLE 9 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOs: 136-146), X is an amino acid linker comprising 1-50 amino acids, and n is an integer from 1-15, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15, wherein each ZF can independently have the same sequence or a different sequence from the other ZF sequences in the DBD, and wherein each linker X can independently have the same sequence or a different sequence from the other X sequences in the DBD.
  • Each zinc finger can be linked to another sequence, zinc finger, or domain at its C-terminus, N-terminus, or both.
  • each linker X can be identical in sequence, length, and/or property (e.g., flexibility or charge), or be different in sequence, length, and/or property.
  • two or more linkers may be identical, while other linkers are different.
  • the linker may be obtained or derived from the sequences connecting the zinc fingers found in one or more naturally occurring zinc finger proteins provided in TABLE 9.
  • suitable linker sequences include, for example, linkers of 5 or more amino acids in length. See, also, U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the DBD proteins provided herein may include any combination of suitable linkers between the individual zinc fingers of the protein.
  • the DBD proteins described herein may include any combination of suitable linkers between the individual zinc fingers of the protein.
  • the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1 A comprise a DBD comprising one or more classic zinc fingers.
  • a classical C2H2 zinc-finger has two cysteines in one chain and two histidine residues in another chain, coordinated by a zinc ion.
  • a classical zinc-finger domain has two b-sheets and one a-helix, wherein the a-helix interacts with a DNA molecule and forms the basis of the DBD binding to a target site and may be referred to as the“recognition helix”.
  • the recognition helix of a zinc fingers comprises at least one amino acid substitution at position -1, 2, 3 or 6 thereby changing the binding specificity of the zinc finger domain.
  • an DBD provided herein comprises one or more non-classical zinc-fingers, e.g., C2-H2, C2-CH, and C2-C2.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a DBD comprising a zinc finger motif having the following structure: LEPGEKP - [YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH TGEKP]n - YKCPECGKSFS X HQRTH - TGKKTS (SEQ ID NO: 147), wherein n is an integer from 1-15, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, or 15, and each X independently is a recognition sequence (e.g., a recognition helix) capable of binding to 3 bp of the target sequence.
  • n is 3, 6 or 9.
  • n is 6.
  • each X may
  • each X is a sequence comprising 7 amino acids that has been designed to interact with 3 bp of the target binding site of interest using the Zinger Finger Design Tool from Scripps located on world wide web at scripps.edu/barbas/zfdesign/zfdesignhome.php.
  • each zinc finger within a DBD recognizes 3 bp, the number of zinc fingers included in the DBD informs the length of the binding site recognized by the DBD, e.g., a DBD with 1 zinc finger will recognize a target binding site having 3 bp, a DBD with 2 zinc fingers will recognize a target binding site having 6 bp, a DBD with 3 zinc fingers will recognize a target binding site having 9 bp, a DBD with 4 zinc fingers will recognize a target binding site having 12 bp, a DBD with 5 zinc fingers will recognize a target binding site having 15 bp, a DBD with 6 zinc fingers will recognize a target binding site having 18 bp, a DBD with 9 zinc fingers will recognize a target binding site having 27 bp, etc. In general, DBD that recognize longer target binding sites will exhibit greater binding specificity (e.g., less off target or non-specific binding).
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a DBD that is derived from a naturally occurring zinc finger protein by making one or more amino acid substitutions in one or more of the recognition helices of the zinc finger domains so as to change the binding specificity of the DBD (e.g., changing the target site recognized by the DBD).
  • DBD provided herein may be derived from any naturally occurring zinc finger protein.
  • such DBD may be derived from a zinc finger protein of any species, e.g., a mouse, rat, human, etc.
  • a DBD provided herein is derived from a human zinc finger protein.
  • a DBD provided herein is derived from a naturally occurring protein listed in TABLE 9.
  • a DBD protein provided herein is derived from a human EGR zinc finger protein, e.g., EGR1,
  • EGR2, EGR3, or EGR4 are EGR2, EGR3, or EGR4.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a DBD that is derived from a naturally occurring protein by modifying the DBD to increase the number of zinc finger domains in the DBD protein by repeating one or more zinc fingers within the DBD of the naturally occurring protein.
  • a DBD that is derived from a naturally occurring protein by modifying the DBD to increase the number of zinc finger domains in the DBD protein by repeating one or more zinc fingers within the DBD of the naturally occurring protein.
  • modifications include duplication, triplication, quadruplication, or further multiplication of the zinc fingers within the DBD of the naturally occurring protein.
  • one zinc finger from a DBD of a human protein is multiplied, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, or more copies of the same zinc finger motif is repeated in the DBD of the eTF.
  • a set of zinc fingers from a DBD of a naturally occurring protein is multiplied, e.g., a set of 3 zinc fingers from a DBD of a naturally occurring protein is duplicated to yield an eTF having a DBD with 6 zinc fingers, is triplicated to yield a DBD of an eTF with 9 zinc fingers, or is quadruplicated to yield a DBD of an eTF with 12 zinc fingers, etc.
  • a set of zinc fingers from a DBD of a naturally occurring protein is partially replicated to form a DBD of an eTF having a greater number of zinc fingers, e.g., a DBD of an eTF comprises four zinc fingers wherein the zinc fingers represent one copy of the first zinc finger, one copy of the second zinc finger, and two copies of a third zinc finger from a naturally occurring protein for a total of four zinc fingers in the DBD of the eTF.
  • Such DBD are then further modified by making one or more amino acid substitutions in one or more of the recognition helices of the zinc finger domains so as to change the binding specificity of the DBD (e.g., changing the target site recognized by the DBD).
  • the DBD is derived from a naturally occurring human protein, such as a human EGR zinc finger protein, e.g., EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, or EGR4.
  • Human EGR1 and EGR3 are characterized by a three-finger C2H2 zinc finger DBD.
  • the generic binding rules for zinc fingers provide that all three fingers interact with its cognate DNA sequence with similar geometry, using the same amino acids in the alpha helix of each zinc finger to determine the specificity or recognition of the target binding site sequence.
  • Such binding rules allow one to modify the DBD of EGR1 or EGR3 to engineer a DBD that recognizes a desired target binding site.
  • the 7-amino acid DNA recognition helix in a zinc finger motif of EGR1 or EGR3 is modified according to published zinc finger design rules.
  • each zinc finger in the three- finger DBD of EGR1 or EGR3 is modified, e.g., by altering the sequence of one or more recognition helices and/or by increasing the number of zinc fingers in the DBD.
  • EGR1 or EGR3 is reprogrammed to recognize a target binding site of at least
  • such DBD derived from ERG1 or EGR3 comprises at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
  • one or more of the zinc fingers in the DBD comprises at least one amino acid substitution at position -1, 2, 3 or 6 of the recognition helix.
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1A comprising a DBD derived from EGR1 or EGR3 has a DNA binding specificity that is different from the binding specificity of naturally occurring EGR1 or EGR3, e.g., the DBD recognizes a target binding site having a sequence different from the sequence of the binding site recognized by unmodified EGR1 or EGR3: (GCG(T/G)GGGCG) (SEQ ID NO: 182).
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DBD that is a gRNA/Cas complex.
  • CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 is a genome editing tools that allows for site-specific genomic targeting.
  • the type II CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic adaptive immune response system that uses noncoding RNAs to guide the Cas9 nuclease to induce site-specific DNA cleavage.
  • the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been harnessed to create a simple, RNA-programmable method to mediate genome editing in mammalian cells.
  • a single guide RNA may be generated to direct the Cas9 nuclease to a specific genomic location that is then bound by the gRNA/Cas9 complex.
  • a gRNA may be designed to bind to a target site of interest using various methods and tools. For example, methods for designing gRNAs to bind to a target DNA sequence of interest are described in Aach, et al. Flexible algorithm for identifying specific Cas9 targets in genomes. BioRxiv, Cold Spring Harbor Labs doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/005074 (2014); Bae, et al. Cas-OFFinder: a fast and versatile algorithm that searches for potential off-target sites of Cas9 RNA-guided endonucleases.
  • thermofisher.com/order/custom-oligo/crispr world wide web at thermofisher.com/order/custom-oligo/crispr
  • GenScript world wide web at thermofisher.com/order/custom-oligo/crispr
  • a DBD that is a gRNA/Cas complex comprises a nuclease deactivated Cas protein or dCas, such as for example, a dCas9, such as nuclease deactivated Staphylococcus aureus (dSaCas9) or nuclease deactivated Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (dSpCas9).
  • the gRNA is provided as a sequence comprising a targeting region, which targets the gRNA/Cas complex to a desired target site, and scaffold region, that facilitates the interaction with the Cas protein. Any suitable gRNA scaffold may be used in connection with the gRNAs provided herein.
  • the gRNA is a single gRNA or sgRNA and comprises the following scaffold sequence: 5’-
  • the targeting region of the guide RNA is attached to the 5’ end of the scaffold sequence to form the complete sgRNA.
  • a gRNA and dCas protein may be expressed from the same expression cassette.
  • a U6 promoter is used to express the gRNA.
  • a gRNA may be expressed in a cell that has been engineered to stably express the dCas-TAD protein, e.g., either by stably integrating the dCas into the genome or on a plasmid that is stably maintained extrachromosomally.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1A may comprise a DBD from a TALEN, derived from a TALEN, or that is a nuclease inactivated TALEN.
  • Transcription activator-like effector nucleases are restriction enzymes that contain a DBD and a nuclease domain that can be engineered to cut specific sequences of DNA. TALENs are created by conjugating a TAL effector DNA binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain (e.g., a nuclease). Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) can be engineered to bind to a desired target DNA sequence thereby directing the nuclease domain to a specific location.
  • TALEs Transcription activator-like effectors
  • TAL effectors are bacterial proteins from Xanthomonas bacteria.
  • the DNA binding domain contains a repeated highly conserved 33-34 amino acid sequence with divergent 12th and 13th amino acids. These two positions, referred to as the Repeat Variable Diresidue (RVD), are highly variable and show a strong correlation with specific nucleotide recognition. This straightforward relationship between amino acid sequence and DNA recognition allows the engineering of DBDs that specifically target a desired sequence by selecting a combination of repeat segments containing the appropriate RVDs.
  • RVD Repeat Variable Diresidue
  • TALEs Various methods for designing TALEs are available. For example, methods for designing TALEs to bind to a target DNA sequence of interest are described in T. Cermak et ah, Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (12): e82 (2011); F. Zhang F et ah, Nature Biotechnology. 29 (2): 149-53 (2011); R. Morbitzer et ah, Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (13): 5790-9 (2011); T. Li et ah, Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (14): 6315-25 (2011); R. Geissler et ah, PLOS One. 6(5): el9509 (2011); and E. Weber et ah, PLOS One.
  • the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1 A may comprise any suitable domain that is capable of recruiting one or more protein factors that can modulate transcription (e.g., RNA polymerase II, CBP/p300, CREB or KRAB) or the level of gene expression from a gene of interest when the eTF is bound to a target site via the DBD (e.g., a zinc finger DBD, gRNA/Cas DBD, or TALE DBD).
  • a domain recruits protein factors that increase the level of transcription or gene expression of a gene of interest and is a transcriptional activation domain (TAD).
  • TAD transcriptional activation domain
  • such a domain recruits protein factors that decrease the level of transcription or gene expression from a gene of interest and is a transcriptional repressor domain (TRD).
  • the transcriptional modulation domain may be a synthetically designed domain.
  • the transcriptional modulation domain may be derived from a naturally occurring protein, e.g., a transcription factor, a transcriptional co activator, a transcriptional co-repressor, or a silencer protein.
  • the transcriptional modulation domain (TAD or TRD) may be derived from a protein of any species, e.g., a mouse, rat, monkey, vims, or human.
  • a TAD suitable for use in the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SNC1 A is derived from a viral protein.
  • exemplary TADs derived from viral proteins include, for example, a TAD domain of YP64 (SEQ ID NO: 133), YPR (SEQ ID NO: 132), VP16, VP128, p65, p300, or any functional fragment or variant thereof, or a sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • a TAD suitable for use in the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1A is derived from a human protein.
  • exemplary TADs derived from human proteins include, for example, a TAD domain of CBP/p300-interacting transactivator 2
  • CBP/p300-interacting transactivator 4 (CITED2) (SEQ ID NO: 134), CBP/p300-interacting transactivator 4 (CITED4) (SEQ ID NO: 135), EGR1 (SEQ ID NO: 176), CREB 3 (SEQ ID NO: 224), or EGR3 (SEQ ID NO: 175), or any functional fragment or variant thereof, or a sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a zinc finger DBD that is conjugated to a transcriptional activation domain or TAD.
  • the zinc finger DBD may be conjugated to a TAD from a viral protein, such as VP64 or VPR, or a TAD from a human protein, such as CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • a zinc finger DBD derived from a human protein e.g., EGR1 or EGR3
  • a zinc finger DBD derived from a human protein is conjugated to a VP64 or VPR TAD.
  • a synthetic zinc finger DBD or zinc finger DBD having less than 75% sequence identity to a human protein is conjugated to a TAD derived from a human protein, e.g., CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • a synthetic zinc finger DBD or zinc finger DBD having less than 75% sequence identity to a human protein, e.g., EGR1 or EGR3 is conjugated to a VP64 or VPR TAD.
  • a dCas protein is conjugated to a TAD.
  • the dCas9 may be conjugated to a TAD from a viral protein, such as VP64 or VPR, or a TAD from a human protein, such as CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • a dCas9 is conjugated to a VP64 or VPR TAD.
  • a TALE protein is conjugated to a TAD.
  • the TALE may be conjugated to a TAD from a viral protein, such as VP64 or VPR, or a TAD from a human protein, such as CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • a TALE is conjugated to a VP64 or VPR TAD.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1 A has a high percent identity to one or more human proteins (as further described below).
  • such eTFs have at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% overall sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • such eTFs exhibit reduced immunogenicity as compared to an eTF having a lower overall percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • a reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • eTFs may comprise a DBD derived from human EGR1 or EGR3 and a TAD derived from human EGR1, EGR3, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • Such eTFs have little to no immunogenicity when administered to a subject or have reduced immunogenicity as compared to eTFs having lower percent identity to human protein sequences.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SNC1A has at least 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,
  • the percent identity to a human protein may be determined by calculating the total number of amino acid residues in the eTF that match the human protein from which it was derived (e.g., EGR1 or EGR3), divided by the total number of amino acid residues in the eTF.
