WO2020233569A1 - 一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞及其在人群风险暴露评估中的应用 - Google Patents

一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞及其在人群风险暴露评估中的应用 Download PDF

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WO2020233569A1
WO2020233569A1 PCT/CN2020/091054 CN2020091054W WO2020233569A1 WO 2020233569 A1 WO2020233569 A1 WO 2020233569A1 CN 2020091054 W CN2020091054 W CN 2020091054W WO 2020233569 A1 WO2020233569 A1 WO 2020233569A1
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wind tunnel
pipe
boundary layer
convenient
atmospheric boundary
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PCT/CN2020/091054
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English (en)
French (fr)
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安太成
张婷
李桂英
王祖明
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广东工业大学
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Publication of WO2020233569A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020233569A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M9/00—Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels
    • G01M9/02—Wind tunnels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M9/00—Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels
    • G01M9/02—Wind tunnels
    • G01M9/04—Details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M9/00—Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels
    • G01M9/08—Aerodynamic models

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of wind tunnel device design and construction, diffusion and risk exposure assessment methods, and more specifically, relates to a convenient and small near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel and its application in crowd risk exposure assessment.
  • the mainstream wind tunnels are large-scale.
  • the design and construction of large-scale wind tunnels are mostly required for aerodynamic tests, and the test process is complicated; and the wind tunnels are generally straight, with honeycombs installed inside, and occupy a large area.
  • the construction cost is high.
  • the primary purpose of the present invention is to provide a convenient and small-scale near-surface atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel.
  • the wind tunnel can solve the problem of the assessment of the migration and transformation of atmospheric pollutants in the near-surface layer in a local area and their impact on human health.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide the application of the above-mentioned convenient and small-scale near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel.
  • the near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel includes a wind tunnel main body and a backflow stabilizing device; the wind tunnel main body is provided with a natural wind injection device and a simulation test device.
  • the natural wind injection device, the simulation test device and the backflow stabilization device are connected in sequence;
  • the natural wind injection device is provided with a pipeline fan, a cyclone mixing pipe, a diffuser and a cyclone distribution pipe connected in sequence;
  • the diffuser An internal component for preventing flow separation is arranged in the center of the inner part; a static mixing spiral rod is arranged in the swirling air mixing tube, and the static mixing spiral rod is welded on the inner wall surface of the swirling air mixing tube.
  • the natural wind injection device is provided with a tangential air inlet and an axial air inlet
  • the swirling air mixing tube is provided with an outer tube and an inner tube
  • the outer tube is connected to the all through the tangential air inlet.
  • the duct fan; the axial tuyere is provided with static blades, vortex baffles and porous medium filling parts.
  • the internal member for preventing flow separation is made of temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant material
  • the temperature and corrosion resistant material is silicon carbide, graphene or stainless steel
  • the shape of the internal member for preventing flow and separation is ring or spiral. Shaped or fan-shaped; the static mixing spiral rod is a bundle of porous corrugated plates or a spiral rod group.
  • the backflow stabilizing device is provided with an elbow pipe, an induction pipe, a reducing pipe and a return air pipe connected;
  • the elbow pipe includes a first elbow pipe, a second elbow pipe and a third elbow pipe.
  • a head pipe, both ends of the first elbow pipe are connected to the simulation test device and the draft tube, the draft tube is connected to the second elbow pipe, the second elbow pipe Connected to the return air pipe, both ends of the reducing pipe are respectively connected to the return air pipe and the third elbow pipe, and the third elbow pipe is connected to the duct fan.
  • elbow pipe and the return air pipe are square or circular, the cross-sectional area of the elbow pipe and the return air pipe is 0.01-1m 2 , the reduced diameter pipe and the return air The pipe length is 0.1-10m.
  • the two sides and/or the upper part of the simulation test device are connected to the atmosphere through an exhaust box, the box wall of the exhaust box is horn-shaped, and the box wall of the exhaust box has a porous structure.
  • a terrain model is provided in the simulation test device, the terrain model is provided with sampling holes, injection holes or grooves with culture medium, and the sampling holes and injection holes are round or oval. , Rectangular or polygonal; the cross-sectional area of the sampling hole and the injection hole is 0.001 to 1 m 2 .
  • water channels, biomarkers, and materials with temperature control functions are arranged on the surface of the terrain model.