  • the percent identity to human may be determined by separately calculating the percent identity to human of each domain and summing the two together, e.g., (i) calculating the total number of amino acid residues in the DBD that match the human protein from which it was derived (e.g., EGR1 or EGR3), divided by the total number of amino acid residues in the eTF; (ii) calculating the total number of amino acid residues in the TAD that match the human protein from which it was derived (e.g., CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3), divided by the total number of amino acid residues in the eTF; and (iii) summing the total of (i) and (ii).
  • the domains are divided as follows: the first domain runs from the N-terminus of the eTF through the start of the coding sequence for the second domain, and the second domain runs from the start of the coding sequence for the second domain through the C-terminus of the eTF (e.g., for an eTF having the configuration NLS-DBD- linker-NLS-TAD, the first domain would be NLS-DBD-linker and the second domain would be NLS-TAD).
  • the percent identity to human may be determined by separately calculating the percent identity to human of each domain and summing all the three together, e.g., (i) calculating the total number of amino acid residues in the DBD that match the human protein from which it was derived (e.g., EGR1 or EGR3), divided by the total number of amino acid residues in the eTF; (ii) calculating the total number of amino acid residues in the first TAD that match the human protein from which it was derived (e.g., CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3), divided by the total number of amino acid residues in the eTF; (iii) calculating the total number of amino acid residues in the second TAD that match the human protein from which it was derived (e.g., CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3), divided by the total
  • the domains are divided as follows: the first domain runs from the N-terminus of the eTF through the start of the coding sequence for the second domain, the second domain runs from the start of the coding sequence for the second domain through the start of the coding sequence for the third domain, and the third domain runs from the start of the coding sequence for the third domain through the C-terminus of the eTF (e.g., for an eTF having the configuration NLS-TAD l-linker-NLS-DBD-linker-NLS-TAD2, the first domain would be NLS-TAD 1 -linker, the second domain would be NLS-DBD-linker, and the third domain would be NLS-TAD2).
  • the percent identity to one or more human proteins as described in this section may be determined using the percent identity output obtained using the standard protein BLAST tool available from the NCBI (e.g., the blastp suite alignment tool, using the blastp (protein -> protein) algorithm with default parameters) available on the world wide web from the NCBI website at blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.
  • the standard protein BLAST tool available from the NCBI (e.g., the blastp suite alignment tool, using the blastp (protein -> protein) algorithm with default parameters) available on the world wide web from the NCBI website at blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A has the benefit of eliciting little, minimal, or no adverse immune response in a human subject due to a high degree of sequence identity to naturally occurring human proteins. In certain embodiments, an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1A elicits reduced
  • immunogenicity e.g., at least a 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 fold or greater fold reduction in immunogenicity as compared to the
  • immunogenicity observed with an eTF comprising a lower percent identity to one or more human proteins e.g., an eTF comprising less than 50%, 55%, 65%, or 70% sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • a gene therapy having a low or minimal immunogenicity has several advantages, including improved patient tolerance, decreased dosage needed to achieve a therapeutic effect, prolonged therapeutic effects after one administration, ability to be administered multiple times or in multiple doses as needed, sustained therapeutic efficacy over a longer period of time per administration, increased safety, and/or increased effectiveness of a gene therapy.
  • the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1A and have a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprise a DBD and a TAD derived from one or more naturally occurring human proteins.
  • such eTFs may comprise a DBD derived from any naturally occurring human protein comprising a DBD.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises a DBD derived from a naturally occurring zinc finger protein, such as, for example, any one of Constructs 5-27, 36-41, or 44-53 listed in TABLE 1.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises a DBD derived from a human EGR protein, such as EGR1, EGR2,
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises a DBD derived from a human EGR1 or EGR3.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises a DBD derived from a human zinc finger protein wherein minimal amino acid changes (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 3- 4, 3-5, 36, or 3-7 amino acid changes) have been made in one or more zinc finger domains of the DBD to alter the binding specificity of the DBD to recognize a target binding site of interest.
  • minimal amino acid changes e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 3- 4, 3-5, 36,
  • the eTFs provided herein that upregulate SCN1A and have a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises one or more transcriptional modulation domains (e.g., a TAD) derived from a human protein conjugated to a DBD derived from a human protein.
  • the transcriptional modulation domain may be derived from any naturally occurring human protein having a domain capable of recruiting one or more protein factors that can modulate transcription (e.g., RNA polymerase II, a co-activator protein, or a co-repressor protein) or the level of gene expression from a gene of interest when the eTF is bound to a target site via the DBD.
  • the TAD is derived from a human EGR protein, such as for example, human EGR1, EGR2, EGR3 or EGR4, or a human cited protein, such as for example, a human CITED2 or CITED4 protein.
  • a human EGR protein such as for example, human EGR1, EGR2, EGR3 or EGR4, or a human cited protein, such as for example, a human CITED2 or CITED4 protein.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises a TAD from a human EGR1 or EGR3 protein.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises a TAD from a human CITED2 or CITED4 protein.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1A and having a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins may comprise a human DBD (hDBD) and a human TAD (hTAD) (e.g., hTAD-hDBD or hDBD-hTAD), wherein the hDBD and hTAD may be derived from the same human protein or from human different proteins.
  • hDBD human DBD
  • hTAD human TAD
  • an eTF provided herein having a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins may comprise a hDBD and two hTADs, wherein the hDBD and hTADs are derived from the same human protein, the hDBD is derived from a first human protein and both hTADs are derived from a second human protein, the hDBD and one hTAD are derived from a first human protein and the second hTAD is derived from a second human protein, or the hDBD is derived from a first human protein, one hTAD is derived from a second human protein, and the second hTAD is derived from a third human protein (e.g., hTAD 1 -hDBD-hTAD 1, hTADl-hDBD-hTAD2, hTADl-hTADl-hDBD, hT AD 1 -hT AD2-hDBD, hDBD-hTADl- hTA
  • an eTF provided herein having a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises any one of the following configurations: (i) a hDBD and a hTAD both derived from human EGR1; (ii) a hDBD and a hTAD both derived from human EGR3; (iii) a hDBD derived from human EGR1 and a hTAD derived from CITED2 (e.g., hEGRl DBD-hCITED2 TAD or hCITED2 TAD-hEGRl DBD); (iv) a hDBD derived from human EGR1 and a hTAD derived from human CITED4 (e.g., hEGRl DBD-hCITED4 TAD or hCITED4 TAD-hEGRl DBD); (v) a hDBD derived from human EGR3 and a hTAD derived from CITED
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 103-124, 128-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223; (ii) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98; (iii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to any of the sequences of (i) or (ii); or (iv) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i), (ii) or (iii).
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • such eTFs have at least at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,
  • such eTFs exhibits reduced immunogenicity as compared to an eTF having a lower overall percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • a reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • an eTF provided herein that upregulates SCN1 A and has a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins may additional comprise one or more amino acid sequences or domains in addition to the DBD and TAD domains, such as a nuclear localization signal or a linker, etc.
  • a polynucleotide encoding an eTF provided herein having a high percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins may additional comprise one or more nucleic acid sequences in addition to the coding sequence for the eTF such as a promoter, enhancer, polyA tail, etc.
  • one or more of the additional amino acid sequences and/or nucleic acid sequences are preferably human sequences, derived from human sequences, or have at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a human protein.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DNA binding domain having one or more zinc finger domains comprising a recognition helix comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152-167.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a DNA binding domain having at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve zinc finger domains, wherein each zinger finger domain independently comprises a recognition helix comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152-167.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a DNA binding domain having six zinc finger domains, wherein each zinger finger domain independently comprises a recognition helix comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152-167.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1 A comprises a DNA binding domain having nine zinc finger domains, wherein each zinger finger domain independently comprises a recognition helix comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152-167.
  • such eTFs comprise a DNA binding domain having SEQ ID NO: 147, wherein each X is independently selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152-167, and n is 6 or 9.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DNA binding domain having any one of: (i) a sequence comprising RSDNLVR x REDNLHT x RSDELVR x QSGNLTE x TSGHLVR x QNSTLTE (SEQ ID NO: 148), wherein x can be a linker of 1-50 amino acids, (ii) a sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
  • such an eTF further comprises one or more TADs selected from VP64, VPR, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • such an eTF comprises a VPR TAD domain conjugated to the C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED2 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED4 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises two CITED4 TADs conjugated to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF is capable of binding to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 18 and upregulating expression of SCN1A by at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DNA binding domain having any one of: (i) a sequence comprising RSDNLVR x HRTTLTN x REDNLHT x TSHSLTE x QSSSLVR x REDNLHT (SEQ ID NO: 149), wherein x can be a linker of 1-50 amino acids, (ii) a sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
  • such an eTF further comprises one or more TADs selected from VP64, VPR, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • such an eTF comprises a VPR TAD domain conjugated to the C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED2 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED4 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises two CITED4 TADs conjugated to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF is capable of binding to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 30 and upregulating expression of SCN1A by at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DNA binding domain having any one of: (i) a sequence comprising RRDELNV x RSDHLTN x RSDDLVR x RSDNLVR x HRTTLTN x REDNLHT x TSHSLTE x QSSSLVR x REDNLHT (SEQ ID NO: 151), (ii) a sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 151, or (ii) a functional fragment of (i) or (ii).
  • such an eTF further comprises one or more TADs selected from VP64, VPR, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • such an eTF comprises a VPR TAD domain conjugated to the C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED2 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED4 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises two CITED4 TADs conjugated to the N-terminus or the C- terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF is capable of binding to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 32 and upregulating expression of SCN1 A by at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%,
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DNA binding domain having any one of: (i) a sequence comprising DPGALVR x
  • RSDNLVR x QSGDLRR x THLDLIR x TSGNLVR x RSDNLVR (SEQ ID NO: 150), (ii) a sequence having at least 89%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 150, or (ii) a functional fragment of (i) or (ii).
  • such an eTF further comprises one or more TADs selected from VP64, VPR, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • such an eTF comprises a VPR TAD domain conjugated to the C- terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED2 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD. In certain embodiments, such an eTF comprises a CITED4 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the DBD. In certain embodiments, such an eTF comprises two CITED4 TADs conjugated to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the DBD.
  • such an eTF is capable of binding to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 31 and upregulating expression of SCN1 A by at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 99-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223; (ii) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-98; (iii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to any of the sequences of (i) or (ii); or (iv) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i), (ii) or (iii).
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 99-102 or 125-127; (ii) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-91; (iii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to any of the sequences of (i) or (ii); or (iv) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i), (ii) or (iii).
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 103-124, 128-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223; (ii) a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98; (iii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to any of the sequences of (i) or (ii); or (iv) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i), (ii) or (iii).
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • such eTFs have at least at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,
  • such eTFs exhibits reduced immunogenicity as compared to an eTF having a lower overall percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • a reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 127; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 127; or (iii) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such eTFs comprise SEQ ID NO: 77 and bind to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 128; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 128; or (iii) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such eTFs comprise SEQ ID NO: 92 and bind to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • such eTFs have at least at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% overall sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • such eTFs exhibits reduced immunogenicity as compared to an eTF having a lower overall percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • a reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 129; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 129; or (iii) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such eTFs comprise SEQ ID NO: 92 and bind to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • such eTFs have at least at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% overall sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • such eTFs exhibits reduced immunogenicity as compared to an eTF having a lower overall percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • a reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 130; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 130; or (iii) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such eTFs comprise SEQ ID NO: 92 and bind to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • such eTFs have at least at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% overall sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • such eTFs exhibits reduced immunogenicity as compared to an eTF having a lower overall percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • a reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises any one of: (i) a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 131; (ii) a sequence comprising at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 131; or (iii) a functional fragment or variant of any of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such eTFs comprise SEQ ID NO: 92 and bind to a target site having SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control, or by at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% , 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, or 500% or greater as compared to a control.
  • such eTFs have at least at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% overall sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • such eTFs exhibits reduced immunogenicity as compared to an eTF having a lower overall percent sequence identity to one or more human proteins.
  • a reduction in immunogenicity can be measured using an elispot assay, an immunoassay, or an in silico method.
  • an eTF disclosed herein that upregulates SCN1A comprises a DBD comprising a gRNA/Cas complex, wherein the gRNA comprises a targeting sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 35-66.
  • the target sequence of the gRNA is attached to the 5’ end of a scaffold sequence having the sequence: 5’-
  • the Cas protein is a nuclease deactivated Cas9 protein.
  • such an eTF further comprises one or more TADs conjugated to the Cas protein, wherein the TAD is selected from VP64, VPR, CITED2, CITED4, or CREB3.
  • such an eTF comprises a VPR TAD domain conjugated to the C-terminus of the Cas protein.
  • such an eTF comprises a CITED2 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the Cas protein. In certain embodiments, such an eTF comprises a CITED4 TAD conjugated to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or the N-terminus and C-terminus of the Cas protein. In exemplary embodiments, such eTFs are capable of upregulating SCN1A expression by at least at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, or greater as compared to a control.
  • the application provides polynucleotides encoding any of the eTFs that upregulate SNC1 A disclosed herein.
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A as disclosed herein and a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the application provides a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a transgene encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A and a PV selective regulatory element.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide comprising any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1A comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223, or a variant or a functional fragment thereof; (ii) a nucleic acid encoding a functional fragment of an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223; or (iii) a nucleic acid encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A having at least 70%,
  • the application provides a polynucleotide comprising any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DBD comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98, or a variant or functional fragment thereof; (ii) a nucleic acid encoding a functional fragment of a DBD having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98; or (iii) a nucleic acid encoding a DBD having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to a DBD having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98, or a variant or functional fragment thereof, wherein the DBD is capable of binding to a target site bound by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-98.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that upregulates endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding an eTF comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 103-124, 128-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223; (ii) a nucleic acid encoding a functional fragment of an eTF having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 103-124, 128-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223; or (iii) a nucleic acid encoding an eTF having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,
  • eTF is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding a DBD that binds to a genomic target site capable of upregulating endogenous SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DBD comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-98; (ii) a nucleic acid encoding a functional fragment of a DBD having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-98; or (iii) a nucleic acid encoding an eTF having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to a DBD having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77-98, wherein the DBD is capable of binding to
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding a DBD that binds to a genomic target site capable of upregulating endogenous SCN1 A when bound by an eTF disclosed herein, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DBD comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151; (ii) a nucleic acid encoding a functional fragment of a DBD having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151; or (iii) a nucleic acid encoding an eTF having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to a DBD having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148-151, wherein the DBD is capable of binding to
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having any of SEQ ID NOs: 70-76 or 184; (ii) a nucleic acid having a functional fragment of any one of the sequences of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii), wherein the polynucleotide encodes an eTF that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 70; (ii) a nucleic acid having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 70; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 127, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 71; (ii) a nucleic acid having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 71; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 127, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 72; (ii) a nucleic acid having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 72; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 130, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 73; (ii) a nucleic acid sequence having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 73; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 131, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 74; (ii) a nucleic acid sequence having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 74; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 127, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 75; (ii) a nucleic acid sequence having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 75; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 127, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 76; (ii) a nucleic acid sequence having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 76; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity to any one of the sequences of (i) or (ii).
  • such polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 106, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1A.
  • the application provides a polynucleotide encoding an eTF capable of regulating endogenous SCN1A, wherein the polynucleotide comprises any one of the following: (i) a nucleic acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 184; (ii) a nucleic acid sequence having a functional fragment of SEQ ID NO: 184; or (iii) a nucleic acid having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,
  • polynucleotides encode an eTF having SEQ ID NO: 106, or a functional fragment or variant thereof that is capable of upregulating SCN1 A.
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising microRNA binding sites that lead to selective expression of a gene of interest in parvalbumin (PV) neurons.
  • MicroRNAs or miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs ( ⁇ 20 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by hybridizing to complementary recognition sites within an mRNA molecule and lead to inhibition of gene expression by promoting degradation of the mRNA transcript or by repressing translation of the protein encoded by the mRNA.
  • the microRNA binding sites provided herein inhibit expression of a gene of interest in excitatory neurons thereby promoting selective expression of a gene of interest in PV neurons (e.g., PV selective microRNA binding sites).
  • excitatory neurons are neurons that express one or more of STAC, Slcl7a7, Carl2, Sytl7, ITPKA, Col6al, CamKII, Sv2b, INHBA, and/or DKK3.
  • excitatory neurons are neurons that express CamKII.
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising one or more microRNA binding sites for one or more microRNAs that promote PV selective expression, e.g., promote degradation of an mRNA comprising the microRNA binding site in excitatory neurons.
  • Exemplary microRNAs that promote PV selective expression include, for example, miR-128, miR-221 and miR-222.
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more PV selective microRNA binding sites.
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11). In one embodiment, the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more miR-222 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 1 miR-128 binding site, at least one miR-221 binding site, and at least one miR-222 binding site. In one embodiment, the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least one miR-128 binding site and at least one miR-222 binding site. In one embodiment, the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least one miR-221 binding site and at least one miR-222 binding site. In an exemplary embodiment, the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least one miR-128 binding site (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least one miR-221 binding site (SEQ ID NO:
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 2 miR-128 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least 2 miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11). In one embodiment, the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 3 miR-128 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least 3 miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11). In one
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 4 miR-128 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least 4 miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 polynucleotides comprising at least 4 miR-128 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least 4 miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • the application provides polynucleotides comprising at least 5 miR-128 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least 5 miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 polynucleotides comprising at least 5 miR-128 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 9) and at least 5 miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • the binding sites may be arranged in any order.
  • the binding sites may be arranged in any of the following configurations: miR-128 - miR-128 - miR-221 - miR221, miR- 128 - miR-221 - miR-128 - miR-221, miR-128 - miR221 - miR221 - miR-128, miR-221 - miR128 - miR221 - miR128, miR-221 - miR128 - miR128 - miR221, or miR221 - miR221- miR128 - miR128.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a sequence having 4 miR-128 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 9) followed by four miR-221 binding sites (SEQ ID NO: 11), e.g., miR-128 - miR-128 - miR128 - miR-128 - miR221 - miR221 - miR-221 - miR221.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a sequence having 1 miR-221 sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11), 1 miR-222 sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) and 1 miR-128 binding site (SEQ ID NO: 9), e.g., miR-221 - miR222 - miR128.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a sequence having 2 miR-221 sequences (SEQ ID NO: 11), 2 miR-222 sequences (SEQ ID NO: 13) and 2 miR-128 binding site (SEQ ID NO: 9) arranged in the following order: miR-221 - miR222 - miR128 - miR-221 - miR222 - miR128.
  • the binding sites may be directly adjacent to one another in the polynucleotide sequence (e.g., no linker or intervening sequence between the binding sites) or may be separated from one another by at least 1, 2, 3, 4,
  • the microRNA binding sites are separated by about 5 nucleotides or by 5 nucleotides.
  • the sequences separating the microRNA binding sites are not complementary to any other microRNAs, or any other neuronal microRNAs.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site comprising SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site comprising SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • polynucleotides provided herein comprise a microRNA binding site comprising SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the microRNA binding sites provided herein are located within the 3’ untranslated region of an mRNA transcript, e.g., following the translation termination codon (i.e., TAA, TGA or TAG) and before the polyA tail.
  • the microRNA binding site may be located directly adjacent to the translation termination codon or may be separated from the translation termination codon by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more nucleotides, or from 1-20, 1-15, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 nucleotides and/or may be located adjacent to the polyA tail or may be separated from the polyA tail by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more nucleotides, or from 1-20, 1-15, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 nucleotides.
  • a microRNA binding site provided herein results in selective gene expression in a PV cell as compared to off target cell types.
  • off target cell types include, but are not limited to, excitatory neurons, non-PV CNS cell-types, and non neuronal CNS cell types.
  • PV selective microRNA binding sites result in selective gene expression in PV neurons over at least one, two, three, four, five, or more non- PV CNS cell types.
  • a non-PV CNS cell is an excitatory neuron, a
  • dopaminergic neuron an astrocyte, a microglia, a motor neuron, a vascular cell, or a non- GABAergic neuron (e.g., a cell that does not express one or more of GAD2, GAD1, NKX2.1, DLX1, DLX5, SST and VIP), a non-PV neuron (e.g., a GABAergic neuron that does not express parvalbumin), or other CNS cells (e.g., CNS cell types that have never expressed any of PV, GAD2, GAD1, NKX2.1, DLX1, DLX5, SST and VIP).
  • a non- GABAergic neuron e.g., a cell that does not express one or more of GAD2, GAD1, NKX2.1, DLX1, DLX5, SST and VIP
  • a non- GABAergic neuron e.g., a cell that does not express one or more of GAD2, GAD1, NKX2.1, DLX
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site result in increased selectivity in gene expression in PV neurons as compared to excitatory neurons (e.g., neurons that express one or more of STAC, Slcl7a7, Carl2, Sytl7, ITPKA, Col6al, CamKII, Sv2b, INHBA, and/or DKK3) by decreasing expression in the excitatory neurons.
  • cell types are distinguished by having a different cell marker, morphology, phenotype, genotype, function, and/or any other means for classifying cell types.
  • Selectivity of expression driven by a PV selective microRNA binding site can be measured in a number of ways.
  • selectivity of gene expression in a PV cell over non-PV cells can be measured by comparing the number of PV cells that express a detectable level of a transcript from a gene that contains a PV selective microRNA binding site to the total number of cells that express the gene (e.g., the ratio of PV vs. total cells (PV + non- PV cells) expressing the gene).
  • selectivity for PV neurons can be determined using an immunohistochemistry based colocalization assay using an expression cassette comprising a gene encoding a fluorescent protein (e.g., eGFP) and a PV selective microRNA binding site to measure gene expression and an antibody that identifies PV cells (e.g., an anti-PV antibody that interacts specifically with PV neurons) linked to a second fluorescence label (e.g., red fluorescent protein).
  • Selectivity of expression in PV cells can be calculated by dividing the number of cells that express both PV and eGFP (e.g., PV cells) by the total number of cells that express eGFP (e.g., PV cells and non-PV cells), and multiplying by 100 to convert into a percentage.
  • selectivity for PV neurons can be determined using an immunohistochemistry based colocalization assay using an expression cassette comprising a gene encoding a fluorescent protein (e.g., eGFP) and a PV selective microRNA binding site to measure gene expression and a first antibody that identifies PV cells (e.g., an anti-PV antibody that interacts specifically with PV neurons) linked to a second fluorescence label (e.g., red fluorescent protein) and a second antibody that identifies excitatory cells (e.g., an anti-CamKII antibody that interacts specifically with excitatory neurons).
  • a fluorescent protein e.g., eGFP
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site to measure gene expression and a first antibody that identifies PV cells (e.g., an anti-PV antibody that interacts specifically with PV neurons) linked to a second fluorescence label (e.g., red fluorescent protein) and a second antibody that identifies excitatory cells (e.g., an anti-CamKII
  • Selectivity of expression in PV cells can be calculated by dividing the number of cells that express both PV and eGFP (e.g., PV cells) by the number of cells that express eGFP + PV and eGFP + CamKII (e.g., PV cells and excitatory cells), and multiplying by 100 to convert into a percentage.
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site provided herein can be highly selective for expression in PV cells.
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site provided herein can exhibit about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%,
  • PV neurons e.g., PV neurons/total cells x 100 or PV neurons/PV + excitatory neurons x 100.
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site provided herein is short.
  • the size of the PV selective microRNA binding site is compatible with the cloning capacity of a vector, e.g., a viral vector or rAAV, such that the combined size of a transgene, a promoter (and optional enhancer) and microRNA binding site does not exceed the cloning capacity of a vector.
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site has a length of up to about 500bp, 400bp, 300bp, 250 bp, 225 bp, 215 bp, 210 bp, 200bp, 150 bp, 140 bp, 135 bp, 130 bp, 125 bp, 120 bp, 115 bp, 110 bp, lOObp, 90 bp, 80 bp, 75 bp, 70 bp, 65 bp, 60 bp or 50 bp.
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site is between about 50-500 bp, 50-400 bp, 50- 300 bp, 50-250 bp, 50-200 bp, 50-100 bp, 50-75 bp, 50-70 bp, 100-500 bp, 100-400 bp, 100-300 bp, 100-250 bp, 100-200 bp, 100-150 bp, 100-140 bp, 100-135 bp, 200-500 bp, 200-400 bp, 200- 300 bp, or 200-250 bp.
  • a polynucleotide provided herein that comprises one or more PV selective microRNA binding sites does not comprise SEQ ID NO: 67.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a
  • polynucleotide provided herein e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A and/or contains a PV selective microRNA binding site
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide provided herein (e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1A and/or contains a PV selective microRNA binding site) and a PV selective promoter.
  • a polynucleotide provided herein e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A and/or contains a PV selective microRNA binding site
  • a polynucleotide is part of an expression cassette comprising one or more regulatory elements in addition to the sequence encoding the eTF.
  • a polynucleotide provided herein e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A and/or contains a PV selective microRNA binding site
  • an expression cassette comprising a promoter situated upstream of the transgene sequence so as to be capable of driving expression of the transgene (e.g., an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A) in a cell.
  • an expression cassette disclosed herein comprises a
  • polynucleotide provided herein e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A and/or contains a PV selective microRNA binding site
  • a constitutive promoter situated upstream of the sequence encoding the transgene so as to be capable of driving expression of the transgene (e.g., an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A) in a cell.
  • constitutive promoters include, a GAD2 promoter, a human synapsin promoter, CBA promoter, a CMV promoter, a minCMV promoter, a TATA box, a super core promoter, or an EFla promoter, or a combination thereof.
  • an expression cassette disclosed herein comprises a
  • polynucleotide provided herein e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A and/or contains a PV selective microRNA binding site
  • a short promoter capable of driving expression of the transgene e.g., an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1 A
  • a short promoter suitable for use in accordance with the nucleic acid molecules described herein comprises less than 500 bp, 450 bp, 400 bp, 350 bp, 300 bp, 250 bp, 225 bp, 200 bp, 175 bp, 150 bp, 145 bp, 140 bp, 135 bp, 130 bp, 125 bp, 120 bp, 115 bp, 110 bp, 105 bp, 100 bp, 95 bp, 90 bp, 85 bp, 80 bp or 75 bp, or from about 80-300 bp, 80-275 bp, 80-250 bp, 80-200 bp, 80-150 bp, 80-125 bp, 80-120 bp, 80-115 bp, 80-110 bp, 80- 105 bp, 80-100 bp, 85-300 bp, 85-275 bp, 85-
  • an expression cassette disclosed herein comprises a short promoter comprising or consisting of any one of (i) SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a variant or functional fragment thereof; or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii) operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding any one of the eTFs that selectively upregulate SCN1A as disclosed herein, and optionally containing a microRNA binding site as disclosed herein.
  • Other examples of short promoter sequence may be found in PCT Publication No. WO 2018/213786.
  • an expression cassette disclosed herein comprises a
  • a polynucleotide provided herein e.g., a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A and/or contains a PV selective microRNA binding site
  • a cell type selective promoter situated upstream of the sequence encoding the transgene (e.g., an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A) so as to be capable of driving expression of the transgene selectively in a cell of interest.
  • a cell type selective promoter may be selective for (e.g., selectively drive expression in) any cell type of interest, such as, for example, a heart cell, liver cell, muscle cell, bone cell, neuron, or sub populations thereof.
  • an expression cassette disclosed herein comprises a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A and a PV selective regulatory element (e.g., a promoter, enhancer, and/or promoter and enhancer) situated upstream of the sequence encoding the eTF so as to be capable of driving expression of the eTF selectively in a PV cell, and optionally a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • a PV selective regulatory element refers to a regulatory element that specifically modulates gene expression in a PV neuron. In certain embodiments, PV selective regulatory elements enhance expression in a PV neuron relative to one or more other CNS cell types.
  • a PV selective regulatory element suppresses transcription and/or translation processes in off target cell-types.
  • a PV selective regulatory element provided herein results in selective gene expression in a PV cell as compared to off target cell types.
  • off target cell types include, but are not limited to, excitatory neurons, non-PV CNS cell-types, and non-neuronal CNS cell types.
  • PV selective regulatory elements result in selective gene expression in PV neurons over at least one, two, three, four, five, or more non-PV CNS cell types.