  • the biomarker is sphagnum moss, sphagnum moss, erythroid moss, sphagnum moss, cucurbits moss, gray moss or collembola;
  • the material with temperature control function is polyurethane, poly One or more of ethylene, polystyrene, foam glass, magnesium oxide, nano-silica, and aluminum;
  • the thermal conductivity ⁇ of the material with temperature control function is 0.001-250 W/(m ⁇ K).
  • the convenient and small-scale near-surface atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel is used in local area near-surface atmospheric pollutant diffusion and population risk exposure assessment, or application in the assessment of population health impact in the process of environmental migration and transformation.
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
  • the present invention designs the traditional wind tunnel into a recirculation type, which can simulate the recirculation of the natural wind pollutant diffusion state. It is not only suitable for the dynamics test of the atmospheric boundary layer fluid flow near the ground, but also suitable for the atmospheric-pollutant environmental migration and transformation behavior The measurement reduces the area of the wind tunnel and saves investment.
  • the present invention improves the single-factor test function of the traditional wind tunnel, and realizes the spatiotemporal air pollutant control and observation functions of the "natural wind” wind tunnel.
  • the wind tunnel of the present invention can simulate continuous and intermittent emissions of atmospheric boundary layer pollution sources in the near-surface area, natural winds such as monsoons, meteorological and climate changes such as inversion temperature and humidity, and atmospheric flow and concentration field simulations under the influence of human activities.
  • Visual model observation of pollutant environmental migration and transformation process can be used in the application of population risk exposure assessment process, especially in the application of environmental migration and transformation process on population health impact assessment, to achieve qualitative and quantitative hazards in the diffusion area of air pollutants Testing and exposure assessment, such as population health risk assessment, emergency warning assessment of pollution incidents, etc., are simple in structure, economically feasible, and worthy of promotion.
  • the wind tunnel of the present invention is a sealed circulation type, saves building space, is suitable for the pseudo-natural wind migration and transformation behavior test of volatile and semi-volatile atmospheric VOCs pollutants, and can be used for early warning of sudden air pollution events
  • the high-resolution, high-precision, economical and reliable portable environmental wind tunnel device can also be used for risk exposure assessment of people exposed in air pollution incidents.
  • the convenient and small near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel of the present invention can construct a rotary wind tunnel with natural wind (such as adjusting wind direction, wind speed, wind pressure, wind shape, such as cyclone, local circulation, etc.) in the test device Carry out air pollution exposure assessment studies in local areas under different terrain conditions.
  • natural wind such as adjusting wind direction, wind speed, wind pressure, wind shape, such as cyclone, local circulation, etc.
  • Fig. 1 is a top view of the convenient and small-scale near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel structure of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a side view of the wind tunnel structure near the ground.
  • Embodiment 3 is a top view of the wind tunnel structure of the near-ground atmospheric boundary layer in Embodiment 2.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the assessment of the risk of air pollutants to the health of the population in Example 2.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the wind tunnel in Example 3.
  • Fig. 1 is a top view of the convenient and small-scale near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel structure of the present invention.
  • the duct fan 1 the swirling mixing duct 2, the diffuser homogenizer 3, the natural wind injection device 4, the simulation test device 5, the backflow stabilizer 6, the first elbow pipe 7, the induced draft pipe 8, and the second bend Head pipe 9, return air pipe 10, reducing pipe 11, third elbow pipe 12, exhaust box 13, sampling hole 14, sampling hole 15, cyclone distribution pipe 16, Is the direction of air flow.
  • the near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel of the present invention includes a wind tunnel main body and a backflow stabilization device 6; the wind tunnel main body is provided with a natural wind injection device 4 and a simulation test device 5, the natural wind injection device 4, a simulation test device 5 and the backflow stabilization device 6 are connected in sequence; the natural wind injection device 4 is provided with a pipeline fan 1, a swirling mixing air pipe 2, a diffusion equalizer 3, and a cyclone distribution pipe 16 connected in sequence; the diffusion equalizer 3 An internal member 17 for preventing flow separation is provided at the center of the inner part; a static mixing spiral rod 18 is provided in the swirling air mixing tube 2 and the static mixing spiral rod 18 is welded to the inner part of the swirling air mixing tube 2 Wall surface.