  • a non-PV CNS cell is an excitatory neuron, a dopaminergic neuron, an astrocyte, a microglia, a motor neuron, a vascular cell, or a non-GAB Aergic neuron (e.g., a cell that does not express one or more of GAD2, GAD1, NKX2.1, DLX1, DLX5, SST and VIP), a non-PV neuron (e.g., a GABAergic neuron that does not express parvalbumin), or other CNS cells (e.g., CNS cell types that have never expressed any of PV, GAD2, GAD1, NKX2.1, DLX1, DLX5, SST and VIP).
  • CNS cells e.g., CNS cell types that have never expressed any of PV, GAD2, GAD1, NKX2.1, DLX1, DLX5, SST and VIP.
  • a PV selective regulatory element provided herein result in increased selectivity in gene expression in PV neurons as compared to non-PV GABAergic cells.
  • cell types are distinguished by having a different cell marker, morphology, phenotype, genotype, function, and/or any other means for classifying cell types.
  • Selectivity of expression driven by a PV selective regulatory element can be measured in a number of ways.
  • selectivity of gene expression in a PV cell over non-PV cells can be measured by comparing the number of PV cells that express a detectable level of a transcript from a gene that is operably linked to a PV selective regulatory element to the total number of cells that express the gene (e.g., the ratio of PV vs. total cells (PV + non-PV cells) expressing the gene).
  • selectivity for PV neurons can be determined using an immunohistochemistry based colocalization assay using a gene encoding a fluorescent protein (e.g., eGFP) operably linked to a PV selective regulatory element to measure gene expression and an antibody that identifies PV cells (e.g., an anti-PV antibody that interacts specifically with PV neurons) linked to a second fluorescence label (e.g., red fluorescent protein).
  • a fluorescent protein e.g., eGFP
  • an antibody that identifies PV cells e.g., an anti-PV antibody that interacts specifically with PV neurons
  • a second fluorescence label e.g., red fluorescent protein
  • a PV selective regulatory element provided herein can be highly selective for expression in PV cells.
  • a PV selective regulatory element provided herein can exhibit about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than about 99% selectivity for PV neurons (e.g., PV
  • a PV selective regulatory element provided herein is short.
  • the size of the PV selective regulatory element is compatible with the cloning capacity of a vector, e.g., a viral vector or rAAV, such that the combined size of a transgene and one or more PV selective regulatory elements does not exceed the cloning capacity of a vector.
  • a PV selective regulatory element has a length of up to about 2050bp, 2000bp, 1900bp, 1800bp, 1700bp, 1600bp, 1500bp, 1400bp, 1300bp, 1200bp, l lOObp, lOOObp, 900bp, 800bp, 700bp, 600bp, 500bp, 400bp, 300bp, 200bp, or lOObp.
  • a PV selective regulatory element is between about 500-600bp, 500-700bp, 500-800bp, 500-900bp, 500-1000bp, 500-1500bp, 500- 2000bp, or 500-2050bp.
  • a PV selective regulatory element comprises or consists of any one of (i) SEQ ID NOs: 2-4; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof; or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii).
  • a regulatory element comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4.
  • Other examples of PV selective regulatory elements may be found in PCT Publication No. WO 2018/187363.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1 A under the control of a PV selective regulatory element.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A comprising a DBD having any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 77-98 under the control of a PV selective regulatory element having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A comprising any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 99-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223 under the control of a PV selective regulatory element having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 67-73 under the control of a PV selective regulatory element having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A comprising a DBD having any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 148-151 under the control of a PV selective regulatory element having any one of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A comprising any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 99-131, 205, 207, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, or 223 under the control of a PV selective regulatory element having any one of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising any one of the following sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 67-76 or 316 under the control of a PV selective regulatory element having any one of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the application provides expression cassettes comprising a PV selective miroRNA binding site and a promoter and/or enhancer sequence. Any of the promoters described herein may be included in the expression cassette.
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises a PV selective microRNA binding site and a PV selective regulatory element.
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises a PV selective microRNA binding site and a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof; or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii).
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises (1) a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising (i) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14 or 15; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii), and (2) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises (1) a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 7; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii), and (2) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises a microRNA binding site comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 and a PV selective regulatory element comprising SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a polynucleotide provided herein comprises (1) a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 14; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii), and (2) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises (1) a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 15; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii), and (2) a PV selective regulatory element comprising
  • SEQ ID NO: 2 SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises a microRNA binding site comprising SEQ ID NO: 15 and a PV selective regulatory element comprising SEQ ID NO:
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates expression of SCN1A as provided herein.
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising a PV selective regulatory element, an eTF that upregulates expression of SCN1 A as provided herein, and a PV selective miroRNA binding site.
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising (1) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising (1) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii), (2) a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A comprising (i) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77 or 127; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 7; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii).
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising (1) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising (1) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii), (2) a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1 A comprising (i) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 77 or 127; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 15; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii).
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising (1) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii), (2) a sequence encoding an eTF that upregulates SCN1A comprising (i) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92 or 106; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising (1) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%,
  • the application provides an expression cassette comprising (1) a PV selective regulatory element comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 2; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%,
  • a PV selective microRNA binding site comprising (i) SEQ ID NO: 15; (ii) a variant, functional fragment, or a combination thereof of (i); or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of (i) or (ii).
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprising a PV selective regulatory element and a PV selective microRNA binding site is less than 5 kb, 4.9 kb, 4.8 kb, 4.7 kb, 4.6 kb, 4.5 kb, 4.4 kb, 4.3 kb, 4.2 kb, 4.1 kb, 4.0 kb, 3.9 kb, 3.8 kb, 3.7 kb, 3.6 kb,
  • an expression cassette provided herein may comprise one more additional regulatory elements in an addition to a promoter, such as, for example, sequences associated with transcription initiation or termination, enhancer sequences, and efficient RNA processing signals.
  • exemplary regulatory elements include, for example, an intron, an enhancer, UTR, stability element, WPRE sequence, a Kozak consensus sequence, posttranslational response element, a microRNA binding site, or a polyadenylation (polyA) sequence, or a combination thereof.
  • Regulatory elements can function to modulate gene expression at the transcriptional phase, post-transcriptional phase, or at the translational phase of gene expression.
  • RNA level regulation can occur at the level of translation (e.g., stability elements that stabilize mRNA for translation), RNA cleavage, RNA splicing, and/or transcriptional termination.
  • regulatory elements can recruit transcription factors to a coding region that increase gene expression selectivity in a cell type of interest, increases the rate at which RNA transcripts are produced, increase the stability of RNA produced, and/or increase the rate of protein synthesis from RNA transcripts.
  • an expression cassette provided herein comprises at least one PV selective microRNA binding site as provided herein. [0228]
  • the expression cassettes described herein further comprise a polyA sequence.
  • Suitable polyA sequences include, for example, an artificial polyA that is about 75 bp in length (PA75) (see e.g., WO 2018/126116), the bovine growth hormone polyA, SV40 early polyA signal, SV40 late polyA signal, rabbit beta globin polyA, HSV thymidine kinase polyA, protamine gene polyA, adenovirus 5 Elb polyA, growth hormone polyA, or a PBGD polyA.
  • a polyA sequence suitable for use in the expression cassettes provided herein is an hGH polyA (SEQ ID NO: 17) or a synthetic polyA (SEQ ID NO: 16).
  • the polyA sequence is positioned downstream of the polynucleotide encoding the eTF in the expression cassettes described herein.
  • the expression cassettes provided herein further comprise one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more nuclear localization signals (NLS).
  • NLS nuclear localization signals
  • Any NLS peptide that facilitates import of the protein to which is attached into the cell nucleus may be used.
  • NLS include, for example, the SV40 large T-antigen NLS, the nucleoplasmin NLS, EGL-13 NLS, c-Myc NLS and TUS-protein NLS. See e.g., C. Dingwall et al., J. Cell Biol. 107: 841-9 (1988); J.P. Makkerh et al., Curr Biol. 6: 1025-7 (1996); and M. Ray et al.,
  • the NLS may be located anywhere on the eTF protein sequence, but in preferred embodiments is conjugated to the N-terminus of the eTF or a domain of the eTF.
  • the nucleic acid cassettes provided herein encode an eTF with an NLS fused to the N-terminus of the eTF.
  • the nucleic acid cassettes provided herein encode an eTF with a first NLS fused to the N-terminus of the eTF and a second NLS located between the DBD and the TAD domain of the eTF.
  • the expression cassettes described herein may be incorporated into an expression vector.
  • Expression vectors may be used to deliver an expression cassette to a target cell via transfection or transduction.
  • a vector may be an integrating or non-integrating vector, referring to the ability of the vector to integrate the expression cassette or transgene into the genome of the host cell.
  • expression vectors include, but are not limited to, (a) non-viral vectors such as nucleic acid vectors including linear oligonucleotides and circular plasmids; artificial chromosomes such as human artificial chromosomes (HACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs or PACs)); episomal vectors; transposons (e.g., PiggyBac); and (b) viral vectors such as retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, and adeno-associated viral vectors.
  • non-viral vectors such as nucleic acid vectors including linear oligonucleotides and circular plasmids
  • artificial chromosomes such as human artificial chromosomes (HACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs or PACs)
  • episomal vectors e.g.,
  • Expression vectors may be linear oligonucleotides or circular plasmids and can be delivered to a cell via various transfection methods, including physical and chemical methods.
  • Physical methods generally refer to methods of delivery employing a physical force to counteract the cell membrane barrier in facilitating intracellular delivery of genetic material. Examples of physical methods include the use of a needle, ballistic DNA, electroporation, sonoporation, photoporation, magnetofection, and hydroporation.
  • Chemical methods generally refer to methods in which chemical carriers deliver a nucleic acid molecule to a cell and may include inorganic particles, lipid-based vectors, polymer-based vectors and peptide-based vectors.
  • an expression vector is administered to a target cell using a cationic lipid (e.g., cationic liposome).
  • a cationic lipid e.g., cationic liposome
  • lipid nano emulsion e.g., which is a dispersion of one immiscible liquid in another stabilized by emulsifying agent
  • solid lipid nanoparticle e.g., which is a dispersion of one immiscible liquid in another stabilized by emulsifying agent
  • an expression vector is administered to a target cell using a peptide based delivery vehicle.
  • Peptide based delivery vehicles can have advantages of protecting the genetic material to be delivered, targeting specific cell receptors, disrupting endosomal membranes and delivering genetic material into a nucleus.
  • an expression vector is administered to a target cell using a polymer based delivery vehicle.
  • Polymer based delivery vehicles may comprise natural proteins, peptides and/or polysaccharides or synthetic polymers.
  • a polymer based delivery vehicle comprises polyethylenimine (PEI). PEI can condense DNA into positively charged particles which bind to anionic cell surface residues and are brought into the cell via endocytosis.
  • PEI polyethylenimine
  • a polymer based delivery vehicle may comprise poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly (DL-lactic acid) (PLA), poly ( DL-lactide-co-glycoside) (PLGA), polyomithine, polyarginine, histones, protamines, dendrimers, chitosans, synthetic amino derivatives of dextran, and/or cationic acrylic polymers.
  • polymer based delivery vehicles may comprise a mixture of polymers, such as, for example PEG and PLL.
  • an expression vector may be a viral vector suitable for gene therapy.
  • Preferred characteristics of viral gene therapy vectors or gene delivery vectors may include the ability to be reproducibly and stably propagated and purified to high titers; to mediate targeted delivery (e.g., to deliver the transgene specifically to the tissue or organ of interest without widespread vector dissemination elsewhere); and to mediate gene delivery and transgene expression without inducing harmful side effects.
  • viruses for example the non-pathogenic parvovirus referred to as adeno- associated virus, have been engineered for the purposes of gene therapy by harnessing the viral infection pathway but avoiding the subsequent expression of viral genes that can lead to replication and toxicity.
  • viral vectors can be obtained by deleting all, or some, of the coding regions from the viral genome, but leaving intact those sequences (e.g., terminal repeat sequences) that may be necessary for functions such as packaging the vector genome into the virus capsid or the integration of vector nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into the host chromatin.
  • suitable viral vectors include retroviruses (e.g., A-type, B-type, C-type, and D-type viruses), adenovirus, parvovirus (e.g. adeno-associated viruses or AAV), coronavirus, negative strand RNA viruses such as orthomyxovirus (e.g., influenza virus), rhabdovirus (e.g., rabies and vesicular stomatitis virus), paramyxovirus (e. g.
  • RNA viruses such as picomavirus and alphavirus
  • double-stranded DNA viruses including adenovirus, herpesvirus (e.g., Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus), and poxvirus (e.g., vaccinia, fowlpox and canarypox).
  • retroviruses include avian leukosis-sarcoma virus, human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), lentivirus, and spumavirus.
  • viruses include Norwalk virus, togavirus, flavivirus, reoviruses, papovavirus, hepadnavirus, and hepatitis virus, for example.
  • Viral vectors may be classified into two groups according to their ability to integrate into the host genome - integrating and non-integrating. Oncoretroviruses and lentiviruses can integrate into host cellular chromatin while adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes viruses predominantly persist in the cell nucleus as extrachromosomal epi somes.
  • a suitable viral vector is a retroviral vector.
  • Retroviruses refer to viruses of the family Retroviridae. Examples of retroviruses include oncoretroviruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV), and lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV- 1). Retroviral genomes are single-stranded (ss) RNAs and comprise various genes that may be provided in cis or trans. For example, retroviral genome may contain cis-acting sequences such as two long terminal repeats (LTR), with elements for gene expression, reverse transcription and integration into the host chromosomes.
  • LTR long terminal repeats
  • the retroviral genome may comprise gag, pol and env genes.
  • the gag gene encodes the structural proteins
  • the pol gene encodes the enzymes that accompany the ssRNA and carry out reverse transcription of the viral RNA to DNA
  • the env gene encodes the viral envelope.
  • the gag, pol and env are provided in trans for viral replication and packaging.
  • a retroviral vector provided herein may be a lentiviral vector. At least five serogroups or serotypes of lentiviruses are recognized. Viruses of the different serotypes may differentially infect certain cell types and/or hosts. Lentiviruses, for example, include primate retroviruses and non-primate retroviruses. Primate retroviruses include HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Non-primate retroviruses include feline
  • Lentiviruses or lentivectors may be capable of transducing quiescent cells. As with oncoretrovirus vectors, the design of lentivectors may be based on the separation of cis- and trans-acting sequences.
  • the application provides expression vectors that have been designed for delivery by an optimized therapeutic retroviral vector.
  • the retroviral vector can be a lentivirus comprising a left (5’) LTR; sequences which aid packaging and/or nuclear import of the virus; a promoter; optionally one or more additional regulatory elements (such as, for example, an enhancer or polyA sequence); optionally a lentiviral reverse response element (RRE); a construct comprising PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a sequence encoding an eTF; optionally an insulator; and a right (3’) retroviral LTR.
  • a lentivirus comprising a left (5’) LTR; sequences which aid packaging and/or nuclear import of the virus; a promoter; optionally one or more additional regulatory elements (such as, for example, an enhancer or polyA sequence); optionally a lentiviral reverse response element (RRE); a construct comprising PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a sequence encoding an eTF; optionally an insulator
  • a viral vector provided herein is an adeno-associated virus (AAV).
  • AAV is a small, replication-defective, non-enveloped animal virus that infects humans and some other primate species. AAV is not known to cause human disease and induces a mild immune response. AAV vectors can also infect both dividing and quiescent cells without integrating into the host cell genome.
  • the AAV genome consists of a linear single stranded DNA which is ⁇ 4.7kb in length.
  • the genome consists of two open reading frames (ORF) flanked by an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequence that is about 145bp in length.
  • the ITR consists of a nucleotide sequence at the 5’ end (5’ ITR) and a nucleotide sequence located at the 3’ end (3’ ITR) that contain palindromic sequences.
  • the ITRs function in cis by folding over to form T-shaped hairpin structures by complementary base pairing that function as primers during initiation of DNA replication for second strand synthesis.
  • the two open reading frames encode for rep and cap genes that are involved in replication and packaging of the virion.
  • an AAV vector provided herein does not contain the rep or cap genes. Such genes may be provided in trans for producing virions as described further below.
  • an AAV vector may include a stuffer nucleic acid.
  • the stuffer nucleic acid may encode a green fluorescent protein or antibiotic resistance gene such as kanamycin or ampicillin.
  • the stuffer nucleic acid may be located outside of the ITR sequences (e.g., as compared to the eTF transgene sequence and regulatory sequences, which are located between the 5’ and 3’ ITR sequences).
  • Various serotypes of AAV exist, including AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5,
  • AAVs may comprise the genome and capsids from multiple serotypes (e.g., pseudotypes).
  • an AAV may comprise the genome of serotype 2 (e.g., ITRs) packaged in the capsid from serotype 5 or serotype 9.
  • Pseudotypes may improve transduction efficiency as well as alter tropism.
  • an AAV serotype that can cross the blood brain barrier or infect cells of the CNS is preferred.
  • AAV9 or a variant thereof is used to deliver an expression cassette of this disclosure, comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a transgene encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A.
  • AAV9 or a variant thereof is used to deliver an expression cassette of this disclosure, comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • AAV9 or a variant thereof is used to deliver an expression cassette of this disclosure, comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a transgene encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A, and a PV selective microRNA binding site
  • the application provides expression vectors that have been designed for delivery by an AAV.
  • the AAV can be any serotype, for examples, AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV3b, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV 12, AAV-DJ, or a chimeric, hybrid, or variant AAV.
  • the AAV can also be a self-complementary AAV (scAAV).
  • an expression vector designed for delivery by an AAV comprises a 5’ ITR and a 3’ ITR.
  • an expression vector designed for delivery by an AAV comprises a 5’ ITR, a promoter, a transgene encoding an eTF, and a 3’ ITR.
  • an expression vector designed for delivery by an AAV comprises a 5’ ITR, an enhancer, a promoter, a transgene encoding an eTF, a polyA sequence, and a 3’ ITR.
  • the invention relates to a host cell comprising an expression cassette or expression vector as disclosed herein.
  • Host cells may be a bacterial cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell or a mammalian cell.
  • a host cell refers to any cell line that is susceptible to infection by a virus of interest, and amenable to culture in vitro.
  • a host cell may be used for ex vivo gene therapy purposes.
  • the cells are transfected with a nucleic acid molecule or expression vector comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein and subsequently transplanted into the patient or subject.
  • Transplanted cells can have an autologous, allogenic or heterologous origin.
  • cell isolation will generally be carried out under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) conditions.
  • GMP Good Manufacturing Practices
  • preconditioning such as with radiation and/or an immunosuppressive treatment, may be carried out.
  • the host cells may be transplanted together with growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
  • a host cell may be used for ex vivo gene therapy.
  • said cells are eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells, these include, but are not limited to, humans, non-human primates such as apes; chimpanzees; monkeys, and orangutans, domesticated animals, including dogs and cats, as well as livestock such as horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats, or other mammalian species including, without limitation, mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, and the like.
  • mammalian cells these include, but are not limited to, humans, non-human primates such as apes; chimpanzees; monkeys, and orangutans, domesticated animals, including dogs and cats, as well as livestock such as horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats, or other mammalian species including, without limitation, mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, and the like.
  • a host cell provided herein may be a cell with self-renewal and pluripotency properties, such as stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • Stem cells are preferably mesenchymal stem cells.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
  • Yamanaka et al. induced iPS cells by transferring the Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc genes into mouse and human fibroblasts, and forcing the cells to express the genes (WO 2007/069666).
  • Thomson et al. subsequently produced human iPS cells using Nanog and Lin28 in place of Klf4 and c-Myc (WO 2008/118820).
  • a host cell provided herein is a packaging cell.
  • Said cells can be adherent or suspension cells.
  • the packaging cell, and helper vector or virus or DNA construct(s) provide together in trans all the missing functions which are required for the complete replication and packaging of the viral vector.
  • said packaging cells are eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells, including simian, human, dog and rodent cells.
  • human cells are PER.C6 cells (WOOl/38362), MRC-5 (ATCC CCL-171), WI-38 (ATCC CCL-75), HEK-293 cells (ATCC CRL-1573), HeLa cells (ATCC CCL2), and fetal rhesus lung cells (ATCC CL-160).
  • non-human primate cells are Vero cells (ATCC CCL81), COS-1 cells (ATCC CRL-1650) or COS-7 cells (ATCC CRL-1651).
  • dog cells are MDCK cells (ATCC CCL-34).
  • rodent cells are hamster cells, such as BHK21-F, HKCC cells, or CHO cells.
  • cell lines for use in the invention may be derived from avian sources such as chicken, duck, goose, quail or pheasant.
  • avian cell lines include avian embryonic stem cells (WOOl/85938 and W003/076601), immortalized duck retina cells (W02005/042728), and avian embryonic stem cell derived cells, including chicken cells (W02006/108846) or duck cells, such as EB66 cell line (W02008/129058 & WO2008/142124).
  • said host cell are insect cells, such as SF9 cells (ATCC CRL- 1711), Sf21 cells (IPLB-Sf21), MG1 cells (BTI-TN-MG1) or High FiveTM cells (BTI-TN-5B1- 4) ⁇
  • the host cells provided herein comprising the recombinant AAV vector/genome of the invention may further comprise one or more additional nucleic acid constructs, such as, for example (i) a nucleic acid construct (e.g., an AAV helper plasmid) that encodes rep and cap genes, but does not carry ITR sequences; and/or (ii) a nucleic acid construct (e.g., a plasmid) providing the adenoviral functions necessary for AAV replication.
  • a nucleic acid construct e.g., an AAV helper plasmid
  • a nucleic acid construct e.g., a plasmid
  • a host cell comprises: i) an expression vector comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as provided herein (i.e., the recombinant AAV genome); ii) a nucleic acid construct encoding AAV rep and cap genes which does not carry the ITR sequences; and iii) a nucleic acid construct comprising adenoviral helper genes (as described further below).
  • the rep, cap, and adenoviral helper genes can be combined on a single plasmid (Blouin V et al. J Gene Med. 2004; 6(suppl): S223-S228; Grimm D. et al. Hum. Gene Ther. 2003; 7: 839-850).
  • a host cell comprises: i) an expression vector comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein (i.e., the recombinant AAV genome); and ii) a plasmid encoding AAV rep and cap genes which does not carry the ITR sequences and further comprising adenoviral helper genes.
  • a host cell comprises: a) an expression vector comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein (i.e., the recombinant AAV genome); b) a plasmid encoding AAV rep and cap genes which does not carry the ITR sequences; and c) a plasmid comprising adenoviral helper genes E2a, E4, and VA RNAs; wherein co-transfection is performed in cells, preferably mammalian cells, that constitutively express and transcomplement the adenoviral El gene, like HEK-293 cells (ATCC CRL-1573).
  • a host cell suitable for large-scale production of AAV vectors is an insect cells that can be infected with a combination of recombinant baculoviruses (Urabe et al. Hum. Gene Ther. 2002; 13: 1935-1943).
  • SF9 cells may be co-infected with three baculovirus vectors respectively expressing AAV rep, AAV cap and the AAV vector to be packaged.
  • the recombinant baculovirus vectors will provide the viral helper gene functions required for virus replication and/or packaging.
  • the application provides viral particles comprising a viral vector comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein.
  • viral particle and“virion” are used herein interchangeably and relate to an infectious and typically replication-defective virus particle comprising the viral genome (e.g., the viral expression vector) packaged within a capsid and, as the case may be e.g., for retroviruses, a lipidic envelope surrounding the capsid.
  • a “capsid” refers to the structure in which the viral genome is packaged.
  • a capsid consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of proteins. For example, AAV have an icosahedral capsid formed by the interaction of three capsid proteins: VPl, VP2 and VP3. In one
  • a virion provided herein is a recombinant AAV virion or rAAV virion obtained by packaging an AAV vector comprising a PV selective regulatory element and a PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • a virion provided herein is a recombinant AAV virion or rAAV virion obtained by packaging an AAV vector comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1 A as described herein in a protein shell.
  • a virion provided herein is a recombinant AAV virion or rAAV virion obtained by packaging an AAV vector comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1 A as described herein and a PV selective microRNA binding site in a protein shell.
  • a recombinant AAV virion provided herein may be prepared by encapsidating an AAV genome derived from a particular AAV serotype in a viral particle formed by natural Cap proteins corresponding to an AAV of the same particular serotype.
  • an AAV viral particle provided herein comprises a viral vector comprising ITR(s) of a given AAV serotype packaged into proteins from a different serotype. See e.g., Bunning H et al. J Gene Med 2008; 10: 717-733.
  • a viral vector having ITRs from a given AAV serotype may be packaged into: a) a viral particle constituted of capsid proteins derived from a same or different AAV serotype (e.g. AAV2 ITRs and AAV9 capsid proteins; AAV2 ITRs and AAV8 capsid proteins; etc.); b) a mosaic viral particle constituted of a mixture of capsid proteins from different AAV serotypes or mutants (e.g. AAV2 ITRs with AAV1 and AAV9 capsid proteins); c) a chimeric viral particle constituted of capsid proteins that have been truncated by domain swapping between different AAV serotypes or variants (e.g.
  • AAV2 ITRs with AAV8 capsid proteins with AAV9 domains or d) a targeted viral particle engineered to display selective binding domains, enabling stringent interaction with target cell specific receptors (e.g. AAV5 ITRs with AAV9 capsid proteins genetically truncated by insertion of a peptide ligand; or AAV9 capsid proteins non-genetically modified by coupling of a peptide ligand to the capsid surface).
  • target cell specific receptors e.g. AAV5 ITRs with AAV9 capsid proteins genetically truncated by insertion of a peptide ligand; or AAV9 capsid proteins non-genetically modified by coupling of a peptide ligand to the capsid surface.
  • an AAV virion provided herein may comprise capsid proteins of any AAV serotype.
  • the viral particle comprises capsid proteins from an AAV serotype selected from the group consisting of an AAV1, an AAV2, an AAV5, an AAV8, and an AAV9, which are more suitable for delivery to the CNS (M.
  • the viral particle comprises an expression cassette of the invention wherein the 5’ITR and 3’ITR sequences of the expression cassette are of an AAV2 serotype and the capsid proteins are of an AAV9 serotype.
  • rAAV production cultures for the production of rAAV virus particles all require; 1) suitable host cells, including, for example, human-derived cell lines such as HeLa, A549, or 293 cells, or insect-derived cell lines such as SF-9, in the case of baculovirus production systems; 2) suitable helper virus function, provided by wild-type or mutant adenovirus (such as temperature sensitive adenovirus), herpes virus, baculovirus, or a plasmid construct providing helper functions; 3) AAV rep and cap genes and gene products; 4) a transgene (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by AAV ITR sequences; and 5) suitable media and media components to support rAAV
  • the host cells described herein comprise the following three components: (1) a rep gene and a cap gene, (2) genes providing helper functions, and (3) a transgene (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by ITRs.
  • the AAV rep gene, AAV cap gene, and genes providing helper functions can be introduced into the cell by incorporating said genes into a vector such as, for example, a plasmid, and introducing said vector into the host cell.
  • the rep, cap and helper function genes can be incorporated into the same plasmid or into different plasmids.
  • the AAV rep and cap genes are incorporated into one plasmid and the genes providing helper functions are incorporated into another plasmid.
  • the various plasmids for creation of a host cell for virion production e.g., comprising AAV rep and cap genes, helper functions, or a transgene
  • transfection methods include, but are not limited to, co precipitation with calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, polybrene, electroporation, microinjection, liposome-mediated fusion, lipofection, retrovirus infection and biolistic transfection.
  • the plasmids providing the rep and cap genes, the helper functions and the transgene flanked by ITRs can be introduced into the cell simultaneously.
  • the plasmids providing the rep and cap genes and the helper functions can be introduced in the cell before or after the introduction of plasmid comprising the transgene.
  • the cells are transfected simultaneously with three plasmids (e.g., a triple transfection method): (1) a plasmid comprising the transgene (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by ITRs, (2) a plasmid comprising the AAV rep and cap genes, and (3) a plasmid comprising the genes providing the helper functions.
  • a plasmid comprising the transgene e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promote
  • Exemplary host cells may be 293, A549 or HeLa cells.
  • one or more of (1) the AAV rep and cap genes, (2) genes providing helper functions, and (3) the transgene (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by ITRs may be carried by the packaging cell, either episomally and/or integrated into the genome of the packaging cell.