  • the natural wind injection device 4 can realize the construction of the rotating wind through the swirling mixing pipe 2 and the diffusion homogenizer 3; the arrangement of the tangential air inlet, the axial tuyere and the cyclone distribution pipe 2 can not only meet the requirements of the air supply and exhaust experiment of the device If necessary, it is also conducive to the design of natural wind simulation conditions.
  • the axial tuyere can be used as an air inlet or an air outlet, so that natural wind is mixed in the cyclone distribution pipe 2 through the tangential air inlet and the axial tuyere.
  • the terrain model When the terrain model is placed in the simulation test device 4, it provides a test space for the airflow flow in the near-ground atmospheric boundary layer to test the surface conditions of different regions; when the opening of the exhaust box 13 is adjusted, the wind tunnel can achieve different conditions (such as temperature, Humidity, concentration, composition) of atmospheric pollutants based on different surface characteristics of the population risk exposure assessment function.
  • the backflow stabilization device 6 can make the air flow revolve and realize the high-resolution time-space of the large air flow field (such as velocity field, concentration field, shear stress field, turbulent energy field, etc.) in the experimental device with terrain model measuring.
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of the wind tunnel structure near the ground.
  • the swirling air mixing pipe 2 is divided into an outer pipe and an inner pipe.
  • the natural wind injection device 4 is provided with a tangential air inlet (outer pipe) and an axial air inlet (inner pipe).
  • the tangential air inlet It is connected to the duct fan 1; the outer tube is connected to the duct fan 1 through the tangential air inlet; the axial tuyere is provided with static blades, a vortex baffle and a porous medium filler.
  • the backflow stabilizing device 6 is provided with an elbow pipe, an induction pipe 8, a reducing pipe 11 and a return air pipe 10 connected;
  • the elbow pipe includes a first elbow pipe 7, a second elbow pipe 9 and The third elbow tube 12, both ends of the first elbow tube 7 are connected to the simulation test device 5 and the draft tube 8, respectively, and the draft tube 8 is connected to the second elbow tube 9.
  • the second elbow pipe 9 is connected to the return air pipe 10, both ends of the reducing pipe 11 are respectively connected to the return air pipe 10 and the third elbow pipe 12, and the first The three-elbow pipe 12 is connected to the duct fan 1.
  • the inner member 17 for preventing flow separation is made of temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant material, the material is silicon carbide, graphene or stainless steel, and the shape of the inner member 17 for preventing flow and separation is ring, spiral or Fan-shaped; the static mixing spiral rod 18 is a bundle of perforated corrugated plates or spiral rod groups.
  • the elbow pipe and the return air pipe 10 are square or circular, the cross-sectional area of the elbow pipe and the return air pipe 10 is 0.01-1m 2 , the reduced diameter pipe 11 and the return air pipe
  • the tube length of 10 is 0.1 ⁇ 10m.
  • the two sides and/or the upper part of the simulation test device 4 are connected to the atmosphere through an exhaust box 13.
  • the box wall of the exhaust box 13 is horn-shaped, and the box wall of the exhaust box 13 has a porous structure.
  • a terrain model is provided in the simulation test device 4, and the terrain model is provided with a sampling hole 15, a sampling hole 14 or a groove with a culture medium.
  • the sampling hole 15 and the sampling hole 14 are circular or elliptical.
  • the cross-sectional area of the sampling hole 15 and the sampling hole 14 is 0.001 to 1 m 2 .
  • More than one of water channels, biomarkers, and materials with temperature control functions are arranged on the surface of the terrain model.
  • the biomarkers are sphagnum moss, sphagnum moss, erythroid moss, sphagnum moss, gourd moss, gray moss or collembola;
  • the material with temperature control function is One or more of polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene, foam glass, magnesium oxide, nano-silica, and aluminum;
  • the thermal conductivity of the material with temperature control function ⁇ is 0.001 ⁇ 250W/(m ⁇ K) .
  • a convenient and small-scale near-ground atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel has the same structure as that described in Figure 1, except that the diffuser 3 is provided with internal components 17 for preventing flow separation;
  • the inner member 17 is in the shape of an umbrella bone, which plays the role of breaking the vortex flow, and is placed in the center of the diffuser and homogenizer 3 to ensure that the air inlet conditions of the simulation test device are consistent;
  • the tube 2 is provided with multiple sets of static mixing spiral rods 18, the static mixing spiral rods 18 are bundled in a spiral ribbon shape, and are welded on the inner wall surface of the cyclone mixing tube 2 to make the pseudo natural wind concentration, speed,
  • the flow pattern can be uniform and stable.
  • the wind tunnel natural wind field was measured at a wind speed of 1.5m/s after the wind speed stability assessment.
  • the data collection points are distributed at points s1, s2, and s3 of the sampling hole 15.
  • the relative humidity of the experimental test is set to 90%RH, 60%RH, 45%RH, 30%RH, 15%RH.
  • the sampling hole 14 is located at the top of the terrain model.
  • the hole shape is rectangular and the hole cross-sectional area is 0.05 m 2 .
  • the gas inlet velocity of the sampling hole 14 is 3.3 m/s, and the sampling composition is 100 ⁇ g/m 3 of toluene-atmosphere mixed gas.
  • the wind speed in the wind tunnel is uniform and stable, and the fluctuation rate of the inlet wind speed in the test area is below 5%, and the flow field quality can meet the requirements of the test.
  • the dynamic pressure field coefficient, air flow deflection angle, dynamic pressure stability, turbulence degree, and axial static pressure gradient of the wind tunnel described in the present invention are all less than the specifications.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the assessment of the atmospheric pollutants' health risks to the population in this embodiment.
  • the data collection points are distributed at points s4, s5 and s6 of the sampling hole 15.
  • the humidity of the experimental test is set to 90%RH
  • the wind speed is 3.3m/s
  • the wind direction is N
  • the terrain model In the center the data collection point s4 is taken as the center
  • the calabash moss is arranged in a circumference area with a diameter of 0.1m.
  • the sampling hole 14 is located in the industrial area of the terrain model.
  • the hole shape is circular
  • the cross-sectional area of the hole is 0.1m 2
  • the inlet velocity of the sampling hole is 0.5m.
  • the injection component is 300 ⁇ g/m 3 xylene-atmosphere mixed gas.
  • An umbrella-shaped inner member 17 is provided in the wind tunnel diffusion and current sharing device, and a static mixing spiral rod 18 made of silicon carbide is installed in the swirling mixing air pipe.
  • the mass ratio of respirable smoke (particle size 2.5-10 ⁇ m) and tracer particle hollow glass beads (particle size 80 ⁇ m) is 0.1:9.9, and the proportion is 0.1g/m 3 .