  • host cells may be packaging cells in which the AAV rep and cap genes and helper functions are stably maintained in the host cell and the host cell is transiently transfected with a plasmid containing a transgene (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by ITRs.
  • a transgene e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter
  • host cells are packaging cells in which the AAV rep and cap genes are stably maintained in the host cell and the host cell is transiently transfected with a plasmid containing a transgene (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by ITRs and a plasmid containing the helper functions.
  • a transgene e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter
  • host cells may be packaging cells in which the helper functions are stably maintained in the host cell and the host cell is transiently transfected with a plasmid containing a transgene (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by ITRs and a plasmid containing rep and cap genes.
  • a transgene e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter
  • host cells may be producer cell lines that are stably transfected with rep and cap genes, helper functions and the transgene sequence (e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1 A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter) flanked by ITRs.
  • transgene sequence e.g., comprising one or more of: a PV selective microRNA binding site, a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1 A as described herein, and/or a PV selective promoter
  • Exemplary packaging and producer cells may be derived from 293, A549 or HeLa cells.
  • the producer cell line is an insect cell line (typically Sf9 cells) that is infected with baculovirus expression vectors that provide Rep and Cap proteins.
  • This system does not require adenovirus helper genes (Ayuso E, et ak, Curr. Gene Ther. 2010, 10:423-436).
  • cap protein refers to a polypeptide having at least one functional activity of a native AAV Cap protein (e.g. VPl, VP2, VP3).
  • functional activities of cap proteins include the ability to induce formation of a capsid, facilitate
  • Cap protein can be used in the context of the present invention.
  • Cap proteins have been reported to have effects on host tropism, cell, tissue, or organ specificity, receptor usage, infection efficiency, and immunogenicity of AAV viruses.
  • an AAV cap for use in an rAAV may be selected taking into consideration, for example, the subject's species (e.g. human or non-human), the subject's immunological state, the subject's suitability for long or short-term treatment, or a particular therapeutic application (e.g. treatment of a particular disease or disorder, or delivery to particular cells, tissues, or organs).
  • the cap protein is derived from the AAV of the group consisting of AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9 serotypes.
  • the cap protein is derived from AAV9.
  • an AAV Cap for use in the method of the invention can be generated by mutagenesis (i.e. by insertions, deletions, or substitutions) of one of the
  • the AAV cap is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% or more similar to one or more of the aforementioned AAV caps.
  • the AAV cap is chimeric, comprising domains from two, three, four, or more of the aforementioned AAV caps.
  • the AAV cap is a mosaic of VP1, VP2, and VP3 monomers originating from two or three different AAV or a recombinant AAV.
  • a rAAV composition comprises more than one of the
  • an AAV cap for use in a rAAV virion is engineered to contain a heterologous sequence or other modification.
  • a peptide or protein sequence that confers selective targeting or immune evasion may be engineered into a cap protein.
  • the cap may be chemically modified so that the surface of the rAAV is polyethylene glycolated (i.e., pegylated), which may facilitate immune evasion.
  • the cap protein may also be mutagenized (e.g., to remove its natural receptor binding, or to mask an immunogenic epitope).
  • rep protein refers to a polypeptide having at least one functional activity of a native AAV rep protein (e.g. rep 40, 52, 68, 78).
  • functional activities of a rep protein include any activity associated with the physiological function of the protein, including facilitating replication of DNA through recognition, binding and nicking of the AAV origin of DNA replication as well as DNA helicase activity. Additional functions include modulation of transcription from AAV (or other heterologous) promoters and site-specific integration of AAV DNA into a host chromosome.
  • AAV rep genes may be from the serotypes AAV1, AAV2, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAVIO or AAVrhlO; more preferably from an AAV serotype selected from the group consisting of AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9.
  • an AAV rep protein for use in the method of the invention can be generated by mutagenesis (i.e. by insertions, deletions, or substitutions) of one of the
  • the AAV rep is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% or more similar to one or more of the aforementioned AAV reps.
  • helper functions refer to viral proteins upon which AAV is dependent for replication.
  • the helper functions include those proteins required for AAV replication including, without limitation, those proteins involved in activation of AAV gene transcription, stage specific AAV mRNA splicing, AAV DNA replication, synthesis of cap expression products, and AAV capsid assembly.
  • Viral-based accessory functions can be derived from any of the known helper viruses such as adenovirus, herpesvirus (other than herpes simplex virus type-1), and vaccinia virus.
  • Helper functions include, without limitation, adenovirus El, E2a, VA, and E4 or herpesvirus UL5, ULB, UL52, and UL29, and herpesvirus polymerase.
  • the proteins upon which AAV is dependent for replication are derived from adenovirus.
  • a viral protein upon which AAV is dependent for replication for use in the method of the invention can be generated by mutagenesis (i.e. by insertions, deletions, or substitutions) of one of the aforementioned viral proteins or its encoding nucleic acid.
  • the viral protein is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% or more similar to one or more of the aforementioned viral proteins.
  • Host cells for expressing a transgene of interest may be grown under conditions adequate for assembly of the AAV virions.
  • host cells are grown for a suitable period of time in order to promote the assembly of the AAV virions and the release of virions into the media.
  • cells may be grown for about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 72 hours, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 8 days, about 9 days, or up to about 10 days.
  • time of culture is measured from the point of viral production.
  • viral production generally begins upon supplying helper virus function in an appropriate host cell as described herein.
  • cells are harvested about 48 to about 100, preferably about 48 to about 96, preferably about 72 to about 96, preferably about 68 to about 72 hours after helper virus infection (or after viral production begins).
  • rAAV production cultures can be grown under a variety of conditions (over a wide temperature range, for varying lengths of time, and the like) suitable to the particular host cell being utilized.
  • rAAV production cultures include attachment-dependent cultures which can be cultured in suitable attachment-dependent vessels such as, for example, roller bottles, hollow fiber filters, microcarriers, and packed-bed or fluidized-bed bioreactors.
  • rAAV vector production cultures may also include suspension-adapted host cells such as HeLa, 293, and SF-9 cells which can be cultured in a variety of ways including, for example, spinner flasks, stirred tank bioreactors, and disposable systems such as the Wave bag system.
  • Suitable media known in the art may be used for the production of rAAV virions. These media include, without limitation, media produced by Hyclone Laboratories and JRH including Modified Eagle Medium (MEM), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • rAAV production culture media may be supplemented with serum or serum-derived recombinant proteins at a level of 0.5%-20% (v/v or w/v).
  • rAAV vectors may be produced in serum-free conditions which may also be referred to as media with no animal-derived products.
  • the resulting virions may be then be harvested and purified.
  • the AAV virions can be obtained from (1) the host cells of the production culture by lysis of the host cells, and/or (2) the culture medium of said cells after a period of time post-transfection, preferably 72 hours.
  • the rAAV virions may be harvested from the spent media from the production culture, provided the cells are cultured under conditions that cause release of rAAV virions into the media from intact cells (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,118).
  • Suitable methods of lysing cells are also known in the art and include for example multiple freeze/thaw cycles, sonication, microfluidization, and treatment with chemicals, such as detergents and/or proteases.
  • the rAAV virions may be purified.
  • the term“purified” as used herein includes a preparation of rAAV virions devoid of at least some of the other components that may also be present where the rAAV virions naturally occur or are initially prepared from.
  • purified rAAV virions may be prepared using an isolation technique to enrich it from a source mixture, such as a culture lysate or production culture supernatant.
  • Enrichment can be measured in a variety of ways, such as, for example, by the proportion of DNase-resistant particles (DRPs) or genome copies (gc) present in a solution, or by infectivity, or it can be measured in relation to a second, potentially interfering substance present in the source mixture, such as contaminants, including production culture contaminants or in-process contaminants, including helper virus, media components, and the like.
  • DNase-resistant particles DNase-resistant particles
  • gc genome copies
  • the rAAV production culture harvest may be clarified to remove host cell debris.
  • the production culture harvest may be clarified using a variety of standard techniques, such as, centrifugation or filtration through a filter of 0.2 pm or greater pore size (e.g., a cellulose acetate filter or a series of depth filters).
  • the rAAV production culture harvest is further treated with BenzonaseTM to digest any high molecular weight DNA present in the production culture.
  • the BenzonaseTM digestion is performed under standard conditions, for example, a final concentration of 1-2.5 units/ml of BenzonaseTM at a temperature ranging from ambient to 37°C for a period of 30 minutes to several hours.
  • the rAAV virions may be isolated or purified using one or more of the following purification steps: equilibrium centrifugation; flow-through anionic exchange filtration; tangential flow filtration (TFF) for concentrating the rAAV particles; rAAV capture by apatite chromatography; heat inactivation of helper virus; rAAV capture by hydrophobic interaction chromatography; buffer exchange by size exclusion chromatography (SEC);
  • purified AAV virions can be dialyzed against PBS, filtered and stored at -80°C.
  • Titers of viral genomes can be determined by quantitative PCR using linearized plasmid DNA as standard curve (see e.g., Lock M, et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 2010; 21 : 1273-1285).
  • the application provides compositions comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the application provides virions comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or a sequence encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • such compositions are suitable for gene therapy applications.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions are preferably sterile and stable under conditions of manufacture and storage. Sterile solutions may be accomplished, for example, by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
  • Acceptable carriers and excipients in the pharmaceutical compositions are preferably nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed.
  • Acceptable carriers and excipients may include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, HEPES, and TAE, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and methionine, preservatives such as hexamethonium chloride,
  • compositions of the disclosure can be administered parenterally in the form of an injectable formulation.
  • compositions for injection can be formulated using a sterile solution or any pharmaceutically acceptable liquid as a vehicle.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles include, but are not limited to, sterile water and physiological saline.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure may be prepared in microcapsules, such as hydroxylmethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and polymethylmethacrylate microcapsules.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure may also be prepared in other drug delivery systems such as liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles, and nanocapsules.
  • the pharmaceutical composition for gene therapy can be in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded.
  • compositions provided herein may be formulated for parenteral administration, subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, intra-arterial administration, intraparenchymal administration, intrathecal administration, intra-cisterna magna administration, intracerebroventricular administration, or intraperitoneal administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may also be formulated for, or administered via, nasal, spray, oral, aerosol, rectal, or vaginal administration.
  • a pharmaceutical composition provided herein is administered to the CNS or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), i.e. by intraparenchymal injection, intrathecal injection, intra-cisterna magna injection, or intracerebroventricular injection.
  • the tissue target may be specific, for example the CNS, or it may be a combination of several tissues, for example the muscle and CNS tissues.
  • Exemplary tissue or other targets may include liver, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, adipose deposits, kidney, lung, vascular endothelium, epithelial, hematopoietic cells, CNS and/or CSF.
  • a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A is administered to the CNS or CSF injection, i.e. by intraparenchymal injection, intrathecal injection, intra-ci sterna magna injection, or intracerebroventricular injection.
  • a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprising a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A is administered to the CNS or CSF injection, i.e. by intraparenchymal injection, intrathecal injection, intra-ci sterna magna injection, or intracerebroventricular injection.
  • intraparenchymal injection intrathecal injection
  • intra-ci sterna magna injection intracerebroventricular injection.
  • a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises an “effective amount” or a“therapeutically effective amount.”
  • such amounts refer to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired therapeutic result, such as increasing the level of SCN1A expression and/or decreasing the frequency and/or duration of seizures.
  • an AAV vector provided herein can be administered to the patient for the treatment of an SCN1 A deficiency (including for example, Dravet syndrome) in an amount or dose within a range of 5xl0 u to lxlO 14 gc/kg (genome copies per kilogram of patient body weight (gc/kg)).
  • the AAV vector is administered in an amount comprised within a range of about 5xl0 u gc/kg to about 3x10 13 gc/kg, or about lx 10 12 to about lx 10 14 gc/kg, or about lxlO 12 to about lxlO 13 gc/kg, or about 5xl0 u gc/kg, lxlO 12 gc/kg, 1.5xl0 12 gc/kg, 2.0xl0 12 gc/kg, 2.5xl0 12 gc/kg, 3xl0 12 gc/kg,
  • the gc/kg may be determined, for example, by qPCR or digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) (see e.g., M. Lock et al, Hum Gene Ther Methods. 2014 Apr;25(2): 115-25).
  • ddPCR digital droplet PCR
  • an AAV vector provided herein can be administered to the patient for the treatment of an SCN1A deficiency (including for example, Dravet syndrome) in an amount or dose within a range of lxlO 9 to lxlO 11 iu/kg (infective units of the vector (iu)/subject’s or patient’s body weight (kg)).
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be formed in a unit dose as needed. Such single dosage units may contain about lxlO 9 gc to about lxlO 15 gc.
  • compositions of the disclosure may be administered to a subject in need thereof, for example, one or more times (e.g., 1-10 times or more) daily, weekly, monthly, biannually, annually, or as medically necessary. In an exemplary embodiment, a single administration is sufficient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an expression cassette encoding a PV selective microRNA binding site and/or an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1 A is suitable for use in human subjects and is administered by intraparenchymal injection, intrathecal injection, intra-cistema magna injection, or
  • the pharmaceutical composition is delivered via a peripheral vein by bolus injection. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is delivered via a peripheral vein by infusion over about 10 minutes ( ⁇ 5 minutes), over about 20 minutes ( ⁇ 5 minutes), over about 30 minutes ( ⁇ 5 minutes), over about 60 minutes ( ⁇ 5 minutes), or over about 90 minutes ( ⁇ 10 minutes).
  • kits comprising a nucleic acid molecule, vector, host cell, virion or pharmaceutical composition as described herein in one or more containers.
  • a kit may include instructions or packaging materials that describe how to administer a nucleic acid molecule, vector, host cell or virion contained within the kit to a patient.
  • Containers of the kit can be of any suitable material, e.g., glass, plastic, metal, etc., and of any suitable size, shape, or configuration.
  • the kits may include one or more ampoules or syringes that contain a nucleic acid molecule, vector, host cell, virion or pharmaceutical composition in a suitable liquid or solution form.
  • the application provides methods for using the eTFs that selectively upregulate SCN1A as disclosed herein.
  • the application provides methods for administering an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein to upregulate expression of SCN1A in a cell.
  • an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein may be used to modulate expression of SCN1A in a cell in vitro , in vivo , or ex vivo.
  • the application provides methods for treating a disease or disorder associated with SCN1 A by administering an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulate SCN1A as disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof.