  • the wind speed on the inlet side of the wind tunnel and the concentration of atmospheric pollutants are uniform and stable, and the fluctuation rate of the pollutant-tracer particle concentration in the air entering the test area is below 10%.
  • the wind tunnel was operated for 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours.
  • the survival index and the total chlorophyll attenuation rate of the big gray moss cultivated in the valley area in the terrain model were tested.
  • the attenuation rate and survival rate of total chlorophyll were 99.3%, 98.6%, 79.59%, 80.0%, 77.1%, 79.3%, 81.6%, 79.59%, 80.0%, and 81.1%, respectively. It can be seen that as the photolysis reaction time of pollutants increases, the risk exposure of air pollutants in residential areas in the valleys in the wind tunnel first rises, then declines, and then tends to level off.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞及其在人群风险暴露评估中的应用。近地面大气边界层风洞包括风洞主体和回流稳定装置(6)；风洞主体设有自然风注入装置(4)和模拟测试装置(5)，自然风注入装置(4)与模拟测试装置(5)连接，模拟测试装置(5)与回流稳定装置(6)连接；自然风注入装置(4)设有依次连接的管道风机(1)、旋流混风管(2)、扩散均流器(3)和气旋分配管(16)；扩散均流器(3)内的中心位置设有防流动分离的内构件(17)；旋流混风管(2)内设有静态混合螺旋棒(18)，静态混合螺旋棒(18)焊接在旋流混风管(2)的内壁面。风洞对大气-污染物环境迁移和转化行为测量，缩减了风洞的占地面积，节约了投资。能解决局部区域的近地面层大气污染物在环境迁移转化过程及其对人群健康影响的评估问题。

Description

一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞及其在人群风险暴露评估中的应用 技术领域
本发明属于风洞装置设计和搭建，扩散和风险暴露评估方法技术领域，更具体地，涉及一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞及其在人群风险暴露评估中的应用。
背景技术
目前主流的风洞呈大型化，大型风洞的设计、搭建的目标多为空气动力学试验所需，其试验过程复杂；且风洞一般呈直筒式，内部安装蜂窝器，占地面积大，建筑造价高。
由于近地面边界层风洞内的流场会影响大气污染物的迁移转化特征，特别是在复杂多因素，如地形、源排放、气候气象等影响下，大气污染物环境迁移和转化对人体健康影响的评估问题急需采用可靠的实验手段来解决。因而，设计便携式、模拟自然风场、可用于突发环境污染物事件预警和大气污染物暴露的人体健康评估的小型便携风洞极为有意义。
发明内容
为了解决上述现有技术存在的不足和缺点，本发明的首要目的在于提供一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞。该风洞能解决局部区域的近地面层大气污染物在环境迁移转化过程及其对人群健康影响的评估问题。
本发明另一目的在于提供上述便捷小型近地面大气边界层风洞的应用。
本发明的目的通过下述技术方案来实现：
一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，所述近地面大气边界层风洞包括风洞主体和回流稳定装置；所述的风洞主体设有自然风注入装置和模拟测试装置，所述自然风注入装置、模拟测试装置和回流稳定装置依次连接；所述自然风注入装置设有依次连接的管道风机、旋流混风管、扩散均流器和气旋分配管；所述扩散均流器内的中心位置设有防流动分离的内构件；所述旋流混风管内设有静态混合螺旋棒，所述静态混合螺旋棒焊接在所述旋流混风管的内壁面。
进一步地，所述的自然风注入装置设有切向进风口和轴向风口，所述旋流混风管设有外管和内管，所述外管通过所述切向进风口连于所述管道风机；所述轴 向风口设有静态风叶、涡旋阻流器和多孔介质填充件。
更进一步地，所述的防流动分离的内构件为耐温耐蚀材质，所述耐温耐蚀材质为碳化硅、石墨烯或不锈钢，所述防流动分离的内构件的形状为环形、螺旋形或扇页形；所述的静态混合螺旋棒为多孔波纹板板束或螺旋棒组。
进一步地，所述回流稳定装置设有连接的弯头管、引风管、变径管和回流风管；所述的弯头管包括第一弯头管、第二弯头管和第三弯头管，所述第一弯头管的两端分别连接于所述模拟测试装置和所述引风管，所述引风管连于所述第二弯头管，所述第二弯头管与所述回流风管连接，所述变径管的两端分别与所述回流风管和所述第三弯头管连接，所述第三弯头管与所述管道风机连接。
更进一步地，所述的弯头管和回流风管为正方形或圆环形，所述的弯头管和回流风管的管截面积为0.01～1m 2，所述的变径管和回流风管的管长为0.1～10m。
进一步地，所述的模拟测试装置的两侧和/或上方通过排风箱与大气连通，所述排风箱的箱壁面呈喇叭式，所述的排风箱的箱壁面为多孔结构。
更进一步地，所述的模拟测试装置内设置地形模型，所述地形模型上设有采样孔、进样孔或带培养基的沟槽，所述采样孔和进样孔为圆形、椭圆形、矩形或多边形；所述采样孔和进样孔的孔截面积为0.001～1m 2。
更进一步地，所述的地形模型的表面上布置水道、生物标志物、带温控功能的材料中的一种以上。
优选地，所述的生物标志物为鳞叶藓、泥炭藓、赤茎藓、狭叶扭口藓、葫芦藓、大灰藓或跳虫；所述的带温控功能的材料为聚氨酯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、泡沫玻璃、氧化镁、纳米二氧化硅、铝中的一种以上；所述的带温控功能的材料的导热系数λ为0.001～250W/(m·K)。
所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞在局部区域的近地面层大气污染物扩散与人群风险暴露评估，或者在环境迁移转化过程对人群健康影响评估中的应用。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：
1.本发明将传统风洞设计成回流式，能模拟自然风污染物扩散状态的回流，不仅适合于近地面大气边界层流体流动动力学测试，而且适合于大气-污染物环境迁移和转化行为测量，缩减了风洞的占地面积，节约了投资。
2.本发明通过双进风口的设计，提升了传统风洞的单因素测试功能，实现了 “拟自然风”风洞的时空大气污染物控制及观测功能。
3.本发明的风洞可以对近地面区的大气边界层污染源连续、间歇排放及季风等自然风、逆温湿度等气象气候变化、人类活动影响下的大气流动、浓度场模拟，通过对大气污染物环境迁移和转化过程的可视化模型观测，可用于人群风险暴露评估过程中的应用，特别是在环境迁移转化过程对人群健康影响评估的应用，实现对大气污染物扩散区域的危害进行定性定量测试与暴露评估，如人群健康风险评估、污染事件应急预警评估等，结构简单、经济可行，值得推广。
4.本发明的风洞呈密封的环流式，节省了建筑空间，适合于挥发性、半挥发性大气VOCs污染物的拟自然风迁移转化行为测试，是一种可用于突发大气污染事件预警的高分辨率、高精确度、经济可靠的便携式环境风洞装置，也可以用于大气污染事件中暴露人群的风险暴露评估。
5.本发明的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞可以构建自然风(如调整风向、风速、风压，风形态，如旋风，局地环流等)的回转式风洞，在测试装置内开展不同地形条件下的局部区域的大气污染暴露评估研究。
附图说明
图1为本发明便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞结构的俯视图。
图2为近地面大气边界层风洞结构的侧视图。
图3为实施例2中的近地面大气边界层风洞结构的俯视图。
图4为实施例2中的大气污染物对人群健康风险的评估示意图。
图5为实施例3中的风洞示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例进一步说明本发明的内容，但不应理解为对本发明的限制。
实施例1
图1为本发明便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞结构的俯视图。其中，管道风机1，旋流混风管2，扩散均流器3，自然风注入装置4，模拟测试装置5，回流稳定装置6，第一弯头管7，引风管8，第二弯头管9，回流风管10，变径管11，第三弯头管12，排风箱13，进样孔14，采样孔15，气旋分配管16，
Figure PCTCN2020091054-appb-000001
为气流流动方向。
本发明的近地面大气边界层风洞包括风洞主体和回流稳定装置6；所述的风洞主体设有自然风注入装置4和模拟测试装置5，所述自然风注入装置4、模拟测试装置5和回流稳定装置6依次连接；所述自然风注入装置4设有依次连接的管道风机1、旋流混风管2、扩散均流器3和气旋分配管16；所述扩散均流器3内的中心位置设有防流动分离的内构件17；所述旋流混风管2内设有静态混合螺旋棒18，所述静态混合螺旋棒18焊接在所述旋流混风管2的内壁面。