  • the disorder is a central nervous system disorder.
  • the disease or disorder is associated with haploinsufficiency of SCN1A.
  • the disorder is epilepsy associated with SCN1A haploinsufficiency.
  • the haploinsufficiency is the result of the subject being heterozygous for a loss of function mutation of the SCN1 A gene.
  • the disorder is epilepsy associated with an insertion, deletion, or substitution in the SCN1A gene. In certain embodiments, the disorder is epilepsy associated with a point mutation in the SCN1A gene.
  • a method of treating a disease or disorder comprises administering an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein such that under-expression of SCN1 A is corrected, brought within a level of a healthy individual, or brought within a normal range as defined by a standard of medical care.
  • the methods disclosed herein are used to treat a disease or disorder associated with endogenous SCN1A comprising one or more mutations that results in abnormal expression of SCN1A.
  • the application provides methods for ameliorating a symptom associated with a disease or disorder by administering an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof.
  • the application provides methods for treating a disease, disorder or symptom associated with a mutation in SCN1A (e.g., point mutation, substitution, deletion, inversion, etc.), a deficiency in Navi .1 and/or reduced activity of Navi .1 by administering to a subject in need thereof an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates expression of the SCN1 A gene or its protein product Navi .1.
  • Voltage-gated sodium ion channels are important for the generation and propagation of action potentials in striated muscle and neuronal tissues.
  • Voltage-gated sodium ion channels are heteromeric complexes consisting of a large central pore-forming glycosylated alpha subunit and 2 smaller auxiliary beta subunits.
  • the large alpha subunit Navi .1 subunit, encoded by the SCN1 A gene, is relevant for a variety of diseases or disorders such as Dravet syndrome.
  • Navl.l is expressed in neurons, and can be assembled with various beta subunits, including Navp i expressed by SCN1B gene.
  • the application provides methods for treating diseases associated with a mutation in SCN1A (e.g., deletion, insertion, inversion, point mutation (e.g., nonsense mutation, missense mutation), etc.) or reduced activity of Navl.l using an eTF that selectively upregulates expression of the endogenous SCN1A gene.
  • Diseases and disorders associated with SCN1A mutations include, but are not limited to: Dravet syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome, epilepsy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 6 (EIEE6), familial febrile seizures 3A
  • FEB3 A intractable childhood epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (ICEGTC), migraine, familial hemiplegic 3 (FHM3), Panayiotopoulos syndrome, familial atrial fibrillation 13 (ATFB13), generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus type 1 (gefs+ type 1), Brugada syndrome, nonspecific cardiac conduction defect, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, benign familial infantile seizures, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 11 (EIEE11), benign familial infantile epilepsy, neurodegeneration, tauopathies and Alzheimer’s disease.
  • the neurological condition is Dravet syndrome.
  • SCN1A serotonin-containing neuropeptides
  • ICS5N+5G>A mutation in SCN1A is associated with the maximum safe amount (dose) of the anti-seizure drugs phenytoin and carbamazepine.
  • the application provides a method for treating a subject with, or at risk of developing, Dravet syndrome by administering an expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A.
  • Dravet syndrome has been characterized by prolonged febrile and non-febrile seizures within the first year of a child’s life. This disease progresses to other seizure types like myoclonic and partial seizures, psychomotor delay, and ataxia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment, behavioral disorders, and motor deficits. Behavioral deficits often include hyperactivity and impulsiveness, and in more rare cases, autistic-like behaviors.
  • Dravet syndrome is also associated with sleep disorders including somnolence and insomnia.
  • Dravet syndrome is caused by genetic mutations that lead to the production of non functional proteins.
  • Dravet syndrome is caused by nonsense mutations in the SCN1A gene resulting in a premature stop codon and thus a non-functional protein.
  • a missense mutation in either the S5 or S6 segment of the sodium channel pore results in a loss of channel function and the development of Dravet syndrome.
  • a heterozygous inheritance of an SCN1A mutation e.g., a nonsense mutation, a missense mutation, deletion, insertion, inversion, etc., is all that is necessary to develop a defective sodium channel; patients with Dravet syndrome will still have one normal copy of the gene.
  • the disease is characterized as one of
  • Symptoms associated with Dravet syndrome include seizures, memory defects, developmental delay, poor muscle tone and/or cognitive problems. Treatment with an expression cassette, expression vector, or virial particle described herein can result in an improvement of one or more symptoms, such as a reduction in number, duration, and/or intensity of seizures. Administration of a gene therapy as described herein to a subject at risk of developing Dravet syndrome can prevent the development of or slow the progression of one or more symptoms of Dravet.
  • treatment with an expression cassette, expression vector, or virial particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein reduces seizure duration and/or frequency, e.g., seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more as compared to an untreated control or as compared to the level before treatment.
  • the application provides methods for treating a subject suffering from Alzheimer’s disease by administering an expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle described herein that comprises a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A.
  • Symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease include short term memory loss, cognitive difficulties, seizures, and difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), and execution of movements (apraxia).
  • Treatment with an expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A can result in an improvement of one or more Alzheimer’s disease symptoms, such as a reduction in progression of memory loss, or the prevention of one or more symptoms.
  • the treatment can result in a correction of high gamma power brain activity.
  • the treatment can result in a decrease in seizure frequency and/or seizure severity, or a decrease in high gamma power activity by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or more as compared to no treatment.
  • the treatment can result in an improvement in cognitive function.
  • Learning and/or memory can be improved by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more than 100% as compared to no treatment, or before the treatment with a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as disclosed herein.
  • treatment with an expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A reduces high gamma power activity (e.g., high gamma power activity associated with Alzheimer’s disease) by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
  • Parkinsonism refers to a collection of signs and symptoms found in Parkinson’s disease (PD), including slowness (bradykinesia), stiffness (rigidity), tremor and imbalance (postural instability).
  • administration of an expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates SCN1A as described herein to a subject at risk of developing or suffering from Parkinson’s disease can prevent the development of one or more symptoms thereof or slow down the progression of Parkinson’s disease by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% as compared to no treatment.
  • the application provides methods that can be used to treat a subject who is at risk of developing a disease.
  • the subject can be known to be predisposed to a disease, for example, a neurological disease or a disease associated with epilepsy, seizures and/or encephalopathy.
  • the subject can be predisposed to a disease due to a genetic event, or due to known risk factors.
  • a subject can carry a mutation in SCN1A which is associated with epilepsy (such as, for example, Dravet syndrome).
  • Any mutation in the SCN1A gene that reduces its activity can predispose a subject to a disease, including any one or more of insertions, deletions, inversions, translocations, or substitutions (e.g., point mutations including nonsense mutations and/or missense mutations) in the SCN1A gene.
  • the subject can be predisposed to a disease such as Alzheimer’s disease due to the age of the subject.
  • the subject may have an insufficient amount of SCN1A protein and treating a disease associated with SCN1 A involves administering an expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates endogenous SCN1A as described herein.
  • treatments using an expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding an eTF that selectively upregulates endogenous SCN1A provided herein can result in a decrease or cessation of symptoms associated with Dravet or other SCN1A associated disease or disorders, e.g., epilepsy associated with SCN1A haploinsufficiency.
  • treatment can improve learning, memory, cognitive function, and/or motor function; reduce frequency and/or duration of seizures; and/or reduce temperature sensitivity (or increase the temperature threshold for triggering a seizure).
  • the application provides methods for selective expression of a transgene in PV neurons by administering an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising at least one PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the application provides methods for selective expression of a transgene in PV neurons of a primate by administering an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a transgene and at least one PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the application provides methods for selective expression of a transgene in PV neurons by administering an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a transgene and at least one PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the transgene comprises a sequence encoding any of the eTFs that selectively upregulate SCN1A as described herein.
  • the application provides a method for gene therapy comprising administering to a subject an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a transgene and at least one PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the application provides methods for gene therapy comprising administering to a subject an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a transgene and at least one PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the transgene comprises a sequence encoding any of the eTFs that selectively upregulate SCN1A as described herein.
  • the application provides a method for treating a disease or disorder comprising administering to an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a transgene and at least one PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the application provides methods for treating a disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a PV selective regulatory element operably linked to a transgene and at least one PV selective microRNA binding site.
  • the transgene comprises a sequence encoding any of the eTFs that selectively upregulate SCN1A as described herein.
  • the expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element may be used to treat a disease or disorder in which PV neurons are implicated.
  • the expression cassette, expression vector, or viral particle comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element are used to treat a neuronal condition.
  • Neuronal diseases or disorders appropriate for treatment include, but are not limited to, Dravet Syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), epilepsy, neurodegenerative disorders, motor disorders, movement disorders, mood disorders, motor neuron diseases, progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), progressive bulbar palsy, pseudobulbar palsy, primary lateral sclerosis, neurological consequences of AIDS, developmental disorders, multiple sclerosis, neurogenetic disorders, stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, tauopathy, neuronal hypoexcitability and/or seizures.
  • Dravet Syndrome Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington’s disease
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • SMA spinal muscular atrophy
  • epilepsy neurodegenerative disorders, motor disorders, movement disorders, mood disorders, motor neuron diseases, progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), progressive bulbar palsy, pseudobulbar palsy, primary lateral sclerosis
  • a viral vector, viral particle or pharmaceutical composition comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element are used to treat a psychiatric disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, addiction, depression, anxiety, psychosis); an autism spectrum disorder (e.g., Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome); epilepsy (e.g., Dravet syndrome, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), epileptic encephalopathy, temporal lobe epilepsy, focal epilepsy, tuberous sclerosis, epilepsy associated with SCN1A
  • a psychiatric disorder e.g., schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, addiction, depression, anxiety, psychosis
  • an autism spectrum disorder e.g., Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome
  • epilepsy e.g., Dravet syndrome, chronic traumatic
  • treatment using an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element described herein results in improved symptoms associated with a neuronal disease or disorder. For instance, a Parkinson's patient can be monitored
  • Administration of a therapy using a method as described herein to a subject at risk of developing a neuronal disorder can prevent the development of or slow the progression of one or more symptoms.
  • an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element provided herein can be used to treat a subject who has been diagnosed with a neuronal disease, for example, epilepsy associated with SCN1A haploinsufficiency such as, for example, Dravet syndrome.
  • a neuronal disease for example, epilepsy associated with SCN1A haploinsufficiency such as, for example, Dravet syndrome.
  • any of the neuronal diseases or disorders disclosed herein are caused by a known genetic event (e.g ., any of the SCN1A mutations known in the art) or have an unknown cause.
  • an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element provided herein can be used to treat a subject who is at risk of developing a disease or disorder.
  • the subject can be known to be predisposed to a disease, for example, a neuronal disease (e.g. epilepsy associated with SCN1A
  • the subject can be predisposed to a disease due to a genetic event, or due to known risk factors.
  • a subject can carry a mutation in SCN1A which is associated with epilepsy or Dravet syndrome, e.g., an insertion, deletion, inversion, translocation, or substitution (e.g., a point mutation including a nonsense mutation and/or a missense mutation).
  • an expression cassette, an expression vector, or a viral particle comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element provided herein can be used to reduce one or more symptoms associated with a disease or disorder.
  • symptoms associated with Dravet syndrome include seizures, memory defects, developmental delay, poor muscle tone and/or cognitive problems.
  • Treatment with a viral vector, viral particle or pharmaceutical composition comprising a transgene and a PV selective microRNA binding site and optionally a PV selective regulatory element provided herein can result in an improvement of one or more symptoms, such as a reduction in number, duration, and/or intensity of seizures.
  • the methods described herein are used for increasing expression of a transgene in a PV neuron, gene therapy, or treating a disease or disorder in a primate.
  • the primate is a human.
  • the primate is a non human primate.
  • the non-human primate is an old world monkey, an orangutan, a gorilla, a chimpanzee, a crab-eating macaque, a rhesus macaque or a pig-tailed macaque.
  • the terms“subject” and“individual” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.
  • the methods described herein can be useful in human therapeutics, veterinary applications, and/or preclinical studies in animal models of a disease or condition.
  • a subject that can be treated in accordance with the methods described herein is a mammal, such as, for example, a mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, gerbil, cow, sheep, pig, goat, donkey, horse, dog, cat, llama, monkey (e.g., an old world monkey, a marmoset, or a macaque such as a Rhesus macaque, a pig-tailed macaque or a crab-eating macaque (i.e., a cynomolgus monkey)), ape (e.g., an orangutan, gorilla or chimpanzee) or human.
  • a subject is a human.
  • engineered zinc finger indicates that the construct has the formula set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147 (TABLE 10); EGR1 indicates that the DBD is derived from wild-type human EGR1 (SEQ ID NO: 176; TABLE 12); and EGR3 indicates that the DBD is derived from wild-type human EGR3 (SEQ ID NO: 175, TABLE 12).
  • Sequences for the target sites e.g., the sequences bound by the DBDs
  • TABLE 4 Sequences for the transcriptional activation domains (TAD) are disclosed below in
  • DBD DNA Binding Domains
  • eZF engineered zinc finger
  • EGR1 indicates that the DBD is derived from wild- type human EGR1 (SEQ ID NO: 176; TABLE 12)
  • EGR3 indicates that the DBD is derived from wild-type human EGR3 (SEQ ID NO: 175, TABLE 12).
  • the target sites are the sequences bound by the DBD and are provided in TABLE 4 below.
  • gRNA/daCas9 constructs were designed that targeted various regions of the genome as set forth in TABLEs 4 and 13 above.
  • the gRNA had the same sequence as the target region because the gRNA was designed to target the complementary genomic strand.
  • the dCas9 protein was a dCAS9-VP64 construct (SEQ ID NO: 174).
  • HEK293 cells were cultured per standard methods, and transfected (FugeneHD, Promega) with 3ug plasmid carrying an engineered transcription factor or control construct per well of a 6-well plate. Cells were transfected with plasmids expressing the constructs indicated in TABLE 13 below. 48h following transfection, cells were collected and RNA was isolated (Qiagen RNeasy Mini kit), and DNase treated. RNA (3ug) was reverse transcribed using OligoDT primers (Superscript IV, Invitrogen).
  • ATTGGTGGGAGGCCATTGTAT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 186) were used to quantify levels of endogenous SCN1A transcript, and relative levels of SCN1A expression were determined by the delta-delta Ct method with GAPDH as a reference gene (5’-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC’- 3’ (SEQ ID NO: 187); 5’-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 188)). Data are presented as fold changes relative to the control condition.