自然风注入装置4通过旋流混风管2和扩散均流器3可以实现旋转风的构建；切向进风口、轴向风口及气旋分配管2的设置不仅可以满足装置供气排气实验的需要，还有利于自然风的模拟条件的设计。轴向风口可以作为进气口也可以作为出气口，使自然风通过切向进风口、轴向风口在气旋分配管2混合。当所述的模拟测试装置4中放置地形模型提供了测试不同区域地表情况的近地面大气边界层气流流动测试空间；当调节排风箱13的开度，风洞可以实现不同条件(如温度、湿度、浓度、组份)的大气污染物基于不同地表特征的人群风险暴露评估的功能。回流稳定装置6可使气流回转流动，实现对具有地形模型的实验装置内的大气流场(如速度场、浓度场、剪切应力场、湍流动能场等)的不同时间-空间的高分辨率测量。
图2为近地面大气边界层风洞结构的侧视图。所述旋流混风管2分为外管和内管，所述的自然风注入装置4设有切向进风口(外管)和轴向风口(内管)，所述的切向进风口与所述管道风机1连接；所述外管通过所述切向进风口连于所述管道风机1；所述的轴向风口设有静态风叶、涡旋阻流器和多孔介质填充件。
所述回流稳定装置6设有连接的弯头管、引风管8、变径管11和回流风管10；所述的弯头管包括第一弯头管7、第二弯头管9和第三弯头管12，所述第一弯头管7的两端分别连接于所述模拟测试装置5和所述引风管8，所述引风管8连于所述第二弯头管9，所述第二弯头管9与所述回流风管10连接，所述变径管11的两端分别与所述回流风管10和所述第三弯头管12连接，所述第三弯头管12与所述管道风机1连接。
所述的防流动分离的内构件17为耐温耐蚀材质，所述耐温耐蚀材质为碳化硅、石墨烯或不锈钢，所述防流动分离的内构件17的形状为环形、螺旋形或扇页形；所述的静态混合螺旋棒18为多孔波纹板板束或螺旋棒组。
所述的弯头管和回流风管10为正方形或圆环形，所述的弯头管和回流风管 10的管截面积为0.01～1m 2，所述的变径管11和回流风管10的管长为0.1～10m。
所述的模拟测试装置4的两侧和/或上方通过排风箱13与大气连通，所述排风箱13的箱壁面呈喇叭式，所述的排风箱13的箱壁面为多孔结构。
所述的模拟测试装置4内设置地形模型，所述地形模型上设有采样孔15、进样孔14或带培养基的沟槽，所述采样孔15和进样孔14为圆形、椭圆形、矩形或多边形；所述采样孔15和进样孔14的孔截面积为0.001～1m 2。
所述的地形模型的表面上布置水道、生物标志物、带温控功能的材料中的一种以上。
为了模拟真实的环境，所述的生物标志物为鳞叶藓、泥炭藓、赤茎藓、狭叶扭口藓、葫芦藓、大灰藓或跳虫；所述的带温控功能的材料为聚氨酯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、泡沫玻璃、氧化镁、纳米二氧化硅、铝中的一种以上；所述的带温控功能的材料的导热系数λ为0.001～250W/(m·K)。
实施例2
一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，如图3所示，与图1中所述结构相同外，在所述的扩散均流器3内设有防流动分离的内构件17；所述内构件17呈伞骨状，起到破碎旋涡均流作用，置放在所述扩散均流器3内的中心位置，以保证模拟测试装置的进风条件一致；所述的旋流混风管2内设有多组静态混合螺旋棒18，所述静态混合螺旋棒18呈螺旋带状捆扎成束，焊接在旋流混风管2的内壁面上，可以使拟自然风浓度、速度、流型能均匀稳定。根据风洞测试段进口管风速模拟结果，在经过风速稳定性评估的1.5m/s风速下进行风洞自然风场测定，数据采集点分布于采样孔15的点s1，点s2，点s3，实验测试的相对湿度分别设置为90％RH，60％RH，45％RH，30％RH，15％RH。风洞内的地形模型内有一个进样孔14，该进样孔位于地形模型的山顶处，孔形为矩形，孔截面积为0.05m 2。进样孔14的进气速度为3.3m/s，进样组份为100μg/m 3的甲苯-大气混合气体。风洞内的风速均匀稳定，测试区进风风速波动率5％以下，流场品质能够满足试验的要求。对应国内风洞的规范要求，本发明中所述的风洞的动压场系数，气流偏角，动压稳定性，紊流度，轴向静压梯度均小于规范要求。
采用计算流体力学方法，通过风洞数值建模，对风洞的模型测试区内的流场模拟，使风洞的模型模拟测试的区进口侧大气气流能够实现风速波动值低。本发 明设计的风洞进口侧的流场分布均匀，测试区的速度场和浓度场分布与实际采样点测试的结果偏差在10％以下。本风洞内布置的内构件能够根据自然风的要求，调整涡流整合和破碎功能，更仿真的实现了“拟自然”风效果。对大气甲苯污染物在测试区内的工业区污染物的分布对人体健康风险进行评估，图4为本实施例中的大气污染物对人群健康风险的评估示意图。从图4中可知，各已知面积的格栅区域的污染物浓度值和人体健康风险值，故而推断高健康风险值的区域应加强人群风险暴露管理。本实施例通过设置地形模型模拟测试区的污染源排放特征和生物覆盖仿真，显著提高了风洞在生态环境领域的应用性，在近地面大气边界层大气污染物扩散与污染物控制过程中成功应用，并尝试预测了不同大气污染区域对与人体健康风险的影响，其应用和推广意义大。
实施例3
基于图5所示的风洞结构，数据采集点分布于采样孔15的点s4，点s5和点s6，实验测试的湿度设置为90％RH，风速为3.3m/s，风向N，地形模型中以数据采集点s4为中心，周围直径0.1m的圆周区域内布置葫芦藓。风洞内的地形模型内有一个进样孔，该进样孔14位于地形模型的工业区内，孔形为圆形，孔截面积为0.1m 2，进样孔的进气速度为0.5m/s，进样组份为300μg/m 3的二甲苯-大气混合气体。风洞扩散均流装置内设有伞骨状内构件17，旋流混风管内安装碳化硅材质的静态混合螺旋棒18。呼吸性烟尘(粒径为2.5-10μm)和示踪粒子空心玻璃珠(粒径80μm)的质量比例为0.1：9.9，占比为0.1g/m 3。风洞内进口侧的风速、大气污染物浓度均匀稳定，测试区进风的污染物-示踪粒子浓度波动率在10％以下。在紫外光照射下，风洞运行4小时、8小时、12小时、24小时、48小时后，分别对地形模型中山谷区培植的大灰苔藓生存指标和叶绿素总量衰减率进行测试，苔藓的叶绿素总量衰减率和存活率分别为99.3％，98.6％、79.59％，80.0％、77.1％，79.3％、81.6％，79.59％、80.0％，81.1％。由于可见，随着污染物光解反应时间的增加，风洞内山谷内居民区的大气污染人群风险暴露程度呈先上升、随后下降，继而趋平的趋势。
采用计算流体力学方法，对风洞的气旋分配管16内的浓度场进行了模拟，发现风洞的模型测试区进口侧大气气流能够实现风速波动值低，同时从浓度场时空变化趋势模拟结果来看，居民区大气中二甲苯在排放48小时的浓度也呈较低 值。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式，但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合和简化，均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述近地面大气边界层风洞包括风洞主体和回流稳定装置；所述的风洞主体设有自然风注入装置和模拟测试装置，所述自然风注入装置、模拟测试装置和回流稳定装置依次连接；所述自然风注入装置设有依次连接的管道风机、旋流混风管、扩散均流器和气旋分配管；所述扩散均流器内的中心位置设有防流动分离的内构件；所述旋流混风管内设有静态混合螺旋棒，所述静态混合螺旋棒焊接在所述旋流混风管的内壁面。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述的自然风注入装置设有切向进风口和轴向风口，所述旋流混风管设有外管和内管，所述外管通过所述切向进风口连于所述管道风机；所述轴向风口设有静态风叶、涡旋阻流器和多孔介质填充件。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述的防流动分离的内构件为耐温耐蚀材质，所述耐温耐蚀材质为碳化硅、石墨烯或不锈钢，所述防流动分离的内构件的形状为环形、螺旋形或扇页形；所述的静态混合螺旋棒为多孔波纹板板束或螺旋棒组。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述回流稳定装置设有连接的弯头管、引风管、变径管和回流风管；所述的弯头管包括第一弯头管、第二弯头管和第三弯头管，所述第一弯头管的两端分别连接于所述模拟测试装置和所述引风管，所述引风管连于所述第二弯头管，所述第二弯头管与所述回流风管连接，所述变径管的两端分别与所述回流风管和所述第三弯头管连接，所述第三弯头管与所述管道风机连接。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述的弯头管和回流风管为正方形或圆环形，所述的弯头管和回流风管的管截面积为0.01～1m 2，所述的变径管和回流风管的管长为0.1～10m。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述的模拟测试装置的两侧和/或上方通过排风箱与大气连通，所述排风箱的箱壁面呈喇叭式，所述的排风箱的箱壁面为多孔结构。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述的模拟测试装置内设置地形模型，所述地形模型上设有采样孔、进样孔或带培养基的沟槽，所述采样孔和进样孔为圆形、椭圆形、矩形或多边形；所述采样 孔和进样孔的孔截面积为0.001～1m 2。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述的地形模型的表面上布置水道、生物标志物、带温控功能的材料中的一种以上。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞，其特征在于，所述的生物标志物为鳞叶藓、泥炭藓、赤茎藓、狭叶扭口藓、葫芦藓、大灰藓或跳虫；所述的带温控功能的材料为聚氨酯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、泡沫玻璃、氧化镁、纳米二氧化硅、铝中的一种以上；所述的带温控功能的材料的导热系数λ为0.001～250W/(m·K)。
  10. 权利要求1-9任一项所述的便捷小型的近地面大气边界层风洞在局部区域的近地面层大气污染物扩散与人群风险暴露评估，或者在环境迁移转化过程对人群健康影响评估中的应用。
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