  • HEK293 cells were cultured per standard methods and plated into 6-well plates. Cells in each well were transfected (FugeneHD, Promega) with 3ug of a plasmid carrying either a single engineered transcription factor construct, a WT human CREB3 (SEQ ID NO: 211), or an EGFP control construct.
  • RNA samples were analyzed by qPCR using Phusion Polymerase (New England Biolabs) and SYBR Green I: (30s at 98 °C, 40x[10 sec at 98 °C, 15 sec at 66 °C, 15 sec at 72 °C] ).
  • Primers against SCN1A (5’- TGTCTCGGCATTGAGAACATTC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 185); 5’-
  • ATTGGTGGGAGGCCATTGTAT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 186) were used to quantify levels of endogenous SCN1A transcript, and relative levels of SCN1A expression were determined by the delta-delta Ct method with GAPDH as a reference gene (5’-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC’3’ (SEQ ID NO: 187); 5’-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 188)). Data are presented as fold changes relative to the control condition (see FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C).
  • the control construct consisted of EGFP expressed under the control of RE 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Delivery of engineered transcription factors induced varying degrees of upregulation in endogenous SCN1 A transcript with respect to the EGFP condition.
  • iCell GABA neurons were plated in a 6-well plate ( ⁇ 1E6 cells/well) and maintained per manufacturer’s recommended protocol. 72 h following plating, recombinant AAV (serotype AAV-DJ) expressing EGFP or an activator Construct 30 in FIG. 3A or Construct 25 or Construct 16 in FIG. 3B) under the control of a ubiquitous promoter (CBA promoter) was added to the culture media at approximately 2E11 genome copies/well.
  • RNA was isolated from cultured cells (Qiagen RNeasy Mini kit), and DNase treated.
  • ATTGGTGGGAGGCCATTGTAT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 186) were used to quantify levels of endogenous SCN1A transcript, and relative levels of SCN1A expression were determined by the delta-delta Ct method with GAPDH as a reference gene (5’-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC’3’ (SEQ ID NO: 187); 5’-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 188)). Data are presented as fold changes relative to the control condition (see FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B).
  • AAV- driven expression of engineered transcription factors produced significant upregulation of endogenous SCN1A transcript in cultured iPS-derived GABA neurons.
  • iCell GABA neurons (Cellular Dynamics) were plated in a 6-well plate ( ⁇ 1E6 cells/well) and maintained per manufacturer’s recommended protocol. 72h following plating, recombinant AAV (serotype AAV-DJ) expressing EGFP or activator (Construct 30), which comprises a zinc finger DBD fused to a VPR TAD driven by a CBA promoter) under the control of a CBA promoter was added to the culture media at approximately 2E11 genome copies/well.
  • AAV serotype AAV-DJ
  • Construct 30 which comprises a zinc finger DBD fused to a VPR TAD driven by a CBA promoter
  • Construct 30 as described in TABLE 1, was able to specifically increase expression of the SCN1A gene, or the Navl.l protein, as compared to the other genes examined. This indicated the target site recognized by the transcriptional activator of Construct 30 was specific for the SCN1A gene, thus resulting in an increase in SCN1A gene expression in GABA neurons. TABLE 14. Effects on transcription of endogenous SCN1A and the 40 nearest neighbor genes in GABA neurons treated with an SCN1A specific transcription factor (Construct 30).
  • RNA was isolated from the homogenate (Qiagen RNeasy Mini kit), and DNase treated. RNA (3pg) was reverse transcribed using OligoDT primers (Superscript IV, Invitrogen). cDNA samples were analyzed by qPCR for expression of mouse SCN1A using Phusion
  • CAAAAAAGCC ACAAAAGCCT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 189); 5’-TTAGCTCCGCAAGAAACATC- 3’ (SEQ ID NO: 190) were used to quantify levels of endogenous SCN1A transcript, and relative levels of SCN1A expression in vivo were determined by the delta-delta Ct method with GAPDH as a reference gene (5’-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC’3’ (SEQ ID NO: 187); 5’- TCC ACC ACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 188))
  • FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate the mean results of five animals, each injected with an AAV9 construct.
  • the eGFP control construct comprised an eGFP reporter transgene.
  • Construct 4 (see TABLE 1) comprised a transcriptional activator that recognized a target sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, as described in TABLE 1 above.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates the relative expression of SCN1A in vivo.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates the change in SCN1A expression in vivo as a percentage of mean eGFP expression.
  • Such expression cassettes can be adapted for use in humans to treat Dravet syndrome, epilepsy, seizures, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and/or any other diseases or conditions associated with a deficiency and/or impaired activity of SCN1A.
  • mice (available from the Jackson Laboratory; described in Hawkins et ak, Scientific Reports, vol. 7: 15327 (2017)) comprises a deletion of the first coding exon of SCN1A.
  • homozygous for the SCN1 A knockout allele are characterized by tremors, ataxia, seizures, and die by postnatal day 16. Heterozygous mice on the C57BL/6 background develop spontaneous seizures and a large percentage die within weeks. Such a mouse strain can be used to study safety and efficacy of treatment of epilepsy and Dravet syndrome. See Miller et ak, Genes Brain Behav. 2014 Feb;13(2): 163-72 for additional information.
  • Hyperthermia seizure induction was performed in P26-P28 heterozygous (HET) and WT Scnla mice in a mixed 129Stac X C57BL/6 background.
  • HET lubricated rectal temperature probe
  • TCAT 2DF, Physitemp temperature control module
  • HL-1 heating lamp
  • mice experienced a seizure with loss of posture the experiment was ended and the internal body temperature of the mouse was recorded. If no seizure with loss of posture was detected over the full course of the experiment, that mouse was considered seizure free and the assay concluded.
  • Tissue samples were obtained from the mice at PI and genotyping of the mice was performed during the course of the experiment using real time PCR. The genotyping was unblinded after the assay had been completed and the status of the mice as HET or WT was correlated to the data obtained. Data was plotted in a Kaplan-Meier survival curve and significance determined by the Mantel-Cox test. Results are shown in
  • Neuroscience, vol. 27: 5903-5914 (2007) comprises a loss of function single base nonsense mutation of the in exon 21 of the SCN1A gene (CgG to TgA; R1407X). Heterozygous mice on the C57BL/6 background develop spontaneous seizures and a large percentage die within weeks.
  • Hyperthermia seizure induction was performed in P26-P28 heterozygous (HET) and WT Scnla mice in a C57BL/6 background.
  • HET lubricated rectal temperature probe
  • TCAT 2DF, Physitemp temperature control module
  • HL-1 heating lamp
  • mice experienced a seizure with loss of posture the experiment was ended and the internal body temperature of the mouse was recorded. If no seizure with loss of posture was detected over the full course of the experiment, that mouse was considered seizure free and the assay concluded.
  • Tissue samples were obtained from the mice at PI and genotyping of the mice was performed during the course of the experiment using real-time PCR. The genotyping was unblinded after the assay had been completed and the status of the mice as HET or WT was correlated to the data obtained. None of the WT Scnal mice tested experienced a seizure.
  • AAV9 expressing an SCN1A specific transcription factor (Construct 33) or a control was diluted in PBS and injected intraparenchymally at 1.2E12 gc/animal.
  • RNA extracted with Qiagen Rneasy Lipid tissue mini kit, catalog # 1023539
  • cDNA Reverse Transcription kit catalog # 4368814
  • qPCR qPCR performed using primer/probe set for Scnl A and housekeeping gene GAPDH
  • ACt Ct average of Target gene - Ct average of housekeeping gene
  • AACt ACt of treatment sample - ACt control sample
  • Relative expression (treatment sample) 2 DDa
  • the study used six marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) that were prescreened for cross reactive antibody to AAV9 prior to enrollment in the study. Two monkeys were treated with AAV9 containing an EGFP transgene under the control of the EF1 alpha promoter, two monkeys were treated with AAV9 containing an EGFP transgene under the control of RE 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), and two monkeys were treated with AAV9 containing an EGFP transgene under the control of RE 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and also containing a microRNA binding site (SEQ ID NO: 7) located between the coding region of EGFP and the polyA tail.
  • the AAV9 vectors were diluted in PBS and the animals were treated with three intracerebral injections (2 uL each) into the
  • hippocampus/entorhinal cortex of each hemisphere for a total of 6 injection sites per animal.
  • the objective of this study was to compare the biodistribution of e TF SCN1A in the central nervous system (CNS) of juvenile cynomolgus macaque monkeys when administered at a dose of 4.8E+13 via unilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • ICV intracerebroventricular
  • Each animal was injected with AAV9 containing an expression cassette encoding e TF SCN1A under the control of a GABA selective regulatory element (RE GABA -eTF SCN1A ).
  • the AAV9 particles were formulated in PBS + 0.001% pluronic acid and administered at a dose of 4.8E+13 or 8E+13 vg/animal.
  • a volume of 2 ml of formulated viral particles was administered to each animal.
  • the study design is set forth in TABLE 19
  • the dura was opened, and the dosing needle was advanced to a depth of 13.0 to 18.1 mm from the pia. Contrast media injection and fluoroscopy was used to confirm placement of the spinal needle into the right lateral ventricle.
  • the 3.0” 22g Quinke BD spinal huber point needle was filled with contrast to determine placement prior to attaching the primed extension line and syringe. Pump settings were 0.1 mL/minute for 19 to 20 minutes. Buffer was pushed by hand post dose to clear the extension line. The needle remained in place for 1 to 2 minutes post completion of infusion and then the needle was withdrawn.
  • the vehicle and test article were administered once on day 1 and the subjects were maintained for a 27- or 29-day recovery period.
  • ALT and AST Transient elevation in liver transaminases (ALT and AST) in AAV9-RE GABA -eTF SCN1A treated animals were observed, but were fully resolved by the end of study without immunomodulation, and no concomitant increase in serum bilirubin or alkaline phosphatases was noted. No other measured clinical chemistry endpoint was remarkable. No microscopic observations were reported in the liver histopathology studies.
  • CSF leukocytes were elevated in terminal collection relative to pre-treatment values but comparable between control and AAV9-RE GABA -eTF SCN1A treated animals.
  • No AAV9-RE gaba - gTp SCNi A associa t ec j pleocytosis was observed. Macro-observations and detailed micro- histopathology examination of non-neuronal tissues across all animals were unremarkable.
  • Tissues included major peripheral organs (i.e. heart, lungs, spleen, liver and gonads). Macro observations and detailed micro-histopathology of neuronal tissues did not show any notable findings. Tissues included brain, spinal cord, and associated dorsal root ganglia (from cervical, thoracic and lumbar region). Studies were conducted by three independent pathologists including one at a specialized neuropathology site.
  • Samples were collected 27-29 days post-dose from major organs (heart ventricles, liver lobes, lung cardiac lobes, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, and cervical lymph nodes) during schedule necroscopy. Punches were collected via eight millimeter punch and further processed as discussed below.
  • ddPCR was used to measure e TF SCN1A biodistribution in the brain.
  • FC Frontal cortex
  • PC parietal cortex
  • TC cynomolgus macaque brain tissue
  • e TF SCN1A a GABA selective regulatory element
  • Tissue DNA was isolated with DNeasy Blood & Tissues kits (Qiagen). DNA quantity was determined and normalized using UV spectrophotometer. 20 nanograms of tissue DNA was added to a 20 microliter reaction along with ddPCR Super Mix for Probes (no dUTP) (Bio-Rad) and TaqMan primers and probes directed against regions of the e TF SCN1A sequence.
  • e TF SCN1A was broadly distributed throughout the brain when dosed at 4.8E+13 viral genomes per animal with an average of 1.3-3.5 VG/diploid genome (FIG. 11).
  • VG/diploid genome FIG. 11
  • gene transfer throughout the brain of RE GABA -eTF SCN1A dosed at 4.8E+13 viral genomes per animal to gene transfer throughout the brain of eGFP dosed via ICV at various doses an increase in VG/diploid genome was observed with increasing doses. This indicated that gene transfer in the brain occurred in a dose-dependent manner when administered in AAV9 via ICV.
  • RNA quantity was determined and normalized using UV spectrophotometer and RNA quality (RIN) was checked using Bioanalyzer RNA Chip.
  • the monkey gene ARFGAP2 (M MRFGAP2) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) served as an endogenous control for normalizing gene expression levels and was amplified in the same reaction. Average transcripts for ARFGAP2 were 1.85E+6/ug RNA (FIG. 12, upper boundary). Limit of detection indicated by lower boundary.
  • FC Frontal cortex
  • PC parietal cortex
  • TC temporal cortex
  • Hip hippocampus
  • Med medulla
  • OC occipital cortex.
  • Vector copy number was further measured in various organs to evaluate transduction of j ⁇ g GABA _ e j p SCNiA j n tj ssues throughout the body when administered in AAV9 by unilateral ICV.
  • Transcript levels of e TF SCN1A were also measured by ddPCR to assess transcriptional activity gTp SCNi A uncjer h e control of the GABA-selective regulatory element RE GABA in tissues throughout the body when administered in AAV9 by unilateral ICV. Both methods were performed as generally described above.
  • RE GABA -eTF SCN1A transduction and transcription of S pj nai corc j (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were comparable to levels observed in the brain.
  • RE GABA -eTF SCN1A transduction was lower in peripheral tissues outside of the brain (FIG. 13).
  • Transduction of RE GABA -eTF SCN1A in the liver was higher than in the brain.
  • Transcription of e TF SCN1A was undetected in peripheral tissues, including the heart, lungs and gonads.
  • e TF SCN1A transcript levels in the liver were comparable to the levels of e TF SCN1A measured in the brain.
  • e TF SCN1A transcription in the liver is extremely low when normalized to the number of vector copies present (approximately 1000-fold lower compared to transcription of e TF SCN1A in the brain). Overall, this demonstrated that transcription of e TF SCN1A under the control of the GABA- selective regulatory element RE GABA is restricted to the CNS.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des facteurs de transcription modifiés pour la régulation à la hausse sélective de SCN1a et leurs utilisations pour le traitement de maladies et de troubles, tels que le syndrome de Dravet. L'invention concerne également des sites de liaison de microARN et leurs utilisations pour une expression sélective dans des neurones à parvalbumine.
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